




































Economy 
ISSN(E) : 2313-8181  
ISSN(P) : 2518-0118 
Vol. 3, No. 2, 102-107, 2016 
www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/Economy 
 

 
 

 

102 

 

Willingness to Pay for Preserving National Park 

Biodiversity: A Case Study 

 
Mohammad Younus Bhat1

      

Apra Sinha2     

 

 
( Corresponding Author) 

 

1,2
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi-India 

 
 

 
Abstract 

This paper employs a stated preference environmental valuation method i.e. Contingent Valuation 

Method to estimate the willingness to pay for the conservation of the Dachigam National Park as well as 

value estimates crucial to the development of the park acquisition and management policy. A contingent 

valuation study is conducted with 301 visitors and the data are analysed using the binary logit model. 

Results show that the majority of the tourists (benefitted from the use values of the park) were willing to 

pay (WTP) for its improvement. Respondents‘ willingness to pay for the conservation of the park ranges 

from Rs. 110 to Rs. 140 per year with a mean of around Rs. 125 per year. With the use of the benefits 

transfer method, this case study is expected to provide policy-makers, corporate players, stakeholders 

with useful information for the conservation of biodiversity in the Indian sub-continent, as well as in 

other countries.   
 

Keywords: Contingent valuation method, Dachigam national park, Conservation, Willingness to pay. 

 

Contents 
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 103 

2. Case Study .......................................................................................................................................................................... 103 

3. Methodology....................................................................................................................................................................... 103 

4. Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................................................................... 104 

5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 106 

References .............................................................................................................................................................................. 106 

 

 
Citation | Mohammad Younus Bhat; Apra Sinha (2016). Willingness to Pay for Preserving National Park Biodiversity: A Case Study. Economy, 3(2): 102-

107. 

DOI: 10.20448/journal.502/2016.3.2/502.2.102.107          

ISSN(E) : 2313-8181  

ISSN(P) : 2518-0118 

Licensed:  

Contribution/Acknowledgement: 
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License  

All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study. 

Funding: This study received no specific financial support. 

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. 

Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no 

vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. 

History: Received: 25 October 2016/ Revised: 16 January 2017/ Accepted: 20 January 2017/ Published: 25 January 2017 

Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing.   

Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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1. Introduction 
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) defines national park as ― a place 

where the ecosystem is not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where the park is protected by 

the highest competent authority of the country and where visitors are allowed for inspirational, educative, cultural 

and recreational purposes‖ (Dobson, 1996). National parks play a decisive role in conservation and preservation of 

biodiversity and provision of other benefits associated with the maintenance of ecological integrity (Stolton and 

Dudley, 2010). National parks like other environmental resources and public goods have several benefits for humans 

in a multiplicity of ways.  In addition to their ecological functions, national parks can be used as ecotourism sites for 

recreational gains which will positively contribute to national income, simultaneously society around the area of 

national park can obtain economic advantages. National parks system is a national museum. Its purpose is to 

preserve forever certain areas of extra ordinary scenic magnificence in a condition of primitive nature. Its 

recreational value is also very great, but recreation is not distinctive of the system. The function which alone 

distinguishes the national parks is the museum function made possible only by complete conservation (Runte, 1997). 

In the beginning, national parks were living embodiment of aesthetic values. Passionate admirers of nature 

recognized national parks as storehouses of thrill and wonder which can fulfil the visitors‘ recreational needs. In the 

developed countries the protected areas, particularly national parks, which have utility, were objects having a market. 

In the countries of Latin America, Africa, India, quite a reverse to the developed, the establishment of national parks 

was essentially for the preservation of biological diversity both qualitatively and quantitatively. Hence, respectively 

monumentalism and environmentalism were the driving impetus behind the setting up of national parks in these 

countries.  

Presently national parks and reserved areas are at the forefront of the global conservation programmes and 

policies with the integral objective of continuation of ecological integrity by placing the constraints on the degree of 

human interaction and exploitation. National parks preserve areas of natural beauty and cultural heritage, maintain 

genetic diversity and ecological processes, contributing toward sustainable livelihood strategies and additionally 

make possible recreational, educational and scientific opportunities (McNeely, 1994; Stolton and Dudley, 2010). As 

an economic good, national parks are subjected to a number of market failures because of the fact that they exhibit 

varying degrees of non rivalry and non excludability, generating positive externalities in the form of ecosystem 

services.  

Recreation and tourism are one of the many benefits associated with national parks and protected areas. With the 

exception of areas managed for strict wilderness and nature protection, most protected areas allow for recreational 

and tourism activities. Some of these activities will yield indirect returns in the form of increased regional economic 

activity. Further, the preservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity is considered as the primary 

objective of national parks and protected areas in present day world.  

The understanding of the economics of the national parks has always been hindered by a lack of tangible 

economic values for these environmental assets. National parks exhibit public good characteristics and generate 

significant externalities. The resulting market failure ensures the benefits associated with the national parks are not 

subject to formal market exchange mechanisms making their valuation extremely hard. Despite this, national parks 

provide a range of economic benefits in terms of ecosystem services and various other use and non values. The 

quantification of these values in monetary terms is therefore necessary to ensure that policy and management 

decisions maximize societal welfare through allocative efficiency. This has traditionally been achieved through the 

use of non market valuation techniques such as the contingent techniques and travel cost valuation methods.  

 

2. Case Study  
Dachigam National Park is situated 18 km north-east of Srinagar.  It is divided into lower and upper Dachigam 

areas. Harwan Reservoir and New Theed Village form its base, while Mahadev Peak is the topmost among 

surrounding mountain range. It is one of the most important protected areas in Jammu and Kashmir. Since Dachigam 

National Park has last viable population of Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in world as well as the largest 

population of Asiatic black bear, it has become a famous tourist destination. The National Park besides gives shelter 

to a variety of floral and faunal elements, viz., Himalayan Brown Bear, Himalayan Black Bear, Musk Deer, Leopard, 

Hyena, birds (150 species), vascular plants (661 species) etc. 

Dachigam being very close to Srinagar, summer capital of Jammu & Kashmir, receives a large number of 

tourists in summer because of natural beauty. Every year 10,000-15,000 tourists visit the park which includes 

students, naturalists, scientists, conservation activists, etc. Therefore, DNP yields a range of onsite and offsite 

benefits. Given that park is managed for high levels of visitor use, recreational and tourism value of Dachigam is 

likely to be significant. Other economic benefits are likely to include ecosystem services such as water purification, 

soil conservation and landscape stability (Management Plan, 2011-2016). Despite extensive range of economic 

benefits provided by Dachigam National Park, most of these benefits have never been defined in monetary terms.  

 

3. Methodology 
3.1. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) 

3.1.1. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM): Theoretical Background 
CVM has been used as a standard and flexible tool for valuing non-marketed environmental resources 

(Hanemann, 1994). It is a stated preference technique used to quantify economic value of non-marketed goods and 

services, by measuring individuals‘ consumer surplus (Mitchell and Carson, 1989). It attempts to allocate values for 

public goods by people‘s maximum amount of Willingness to Pay (WTP) to obtain non-market goods and service or 

minimum amount Willing to Accept (WTA) to compensate for loss of environmental resources. Both these 

approaches are very useful to measure the welfare change. However, WTP is preferred to WTA because the latter is 



Economy, 2016, 3(2): 102-107 

104 

 

 

considered not to be consistent with convergent validity as it does not adequately measure economic surplus 

(Venkatachalam, 2004).  

CVM is a survey based technique, where a hypothetical market situation is created to elicit people‘s preference 

by using different payment vehicles
1
. Often used payment vehicles like voluntary payment, taxes, utility bills, 

entrance fee etc are likely to be familiar to most respondents (Mitchell and Carson, 1989). Despite its appeal CVM 

has also been widely faulted (see Hausman (2012))
2
. In response to these objections, improvements and refinements 

have been proposed and tested. These in turn have further enhanced the credibility of its technique (Carson, 2012; 

Haab et al., 2013)
3
. Be that as it may, method despite its limitations is one of the effective methods to place value to 

public goods especially in case of passive use values. Hence, we preferred CVM to estimate benefits of improved 

Dachigam National Park and analyse factors that determine the stated WTP for improvement. 

 

3.2. Econometric Method 
Logit Model or Probit Model is generally used for analyzing data collected by using CVM (Loomis, 1987; Fix 

and Loomis, 1998). In the present study, data collected via CVM had one dependent variable with qualitative and 

binary choice (Yes or No type of answers) nature. A ‗Binary Logistic Regression Model‘ has been employed for 

analysis of respondents WTP for improvement or maintenance of park‘s goods and services.  Probability (P i) reveals 

that one accepts to pay a maximum amount (in Rupees) for improving and maintenance of Dachigam National Park. 

A linear expression of the model is as follows:  

    (     )  (                         )   ( ) 
Above model variables are explained in Chapter-V. It was specified by using the following Hanemann (1984) 

formulation: 

        (  )  
 

*        (   )+
  

 
 

*        ( (                      ))+ 
      ( ) 

Where    represents the probability of answer ‗yes‘,    (  ) is cumulative distribution function (cdf) which 

explains behavior of dichotomous dependent variable with a standard logistic distribution and includes some of the 

socio-economic factors, S is a vector of socio-economic characteristics, (includes respondents monthly income, age, 

education and earning members of his family),    is intercept,   ,   , and    are estimated coefficients. It is expected 

that signs of     may be positive or negativedepending upon socio-economic variable ( ). Variables income, 

education and earning members of family is expected to be positive. For age the sign of coefficient can be either 

positive or negative. Parameters of Logit Model were estimated, by ‗Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method‘ 

(Lehtonen et al., 2003) using STATA 12.0.  

 

4. Results and Discussion 
4.1. Descriptive Statistics of Variables 

Out of the total respondents/questionnaires 336 envisaged, only 285 were used for Contingent Valuation 

analysis. 20 questionnaires were rejected on the on the basis of providing incomplete or partial information whereas 

31 questionnaires showed incentive compatibility or hypothetical market rejection. The descriptive statistics of 

variables used in demand function of Contingent Valuation analysis is based on 285 respondents (shown in Table-

4.1.1) are discussed below: 

 
Table-4.1.1. Descriptive Statistics (N=285) 

Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max 

Age 285 35.7193 10.5889 18 70 

Edu 285 4.96842 1.44222 0 7 

ErM 285 2.36491 1.34799 1 9 

MI 285 33415.8 20869.1 3000 150000 
                                     Source: Field Survey Data (2015) 
 

WTP as the dependent variable was regressed on set of independent variables i.e. Monthly Income of 

Respondent (TMI), Age of the Respondent (Age), Education of Respondent (Education) and Total Earning Members 

in Family (ErM) in the present study. 

WTP:About 84.82 % of the respondents were WTP for the improvement of park services and only 15.18 % of 

the respondents having zero WTP. 

                                                             
1 Payment vehicle in a CV study plays a very crucial role in determining the WTP/ WTAC for any change in environmental resources. Studies across the 

developed world prefers ‗additional income tax‘ as a payment vehicle than other frequently used tools like ‗donation to a charitable organization‘, ‗compulsory 

or voluntary fees‘, etc (see for example, Bateman, Richard, Brett, Michael, Nick, Tannis, Michael, Graham, Susana, Ece, David, Robert and John (2002). Kwak, 

Seung-Hoon and Chung-Ki (2007). But in Developing and lower income countries, where income tax is not a very relevant option generally prefer other options 

like ‗donation‘, etc. This study has adopted ‗donation to a charitable organization‘ run jointly by a reputed non-profit NGO along with local people as a means of 

payment vehicle. Rationale for choosing ‗donation‘ over ‗income tax‘ in this study can be justified on the ground of unfamiliarity and irrelevance of income tax 

as most of households in this areas generally do not pay income tax to government due to lower income. In such circumstance putting an ‗additional income tax‘ 

is meaningless. 
2Hausman (2012). After reviewing the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) literature for twenty years concludes that CVM would still face problems such as: 

hypothetical bias/overstatement, disagreement between Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept, problems of scope and embedding. He said that CVM has 

many flaws in practicing and have zero weight in public decision-making. 
3 A counter argument had been put-forth by Haab, Interis, Petrolia and Whitehead (2013). They opined that Hausman was entirely made debunk CVM once and 

for all. They completely agreed with the Carson (2012). Who concludes ―the time has come to move beyond endless debates that seek to discredit Contingent 

Valuation and to focus instead on making it better‖.    

 

 



Economy, 2016, 3(2): 102-107 

105 

 

 

TMI: Total Monthly Income (TMI) is a continuous variable representing the household‘s monthly income from 

all sources in Rupees. The monthly income of the respondents varies from Rs. 3000 to Rs. 150,000 with mean TMI 

of Rs. 32951.8.  

AGE: Ageis a continuous variable representing the age of adult respondents in years (above 18 years).  It ranges 

from 18 to 70 years with a mean value of 35.7193 years.  

EDUCATION: Education is a categorical variable taking values from 1 to 7. The major portion of the sampled 

population having highest attained education level (postgraduates and above) were found to be 42.11%.  About 

26.73% visitors were graduates Only 1.05% visitors had up to primary (i.e. Class I-V) level of education, 3.86% had 

up to middle school (i.e. Class VI-VIII) level of education, 7.72% sampled visitors had up to high school (i.e. Class 

IX-X) and 17.19% sampled visitors had up to secondary school (i.e. class XI-XII) level of education. Around 1.4 % 

visitors were found to be illiterates 

ErM: Earning members of the family (ErM) was continuous variable ranges from 1 to 9 members. The average 

number of earning members was 2.36 members. 

 

4.1.2. Results from Econometric Model for CVM 
Estimated results of CVM were obtained by using Multiple Regression Model in econometric software STATA 

12.0 for estimating the parameters of variables. The results are shown in Table- 4.1.2.1. The results document the 

expected affect of variables on WTP. Three out of five variables were found significantly associated with the 

Willingness to Pay. 

The expected relationship between the significant variables with the WTP was in line with the economic theory. 

The coefficient of household monthly income (TMI) was found positive as expected showing that an increase in the 

monthly income would increase WTP for park improvement. A one percent increase in income would increase 

willingness to pay by an average of 0.00011 percent. 

 
Table-4.1.2.1. Logit Model Estimates 

            Dependent Variable: P(Yes )  for WTP 

Variables Coefficient Std. Err. P>|z| 

TMI 0.00011 0.000020 0.023* 

Age 0.01135 0.3243 0.557 

Education 0.67893 0.2673 0.007** 

ErM 2.09327 0.25843 0.010** 

Constant - 0.3175 1.7728 0.858 

Log Pseudolikelihood -76.566 

 Wald chi2(7) 25.07 

 Prob> chi2 0.0003 

 Pseudo R
2
 0.3703 

 Number of obs 285 

             Source: Field Survey Data (2015) 

          * and** shows significance at 5% and 1% respectively 

 

4.1.3. WTP and its Influencing Factors 
The positive sign of education means that an increase in number of years of education would increase their WTP. 

More specifically, a one percent increase in years in education would increase willingness to pay for the 

improvement of the national park by 0.67893 percent. The results of this variable was in line with the Jaffrey et al. 

(2012) and Bhatt et al. (2014) in which it was found that educated people would pay more for the conservation of 

environmental sites. 

Income and education are among the most popular variables to describe the socio-economic characteristics of a 

sample. In this study income and education were found to be significant variables in influencing the WTP. 

In the present study, Age was found positive but was not significant and did not explain WTP. The positive sign 

of the variable (age) implied that the older the person the more he/ she was willing to pay for improving the quality 

of the park.  

 Earning members of the family (ErM) having positive sign as was expected, which implied that more the 

earning members in family more the benefits from the park greater will be their willingness to pay for improvement. 

 

4.1.4. Willingness to Pay for Dachigam National Park Improvement Scheme and Welfare Estimates 
Dachigam National Park has potential use and non-use values. However, the economic exploitation by the locals 

and the stress of tourist appeared beyond the park‘s carrying capacity. Thus, it is therefore imperative requirement to 

use the park in a sustainable manner. In the present study, CVM was used to estimate the conservation and 

management value of park by using open-ended questionnaire format for elicitation of responses of WTP (yes/no) 

and other related questions. The analysis done on the basis of responses from two main questions asked during CV 

survey i.e. “Are you willing to pay for conservation of Dachigam National Park?” and “How much you are willing 

to pay for if entry fee is increased from its current levels?” Results showed that the majority (84.82%) of the tourists 

(benefitted from the use values of the park) were WTP for its improvement. Respondents‘ willingness to pay for the 

conservation of the park ranges from Rs. 110 to Rs. 140 per year with a mean of around Rs. 125 per year.  

Generally, WTP estimates may be affected by level of effectiveness, reliability and trust of managing institutions 

(Bateman et al., 2002)  

The aggregate Tourist‘s WTP for improvement of Dachigam National Park was computed as Rs. 35,625, which 

was calculated by multiplying the mean WTP by the total number of sampled tourists (excluding the protesting 



Economy, 2016, 3(2): 102-107 

106 

 

 

respondents). After excluding the protest zero‘s
4
 (1913)

5
, the total number of visitors with expected valid responses 

in the study area was 10841 in 2015. Therefore, the total aggregate value of the park improvement for all the tourists 

was (125 x 10841) Rs. 13, 55,125. Even though in monetary terms the value was not quite high, but given the 

acceptance rate of the hypothetical preventive treatment, nearly 85% suggests that interventions are highly desired 

and demanded in this case area. 

Total WTP of Tourists for enhancing recreational facilities worked out to be Rs. 13 lakhwhich is 27 %of the 

annual budget outlay for the conservation of National Parks in the State. On the basis of visitor‘s willingness to pay 

(WTP) for benefits and preference for quality improvement decision makers should design recreational projects and 

other enhancement programmes which don‘t cause any negative effect to natural environment. It includes viz. 

creating separate tourist zone, eco-friendly restaurants and more attractions for migratory and local birds. The park 

authority should increases the current levels of entry fee which will generate additional funds to the park authority. 

This enables the concerned authority to have a higher income to support improvement and expansion in quality of the 

recreational services.  

 

4.1.5. Not Willing to Pay for Improvement 
After excluding the protest zeros, about 51(15.18%) respondents among the sample (336)

6
 were providing zero 

willing to pay for proposed improvement or conservation programme. Almost in all the CV studies a proportion of 

respondents gave various reasons for not paying any amount for such programmes of environmental goods and 

services.  

In the present study, visitors gave multiple reasons for rejecting to pay for proposed project. According to them 

there is no need to pay as the park is being funded by national and international organizations. They also said that the 

national park is a public good and it is government‘s duty to maintain and improve the quality of the park‘s 

ecosystem as numerous national and international agencies funded for it. A certain percentage of respondents opine 

that they do not trust such management scheme, as they believed that despite the huge investment on the various 

Projects/Programmes, the health of the park is still far from satisfactory.  

 

5. Conclusion 
CVM was used to estimate the conservation value of Dachigam National Park and worked out to be Rs. 13.55 

lakh per year as additional revenue to the park management in the form of increased entry fee from current levels. 

WTP value of the study, although small, induces policy makers and corporate players through public private 

partnership (PPP) to make new and more effective policies and projects for the betterment of the park  

 

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4 Protest zero‘s in the present study were recognised, by some reasons like the respondents rejecting the market scenario or Income Constraint. 
5 These tourists were expected to protest against the proposed project in the entire study area (Dachigam National Park), which were calculated by the 

multiplication of the percentage of protest sampled tourists (15%) by the total number of visitors who visited the study site in 2015. Hence, 15% x 12754 = 1913. 

Thus the welfare of tourists was measured after excluding this number from the total number of tourists in the study area. 
6 After excluding incomplete and protested questionnaires from the original sample (336). 

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