id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
economy-585	1	1	40	40	NUM
economy-585	1	2	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	1	3	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	1	4	by	by	ADP
economy-585	1	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	1	6	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	1	7	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	1	8	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	1	9	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	1	10	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	1	11	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	1	12	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	1	13	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	1	14	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	1	15	vol	vol	NOUN
economy-585	1	16	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	2	1	5	5	NUM
economy-585	2	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	2	3	no	no	INTJ
economy-585	2	4	.	.	NOUN
economy-585	2	5	1	1	NUM
economy-585	2	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	2	7	40	40	NUM
economy-585	2	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	2	9	53	53	NUM
economy-585	2	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	2	11	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	2	12	issn(e	issn(e	NOUN
economy-585	2	13	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	2	14	2313	2313	NUM
economy-585	2	15	-	-	SYM
economy-585	2	16	8181/	8181/	NUM
economy-585	2	17	issn(p	issn(p	NOUN
economy-585	2	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	2	19	2518	2518	NUM
economy-585	2	20	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	2	21	0118	0118	NUM
economy-585	2	22	doi	doi	NOUN
economy-585	2	23	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	2	24	10.20448	10.20448	NUM
economy-585	2	25	/	/	SYM
economy-585	2	26	journal.502.2018.51.40.53	journal.502.2018.51.40.53	X
economy-585	2	27	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	2	28	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	2	29	by	by	ADP
economy-585	2	30	the	the	DET
economy-585	2	31	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	2	32	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	2	33	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	2	34	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	2	35	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	2	36	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	2	37	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	2	38	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	2	39	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	2	40	of	of	ADP
economy-585	2	41	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	2	42	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	2	43	countries	countries	PROPN
economy-585	2	44	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	2	45	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	2	46	flows	flow	VERB
economy-585	2	47	cosmas	cosmas	PROPN
economy-585	2	48	s.	s.	PROPN
economy-585	2	49	mbogela1	mbogela1	PROPN
economy-585	3	1	1mzumbe	1mzumbe	NUM
economy-585	3	2	university	university	NOUN
economy-585	3	3	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	3	4	school	school	NOUN
economy-585	3	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	3	6	box	box	PROPN
economy-585	3	7	6	6	NUM
economy-585	3	8	mzumbe	mzumbe	NOUN
economy-585	3	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	3	10	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
economy-585	3	11	abstract	abstract	ADJ
economy-585	3	12	this	this	DET
economy-585	3	13	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	3	14	uses	use	VERB
economy-585	3	15	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	3	16	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	3	17	to	to	PART
economy-585	3	18	take	take	VERB
economy-585	3	19	advantage	advantage	NOUN
economy-585	3	20	of	of	ADP
economy-585	3	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	3	22	possibility	possibility	NOUN
economy-585	3	23	to	to	PART
economy-585	3	24	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
economy-585	3	25	test	test	VERB
economy-585	3	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	3	27	changes	change	NOUN
economy-585	3	28	in	in	ADP
economy-585	3	29	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	3	30	patterns	pattern	NOUN
economy-585	3	31	over	over	ADP
economy-585	3	32	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	3	33	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	3	34	examine	examine	VERB
economy-585	3	35	how	how	SCONJ
economy-585	3	36	these	these	DET
economy-585	3	37	changes	change	NOUN
economy-585	3	38	differ	differ	VERB
economy-585	3	39	across	across	ADP
economy-585	3	40	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	3	41	regions	region	NOUN
economy-585	3	42	in	in	ADP
economy-585	3	43	question	question	NOUN
economy-585	3	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	4	1	using	use	VERB
economy-585	4	2	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	4	3	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	4	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	4	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	4	6	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	4	7	examines	examine	VERB
economy-585	4	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	4	9	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	4	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	4	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	4	12	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	4	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	4	14	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	4	15	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	4	16	with	with	ADP
economy-585	4	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	4	18	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	4	19	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	4	20	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	4	21	to	to	ADP
economy-585	4	22	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	4	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	4	24	namely	namely	ADV
economy-585	4	25	brazil	brazil	PROPN
economy-585	4	26	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	4	27	russia	russia	PROPN
economy-585	4	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	4	29	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	4	30	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	4	31	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	4	32	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	4	33	the	the	DET
economy-585	4	34	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	4	35	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	4	36	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	5	1	these	these	DET
economy-585	5	2	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	5	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	5	4	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	5	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	5	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	5	7	five	five	NUM
economy-585	5	8	largest	large	ADJ
economy-585	5	9	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	5	10	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	5	11	that	that	PRON
economy-585	5	12	accounts	account	VERB
economy-585	5	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	5	14	about	about	ADV
economy-585	5	15	20	20	NUM
economy-585	5	16	per	per	ADP
economy-585	5	17	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	5	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	5	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	5	20	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	5	21	output	output	NOUN
economy-585	5	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	5	23	27	27	NUM
economy-585	5	24	per	per	ADP
economy-585	5	25	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	5	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	5	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	5	28	global	global	ADJ
economy-585	5	29	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	5	30	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	5	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	6	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	6	2	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	6	3	models	model	VERB
economy-585	6	4	some	some	DET
economy-585	6	5	new	new	ADJ
economy-585	6	6	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	6	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	6	8	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	6	9	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	6	10	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	6	11	as	as	ADP
economy-585	6	12	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	6	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	6	14	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	6	15	sectors	sector	NOUN
economy-585	6	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	6	17	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	6	18	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	6	19	as	as	ADV
economy-585	6	20	well	well	ADV
economy-585	6	21	as	as	ADP
economy-585	6	22	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	6	23	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	6	24	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	6	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	7	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	7	2	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	7	3	highlights	highlight	VERB
economy-585	7	4	some	some	DET
economy-585	7	5	important	important	ADJ
economy-585	7	6	truths	truth	NOUN
economy-585	7	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	7	8	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	7	9	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	7	10	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	7	11	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	7	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	7	13	this	this	DET
economy-585	7	14	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	7	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	7	16	with	with	ADP
economy-585	7	17	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	7	18	is	be	AUX
economy-585	7	19	concentrated	concentrate	VERB
economy-585	7	20	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	7	21	those	those	DET
economy-585	7	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	7	23	which	which	PRON
economy-585	7	24	are	be	AUX
economy-585	7	25	rich	rich	ADJ
economy-585	7	26	in	in	ADP
economy-585	7	27	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	7	28	resources	resource	NOUN
economy-585	7	29	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	7	30	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	7	31	in	in	ADP
economy-585	7	32	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	7	33	cases	case	NOUN
economy-585	7	34	they	they	PRON
economy-585	7	35	are	be	AUX
economy-585	7	36	the	the	DET
economy-585	7	37	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	7	38	with	with	ADP
economy-585	7	39	higher	high	ADJ
economy-585	7	40	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	7	41	per	per	ADP
economy-585	7	42	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	7	43	among	among	ADP
economy-585	7	44	the	the	DET
economy-585	7	45	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	7	46	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	7	47	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	8	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	8	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	8	3	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	8	4	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	8	5	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	8	6	takes	take	VERB
economy-585	8	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	8	8	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	8	9	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	8	10	with	with	ADP
economy-585	8	11	high	high	ADJ
economy-585	8	12	statistical	statistical	ADJ
economy-585	8	13	significance	significance	NOUN
economy-585	8	14	for	for	ADP
economy-585	8	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	8	16	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	8	17	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	8	18	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	8	19	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	8	20	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	8	21	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	8	22	it	it	PRON
economy-585	8	23	indicate	indicate	VERB
economy-585	8	24	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	8	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	8	26	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	8	27	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	8	28	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	8	29	tend	tend	VERB
economy-585	8	30	to	to	PART
economy-585	8	31	statistically	statistically	ADV
economy-585	8	32	explain	explain	VERB
economy-585	8	33	65	65	NUM
economy-585	8	34	per	per	ADP
economy-585	8	35	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	8	36	of	of	ADP
economy-585	8	37	the	the	DET
economy-585	8	38	variations	variation	NOUN
economy-585	8	39	on	on	ADP
economy-585	8	40	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	8	41	for	for	ADP
economy-585	8	42	the	the	DET
economy-585	8	43	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	8	44	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	8	45	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	8	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	9	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	9	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	9	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	9	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	9	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	9	6	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	9	7	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	9	8	indicate	indicate	VERB
economy-585	9	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	9	10	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	9	11	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	9	12	on	on	ADP
economy-585	9	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	9	14	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	9	15	from	from	ADP
economy-585	9	16	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	9	17	to	to	ADP
economy-585	9	18	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	9	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	10	1	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	10	2	phones	phone	NOUN
economy-585	10	3	usage	usage	NOUN
economy-585	10	4	has	have	VERB
economy-585	10	5	a	a	DET
economy-585	10	6	great	great	ADJ
economy-585	10	7	potential	potential	NOUN
economy-585	10	8	to	to	PART
economy-585	10	9	enhance	enhance	VERB
economy-585	10	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	10	11	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	10	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	10	13	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	10	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	10	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	10	16	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	10	17	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	10	18	as	as	ADV
economy-585	10	19	well	well	ADV
economy-585	10	20	considering	consider	VERB
economy-585	10	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	10	22	limited	limited	ADJ
economy-585	10	23	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
economy-585	10	24	setup	setup	NOUN
economy-585	10	25	in	in	ADP
economy-585	10	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	10	27	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	10	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	11	1	keywords	keyword	NOUN
economy-585	11	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	11	3	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	11	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	11	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	6	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	11	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	11	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	11	10	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	11	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	12	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	11	13	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	11	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	15	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	11	16	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	11	17	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	11	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	19	random	random	ADJ
economy-585	11	20	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	11	21	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	11	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	23	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	11	24	countries	countries	PROPN
economy-585	11	25	jel	jel	PROPN
economy-585	11	26	classification	classification	PROPN
economy-585	11	27	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	11	28	f1	f1	NOUN
economy-585	11	29	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	30	f3	f3	ADJ
economy-585	11	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	32	f4	f4	PROPN
economy-585	11	33	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	11	34	f6	f6	PROPN
economy-585	11	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	12	1	citation	citation	NOUN
economy-585	12	2	|	|	ADV
economy-585	12	3	cosmas	cosma	VERB
economy-585	12	4	s.	s.	PROPN
economy-585	12	5	mbogela	mbogela	PROPN
economy-585	12	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	12	7	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	12	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	12	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	13	1	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	13	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	13	3	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	13	4	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	13	5	countries	countries	PROPN
economy-585	13	6	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	13	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	13	8	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	13	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	14	1	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	14	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	14	3	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	14	4	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	14	5	40	40	NUM
economy-585	14	6	-	-	SYM
economy-585	14	7	53	53	NUM
economy-585	14	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	14	9	history	history	NOUN
economy-585	14	10	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	11	received	receive	VERB
economy-585	14	12	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	13	18	18	NUM
economy-585	14	14	september	september	PROPN
economy-585	14	15	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	14	16	revised	revise	VERB
economy-585	14	17	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	18	22	22	NUM
economy-585	14	19	october	october	NOUN
economy-585	14	20	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	14	21	accepted	accept	VERB
economy-585	14	22	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	23	28	28	NUM
economy-585	14	24	november	november	PROPN
economy-585	14	25	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	14	26	published	publish	VERB
economy-585	14	27	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	28	24	24	NUM
economy-585	14	29	december	december	PROPN
economy-585	14	30	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	14	31	licensed	license	VERB
economy-585	14	32	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	33	this	this	DET
economy-585	14	34	work	work	NOUN
economy-585	14	35	is	be	AUX
economy-585	14	36	licensed	license	VERB
economy-585	14	37	under	under	ADP
economy-585	14	38	a	a	DET
economy-585	14	39	creative	creative	ADJ
economy-585	14	40	commons	common	NOUN
economy-585	14	41	attribution	attribution	NOUN
economy-585	14	42	3.0	3.0	NUM
economy-585	14	43	license	license	NOUN
economy-585	14	44	publisher	publisher	NOUN
economy-585	14	45	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	46	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	14	47	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	14	48	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	14	49	publishing	publishing	PROPN
economy-585	14	50	group	group	PROPN
economy-585	14	51	funding	funding	NOUN
economy-585	14	52	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	14	53	this	this	DET
economy-585	14	54	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	14	55	received	receive	VERB
economy-585	14	56	no	no	DET
economy-585	14	57	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	14	58	financial	financial	ADJ
economy-585	14	59	support	support	NOUN
economy-585	14	60	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	15	1	competing	compete	VERB
economy-585	15	2	interests	interest	NOUN
economy-585	15	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	15	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	15	5	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	15	6	declares	declare	VERB
economy-585	15	7	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	15	8	there	there	PRON
economy-585	15	9	are	be	VERB
economy-585	15	10	no	no	DET
economy-585	15	11	conflicts	conflict	NOUN
economy-585	15	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	15	13	interests	interest	NOUN
economy-585	15	14	regarding	regard	VERB
economy-585	15	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	15	16	publication	publication	NOUN
economy-585	15	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	15	18	this	this	DET
economy-585	15	19	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	15	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	16	1	transparency	transparency	NOUN
economy-585	16	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	16	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	16	4	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	16	5	confirms	confirm	VERB
economy-585	16	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	16	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	16	8	manuscript	manuscript	NOUN
economy-585	16	9	is	be	AUX
economy-585	16	10	an	an	DET
economy-585	16	11	honest	honest	ADJ
economy-585	16	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	16	13	accurate	accurate	ADJ
economy-585	16	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	16	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	16	16	transparent	transparent	ADJ
economy-585	16	17	account	account	NOUN
economy-585	16	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	16	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	16	20	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	16	21	was	be	AUX
economy-585	16	22	reported	report	VERB
economy-585	16	23	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	16	24	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	16	25	no	no	DET
economy-585	16	26	vital	vital	ADJ
economy-585	16	27	features	feature	NOUN
economy-585	16	28	of	of	ADP
economy-585	16	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	16	30	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	16	31	have	have	AUX
economy-585	16	32	been	be	AUX
economy-585	16	33	omitted	omit	VERB
economy-585	16	34	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	16	35	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	16	36	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	16	37	any	any	DET
economy-585	16	38	discrepancies	discrepancy	NOUN
economy-585	16	39	from	from	ADP
economy-585	16	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	16	41	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	16	42	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	16	43	planned	plan	VERB
economy-585	16	44	have	have	AUX
economy-585	16	45	been	be	AUX
economy-585	16	46	explained	explain	VERB
economy-585	16	47	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	17	1	ethical	ethical	ADJ
economy-585	17	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	17	3	this	this	DET
economy-585	17	4	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	17	5	follows	follow	VERB
economy-585	17	6	all	all	DET
economy-585	17	7	ethical	ethical	ADJ
economy-585	17	8	practices	practice	NOUN
economy-585	17	9	during	during	ADP
economy-585	17	10	writing	writing	NOUN
economy-585	17	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	18	1	contents	content	NOUN
economy-585	18	2	1	1	NUM
economy-585	18	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	19	1	introduction	introduction	NOUN
economy-585	19	2	......................................................................................................................................................................................	......................................................................................................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	20	1	41	41	NUM
economy-585	20	2	2	2	NUM
economy-585	20	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	20	4	trends	trend	NOUN
economy-585	20	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	20	6	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	20	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	20	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	20	9	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	20	10	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	20	11	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	20	12	......................................................................................................	......................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	21	1	41	41	NUM
economy-585	21	2	3	3	NUM
economy-585	21	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	21	4	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	21	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	21	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	21	7	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	21	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	21	9	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	21	10	composition	composition	NOUN
economy-585	21	11	...................................................................................................................	...................................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	22	1	42	42	NUM
economy-585	22	2	4	4	NUM
economy-585	22	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	22	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	22	5	specification	specification	PROPN
economy-585	22	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	22	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	22	8	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	22	9	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	22	10	...................................................................................................................................	...................................................................................................................................	PROPN
economy-585	23	1	44	44	NUM
economy-585	23	2	5	5	NUM
economy-585	23	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	23	4	description	description	NOUN
economy-585	23	5	to	to	ADP
economy-585	23	6	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	23	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	23	8	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	23	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	23	10	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	23	11	sources	source	NOUN
economy-585	23	12	................................................................................................................	................................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	24	1	45	45	NUM
economy-585	24	2	6	6	NUM
economy-585	24	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	25	1	dealing	deal	VERB
economy-585	25	2	with	with	ADP
economy-585	25	3	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	25	4	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	25	5	valued	value	VERB
economy-585	25	6	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	25	7	missing	miss	VERB
economy-585	25	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	25	9	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	25	10	..............................................................................................................	..............................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	25	11	45	45	NUM
economy-585	25	12	7	7	NUM
economy-585	25	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	25	14	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	25	15	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	25	16	...............................................................................................................................................................................	...............................................................................................................................................................................	PROPN
economy-585	26	1	47	47	NUM
economy-585	26	2	8	8	NUM
economy-585	26	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	26	4	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	26	5	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	26	6	...................................................................................................................................................................	...................................................................................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	26	7	48	48	NUM
economy-585	26	8	9	9	NUM
economy-585	26	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	26	10	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	26	11	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	26	12	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	26	13	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	26	14	...............................................................................................................................................	...............................................................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	27	1	49	49	NUM
economy-585	27	2	10	10	NUM
economy-585	27	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	28	1	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
economy-585	28	2	.......................................................................................................................................................................................	.......................................................................................................................................................................................	PUNCT
economy-585	29	1	51	51	NUM
economy-585	29	2	references	reference	NOUN
economy-585	29	3	..............................................................................................................................................................................................	..............................................................................................................................................................................................	PROPN
economy-585	29	4	52	52	NUM
economy-585	29	5	http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.502.2018.51.40.53&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14	http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.502.2018.51.40.53&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14	NOUN
economy-585	29	6	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	PROPN
economy-585	29	7	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	PROPN
economy-585	29	8	http://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/economy/article/view/1602	http://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/economy/article/view/1602	PROPN
economy-585	29	9	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	NOUN
economy-585	29	10	http://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/economy/article/view/1602	http://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/economy/article/view/1602	NOUN
economy-585	29	11	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	NOUN
economy-585	29	12	http://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/economy/article/view/1602	http://www.asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/economy/article/view/1602	NOUN
economy-585	29	13	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	NOUN
economy-585	29	14	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	29	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	29	16	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	29	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	29	18	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	29	19	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	29	20	40	40	NUM
economy-585	29	21	-	-	SYM
economy-585	29	22	53	53	NUM
economy-585	29	23	41	41	NUM
economy-585	29	24	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	29	25	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	29	26	by	by	ADP
economy-585	29	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	29	28	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	29	29	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	29	30	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	29	31	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	29	32	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	29	33	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	29	34	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	29	35	group	group	PROPN
economy-585	29	36	1	1	NUM
economy-585	29	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	29	38	introduction	introduction	NOUN
economy-585	29	39	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	29	40	on	on	ADP
economy-585	29	41	the	the	DET
economy-585	29	42	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	29	43	of	of	ADP
economy-585	29	44	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	29	45	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	29	46	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	29	47	between	between	ADP
economy-585	29	48	a	a	DET
economy-585	29	49	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	29	50	of	of	ADP
economy-585	29	51	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	29	52	have	have	AUX
economy-585	29	53	considered	consider	VERB
economy-585	29	54	either	either	CCONJ
economy-585	29	55	developing	develop	VERB
economy-585	29	56	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	29	57	alone	alone	ADJ
economy-585	29	58	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	29	59	a	a	DET
economy-585	29	60	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	29	61	of	of	ADP
economy-585	29	62	developing	develop	VERB
economy-585	29	63	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	29	64	developed	developed	ADJ
economy-585	29	65	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	29	66	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	29	67	zannou	zannou	NOUN
economy-585	29	68	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	29	69	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	29	70	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	29	71	baldwin	baldwin	PROPN
economy-585	29	72	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	29	73	taglioni	taglioni	PROPN
economy-585	29	74	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	29	75	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	29	76	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	29	77	de	de	X
economy-585	29	78	castro	castro	PROPN
economy-585	29	79	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	29	80	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	29	81	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	29	82	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	30	1	for	for	ADP
economy-585	30	2	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	30	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	30	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	30	5	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	30	6	developing	develop	VERB
economy-585	30	7	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	30	8	have	have	AUX
economy-585	30	9	been	be	AUX
economy-585	30	10	considered	consider	VERB
economy-585	30	11	as	as	ADP
economy-585	30	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	30	13	dummy	dummy	ADJ
economy-585	30	14	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	30	15	with	with	ADP
economy-585	30	16	an	an	DET
economy-585	30	17	argument	argument	NOUN
economy-585	30	18	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	30	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	30	20	including	include	VERB
economy-585	30	21	developing	develop	VERB
economy-585	30	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	30	23	developed	developed	ADJ
economy-585	30	24	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	30	25	in	in	ADP
economy-585	30	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	30	27	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	30	28	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	30	29	for	for	ADP
economy-585	30	30	regression	regression	NOUN
economy-585	30	31	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	30	32	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	30	33	into	into	ADP
economy-585	30	34	biased	biased	ADJ
economy-585	30	35	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	30	36	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	30	37	a	a	DET
economy-585	30	38	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
economy-585	30	39	problem	problem	NOUN
economy-585	30	40	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	30	41	fontagné	fontagné	ADV
economy-585	30	42	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	30	43	freudenberg	freudenberg	PROPN
economy-585	30	44	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	30	45	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	30	46	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	30	47	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	31	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	31	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	31	3	also	also	ADV
economy-585	31	4	argued	argue	VERB
economy-585	31	5	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	31	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	31	7	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	31	8	difference	difference	NOUN
economy-585	31	9	between	between	ADP
economy-585	31	10	these	these	DET
economy-585	31	11	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	31	12	being	be	AUX
economy-585	31	13	so	so	ADV
economy-585	31	14	huge	huge	ADJ
economy-585	31	15	make	make	NOUN
economy-585	31	16	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	31	17	likely	likely	ADJ
economy-585	31	18	to	to	PART
economy-585	31	19	be	be	AUX
economy-585	31	20	a	a	DET
economy-585	31	21	substitute	substitute	NOUN
economy-585	31	22	for	for	ADP
economy-585	31	23	differences	difference	NOUN
economy-585	31	24	in	in	ADP
economy-585	31	25	degree	degree	NOUN
economy-585	31	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	31	27	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	31	28	instead	instead	ADV
economy-585	31	29	of	of	ADP
economy-585	31	30	the	the	DET
economy-585	31	31	ability	ability	NOUN
economy-585	31	32	of	of	ADP
economy-585	31	33	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	31	34	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	31	35	to	to	PART
economy-585	31	36	stimulate	stimulate	VERB
economy-585	31	37	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	31	38	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	31	39	tansey	tansey	NOUN
economy-585	31	40	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	31	41	touray	touray	NOUN
economy-585	31	42	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	31	43	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	31	44	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	31	45	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	32	1	nevertheless	nevertheless	ADV
economy-585	32	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	32	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	32	4	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	32	5	also	also	ADV
economy-585	32	6	asserts	assert	VERB
economy-585	32	7	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	32	8	differences	difference	NOUN
economy-585	32	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	32	10	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	32	11	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	32	12	among	among	ADP
economy-585	32	13	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	32	14	will	will	AUX
economy-585	32	15	encourage	encourage	VERB
economy-585	32	16	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	32	17	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	32	18	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	32	19	islam	islam	PROPN
economy-585	32	20	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	32	21	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	32	22	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	32	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	32	24	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	32	25	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	32	26	this	this	DET
economy-585	32	27	contention	contention	NOUN
economy-585	32	28	is	be	AUX
economy-585	32	29	worthy	worthy	ADJ
economy-585	32	30	examining	examine	VERB
economy-585	32	31	by	by	ADP
economy-585	32	32	having	have	VERB
economy-585	32	33	a	a	DET
economy-585	32	34	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	32	35	that	that	PRON
economy-585	32	36	contain	contain	VERB
economy-585	32	37	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	32	38	that	that	PRON
economy-585	32	39	differs	differ	VERB
economy-585	32	40	in	in	ADP
economy-585	32	41	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	32	42	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	33	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	33	2	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	33	3	examines	examine	VERB
economy-585	33	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	33	5	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	33	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	33	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	33	8	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	33	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	33	10	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	33	11	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	33	12	with	with	ADP
economy-585	33	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	33	14	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	33	15	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	33	16	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	33	17	to	to	ADP
economy-585	33	18	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	33	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	33	20	namely	namely	ADV
economy-585	33	21	brazil	brazil	PROPN
economy-585	33	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	33	23	russia	russia	PROPN
economy-585	33	24	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	33	25	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	33	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	33	27	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	33	28	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	33	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	33	30	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	33	31	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	33	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	34	1	these	these	DET
economy-585	34	2	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	34	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	34	4	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	34	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	34	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	34	7	five	five	NUM
economy-585	34	8	largest	large	ADJ
economy-585	34	9	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	34	10	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	34	11	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	34	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	34	13	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	34	14	being	be	AUX
economy-585	34	15	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	34	16	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	34	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	34	18	that	that	PRON
economy-585	34	19	accounts	account	VERB
economy-585	34	20	for	for	ADP
economy-585	34	21	about	about	ADV
economy-585	34	22	20	20	NUM
economy-585	34	23	per	per	ADP
economy-585	34	24	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	34	25	of	of	ADP
economy-585	34	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	34	27	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	34	28	output	output	NOUN
economy-585	34	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	34	30	27	27	NUM
economy-585	34	31	per	per	ADP
economy-585	34	32	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	34	33	of	of	ADP
economy-585	34	34	the	the	DET
economy-585	34	35	global	global	ADJ
economy-585	34	36	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	34	37	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	34	38	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	34	39	de	de	X
economy-585	34	40	grauwe	grauwe	PROPN
economy-585	34	41	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	34	42	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	34	43	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	34	44	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	34	45	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	34	46	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	34	47	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	35	1	their	their	PRON
economy-585	35	2	shares	share	NOUN
economy-585	35	3	in	in	ADP
economy-585	35	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	35	5	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	35	6	merchandise	merchandise	NOUN
economy-585	35	7	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	35	8	in	in	ADP
economy-585	35	9	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	35	10	were	be	AUX
economy-585	35	11	11	11	NUM
economy-585	35	12	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	35	13	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	35	14	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	35	15	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	35	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	35	17	3	3	NUM
economy-585	35	18	per	per	ADP
economy-585	35	19	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	35	20	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	35	21	russia	russia	PROPN
economy-585	35	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	35	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	35	24	2	2	NUM
economy-585	35	25	per	per	ADP
economy-585	35	26	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	35	27	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	35	28	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	35	29	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	35	30	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	35	31	1	1	NUM
economy-585	35	32	per	per	ADP
economy-585	35	33	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	35	34	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	35	35	brazil	brazil	PROPN
economy-585	35	36	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	35	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	36	1	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	36	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	36	3	some	some	DET
economy-585	36	4	decades	decade	NOUN
economy-585	36	5	now	now	ADV
economy-585	36	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	36	7	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	36	8	accounted	account	VERB
economy-585	36	9	for	for	ADP
economy-585	36	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	36	11	largest	large	ADJ
economy-585	36	12	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	36	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	36	14	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	36	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	36	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	36	17	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	36	18	it	it	PRON
economy-585	36	19	can	can	AUX
economy-585	36	20	be	be	AUX
economy-585	36	21	seen	see	VERB
economy-585	36	22	from	from	ADP
economy-585	36	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	36	24	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	36	25	above	above	ADP
economy-585	36	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	36	27	trend	trend	NOUN
economy-585	36	28	is	be	AUX
economy-585	36	29	now	now	ADV
economy-585	36	30	changing	change	VERB
economy-585	36	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	36	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	36	33	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	36	34	of	of	ADP
economy-585	36	35	non	non	ADJ
economy-585	36	36	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	36	37	oecd	oecd	ADJ
economy-585	36	38	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	36	39	in	in	ADP
economy-585	36	40	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	36	41	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	36	42	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	36	43	has	have	AUX
economy-585	36	44	increased	increase	VERB
economy-585	36	45	from	from	ADP
economy-585	36	46	26.4	26.4	NUM
economy-585	36	47	per	per	ADP
economy-585	36	48	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	36	49	in	in	ADP
economy-585	36	50	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	36	51	to	to	ADP
economy-585	36	52	39.4	39.4	NUM
economy-585	36	53	per	per	ADP
economy-585	36	54	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	36	55	in	in	ADP
economy-585	36	56	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	36	57	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	37	1	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	37	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	37	3	taken	take	VERB
economy-585	37	4	as	as	ADP
economy-585	37	5	a	a	DET
economy-585	37	6	single	single	ADJ
economy-585	37	7	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	37	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	37	9	may	may	AUX
economy-585	37	10	soon	soon	ADV
economy-585	37	11	take	take	VERB
economy-585	37	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	37	13	lead	lead	NOUN
economy-585	37	14	considering	consider	VERB
economy-585	37	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	37	16	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	37	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	37	18	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	37	19	with	with	ADP
economy-585	37	20	which	which	PRON
economy-585	37	21	it	it	PRON
economy-585	37	22	trades	trade	VERB
economy-585	37	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	37	24	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	37	25	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	37	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	38	1	for	for	ADP
economy-585	38	2	instance	instance	NOUN
economy-585	38	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	38	4	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	38	5	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	38	6	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	38	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	38	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	38	9	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	38	10	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	38	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	38	12	has	have	AUX
economy-585	38	13	risen	rise	VERB
economy-585	38	14	from	from	ADP
economy-585	38	15	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	38	16	than	than	ADP
economy-585	38	17	1	1	NUM
economy-585	38	18	per	per	ADP
economy-585	38	19	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	38	20	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	38	21	1980	1980	NUM
economy-585	38	22	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	38	23	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	38	24	to	to	ADP
economy-585	38	25	13.5	13.5	NUM
economy-585	38	26	per	per	NOUN
economy-585	38	27	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	38	28	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	38	29	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	38	30	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	38	31	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	38	32	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	38	33	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	38	34	11	11	NUM
economy-585	38	35	per	per	ADP
economy-585	38	36	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	38	37	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	38	38	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	38	39	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	38	40	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	38	41	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	38	42	in	in	ADP
economy-585	38	43	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	38	44	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	38	45	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	38	46	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	38	47	accounts	account	VERB
economy-585	38	48	for	for	ADP
economy-585	38	49	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	38	50	than	than	ADP
economy-585	38	51	any	any	DET
economy-585	38	52	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	38	53	european	european	ADJ
economy-585	38	54	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	38	55	in	in	ADP
economy-585	38	56	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	38	57	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	38	58	trade	trade	PROPN
economy-585	38	59	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	38	60	de	de	X
economy-585	38	61	grauwe	grauwe	PROPN
economy-585	38	62	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	38	63	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	38	64	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	38	65	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	38	66	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	38	67	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	38	68	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	39	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	39	2	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	39	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	39	4	as	as	ADP
economy-585	39	5	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	39	6	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	39	7	largest	large	ADJ
economy-585	39	8	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	39	9	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	39	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	39	11	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	39	12	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	39	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	39	14	deals	deal	NOUN
economy-585	39	15	totalled	total	VERB
economy-585	39	16	$	$	SYM
economy-585	39	17	160	160	NUM
economy-585	39	18	billion	billion	NUM
economy-585	39	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	40	1	table-1	table-1	PRON
economy-585	40	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	40	3	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	40	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	40	5	by	by	ADP
economy-585	40	6	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	40	7	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	40	8	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	40	9	figures	figure	NOUN
economy-585	40	10	as	as	ADP
economy-585	40	11	a	a	DET
economy-585	40	12	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	40	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	40	14	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	40	15	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	40	16	merchandise	merchandise	NOUN
economy-585	40	17	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	40	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	40	19	1992	1992	NUM
economy-585	40	20	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	40	21	2005	2005	NUM
economy-585	40	22	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	40	23	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	40	24	81.8	81.8	NUM
economy-585	40	25	73.6	73.6	NUM
economy-585	40	26	68.5	68.5	NUM
economy-585	40	27	60.6	60.6	NUM
economy-585	40	28	intra	intra	PROPN
economy-585	40	29	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	40	30	3.4	3.4	NUM
economy-585	40	31	9.8	9.8	NUM
economy-585	40	32	9.5	9.5	NUM
economy-585	40	33	9.2	9.2	NUM
economy-585	40	34	brazil	brazil	PROPN
economy-585	40	35	1.0	1.0	NUM
economy-585	40	36	1.6	1.6	NUM
economy-585	40	37	2.3	2.3	NUM
economy-585	40	38	2.5	2.5	NUM
economy-585	40	39	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	40	40	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	40	41	hong	hong	PROPN
economy-585	40	42	kong	kong	PROPN
economy-585	40	43	1.7	1.7	NUM
economy-585	40	44	4.2	4.2	NUM
economy-585	40	45	7.6	7.6	NUM
economy-585	40	46	13.5	13.5	NUM
economy-585	40	47	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	40	48	1.3	1.3	NUM
economy-585	40	49	2.1	2.1	NUM
economy-585	40	50	2.1	2.1	NUM
economy-585	40	51	4.9	4.9	NUM
economy-585	40	52	russia	russia	NOUN
economy-585	40	53	…	…	PUNCT
economy-585	40	54	0.5	0.5	NUM
economy-585	40	55	0.7	0.7	NUM
economy-585	40	56	1.0	1.0	NUM
economy-585	40	57	total	total	NOUN
economy-585	40	58	89.2	89.2	NUM
economy-585	40	59	91.8	91.8	NUM
economy-585	40	60	90.7	90.7	NUM
economy-585	40	61	91.7	91.7	NUM
economy-585	40	62	non	non	ADJ
economy-585	40	63	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	40	64	total	total	NOUN
economy-585	40	65	18.2	18.2	NUM
economy-585	40	66	26.4	26.4	NUM
economy-585	40	67	31.5	31.5	NUM
economy-585	40	68	39.4	39.4	NUM
economy-585	40	69	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	40	70	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	40	71	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	40	72	report	report	PROPN
economy-585	40	73	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	40	74	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	40	75	though	though	SCONJ
economy-585	40	76	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	40	77	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	40	78	has	have	AUX
economy-585	40	79	been	be	AUX
economy-585	40	80	widely	widely	ADV
economy-585	40	81	examined	examine	VERB
economy-585	40	82	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	40	83	no	no	DET
economy-585	40	84	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	40	85	has	have	AUX
economy-585	40	86	done	do	VERB
economy-585	40	87	a	a	DET
economy-585	40	88	research	research	NOUN
economy-585	40	89	concerning	concern	VERB
economy-585	40	90	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	40	91	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	40	92	trade	trade	VERB
economy-585	40	93	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	40	94	with	with	ADP
economy-585	40	95	the	the	DET
economy-585	40	96	largest	large	ADJ
economy-585	40	97	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	40	98	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	40	99	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	40	100	this	this	DET
economy-585	40	101	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	40	102	takes	take	VERB
economy-585	40	103	on	on	ADP
economy-585	40	104	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	40	105	considers	consider	VERB
economy-585	40	106	four	four	NUM
economy-585	40	107	of	of	ADP
economy-585	40	108	the	the	DET
economy-585	40	109	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	40	110	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	40	111	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	40	112	see	see	VERB
economy-585	40	113	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	40	114	1	1	NUM
economy-585	40	115	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	40	116	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	41	1	some	some	DET
economy-585	41	2	new	new	ADJ
economy-585	41	3	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	41	4	are	be	AUX
economy-585	41	5	also	also	ADV
economy-585	41	6	included	include	VERB
economy-585	41	7	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	41	8	as	as	ADP
economy-585	41	9	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	41	10	to	to	ADP
economy-585	41	11	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	41	12	sectors	sector	NOUN
economy-585	41	13	operation	operation	NOUN
economy-585	41	14	in	in	ADP
economy-585	41	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	41	16	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	41	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	41	18	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	41	19	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	41	20	as	as	ADP
economy-585	41	21	a	a	DET
economy-585	41	22	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	41	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	41	24	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	41	25	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	41	26	mass	mass	NOUN
economy-585	41	27	as	as	ADV
economy-585	41	28	well	well	ADV
economy-585	41	29	as	as	ADP
economy-585	41	30	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	41	31	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	41	32	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	41	33	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	42	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
economy-585	42	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	42	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	42	4	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	42	5	is	be	AUX
economy-585	42	6	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	42	7	from	from	ADP
economy-585	42	8	many	many	ADJ
economy-585	42	9	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	42	10	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	42	11	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	42	12	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	42	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	42	14	terms	term	NOUN
economy-585	42	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	42	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	42	17	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	42	18	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	42	19	that	that	PRON
economy-585	42	20	is	be	AUX
economy-585	42	21	applied	apply	VERB
economy-585	42	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	43	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	43	2	advantage	advantage	NOUN
economy-585	43	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	43	4	using	use	VERB
economy-585	43	5	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	43	6	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	43	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	43	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	43	9	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	43	10	dataset	dataset	VERB
economy-585	43	11	is	be	AUX
economy-585	43	12	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	43	13	it	it	PRON
economy-585	43	14	is	be	AUX
economy-585	43	15	possible	possible	ADJ
economy-585	43	16	to	to	PART
economy-585	43	17	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
economy-585	43	18	test	test	VERB
economy-585	43	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	43	20	changes	change	NOUN
economy-585	43	21	in	in	ADP
economy-585	43	22	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	43	23	patterns	pattern	NOUN
economy-585	43	24	over	over	ADP
economy-585	43	25	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	43	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	43	27	examine	examine	VERB
economy-585	43	28	how	how	SCONJ
economy-585	43	29	these	these	DET
economy-585	43	30	changes	change	NOUN
economy-585	43	31	differ	differ	VERB
economy-585	43	32	across	across	ADP
economy-585	43	33	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	43	34	regions	region	NOUN
economy-585	43	35	in	in	ADP
economy-585	43	36	question	question	NOUN
economy-585	43	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	44	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	44	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	44	3	more	more	ADV
economy-585	44	4	thoroughly	thoroughly	ADV
economy-585	44	5	done	do	VERB
economy-585	44	6	than	than	ADP
economy-585	44	7	just	just	ADV
economy-585	44	8	clumsily	clumsily	ADV
economy-585	44	9	examining	examine	VERB
economy-585	44	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	44	11	patterns	pattern	NOUN
economy-585	44	12	changes	change	NOUN
economy-585	44	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	44	14	a	a	DET
economy-585	44	15	particular	particular	ADJ
economy-585	44	16	one	one	NUM
economy-585	44	17	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	44	18	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	44	19	can	can	AUX
economy-585	44	20	be	be	AUX
economy-585	44	21	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	44	22	in	in	ADP
economy-585	44	23	cross	cross	NOUN
economy-585	44	24	section	section	NOUN
economy-585	44	25	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	44	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	45	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	45	2	examination	examination	NOUN
economy-585	45	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	45	4	conducted	conduct	VERB
economy-585	45	5	by	by	ADP
economy-585	45	6	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	45	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	45	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	45	9	renowned	renowned	ADJ
economy-585	45	10	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	45	11	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	45	12	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	45	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	45	14	which	which	PRON
economy-585	45	15	has	have	AUX
economy-585	45	16	proved	prove	VERB
economy-585	45	17	to	to	PART
economy-585	45	18	be	be	AUX
economy-585	45	19	powerful	powerful	ADJ
economy-585	45	20	in	in	ADP
economy-585	45	21	explaining	explain	VERB
economy-585	45	22	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	45	23	scenarios	scenario	NOUN
economy-585	45	24	in	in	ADP
economy-585	45	25	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	45	26	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	45	27	issues	issue	NOUN
economy-585	45	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	45	29	particularly	particularly	ADV
economy-585	45	30	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	45	31	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	45	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	46	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	46	2	employs	employ	VERB
economy-585	46	3	an	an	DET
economy-585	46	4	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
economy-585	46	5	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	46	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	46	7	iv	iv	X
economy-585	46	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	46	9	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	46	10	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	46	11	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	46	12	by	by	ADP
economy-585	46	13	hausman	hausman	NOUN
economy-585	46	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	46	15	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	46	16	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	46	17	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	46	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	46	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	46	20	order	order	NOUN
economy-585	46	21	to	to	PART
economy-585	46	22	take	take	VERB
economy-585	46	23	care	care	NOUN
economy-585	46	24	of	of	ADP
economy-585	46	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	46	26	endogeneity	endogeneity	NOUN
economy-585	46	27	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	46	28	biasness	biasness	NOUN
economy-585	46	29	resulting	result	VERB
economy-585	46	30	from	from	ADP
economy-585	46	31	omission	omission	NOUN
economy-585	46	32	of	of	ADP
economy-585	46	33	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	46	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	47	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	47	2	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	47	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	47	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	47	5	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	47	6	will	will	AUX
economy-585	47	7	proceed	proceed	VERB
economy-585	47	8	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	47	9	follows	follow	VERB
economy-585	47	10	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	47	11	following	follow	VERB
economy-585	47	12	will	will	AUX
economy-585	47	13	be	be	AUX
economy-585	47	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	47	15	review	review	NOUN
economy-585	47	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	47	17	salient	salient	NOUN
economy-585	47	18	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	47	19	on	on	ADP
economy-585	47	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	47	21	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
economy-585	47	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	47	23	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	47	24	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	47	25	in	in	ADP
economy-585	47	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	47	27	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	47	28	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	47	29	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	47	30	thereafter	thereafter	ADV
economy-585	47	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	47	32	general	general	ADJ
economy-585	47	33	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	47	34	is	be	AUX
economy-585	47	35	specified	specify	VERB
economy-585	47	36	together	together	ADV
economy-585	47	37	with	with	ADP
economy-585	47	38	a	a	DET
economy-585	47	39	description	description	NOUN
economy-585	47	40	of	of	ADP
economy-585	47	41	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	47	42	for	for	ADP
economy-585	47	43	the	the	DET
economy-585	47	44	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	47	45	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	48	1	section	section	NOUN
economy-585	48	2	three	three	NUM
economy-585	48	3	provides	provide	VERB
economy-585	48	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	48	5	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	48	6	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	48	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	48	8	followed	follow	VERB
economy-585	48	9	by	by	ADP
economy-585	48	10	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	48	11	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	48	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	48	13	discussion	discussion	NOUN
economy-585	48	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	49	1	finally	finally	ADV
economy-585	49	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	49	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	49	4	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
economy-585	49	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	49	6	policy	policy	NOUN
economy-585	49	7	implications	implication	NOUN
economy-585	49	8	is	be	AUX
economy-585	49	9	presented	present	VERB
economy-585	49	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	50	1	2	2	X
economy-585	50	2	.	.	X
economy-585	50	3	trends	trend	NOUN
economy-585	50	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	50	5	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	50	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	50	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	50	8	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	50	9	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	50	10	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	50	11	according	accord	VERB
economy-585	50	12	to	to	ADP
economy-585	50	13	world	world	PROPN
economy-585	50	14	bank	bank	PROPN
economy-585	50	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	50	16	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	50	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	50	18	from	from	ADP
economy-585	50	19	1960–2011	1960–2011	NUM
economy-585	50	20	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	50	21	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	50	22	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	50	23	grew	grow	VERB
economy-585	50	24	at	at	ADP
economy-585	50	25	a	a	DET
economy-585	50	26	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	50	27	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	50	28	of	of	ADP
economy-585	50	29	2.6	2.6	NUM
economy-585	50	30	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	50	31	per	per	ADP
economy-585	50	32	annum	annum	NOUN
economy-585	50	33	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	51	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	51	2	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	51	3	annual	annual	ADJ
economy-585	51	4	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	51	5	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	51	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	51	7	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	51	8	was	be	AUX
economy-585	51	9	faster	fast	ADJ
economy-585	51	10	than	than	ADP
economy-585	51	11	that	that	PRON
economy-585	51	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	51	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	51	14	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	51	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	51	16	at	at	ADP
economy-585	51	17	4.1	4.1	NUM
economy-585	51	18	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	51	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	52	1	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	52	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	52	3	subsaharan	subsaharan	PROPN
economy-585	52	4	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	52	5	alone	alone	ADV
economy-585	52	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	52	7	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	52	8	mean	mean	VERB
economy-585	52	9	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	52	10	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	52	11	was	be	AUX
economy-585	52	12	almost	almost	ADV
economy-585	52	13	similar	similar	ADJ
economy-585	52	14	to	to	ADP
economy-585	52	15	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	52	16	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	52	17	that	that	PRON
economy-585	52	18	is	be	AUX
economy-585	52	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	52	20	1.8	1.8	NUM
economy-585	52	21	for	for	ADP
economy-585	52	22	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	52	23	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	52	24	2.1	2.1	NUM
economy-585	52	25	for	for	ADP
economy-585	52	26	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	52	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	53	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
economy-585	53	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	53	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	53	4	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	53	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	53	6	as	as	ADP
economy-585	53	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	53	8	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	53	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	53	10	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	53	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	53	12	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	53	13	as	as	ADP
economy-585	53	14	a	a	DET
economy-585	53	15	whole	whole	NOUN
economy-585	53	16	had	have	VERB
economy-585	53	17	a	a	DET
economy-585	53	18	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	53	19	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	53	20	of	of	ADP
economy-585	53	21	55.7	55.7	NUM
economy-585	53	22	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	53	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	53	24	a	a	DET
economy-585	53	25	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	53	26	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	53	27	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	53	28	of	of	ADP
economy-585	53	29	0.24	0.24	NUM
economy-585	53	30	per	per	ADP
economy-585	53	31	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	53	32	per	per	ADP
economy-585	53	33	annum	annum	NOUN
economy-585	53	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	54	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	54	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	54	3	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	54	4	obvious	obvious	ADJ
economy-585	54	5	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	54	6	for	for	ADP
economy-585	54	7	over	over	ADP
economy-585	54	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	54	9	past	past	ADJ
economy-585	54	10	five	five	NUM
economy-585	54	11	decades	decade	NOUN
economy-585	54	12	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	54	13	grew	grow	VERB
economy-585	54	14	at	at	ADP
economy-585	54	15	a	a	DET
economy-585	54	16	lower	low	ADJ
economy-585	54	17	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	54	18	than	than	SCONJ
economy-585	54	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	54	20	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	54	21	did	do	VERB
economy-585	54	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	55	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	55	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	55	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	55	4	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	55	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	55	6	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	55	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	55	8	as	as	ADP
economy-585	55	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	55	10	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	55	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	55	12	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	55	13	has	have	AUX
economy-585	55	14	been	be	AUX
economy-585	55	15	very	very	ADV
economy-585	55	16	small	small	ADJ
economy-585	55	17	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	55	18	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	55	19	than	than	ADP
economy-585	55	20	0.5	0.5	NUM
economy-585	55	21	p.a	p.a	PROPN
economy-585	55	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	55	23	over	over	ADP
economy-585	55	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	55	25	past	past	ADJ
economy-585	55	26	52	52	NUM
economy-585	55	27	years	year	NOUN
economy-585	55	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	56	1	contrary	contrary	ADJ
economy-585	56	2	to	to	ADP
economy-585	56	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	56	4	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	56	5	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	56	6	which	which	PRON
economy-585	56	7	for	for	ADP
economy-585	56	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	56	9	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	56	10	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	56	11	experienced	experience	VERB
economy-585	56	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	56	13	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	56	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	56	15	their	their	PRON
economy-585	56	16	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	56	17	at	at	ADP
economy-585	56	18	a	a	DET
economy-585	56	19	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	56	20	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	56	21	of	of	ADP
economy-585	56	22	9.05	9.05	NUM
economy-585	56	23	per	per	ADP
economy-585	56	24	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	56	25	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	56	26	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	56	27	grew	grow	VERB
economy-585	56	28	at	at	ADP
economy-585	56	29	a	a	DET
economy-585	56	30	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	56	31	of	of	ADP
economy-585	56	32	5.7	5.7	NUM
economy-585	56	33	per	per	ADP
economy-585	56	34	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	56	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	57	1	as	as	ADP
economy-585	57	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	57	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	57	4	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	57	5	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	57	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	57	7	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	57	8	grew	grow	VERB
economy-585	57	9	at	at	ADP
economy-585	57	10	a	a	DET
economy-585	57	11	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	57	12	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	57	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	57	14	7.4	7.4	NUM
economy-585	57	15	per	per	ADP
economy-585	57	16	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	57	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	57	18	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	57	19	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	57	20	at	at	ADP
economy-585	57	21	a	a	DET
economy-585	57	22	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	57	23	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	57	24	of	of	ADP
economy-585	57	25	5.6	5.6	NUM
economy-585	57	26	per	per	ADP
economy-585	57	27	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	57	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	58	1	taking	take	VERB
economy-585	58	2	sub	sub	NOUN
economy-585	58	3	sahara	sahara	ADJ
economy-585	58	4	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	58	5	alone	alone	ADV
economy-585	58	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	58	7	excluding	exclude	VERB
economy-585	58	8	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	58	9	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	58	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	58	11	nigeria	nigeria	PROPN
economy-585	58	12	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	58	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	58	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	58	15	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	58	16	shows	show	VERB
economy-585	58	17	an	an	DET
economy-585	58	18	even	even	ADV
economy-585	58	19	a	a	DET
economy-585	58	20	worse	bad	ADJ
economy-585	58	21	picture	picture	NOUN
economy-585	58	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	59	1	for	for	ADP
economy-585	59	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	59	3	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	59	4	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	59	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	59	6	from1960	from1960	PROPN
economy-585	59	7	to	to	ADP
economy-585	59	8	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	59	9	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	59	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	59	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	59	12	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	59	13	grew	grow	VERB
economy-585	59	14	at	at	ADP
economy-585	59	15	a	a	DET
economy-585	59	16	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	59	17	annual	annual	ADJ
economy-585	59	18	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	59	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	59	20	0.1	0.1	NUM
economy-585	59	21	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	59	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	59	23	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	59	24	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	59	25	at	at	ADP
economy-585	59	26	2.2	2.2	NUM
economy-585	59	27	per	per	ADP
economy-585	59	28	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	59	29	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	60	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	60	2	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	60	3	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	60	4	for	for	ADP
economy-585	60	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	60	6	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	60	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	60	8	as	as	ADP
economy-585	60	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	60	10	ratio	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	60	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	60	12	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	60	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	60	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	60	15	whole	whole	ADJ
economy-585	60	16	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	60	17	was	be	AUX
economy-585	60	18	55.9	55.9	NUM
economy-585	60	19	per	per	ADP
economy-585	60	20	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	60	21	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	60	22	had	have	AUX
economy-585	60	23	been	be	AUX
economy-585	60	24	declining	decline	VERB
economy-585	60	25	at	at	ADP
economy-585	60	26	a	a	DET
economy-585	60	27	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	60	28	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	60	29	of	of	ADP
economy-585	60	30	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	60	31	annually	annually	ADV
economy-585	60	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	61	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	61	2	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	61	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	61	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	61	5	as	as	ADP
economy-585	61	6	a	a	DET
economy-585	61	7	ratio	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	61	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	61	9	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	61	10	has	have	AUX
economy-585	61	11	been	be	AUX
economy-585	61	12	declining	decline	VERB
economy-585	61	13	despite	despite	SCONJ
economy-585	61	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	61	15	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	61	16	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	61	17	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	61	18	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	61	19	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	61	20	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	61	21	of	of	ADP
economy-585	61	22	annual	annual	ADJ
economy-585	61	23	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	61	24	has	have	AUX
economy-585	61	25	been	be	AUX
economy-585	61	26	3.8	3.8	NUM
economy-585	61	27	per	per	ADP
economy-585	61	28	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	61	29	on	on	ADP
economy-585	61	30	average	average	NOUN
economy-585	61	31	for	for	ADP
economy-585	61	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	61	33	whole	whole	ADJ
economy-585	61	34	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	61	35	from	from	ADP
economy-585	61	36	1960	1960	NUM
economy-585	61	37	to	to	ADP
economy-585	61	38	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	61	39	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	61	40	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	61	41	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	61	42	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	61	43	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	61	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	62	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	62	2	confirms	confirm	VERB
economy-585	62	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	62	4	claim	claim	NOUN
economy-585	62	5	by	by	ADP
economy-585	62	6	coe	coe	PROPN
economy-585	62	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	62	8	hoffmaister	hoffmaister	PROPN
economy-585	62	9	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	62	10	1999	1999	NUM
economy-585	62	11	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	62	12	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	62	13	despite	despite	SCONJ
economy-585	62	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	62	15	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	62	16	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	62	17	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	62	18	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	62	19	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	62	20	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	62	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	62	22	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	62	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	62	24	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	62	25	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	62	26	40	40	NUM
economy-585	62	27	-	-	SYM
economy-585	62	28	53	53	NUM
economy-585	62	29	42	42	NUM
economy-585	62	30	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	62	31	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	62	32	by	by	ADP
economy-585	62	33	the	the	DET
economy-585	62	34	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	62	35	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	62	36	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	62	37	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	62	38	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	62	39	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	62	40	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	62	41	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	62	42	has	have	AUX
economy-585	62	43	been	be	AUX
economy-585	62	44	growing	grow	VERB
economy-585	62	45	more	more	ADV
economy-585	62	46	slowly	slowly	ADV
economy-585	62	47	than	than	ADP
economy-585	62	48	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	62	49	regions	region	NOUN
economy-585	62	50	since	since	SCONJ
economy-585	62	51	1970	1970	NUM
economy-585	62	52	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	62	53	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	62	54	it	it	PRON
economy-585	62	55	has	have	AUX
economy-585	62	56	risen	rise	VERB
economy-585	62	57	more	more	ADV
economy-585	62	58	rapidly	rapidly	ADV
economy-585	62	59	than	than	ADP
economy-585	62	60	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	62	61	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	63	1	compared	compare	VERB
economy-585	63	2	to	to	ADP
economy-585	63	3	asia	asia	PROPN
economy-585	63	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	63	5	latin	latin	PROPN
economy-585	63	6	america	america	PROPN
economy-585	63	7	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	63	8	during	during	ADP
economy-585	63	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	63	10	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	63	11	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	63	12	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	63	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	63	14	these	these	DET
economy-585	63	15	regions	region	NOUN
economy-585	63	16	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	63	17	has	have	AUX
economy-585	63	18	increased	increase	VERB
economy-585	63	19	more	more	ADV
economy-585	63	20	rapidly	rapidly	ADV
economy-585	63	21	than	than	ADP
economy-585	63	22	their	their	PRON
economy-585	63	23	respective	respective	ADJ
economy-585	63	24	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	63	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	64	1	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	64	2	what	what	PRON
economy-585	64	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	64	4	observed	observe	VERB
economy-585	64	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	64	6	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	64	7	is	be	AUX
economy-585	64	8	contrary	contrary	ADJ
economy-585	64	9	to	to	ADP
economy-585	64	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	64	11	predictions	prediction	NOUN
economy-585	64	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	64	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	64	14	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	64	15	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	64	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	64	17	which	which	PRON
economy-585	64	18	predicts	predict	VERB
economy-585	64	19	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	64	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	64	21	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	64	22	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	64	23	between	between	ADP
economy-585	64	24	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	64	25	increase	increase	VERB
economy-585	64	26	as	as	ADP
economy-585	64	27	their	their	PRON
economy-585	64	28	respective	respective	ADJ
economy-585	64	29	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	64	30	increases	increase	NOUN
economy-585	64	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	65	1	specifically	specifically	ADV
economy-585	65	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	65	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	65	4	standard	standard	ADJ
economy-585	65	5	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	65	6	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	65	7	predicts	predict	VERB
economy-585	65	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	65	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	65	10	intensity	intensity	NOUN
economy-585	65	11	between	between	ADP
economy-585	65	12	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	65	13	by	by	ADP
economy-585	65	14	using	use	VERB
economy-585	65	15	their	their	PRON
economy-585	65	16	respective	respective	ADJ
economy-585	65	17	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	65	18	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	65	19	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	65	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	65	21	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	65	22	between	between	ADP
economy-585	65	23	them	they	PRON
economy-585	65	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	66	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	66	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	66	3	coulibaly	coulibaly	NOUN
economy-585	66	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	66	5	fontagné	fontagné	ADV
economy-585	66	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	66	7	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	66	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	66	9	argue	argue	VERB
economy-585	66	10	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	66	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	66	12	existence	existence	NOUN
economy-585	66	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	66	14	untapped	untapped	ADJ
economy-585	66	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	66	16	potentials	potential	NOUN
economy-585	66	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	66	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	66	19	sub	sub	NOUN
economy-585	66	20	sahara	sahara	ADJ
economy-585	66	21	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	66	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	66	23	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	66	24	proves	prove	VERB
economy-585	66	25	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	66	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	66	27	limited	limited	ADJ
economy-585	66	28	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	66	29	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	66	30	sub	sub	ADJ
economy-585	66	31	saharan	saharan	ADJ
economy-585	66	32	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	66	33	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	66	34	is	be	AUX
economy-585	66	35	not	not	PART
economy-585	66	36	justified	justify	VERB
economy-585	66	37	by	by	ADP
economy-585	66	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	66	39	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	66	40	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	66	41	of	of	ADP
economy-585	66	42	the	the	DET
economy-585	66	43	exporting	exporting	NOUN
economy-585	66	44	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	66	45	the	the	DET
economy-585	66	46	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	66	47	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	66	48	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	67	1	on	on	ADP
economy-585	67	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	67	3	contrary	contrary	NOUN
economy-585	67	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	67	5	they	they	PRON
economy-585	67	6	argue	argue	VERB
economy-585	67	7	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	67	8	geography	geography	NOUN
economy-585	67	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	67	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	67	11	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	67	12	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	67	13	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	67	14	has	have	AUX
economy-585	67	15	a	a	DET
economy-585	67	16	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	67	17	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	67	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	67	19	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	67	20	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	67	21	coupled	couple	VERB
economy-585	67	22	with	with	ADP
economy-585	67	23	poverty	poverty	NOUN
economy-585	67	24	which	which	PRON
economy-585	67	25	creates	create	VERB
economy-585	67	26	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	67	27	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	67	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	68	1	generally	generally	ADV
economy-585	68	2	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	68	3	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	68	4	are	be	AUX
economy-585	68	5	disadvantaged	disadvantage	VERB
economy-585	68	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	68	7	terms	term	NOUN
economy-585	68	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	68	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	68	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	68	11	however	however	ADV
economy-585	68	12	comparatively	comparatively	ADV
economy-585	68	13	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	68	14	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	68	15	that	that	PRON
economy-585	68	16	are	be	AUX
economy-585	68	17	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	68	18	are	be	AUX
economy-585	68	19	more	more	ADV
economy-585	68	20	disadvantaged	disadvantaged	ADJ
economy-585	68	21	than	than	ADP
economy-585	68	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	68	23	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	68	24	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	68	25	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	68	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	69	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	69	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	69	3	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	69	4	they	they	PRON
economy-585	69	5	trade	trade	VERB
economy-585	69	6	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	69	7	than	than	ADP
economy-585	69	8	their	their	PRON
economy-585	69	9	counterparts	counterpart	NOUN
economy-585	69	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	70	1	on	on	ADP
economy-585	70	2	average	average	ADJ
economy-585	70	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	70	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	70	5	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	70	6	ratio	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	70	7	for	for	ADP
economy-585	70	8	ssa	ssa	PROPN
economy-585	70	9	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	70	10	locked	lock	VERB
economy-585	70	11	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	70	12	is	be	AUX
economy-585	70	13	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	70	14	than	than	ADP
economy-585	70	15	30	30	NUM
economy-585	70	16	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	70	17	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	70	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	70	19	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	70	20	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	70	21	’	'	PUNCT
economy-585	70	22	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	70	23	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	70	24	is	be	AUX
economy-585	70	25	50	50	NUM
economy-585	70	26	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	70	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	71	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	71	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	71	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	71	4	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	71	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	71	6	as	as	ADP
economy-585	71	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	71	8	ratio	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	71	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	71	10	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	71	11	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	71	12	reveals	reveal	VERB
economy-585	71	13	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	71	14	for	for	ADP
economy-585	71	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	71	16	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	71	17	from	from	ADP
economy-585	71	18	1990	1990	NUM
economy-585	71	19	to	to	ADP
economy-585	71	20	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	71	21	average	average	ADJ
economy-585	71	22	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	71	23	ratio	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	71	24	mean	mean	NOUN
economy-585	71	25	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	71	26	for	for	ADP
economy-585	71	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	71	28	non	non	ADJ
economy-585	71	29	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	71	30	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	71	31	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	71	32	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	71	33	is	be	AUX
economy-585	71	34	71.68	71.68	NUM
economy-585	71	35	per	per	ADP
economy-585	71	36	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	71	37	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	71	38	for	for	ADP
economy-585	71	39	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	71	40	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	71	41	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	71	42	was	be	AUX
economy-585	71	43	65.81	65.81	NUM
economy-585	71	44	per	per	ADP
economy-585	71	45	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	71	46	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	71	47	that	that	PRON
economy-585	71	48	of	of	ADP
economy-585	71	49	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	71	50	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	71	51	was	be	AUX
economy-585	71	52	139	139	NUM
economy-585	71	53	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	72	1	91percent	91percent	NUM
economy-585	72	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	72	3	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	72	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	72	5	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	72	6	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	72	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	73	1	table-2	table-2	NUM
economy-585	73	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	74	1	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	74	2	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	74	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	74	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	74	5	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	74	6	as	as	ADP
economy-585	74	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	74	8	ratio	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	74	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	74	10	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	74	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	74	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	74	13	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	74	14	from	from	ADP
economy-585	74	15	1990	1990	NUM
economy-585	74	16	to	to	ADP
economy-585	74	17	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	74	18	developing	develop	VERB
economy-585	74	19	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	74	20	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	74	21	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	74	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	74	23	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	74	24	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	74	25	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	75	1	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	75	2	%	%	INTJ
economy-585	75	3	%	%	INTJ
economy-585	76	1	%	%	INTJ
economy-585	76	2	botswana	botswana	PROPN
economy-585	76	3	89.9	89.9	NUM
economy-585	76	4	mali	mali	ADJ
economy-585	76	5	59.2	59.2	NUM
economy-585	76	6	czech	czech	PROPN
economy-585	76	7	republic	republic	PROPN
economy-585	76	8	113.8	113.8	NUM
economy-585	76	9	burkina	burkina	PROPN
economy-585	76	10	faso	faso	PROPN
economy-585	76	11	34.7	34.7	NUM
economy-585	76	12	niger	niger	NOUN
economy-585	76	13	44.3	44.3	NUM
economy-585	76	14	hungary	hungary	PROPN
economy-585	76	15	115.9	115.9	NUM
economy-585	76	16	burundi	burundi	PROPN
economy-585	76	17	33.8	33.8	NUM
economy-585	76	18	rwanda	rwanda	PROPN
economy-585	76	19	35.2	35.2	NUM
economy-585	76	20	luxemburg	luxemburg	NOUN
economy-585	76	21	256.2	256.2	NUM
economy-585	76	22	central	central	PROPN
economy-585	76	23	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	76	24	republic	republic	PROPN
economy-585	76	25	36.2	36.2	NUM
economy-585	76	26	swaziland	swaziland	PROPN
economy-585	76	27	143.8	143.8	NUM
economy-585	76	28	slovak	slovak	PROPN
economy-585	76	29	republic	republic	NOUN
economy-585	76	30	132.6	132.6	NUM
economy-585	76	31	chad	chad	PROPN
economy-585	76	32	65.5	65.5	NUM
economy-585	76	33	uganda	uganda	PROPN
economy-585	76	34	36.9	36.9	NUM
economy-585	76	35	switzerland	switzerland	NOUN
economy-585	76	36	80.88	80.88	NUM
economy-585	76	37	ethiopia	ethiopia	PROPN
economy-585	76	38	32.6	32.6	NUM
economy-585	76	39	zambia	zambia	PROPN
economy-585	76	40	69.3	69.3	NUM
economy-585	76	41	lesotho	lesotho	PROPN
economy-585	76	42	166.3	166.3	NUM
economy-585	76	43	zimbabwe	zimbabwe	PROPN
economy-585	76	44	75.9	75.9	NUM
economy-585	76	45	malawi	malawi	PROPN
economy-585	76	46	63.6	63.6	NUM
economy-585	76	47	average	average	ADJ
economy-585	76	48	mean	mean	NOUN
economy-585	76	49	for	for	ADP
economy-585	76	50	all	all	DET
economy-585	76	51	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	76	52	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	76	53	65.81	65.81	NUM
economy-585	76	54	139.91	139.91	NUM
economy-585	76	55	average	average	ADJ
economy-585	76	56	mean	mean	NOUN
economy-585	76	57	for	for	ADP
economy-585	76	58	non	non	ADJ
economy-585	76	59	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	76	60	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	76	61	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	76	62	71.68	71.68	NUM
economy-585	76	63	73.27	73.27	NUM
economy-585	76	64	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	76	65	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	76	66	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	76	67	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	76	68	calculations	calculation	NOUN
economy-585	76	69	on	on	ADP
economy-585	76	70	the	the	DET
economy-585	76	71	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	76	72	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	76	73	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	76	74	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	76	75	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	76	76	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	77	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	77	2	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	77	3	above	above	ADV
economy-585	77	4	provides	provide	VERB
economy-585	77	5	a	a	DET
economy-585	77	6	more	more	ADV
economy-585	77	7	detailed	detailed	ADJ
economy-585	77	8	mean	mean	ADJ
economy-585	77	9	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	77	10	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	77	11	swaziland	swaziland	PROPN
economy-585	77	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	77	13	lesotho	lesotho	PROPN
economy-585	77	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	77	15	outliers	outlier	NOUN
economy-585	77	16	probably	probably	ADV
economy-585	77	17	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	77	18	they	they	PRON
economy-585	77	19	are	be	AUX
economy-585	77	20	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	77	21	surrounded	surround	VERB
economy-585	77	22	by	by	ADP
economy-585	77	23	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	77	24	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	77	25	which	which	PRON
economy-585	77	26	has	have	AUX
economy-585	77	27	been	be	AUX
economy-585	77	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	77	29	strongest	strong	ADJ
economy-585	77	30	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	77	31	in	in	ADP
economy-585	77	32	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	77	33	for	for	ADP
economy-585	77	34	so	so	ADV
economy-585	77	35	long	long	ADV
economy-585	77	36	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	78	1	before	before	SCONJ
economy-585	78	2	nigeria	nigeria	PROPN
economy-585	78	3	took	take	VERB
economy-585	78	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	78	5	top	top	ADJ
economy-585	78	6	position	position	NOUN
economy-585	78	7	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	78	8	bbc	bbc	PROPN
economy-585	78	9	news	news	PROPN
economy-585	78	10	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	78	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	78	12	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	78	13	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	78	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	79	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	79	2	can	can	AUX
economy-585	79	3	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	79	4	be	be	AUX
economy-585	79	5	argued	argue	VERB
economy-585	79	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	79	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	79	8	geographical	geographical	ADJ
economy-585	79	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	79	10	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
economy-585	79	11	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
economy-585	79	12	poses	pose	VERB
economy-585	79	13	a	a	DET
economy-585	79	14	sizable	sizable	ADJ
economy-585	79	15	obstructions	obstruction	NOUN
economy-585	79	16	on	on	ADP
economy-585	79	17	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	79	18	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	79	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	79	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	79	21	ssa	ssa	NOUN
economy-585	79	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	79	23	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	79	24	coulibaly	coulibaly	NOUN
economy-585	79	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	79	26	fontagné	fontagné	ADV
economy-585	79	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	79	28	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	79	29	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	79	30	a	a	DET
economy-585	79	31	10	10	NUM
economy-585	79	32	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	79	33	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	79	34	in	in	ADP
economy-585	79	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	79	36	paved	paved	ADJ
economy-585	79	37	roads	road	NOUN
economy-585	79	38	that	that	PRON
economy-585	79	39	joins	join	VERB
economy-585	79	40	a	a	DET
economy-585	79	41	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	79	42	of	of	ADP
economy-585	79	43	two	two	NUM
economy-585	79	44	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	79	45	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	79	46	is	be	AUX
economy-585	79	47	believed	believe	VERB
economy-585	79	48	to	to	PART
economy-585	79	49	induce	induce	VERB
economy-585	79	50	a	a	DET
economy-585	79	51	17	17	NUM
economy-585	79	52	to	to	PART
economy-585	79	53	30	30	NUM
economy-585	79	54	per	per	NOUN
economy-585	79	55	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	79	56	in	in	ADP
economy-585	79	57	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	79	58	between	between	ADP
economy-585	79	59	the	the	DET
economy-585	79	60	two	two	NUM
economy-585	79	61	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	79	62	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	80	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	80	2	only	only	ADJ
economy-585	80	3	means	mean	VERB
economy-585	80	4	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	80	5	transport	transport	NOUN
economy-585	80	6	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	80	7	are	be	AUX
economy-585	80	8	higher	high	ADJ
economy-585	80	9	for	for	ADP
economy-585	80	10	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	80	11	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	80	12	locked	lock	VERB
economy-585	80	13	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	80	14	than	than	SCONJ
economy-585	80	15	it	it	PRON
economy-585	80	16	is	be	AUX
economy-585	80	17	with	with	ADP
economy-585	80	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	80	19	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	80	20	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	80	21	locked	lock	VERB
economy-585	80	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	80	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	81	1	a	a	DET
economy-585	81	2	more	more	ADV
economy-585	81	3	related	related	ADJ
economy-585	81	4	to	to	ADP
economy-585	81	5	geography	geography	NOUN
economy-585	81	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	81	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	81	8	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	81	9	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	81	10	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	81	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	81	12	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	81	13	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	81	14	is	be	AUX
economy-585	81	15	one	one	NUM
economy-585	81	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	81	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	81	18	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	81	19	impeding	impede	VERB
economy-585	81	20	features	feature	NOUN
economy-585	81	21	in	in	ADP
economy-585	81	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	81	23	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	81	24	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	81	25	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	81	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	82	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	82	2	standard	standard	ADJ
economy-585	82	3	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	82	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	82	5	predicts	predict	VERB
economy-585	82	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	82	7	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	82	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	82	9	between	between	ADP
economy-585	82	10	any	any	DET
economy-585	82	11	two	two	NUM
economy-585	82	12	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	82	13	is	be	AUX
economy-585	82	14	negatively	negatively	ADV
economy-585	82	15	related	relate	VERB
economy-585	82	16	to	to	ADP
economy-585	82	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	82	18	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	82	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	82	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	82	21	two	two	NUM
economy-585	82	22	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	82	23	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	82	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	83	1	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	83	2	it	it	PRON
economy-585	83	3	has	have	AUX
economy-585	83	4	been	be	AUX
economy-585	83	5	argued	argue	VERB
economy-585	83	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	83	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	83	8	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	83	9	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	83	10	works	work	VERB
economy-585	83	11	in	in	ADP
economy-585	83	12	favour	favour	NOUN
economy-585	83	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	83	14	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	83	15	that	that	PRON
economy-585	83	16	are	be	AUX
economy-585	83	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	83	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	83	19	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	83	20	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	83	21	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	83	22	region	region	NOUN
economy-585	83	23	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	83	24	tansey	tansey	NOUN
economy-585	83	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	83	26	touray	touray	NOUN
economy-585	83	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	83	28	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	83	29	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	83	30	there	there	PRON
economy-585	83	31	has	have	AUX
economy-585	83	32	also	also	ADV
economy-585	83	33	been	be	AUX
economy-585	83	34	a	a	DET
economy-585	83	35	considerable	considerable	ADJ
economy-585	83	36	discussions	discussion	NOUN
economy-585	83	37	about	about	ADP
economy-585	83	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	83	39	death	death	NOUN
economy-585	83	40	of	of	ADP
economy-585	83	41	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	83	42	due	due	ADJ
economy-585	83	43	to	to	ADP
economy-585	83	44	technological	technological	ADJ
economy-585	83	45	advancement	advancement	NOUN
economy-585	83	46	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	83	47	kolko	kolko	PROPN
economy-585	83	48	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	83	49	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	83	50	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	83	51	cairncross	cairncross	NOUN
economy-585	83	52	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	83	53	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	83	54	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	83	55	capling	capling	NOUN
economy-585	83	56	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	83	57	nossal	nossal	NOUN
economy-585	83	58	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	83	59	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	83	60	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	83	61	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	84	1	there	there	PRON
economy-585	84	2	are	be	VERB
economy-585	84	3	arguments	argument	NOUN
economy-585	84	4	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	84	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	84	6	global	global	ADJ
economy-585	84	7	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	84	8	in	in	ADP
economy-585	84	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	84	10	can	can	AUX
economy-585	84	11	be	be	AUX
economy-585	84	12	attributable	attributable	ADJ
economy-585	84	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	84	14	a	a	DET
economy-585	84	15	decrease	decrease	NOUN
economy-585	84	16	in	in	ADP
economy-585	84	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	84	18	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	84	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	84	20	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	84	21	which	which	PRON
economy-585	84	22	is	be	AUX
economy-585	84	23	reflected	reflect	VERB
economy-585	84	24	by	by	ADP
economy-585	84	25	a	a	DET
economy-585	84	26	fall	fall	NOUN
economy-585	84	27	in	in	ADP
economy-585	84	28	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	84	29	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	84	30	in	in	ADP
economy-585	84	31	terms	term	NOUN
economy-585	84	32	of	of	ADP
economy-585	84	33	ocean	ocean	NOUN
economy-585	84	34	freight	freight	NOUN
economy-585	84	35	rates	rate	NOUN
economy-585	84	36	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	84	37	air	air	NOUN
economy-585	84	38	freight	freight	NOUN
economy-585	84	39	rates	rate	NOUN
economy-585	84	40	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	84	41	overland	overland	NOUN
economy-585	84	42	transport	transport	NOUN
economy-585	84	43	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	84	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	85	1	there	there	PRON
economy-585	85	2	are	be	VERB
economy-585	85	3	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	85	4	that	that	PRON
economy-585	85	5	have	have	AUX
economy-585	85	6	made	make	VERB
economy-585	85	7	an	an	DET
economy-585	85	8	attempt	attempt	NOUN
economy-585	85	9	to	to	PART
economy-585	85	10	link	link	VERB
economy-585	85	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	85	12	growths	growth	NOUN
economy-585	85	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	85	14	changes	change	NOUN
economy-585	85	15	in	in	ADP
economy-585	85	16	transport	transport	NOUN
economy-585	85	17	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	85	18	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	85	19	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	85	20	measured	measure	VERB
economy-585	85	21	by	by	ADP
economy-585	85	22	imf	imf	PROPN
economy-585	85	23	c.i.f	c.i.f	NOUN
economy-585	85	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	86	1	/f.o.b	/f.o.b	PROPN
economy-585	86	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	87	1	ratios	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	87	2	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	87	3	among	among	ADP
economy-585	87	4	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	87	5	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	87	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	87	7	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	87	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	87	9	1991	1991	NUM
economy-585	87	10	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	87	11	krugman	krugman	PROPN
economy-585	87	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	87	13	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	87	14	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	87	15	baier	baier	NOUN
economy-585	87	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	87	17	bergstrand	bergstrand	NOUN
economy-585	87	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	87	19	1997	1997	NUM
economy-585	87	20	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	87	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	88	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	88	2	technological	technological	ADJ
economy-585	88	3	advancement	advancement	NOUN
economy-585	88	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	88	5	communications	communication	NOUN
economy-585	88	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	88	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	88	8	post	post	ADJ
economy-585	88	9	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	88	10	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	88	11	war	war	NOUN
economy-585	88	12	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	88	13	ww	ww	PROPN
economy-585	88	14	ii	ii	PROPN
economy-585	88	15	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	88	16	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	88	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	88	18	jet	jet	NOUN
economy-585	88	19	aircraft	aircraft	NOUN
economy-585	88	20	engines	engine	NOUN
economy-585	88	21	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	88	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	88	23	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	88	24	of	of	ADP
economy-585	88	25	containerisation	containerisation	NOUN
economy-585	88	26	in	in	ADP
economy-585	88	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	88	28	ocean	ocean	NOUN
economy-585	88	29	shipping	shipping	NOUN
economy-585	88	30	has	have	AUX
economy-585	88	31	led	lead	VERB
economy-585	88	32	to	to	ADP
economy-585	88	33	lower	low	ADJ
economy-585	88	34	shipping	shipping	NOUN
economy-585	88	35	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	88	36	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	88	37	as	as	ADV
economy-585	88	38	well	well	ADV
economy-585	88	39	as	as	ADP
economy-585	88	40	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	88	41	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	88	42	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	88	43	that	that	PRON
economy-585	88	44	has	have	AUX
economy-585	88	45	been	be	AUX
economy-585	88	46	linked	link	VERB
economy-585	88	47	to	to	ADP
economy-585	88	48	an	an	DET
economy-585	88	49	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	88	50	in	in	ADP
economy-585	88	51	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	88	52	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	88	53	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	88	54	hummels	hummel	NOUN
economy-585	88	55	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	88	56	2007	2007	NUM
economy-585	88	57	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	88	58	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	89	1	3	3	X
economy-585	89	2	.	.	X
economy-585	89	3	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	89	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	89	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	89	6	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	89	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	89	8	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	89	9	composition	composition	NOUN
economy-585	89	10	merchandise	merchandise	NOUN
economy-585	89	11	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	89	12	in	in	ADP
economy-585	89	13	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	89	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	89	15	dominated	dominate	VERB
economy-585	89	16	by	by	ADP
economy-585	89	17	primary	primary	ADJ
economy-585	89	18	commodities	commodity	NOUN
economy-585	89	19	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	89	20	mainly	mainly	ADV
economy-585	89	21	minerals	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	89	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	89	23	fuels	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	89	24	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	89	25	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	89	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	89	27	these	these	PRON
economy-585	89	28	are	be	AUX
economy-585	89	29	mainly	mainly	ADV
economy-585	89	30	exported	export	VERB
economy-585	89	31	outside	outside	ADP
economy-585	89	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	89	33	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	89	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	90	1	nevertheless	nevertheless	ADV
economy-585	90	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	90	3	there	there	PRON
economy-585	90	4	are	be	VERB
economy-585	90	5	good	good	ADJ
economy-585	90	6	stories	story	NOUN
economy-585	90	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	90	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	90	9	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	90	10	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	90	11	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	90	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	90	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	90	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	90	15	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	90	16	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	90	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	90	18	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	90	19	that	that	PRON
economy-585	90	20	dominate	dominate	VERB
economy-585	90	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	90	22	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	90	23	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	90	24	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	90	25	are	be	AUX
economy-585	90	26	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	90	27	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	90	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	91	1	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	91	2	reveals	reveal	VERB
economy-585	91	3	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	91	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	91	5	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	91	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	91	7	manufactured	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	91	8	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	91	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	91	10	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	91	11	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	91	12	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	91	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	91	14	is	be	AUX
economy-585	91	15	higher	high	ADJ
economy-585	91	16	than	than	ADP
economy-585	91	17	its	its	PRON
economy-585	91	18	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	91	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	91	20	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	91	21	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	91	22	in	in	ADP
economy-585	91	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	91	24	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	91	25	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	91	26	with	with	ADP
economy-585	91	27	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	91	28	outside	outside	ADP
economy-585	91	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	91	30	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	91	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	92	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	92	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	92	3	true	true	ADJ
economy-585	92	4	for	for	ADP
economy-585	92	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	92	6	past	past	ADJ
economy-585	92	7	two	two	NUM
economy-585	92	8	decades	decade	NOUN
economy-585	92	9	irrespective	irrespective	ADV
economy-585	92	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	92	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	92	12	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	92	13	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	92	14	this	this	DET
economy-585	92	15	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	92	16	is	be	AUX
economy-585	92	17	not	not	PART
economy-585	92	18	yet	yet	ADV
economy-585	92	19	fully	fully	ADV
economy-585	92	20	exploited	exploit	VERB
economy-585	92	21	relative	relative	ADJ
economy-585	92	22	to	to	ADP
economy-585	92	23	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	92	24	sectors	sector	NOUN
economy-585	92	25	in	in	ADP
economy-585	92	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	92	27	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	92	28	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	92	29	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	92	30	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	92	31	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	92	32	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	92	33	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	93	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	93	2	main	main	ADJ
economy-585	93	3	manufactured	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	93	4	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	93	5	being	be	AUX
economy-585	93	6	traded	trade	VERB
economy-585	93	7	between	between	ADP
economy-585	93	8	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	93	9	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	93	10	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	93	11	cotton	cotton	NOUN
economy-585	93	12	fabrics	fabric	NOUN
economy-585	93	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	14	machinery	machinery	NOUN
economy-585	93	15	parts	part	NOUN
economy-585	93	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	17	gold	gold	NOUN
economy-585	93	18	in	in	ADP
economy-585	93	19	semi	semi	ADJ
economy-585	93	20	manufactured	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	93	21	forms	form	NOUN
economy-585	93	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	23	plywood	plywood	NOUN
economy-585	93	24	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	25	aluminium	aluminium	NOUN
economy-585	93	26	alloy	alloy	NOUN
economy-585	93	27	plate	plate	NOUN
economy-585	93	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	29	tea	tea	NOUN
economy-585	93	30	in	in	ADP
economy-585	93	31	packages	package	NOUN
economy-585	93	32	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	33	portland	portland	PROPN
economy-585	93	34	cements	cement	NOUN
economy-585	93	35	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	36	cigarettes	cigarette	NOUN
economy-585	93	37	containing	contain	VERB
economy-585	93	38	tobacco	tobacco	NOUN
economy-585	93	39	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	40	medicaments	medicament	NOUN
economy-585	93	41	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	42	vegetables	vegetable	NOUN
economy-585	93	43	fresh	fresh	ADJ
economy-585	93	44	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	93	45	chilled	chill	VERB
economy-585	93	46	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	93	47	cashew	cashew	NOUN
economy-585	93	48	nuts	nut	NOUN
economy-585	93	49	fresh	fresh	ADJ
economy-585	93	50	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	93	51	dried	dry	VERB
economy-585	93	52	etc	etc	X
economy-585	93	53	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	94	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	94	2	figure	figure	NOUN
economy-585	94	3	1	1	NUM
economy-585	94	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	94	5	below	below	ADP
economy-585	94	6	compares	compare	VERB
economy-585	94	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	94	8	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	94	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	94	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	94	11	by	by	ADP
economy-585	94	12	sectors	sector	NOUN
economy-585	94	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	94	14	it	it	PRON
economy-585	94	15	reveals	reveal	VERB
economy-585	94	16	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	94	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	94	18	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	94	19	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	94	20	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	94	21	is	be	AUX
economy-585	94	22	mainly	mainly	ADV
economy-585	94	23	dominated	dominate	VERB
economy-585	94	24	by	by	ADP
economy-585	94	25	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	94	26	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	94	27	for	for	ADP
economy-585	94	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	94	29	whole	whole	NOUN
economy-585	94	30	of	of	ADP
economy-585	94	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	94	32	two	two	NUM
economy-585	94	33	decades	decade	NOUN
economy-585	94	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	95	1	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	95	2	in	in	ADP
economy-585	95	3	minerals	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	95	4	fuels	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	95	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	95	6	lubricants	lubricant	NOUN
economy-585	95	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	95	8	related	related	ADJ
economy-585	95	9	materials	material	NOUN
economy-585	95	10	is	be	AUX
economy-585	95	11	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	95	12	to	to	ADP
economy-585	95	13	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
economy-585	95	14	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	95	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	95	16	leaving	leave	VERB
economy-585	95	17	behind	behind	ADP
economy-585	95	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	95	19	agricultural	agricultural	ADJ
economy-585	95	20	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	95	21	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	95	22	i.e.	i.e.	X
economy-585	95	23	food	food	NOUN
economy-585	95	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	95	25	live	live	ADJ
economy-585	95	26	animals	animal	NOUN
economy-585	95	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	95	28	animal	animal	NOUN
economy-585	95	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	95	30	vegetable	vegetable	NOUN
economy-585	95	31	oils	oil	NOUN
economy-585	95	32	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	95	33	fats	fat	NOUN
economy-585	95	34	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	95	35	waxes	wax	NOUN
economy-585	95	36	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	95	37	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	95	38	which	which	PRON
economy-585	95	39	is	be	AUX
economy-585	95	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	95	41	backbone	backbone	NOUN
economy-585	95	42	for	for	ADP
economy-585	95	43	many	many	ADJ
economy-585	95	44	of	of	ADP
economy-585	95	45	the	the	DET
economy-585	95	46	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	95	47	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	95	48	’	'	PUNCT
economy-585	95	49	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	95	50	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	95	51	wise	wise	ADJ
economy-585	95	52	as	as	ADV
economy-585	95	53	well	well	ADV
economy-585	95	54	as	as	ADP
economy-585	95	55	for	for	ADP
economy-585	95	56	provision	provision	NOUN
economy-585	95	57	of	of	ADP
economy-585	95	58	employment	employment	NOUN
economy-585	95	59	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	96	1	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	96	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	96	3	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	96	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	96	5	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	96	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	96	7	40	40	NUM
economy-585	96	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	96	9	53	53	NUM
economy-585	96	10	43	43	NUM
economy-585	96	11	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	96	12	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	96	13	by	by	ADP
economy-585	96	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	96	15	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	96	16	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	96	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	96	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	96	19	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	96	20	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	96	21	publishing	publishing	PROPN
economy-585	96	22	group	group	PROPN
economy-585	96	23	figure-1	figure-1	PROPN
economy-585	96	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	97	1	intra	intra	PROPN
economy-585	97	2	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	97	3	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	97	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	97	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	97	6	merchandise	merchandise	NOUN
economy-585	97	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	97	8	service	service	NOUN
economy-585	97	9	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	97	10	composition	composition	NOUN
economy-585	97	11	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	97	12	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	97	13	-	-	SYM
economy-585	97	14	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	97	15	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	97	16	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	97	17	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	97	18	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	97	19	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	97	20	manipulation	manipulation	NOUN
economy-585	97	21	on	on	ADP
economy-585	97	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	97	23	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	97	24	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	97	25	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	97	26	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	97	27	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	97	28	a	a	DET
economy-585	97	29	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	97	30	picture	picture	NOUN
economy-585	97	31	is	be	AUX
economy-585	97	32	seen	see	VERB
economy-585	97	33	on	on	ADP
economy-585	97	34	the	the	DET
economy-585	97	35	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	97	36	of	of	ADP
economy-585	97	37	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	97	38	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	97	39	with	with	ADP
economy-585	97	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	97	41	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	97	42	of	of	ADP
economy-585	97	43	the	the	DET
economy-585	97	44	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	97	45	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	97	46	figure	figure	NOUN
economy-585	97	47	2	2	NUM
economy-585	97	48	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	97	49	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	98	1	a	a	DET
economy-585	98	2	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	98	3	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	98	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	98	5	external	external	ADJ
economy-585	98	6	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	98	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	98	8	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	98	9	from	from	ADP
economy-585	98	10	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	98	11	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	98	12	has	have	AUX
economy-585	98	13	been	be	AUX
economy-585	98	14	mainly	mainly	ADV
economy-585	98	15	in	in	ADP
economy-585	98	16	mineral	mineral	ADJ
economy-585	98	17	fuels	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	98	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	98	19	lubricants	lubricant	NOUN
economy-585	98	20	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	98	21	related	related	ADJ
economy-585	98	22	materials	material	NOUN
economy-585	98	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	99	1	a	a	DET
economy-585	99	2	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	99	3	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	99	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	99	5	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	99	6	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	99	7	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	99	8	resources	resource	NOUN
economy-585	99	9	feeds	feed	VERB
economy-585	99	10	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	99	11	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	99	12	european	european	ADJ
economy-585	99	13	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	99	14	’	'	PUNCT
economy-585	99	15	industries	industry	NOUN
economy-585	99	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	100	1	primary	primary	ADJ
economy-585	100	2	commodities	commodity	NOUN
economy-585	100	3	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	100	4	excluding	exclude	VERB
economy-585	100	5	fuels	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	100	6	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	100	7	are	be	AUX
economy-585	100	8	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	100	9	to	to	ADP
economy-585	100	10	minerals	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	100	11	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	100	12	fuel	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	100	13	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	100	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	100	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	100	16	provides	provide	VERB
economy-585	100	17	a	a	DET
economy-585	100	18	hint	hint	NOUN
economy-585	100	19	on	on	ADP
economy-585	100	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	100	21	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	100	22	idea	idea	NOUN
economy-585	100	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	100	24	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	100	25	external	external	ADJ
economy-585	100	26	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	100	27	being	be	AUX
economy-585	100	28	dominated	dominate	VERB
economy-585	100	29	by	by	ADP
economy-585	100	30	primary	primary	ADJ
economy-585	100	31	commodities	commodity	NOUN
economy-585	100	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	101	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	101	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	101	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	101	4	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	101	5	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	101	6	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	101	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	101	8	ratio	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	101	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	101	10	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	101	11	is	be	AUX
economy-585	101	12	remarkably	remarkably	ADV
economy-585	101	13	low	low	ADJ
economy-585	101	14	compared	compare	VERB
economy-585	101	15	to	to	ADP
economy-585	101	16	industrialised	industrialise	VERB
economy-585	101	17	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	101	18	although	although	SCONJ
economy-585	101	19	it	it	PRON
economy-585	101	20	doubled	double	VERB
economy-585	101	21	from	from	ADP
economy-585	101	22	6	6	NUM
economy-585	101	23	per	per	ADP
economy-585	101	24	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	101	25	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	101	26	in	in	ADP
economy-585	101	27	1990	1990	NUM
economy-585	101	28	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	101	29	to	to	ADP
economy-585	101	30	12	12	NUM
economy-585	101	31	per	per	NOUN
economy-585	101	32	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	101	33	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	101	34	in	in	ADP
economy-585	101	35	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	101	36	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	101	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	102	1	reasons	reason	NOUN
economy-585	102	2	could	could	AUX
economy-585	102	3	be	be	AUX
economy-585	102	4	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	102	5	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	102	6	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	102	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	102	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	102	9	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	102	10	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	102	11	have	have	VERB
economy-585	102	12	their	their	PRON
economy-585	102	13	production	production	NOUN
economy-585	102	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	102	15	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	102	16	structures	structure	NOUN
economy-585	102	17	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	102	18	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	102	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	102	20	focus	focus	NOUN
economy-585	102	21	is	be	AUX
economy-585	102	22	on	on	ADP
economy-585	102	23	primary	primary	ADJ
economy-585	102	24	commodities	commodity	NOUN
economy-585	102	25	like	like	ADP
economy-585	102	26	fuel	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	102	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	102	28	minerals	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	102	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	102	30	agricultural	agricultural	ADJ
economy-585	102	31	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	102	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	103	1	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	103	2	since	since	SCONJ
economy-585	103	3	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	103	4	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	103	5	have	have	VERB
economy-585	103	6	similar	similar	ADJ
economy-585	103	7	structures	structure	NOUN
economy-585	103	8	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	103	9	shinyekwa	shinyekwa	NOUN
economy-585	103	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	103	11	lawrence	lawrence	PROPN
economy-585	103	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	103	13	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	103	14	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	103	15	they	they	PRON
economy-585	103	16	can	can	AUX
economy-585	103	17	not	not	PART
economy-585	103	18	satisfy	satisfy	VERB
economy-585	103	19	their	their	PRON
economy-585	103	20	mutual	mutual	ADJ
economy-585	103	21	import	import	NOUN
economy-585	103	22	needs	need	NOUN
economy-585	103	23	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	103	24	leaving	leave	VERB
economy-585	103	25	them	they	PRON
economy-585	103	26	with	with	ADP
economy-585	103	27	an	an	DET
economy-585	103	28	option	option	NOUN
economy-585	103	29	of	of	ADP
economy-585	103	30	satisfying	satisfy	VERB
economy-585	103	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	103	32	external	external	ADJ
economy-585	103	33	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	103	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	104	1	figure-2	figure-2	X
economy-585	104	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	104	3	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	104	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	104	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	104	6	merchandise	merchandise	NOUN
economy-585	104	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	104	8	service	service	NOUN
economy-585	104	9	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	104	10	to	to	ADP
economy-585	104	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	12	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	104	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	104	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	15	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	104	16	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	104	17	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	104	18	-	-	SYM
economy-585	104	19	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	104	20	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	104	21	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	104	22	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	104	23	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	104	24	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	104	25	manipulation	manipulation	NOUN
economy-585	104	26	on	on	ADP
economy-585	104	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	28	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	104	29	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	104	30	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	104	31	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	104	32	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	104	33	consequently	consequently	ADV
economy-585	104	34	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	104	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	36	direction	direction	NOUN
economy-585	104	37	of	of	ADP
economy-585	104	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	39	african	african	PROPN
economy-585	104	40	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	104	41	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	104	42	with	with	ADP
economy-585	104	43	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	44	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	104	45	of	of	ADP
economy-585	104	46	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	47	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	104	48	follows	follow	VERB
economy-585	104	49	the	the	DET
economy-585	104	50	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	104	51	traditional	traditional	ADJ
economy-585	104	52	links	link	NOUN
economy-585	104	53	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	104	54	chiefly	chiefly	ADV
economy-585	104	55	to	to	ADP
economy-585	104	56	europe	europe	PROPN
economy-585	104	57	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	104	58	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	105	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	105	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	105	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	105	4	reason	reason	NOUN
economy-585	105	5	why	why	SCONJ
economy-585	105	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	105	7	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	105	8	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	105	9	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	105	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	105	11	ratios	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	105	12	remain	remain	VERB
economy-585	105	13	persistently	persistently	ADV
economy-585	105	14	low	low	ADJ
economy-585	105	15	is	be	AUX
economy-585	105	16	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	105	17	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	105	18	than	than	ADP
economy-585	105	19	80	80	NUM
economy-585	105	20	per	per	ADP
economy-585	105	21	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	105	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	105	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	105	24	continents	continent	NOUN
economy-585	105	25	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	105	26	are	be	AUX
economy-585	105	27	destined	destine	VERB
economy-585	105	28	for	for	ADP
economy-585	105	29	external	external	ADJ
economy-585	105	30	markets	market	NOUN
economy-585	105	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	106	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
economy-585	106	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	106	3	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	106	4	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	106	5	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	106	6	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	106	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	106	8	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	106	9	comes	come	VERB
economy-585	106	10	from	from	ADP
economy-585	106	11	markets	market	NOUN
economy-585	106	12	outside	outside	ADP
economy-585	106	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	106	14	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	106	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	106	16	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	106	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	106	18	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	106	19	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	106	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	107	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	107	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	107	3	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	107	4	pointed	point	VERB
economy-585	107	5	out	out	ADP
economy-585	107	6	earlier	early	ADV
economy-585	107	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	107	8	inadequate	inadequate	ADJ
economy-585	107	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	107	10	unreliable	unreliable	ADJ
economy-585	107	11	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
economy-585	107	12	can	can	AUX
economy-585	107	13	not	not	PART
economy-585	107	14	be	be	AUX
economy-585	107	15	neglected	neglect	VERB
economy-585	107	16	as	as	ADP
economy-585	107	17	another	another	DET
economy-585	107	18	major	major	ADJ
economy-585	107	19	reason	reason	NOUN
economy-585	107	20	for	for	ADP
economy-585	107	21	lower	low	ADJ
economy-585	107	22	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	107	23	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	107	24	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	107	25	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	107	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	108	1	over	over	ADP
economy-585	108	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	108	3	past	past	ADJ
economy-585	108	4	decade	decade	NOUN
economy-585	108	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	108	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	108	7	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	108	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	108	9	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	108	10	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	108	11	traditional	traditional	ADJ
economy-585	108	12	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	108	13	markets	market	NOUN
economy-585	108	14	has	have	AUX
economy-585	108	15	been	be	AUX
economy-585	108	16	maintained	maintain	VERB
economy-585	108	17	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
economy-585	108	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	108	19	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	108	20	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	108	21	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	108	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	108	23	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	108	24	of	of	ADP
economy-585	108	25	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	108	26	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	108	27	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	108	28	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	108	29	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	108	30	import	import	NOUN
economy-585	108	31	markets	market	NOUN
economy-585	108	32	has	have	AUX
economy-585	108	33	increased	increase	VERB
economy-585	108	34	significantly	significantly	ADV
economy-585	108	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	109	1	after	after	ADP
economy-585	109	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	109	3	recent	recent	ADJ
economy-585	109	4	financial	financial	ADJ
economy-585	109	5	crisis	crisis	NOUN
economy-585	109	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	109	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	109	8	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	109	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	109	10	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	109	11	to	to	ADP
economy-585	109	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	109	13	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	109	14	is	be	AUX
economy-585	109	15	to	to	ADP
economy-585	109	16	a	a	DET
economy-585	109	17	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	109	18	extent	extent	NOUN
economy-585	109	19	explained	explain	VERB
economy-585	109	20	by	by	ADP
economy-585	109	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	109	22	rising	rise	VERB
economy-585	109	23	in	in	ADP
economy-585	109	24	commodity	commodity	NOUN
economy-585	109	25	prices	price	NOUN
economy-585	109	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	110	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	110	2	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	110	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	110	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	110	5	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	110	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	110	7	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	110	8	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	110	9	fell	fall	VERB
economy-585	110	10	by	by	ADP
economy-585	110	11	31	31	NUM
economy-585	110	12	per	per	ADP
economy-585	110	13	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	110	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	110	15	grew	grow	VERB
economy-585	110	16	by	by	ADP
economy-585	110	17	25	25	NUM
economy-585	110	18	per	per	NOUN
economy-585	110	19	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	110	20	in	in	ADP
economy-585	110	21	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	110	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	110	23	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	110	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	110	25	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	110	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	110	27	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	110	28	fell	fall	VERB
economy-585	110	29	by	by	ADP
economy-585	110	30	11	11	NUM
economy-585	110	31	per	per	ADP
economy-585	110	32	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	110	33	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	110	34	consequently	consequently	ADV
economy-585	110	35	mended	mend	VERB
economy-585	110	36	by	by	ADP
economy-585	110	37	9	9	NUM
economy-585	110	38	per	per	NOUN
economy-585	110	39	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	110	40	in	in	ADP
economy-585	110	41	the	the	DET
economy-585	110	42	respective	respective	ADJ
economy-585	110	43	years	year	NOUN
economy-585	110	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	111	1	which	which	PRON
economy-585	111	2	means	mean	VERB
economy-585	111	3	price	price	NOUN
economy-585	111	4	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	111	5	described	describe	VERB
economy-585	111	6	virtually	virtually	ADV
economy-585	111	7	two	two	NUM
economy-585	111	8	thirds	third	NOUN
economy-585	111	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	111	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	111	11	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	111	12	in	in	ADP
economy-585	111	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	111	14	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	111	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	111	16	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	111	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	111	18	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	111	19	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	111	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	112	1	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	112	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	112	3	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	112	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	112	5	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	112	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	112	7	40	40	NUM
economy-585	112	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	112	9	53	53	NUM
economy-585	112	10	44	44	NUM
economy-585	112	11	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	112	12	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	112	13	by	by	ADP
economy-585	112	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	112	15	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	112	16	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	112	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	112	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	112	19	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	112	20	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	112	21	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	112	22	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	112	23	figure-3	figure-3	NUM
economy-585	112	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	113	1	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	113	2	merchandise	merchandise	PROPN
economy-585	113	3	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	113	4	with	with	ADP
economy-585	113	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	113	6	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	113	7	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	113	8	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	113	9	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	113	10	groups	group	NOUN
economy-585	113	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	113	12	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	113	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	113	14	millions	million	NOUN
economy-585	113	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	113	16	dollars	dollar	NOUN
economy-585	113	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	113	18	annual	annual	ADJ
economy-585	113	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	113	20	for	for	ADP
economy-585	113	21	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	113	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	113	23	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	113	24	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	113	25	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	113	26	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	113	27	manipulation	manipulation	NOUN
economy-585	113	28	on	on	ADP
economy-585	113	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	113	30	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	113	31	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	113	32	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	113	33	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	113	34	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	113	35	this	this	DET
economy-585	113	36	trend	trend	NOUN
economy-585	113	37	of	of	ADP
economy-585	113	38	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	113	39	diversifying	diversify	VERB
economy-585	113	40	its	its	PRON
economy-585	113	41	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	113	42	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	113	43	towards	towards	ADP
economy-585	113	44	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	113	45	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	113	46	has	have	AUX
economy-585	113	47	seen	see	VERB
economy-585	113	48	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	113	49	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	113	50	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	113	51	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	113	52	import	import	NOUN
economy-585	113	53	figures	figure	NOUN
economy-585	113	54	gradually	gradually	ADV
economy-585	113	55	progressing	progress	VERB
economy-585	113	56	from	from	ADP
economy-585	113	57	one	one	NUM
economy-585	113	58	of	of	ADP
economy-585	113	59	the	the	DET
economy-585	113	60	least	least	ADJ
economy-585	113	61	among	among	ADP
economy-585	113	62	the	the	DET
economy-585	113	63	top	top	ADJ
economy-585	113	64	ten	ten	NUM
economy-585	113	65	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	113	66	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	113	67	to	to	ADP
economy-585	113	68	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	113	69	to	to	ADP
economy-585	113	70	the	the	DET
economy-585	113	71	largest	large	ADJ
economy-585	113	72	ones	one	NOUN
economy-585	113	73	over	over	ADP
economy-585	113	74	the	the	DET
economy-585	113	75	last	last	ADJ
economy-585	113	76	decade	decade	NOUN
economy-585	113	77	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	113	78	becoming	become	VERB
economy-585	113	79	the	the	DET
economy-585	113	80	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	113	81	after	after	ADP
economy-585	113	82	usa	usa	PROPN
economy-585	113	83	in	in	ADP
economy-585	113	84	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	113	85	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	114	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	114	2	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	114	3	alone	alone	ADV
economy-585	114	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	114	5	12.5	12.5	NUM
economy-585	114	6	per	per	ADP
economy-585	114	7	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	114	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	114	9	4	4	NUM
economy-585	114	10	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	114	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	114	12	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	114	13	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	114	14	went	go	VERB
economy-585	114	15	to	to	ADP
economy-585	114	16	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	114	17	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	114	18	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	114	19	respectively	respectively	ADV
economy-585	114	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	114	21	which	which	PRON
economy-585	114	22	represented	represent	VERB
economy-585	114	23	5	5	NUM
economy-585	114	24	per	per	ADP
economy-585	114	25	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	114	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	114	27	8	8	NUM
economy-585	114	28	per	per	ADP
economy-585	114	29	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	114	30	of	of	ADP
economy-585	114	31	these	these	DET
economy-585	114	32	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	114	33	’	'	PUNCT
economy-585	114	34	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	114	35	respectively	respectively	ADV
economy-585	114	36	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	115	1	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	115	2	depicted	depict	VERB
economy-585	115	3	in	in	ADP
economy-585	115	4	figure	figure	NOUN
economy-585	115	5	15	15	NUM
economy-585	115	6	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	115	7	16	16	NUM
economy-585	115	8	above	above	ADP
economy-585	115	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	115	10	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	115	11	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	115	12	to	to	ADP
economy-585	115	13	these	these	DET
economy-585	115	14	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	115	15	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	115	16	is	be	AUX
economy-585	115	17	characterised	characterise	VERB
economy-585	115	18	by	by	ADP
economy-585	115	19	concentration	concentration	NOUN
economy-585	115	20	of	of	ADP
economy-585	115	21	minerals	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	115	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	115	23	fuels	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	115	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	116	1	there	there	PRON
economy-585	116	2	is	be	VERB
economy-585	116	3	much	much	ADJ
economy-585	116	4	concentration	concentration	NOUN
economy-585	116	5	trend	trend	NOUN
economy-585	116	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	116	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	116	8	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	116	9	dominating	dominate	VERB
economy-585	116	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	116	11	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	116	12	from	from	ADP
economy-585	116	13	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	116	14	to	to	ADP
economy-585	116	15	each	each	PRON
economy-585	116	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	116	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	116	18	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	116	19	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	116	20	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	116	21	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	116	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	116	23	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	116	24	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	116	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	117	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	117	2	can	can	AUX
economy-585	117	3	be	be	AUX
economy-585	117	4	argued	argue	VERB
economy-585	117	5	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	117	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	117	7	driving	drive	VERB
economy-585	117	8	force	force	NOUN
economy-585	117	9	behind	behind	ADP
economy-585	117	10	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	117	11	–	–	PUNCT
economy-585	117	12	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	117	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	117	14	boom	boom	NOUN
economy-585	117	15	is	be	AUX
economy-585	117	16	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	117	17	resources	resource	NOUN
economy-585	117	18	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	117	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	117	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	117	21	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	117	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	117	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	118	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	118	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	118	3	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	118	4	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	118	5	to	to	ADP
economy-585	118	6	brazil	brazil	PROPN
economy-585	118	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	118	8	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	118	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	118	10	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	118	11	represent	represent	VERB
economy-585	118	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	118	13	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	118	14	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	118	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	118	16	mineral	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	118	17	oils	oil	NOUN
economy-585	118	18	being	be	AUX
economy-585	118	19	exported	export	VERB
economy-585	118	20	from	from	ADP
economy-585	118	21	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	118	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	118	23	to	to	ADP
economy-585	118	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	118	25	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	118	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	119	1	for	for	ADP
economy-585	119	2	this	this	DET
economy-585	119	3	matter	matter	NOUN
economy-585	119	4	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	119	5	there	there	PRON
economy-585	119	6	is	be	VERB
economy-585	119	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	119	8	concentration	concentration	NOUN
economy-585	119	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	119	10	this	this	DET
economy-585	119	11	booming	booming	ADJ
economy-585	119	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	119	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	119	14	certain	certain	ADJ
economy-585	119	15	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	119	16	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	119	17	with	with	ADP
economy-585	119	18	major	major	ADJ
economy-585	119	19	sources	source	NOUN
economy-585	119	20	of	of	ADP
economy-585	119	21	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	119	22	resources	resource	NOUN
economy-585	119	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	120	1	according	accord	VERB
economy-585	120	2	to	to	ADP
economy-585	120	3	world	world	PROPN
economy-585	120	4	bank	bank	PROPN
economy-585	120	5	data	data	PROPN
economy-585	120	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	120	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	120	8	top	top	NOUN
economy-585	120	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	120	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	120	11	list	list	NOUN
economy-585	120	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	120	13	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	120	14	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	120	15	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	120	16	angola	angola	PROPN
economy-585	120	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	120	18	sudan	sudan	PROPN
economy-585	120	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	120	20	nigeria	nigeria	PROPN
economy-585	120	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	120	22	republic	republic	NOUN
economy-585	120	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	120	24	congo	congo	PROPN
economy-585	120	25	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	120	26	libya	libya	PROPN
economy-585	120	27	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	120	28	algeria	algeria	PROPN
economy-585	120	29	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	121	1	all	all	DET
economy-585	121	2	these	these	DET
economy-585	121	3	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	121	4	have	have	VERB
economy-585	121	5	mineral	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	121	6	fuels	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	121	7	as	as	ADP
economy-585	121	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	121	9	main	main	ADJ
economy-585	121	10	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	121	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	121	12	their	their	PRON
economy-585	121	13	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	121	14	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	121	15	drummond	drummond	PROPN
economy-585	121	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	121	17	liu	liu	PROPN
economy-585	121	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	121	19	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	121	20	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	121	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	122	1	for	for	ADP
economy-585	122	2	instance	instance	NOUN
economy-585	122	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	122	4	considering	consider	VERB
economy-585	122	5	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	122	6	alone	alone	ADV
economy-585	122	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	122	8	its	its	PRON
economy-585	122	9	engagement	engagement	NOUN
economy-585	122	10	with	with	ADP
economy-585	122	11	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	122	12	portrays	portray	VERB
economy-585	122	13	an	an	DET
economy-585	122	14	increasing	increase	VERB
economy-585	122	15	trend	trend	NOUN
economy-585	122	16	with	with	ADP
economy-585	122	17	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	122	18	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	122	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	122	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	122	21	chinese	chinese	ADJ
economy-585	122	22	mineral	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	122	23	fuels	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	122	24	import	import	NOUN
economy-585	122	25	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	122	26	increasing	increase	VERB
economy-585	122	27	from	from	ADP
economy-585	122	28	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	122	29	than	than	ADP
economy-585	122	30	5	5	NUM
economy-585	122	31	per	per	ADP
economy-585	122	32	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	122	33	in	in	ADP
economy-585	122	34	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	122	35	to	to	ADP
economy-585	122	36	25	25	NUM
economy-585	122	37	per	per	NOUN
economy-585	122	38	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	122	39	in	in	ADP
economy-585	122	40	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	122	41	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	122	42	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	122	43	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	122	44	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	122	45	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	122	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	123	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	123	2	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	123	3	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	123	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	123	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	123	6	list	list	NOUN
economy-585	123	7	include	include	VERB
economy-585	123	8	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	123	9	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	123	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	123	11	benin	benin	PROPN
economy-585	123	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	123	13	morocco	morocco	PROPN
economy-585	123	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	123	15	egypt	egypt	PROPN
economy-585	123	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	124	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	124	2	latter	latter	ADJ
economy-585	124	3	have	have	VERB
economy-585	124	4	a	a	DET
economy-585	124	5	diversified	diversified	ADJ
economy-585	124	6	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	124	7	so	so	SCONJ
economy-585	124	8	they	they	PRON
economy-585	124	9	export	export	VERB
economy-585	124	10	agricultural	agricultural	ADJ
economy-585	124	11	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	124	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	124	13	manufactured	manufactured	ADJ
economy-585	124	14	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	124	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	125	1	russia	russia	PROPN
economy-585	125	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	125	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	125	4	leading	lead	VERB
economy-585	125	5	importer	importer	NOUN
economy-585	125	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	125	7	these	these	DET
economy-585	125	8	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	125	9	among	among	ADP
economy-585	125	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	125	11	bric	bric	NOUN
economy-585	125	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	125	13	followed	follow	VERB
economy-585	125	14	by	by	ADP
economy-585	125	15	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	125	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	125	17	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	125	18	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	126	1	4	4	X
economy-585	126	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	126	3	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	126	4	specification	specification	PROPN
economy-585	126	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	126	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	126	7	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	126	8	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	126	9	this	this	DET
economy-585	126	10	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	126	11	uses	use	VERB
economy-585	126	12	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	126	13	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	126	14	to	to	PART
economy-585	126	15	estimate	estimate	VERB
economy-585	126	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	126	17	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	126	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	126	19	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	126	20	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	126	21	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	126	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	126	23	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	126	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	127	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	127	2	application	application	NOUN
economy-585	127	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	127	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	127	5	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	127	6	to	to	PART
economy-585	127	7	analyse	analyse	VERB
economy-585	127	8	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	127	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	127	10	flows	flow	VERB
economy-585	127	11	traces	trace	VERB
economy-585	127	12	back	back	ADV
economy-585	127	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	127	14	tinbergen	tinbergen	NOUN
economy-585	127	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	127	16	1962	1962	NUM
economy-585	127	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	127	18	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	128	1	since	since	SCONJ
economy-585	128	2	then	then	ADV
economy-585	128	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	128	4	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	128	5	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	128	6	has	have	AUX
economy-585	128	7	gained	gain	VERB
economy-585	128	8	great	great	ADJ
economy-585	128	9	interest	interest	NOUN
economy-585	128	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	128	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	128	12	researchers	researcher	NOUN
economy-585	128	13	due	due	ADP
economy-585	128	14	to	to	ADP
economy-585	128	15	its	its	PRON
economy-585	128	16	powerfulness	powerfulness	NOUN
economy-585	128	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	128	18	explaining	explain	VERB
economy-585	128	19	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	128	20	scenarios	scenario	NOUN
economy-585	128	21	in	in	ADP
economy-585	128	22	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	128	23	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	128	24	issues	issue	NOUN
economy-585	128	25	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	128	26	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	128	27	as	as	ADP
economy-585	128	28	testing	test	VERB
economy-585	128	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	128	30	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	128	31	of	of	ADP
economy-585	128	32	a	a	DET
economy-585	128	33	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	128	34	currency	currency	NOUN
economy-585	128	35	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	128	36	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	128	37	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	128	38	in	in	ADP
economy-585	128	39	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	128	40	integrations	integration	NOUN
economy-585	128	41	agreements	agreement	NOUN
economy-585	128	42	on	on	ADP
economy-585	128	43	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	128	44	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	128	45	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	128	46	guttmann	guttmann	NOUN
economy-585	128	47	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	128	48	richards	richard	NOUN
economy-585	128	49	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	128	50	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	128	51	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	128	52	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	129	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	129	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	129	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	129	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	129	5	that	that	PRON
economy-585	129	6	gives	give	VERB
economy-585	129	7	clear	clear	ADJ
economy-585	129	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	129	9	robust	robust	ADJ
economy-585	129	10	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	129	11	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	129	12	findings	finding	NOUN
economy-585	129	13	on	on	ADP
economy-585	129	14	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	129	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	129	16	issues	issue	NOUN
economy-585	129	17	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	129	18	haveman	haveman	NOUN
economy-585	129	19	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	129	20	hummels	hummel	NOUN
economy-585	129	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	129	22	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	129	23	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	129	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	130	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	130	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	3	context	context	NOUN
economy-585	130	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	130	5	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	130	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	130	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	130	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	130	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	10	theory	theory	NOUN
economy-585	130	11	asserts	assert	VERB
economy-585	130	12	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	130	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	14	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	130	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	130	16	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	130	17	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	130	18	between	between	ADP
economy-585	130	19	two	two	NUM
economy-585	130	20	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	130	21	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	130	22	is	be	AUX
economy-585	130	23	defined	define	VERB
economy-585	130	24	by	by	ADP
economy-585	130	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	26	supply	supply	NOUN
economy-585	130	27	conditions	condition	NOUN
economy-585	130	28	at	at	ADP
economy-585	130	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	30	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	130	31	of	of	ADP
economy-585	130	32	origin	origin	NOUN
economy-585	130	33	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	130	34	demand	demand	NOUN
economy-585	130	35	conditions	condition	NOUN
economy-585	130	36	at	at	ADP
economy-585	130	37	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	38	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	130	39	of	of	ADP
economy-585	130	40	destination	destination	NOUN
economy-585	130	41	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	130	42	stimulating	stimulate	VERB
economy-585	130	43	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	130	44	restraining	restrain	VERB
economy-585	130	45	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	130	46	that	that	PRON
economy-585	130	47	are	be	AUX
economy-585	130	48	related	relate	VERB
economy-585	130	49	to	to	ADP
economy-585	130	50	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	51	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	130	52	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	130	53	between	between	ADP
economy-585	130	54	the	the	DET
economy-585	130	55	two	two	NUM
economy-585	130	56	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	130	57	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	130	58	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	130	59	serlenga	serlenga	ADJ
economy-585	130	60	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	130	61	shin	shin	NOUN
economy-585	130	62	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	130	63	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	130	64	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	130	65	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	131	1	according	accord	VERB
economy-585	131	2	to	to	ADP
economy-585	131	3	baier	baier	NOUN
economy-585	131	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	131	5	bergstrand	bergstrand	NOUN
economy-585	131	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	7	1997	1997	NUM
economy-585	131	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	131	10	zannou	zannou	INTJ
economy-585	131	11	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	12	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	131	13	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	14	in	in	ADP
economy-585	131	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	131	16	earlier	early	ADJ
economy-585	131	17	days	day	NOUN
economy-585	131	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	131	19	its	its	PRON
economy-585	131	20	usage	usage	NOUN
economy-585	131	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	131	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	131	23	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	131	24	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	131	25	was	be	AUX
economy-585	131	26	lacking	lack	VERB
economy-585	131	27	a	a	DET
economy-585	131	28	formal	formal	ADJ
economy-585	131	29	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
economy-585	131	30	foundation	foundation	NOUN
economy-585	131	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	131	32	only	only	ADV
economy-585	131	33	to	to	PART
economy-585	131	34	be	be	AUX
economy-585	131	35	provided	provide	VERB
economy-585	131	36	by	by	ADP
economy-585	131	37	the	the	DET
economy-585	131	38	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	131	39	investigations	investigation	NOUN
economy-585	131	40	by	by	ADP
economy-585	131	41	anderson	anderson	PROPN
economy-585	131	42	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	43	1979	1979	NUM
economy-585	131	44	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	45	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	131	46	krugman	krugman	PROPN
economy-585	131	47	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	48	1979	1979	NUM
economy-585	131	49	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	50	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	131	51	krugman	krugman	PROPN
economy-585	131	52	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	131	53	elhanan	elhanan	PROPN
economy-585	131	54	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	55	1985	1985	NUM
economy-585	131	56	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	57	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	131	58	deardorff	deardorff	NOUN
economy-585	131	59	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	60	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	131	61	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	62	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	131	63	evenett	evenett	NOUN
economy-585	131	64	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	131	65	keller	keller	PROPN
economy-585	131	66	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	67	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	131	68	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	69	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	131	70	feenstra	feenstra	PROPN
economy-585	131	71	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	131	72	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	131	73	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	131	74	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	131	75	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	131	76	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	131	77	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	132	1	they	they	PRON
economy-585	132	2	represent	represent	VERB
economy-585	132	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	132	4	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	132	5	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	132	6	to	to	PART
economy-585	132	7	be	be	AUX
economy-585	132	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	132	9	reduced	reduce	VERB
economy-585	132	10	form	form	NOUN
economy-585	132	11	that	that	PRON
economy-585	132	12	is	be	AUX
economy-585	132	13	derived	derive	VERB
economy-585	132	14	theoretically	theoretically	ADV
economy-585	132	15	from	from	ADP
economy-585	132	16	a	a	DET
economy-585	132	17	general	general	ADJ
economy-585	132	18	equilibrium	equilibrium	NOUN
economy-585	132	19	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	132	20	of	of	ADP
economy-585	132	21	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	132	22	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	132	23	in	in	ADP
economy-585	132	24	final	final	ADJ
economy-585	132	25	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	132	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	133	1	two	two	NUM
economy-585	133	2	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	133	3	gdps	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	133	4	are	be	AUX
economy-585	133	5	taken	take	VERB
economy-585	133	6	to	to	PART
economy-585	133	7	be	be	AUX
economy-585	133	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	133	9	production	production	NOUN
economy-585	133	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	133	11	absorption	absorption	NOUN
economy-585	133	12	capacities	capacity	NOUN
economy-585	133	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	133	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	133	15	two	two	NUM
economy-585	133	16	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	133	17	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	133	18	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	133	19	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	133	20	respectively	respectively	ADV
economy-585	133	21	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	133	22	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
economy-585	133	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	133	24	geographical	geographical	ADJ
economy-585	133	25	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	133	26	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	133	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	133	28	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	133	29	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	133	30	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	133	31	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	133	32	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	133	33	meaning	mean	VERB
economy-585	133	34	greater	great	ADJ
economy-585	133	35	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	133	36	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	133	37	baier	baier	NOUN
economy-585	133	38	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	133	39	bergstrand	bergstrand	NOUN
economy-585	133	40	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	133	41	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	133	42	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	133	43	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	134	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	2	starting	starting	NOUN
economy-585	134	3	point	point	NOUN
economy-585	134	4	for	for	ADP
economy-585	134	5	any	any	DET
economy-585	134	6	specification	specification	NOUN
economy-585	134	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	9	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	134	10	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	134	11	must	must	AUX
economy-585	134	12	be	be	AUX
economy-585	134	13	a	a	DET
economy-585	134	14	consideration	consideration	NOUN
economy-585	134	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	17	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	134	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	19	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	134	20	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	134	21	xij	xij	NOUN
economy-585	134	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	134	23	between	between	ADP
economy-585	134	24	two	two	NUM
economy-585	134	25	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	134	26	i	i	PRON
economy-585	134	27	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	134	28	j	j	NOUN
economy-585	134	29	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	134	30	whereas	whereas	ADV
economy-585	134	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	134	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	33	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	134	34	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	35	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	134	36	between	between	ADP
economy-585	134	37	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	38	two	two	NUM
economy-585	134	39	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	134	40	would	would	AUX
economy-585	134	41	depend	depend	VERB
economy-585	134	42	on	on	ADP
economy-585	134	43	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	44	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
economy-585	134	45	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	46	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	47	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	134	48	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	49	origin	origin	NOUN
economy-585	134	50	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	134	51	ai	ai	NOUN
economy-585	134	52	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	134	53	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	134	54	those	those	PRON
economy-585	134	55	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	56	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	57	destination	destination	NOUN
economy-585	134	58	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	134	59	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	134	60	bj	bj	NOUN
economy-585	134	61	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	134	62	as	as	ADV
economy-585	134	63	well	well	ADV
economy-585	134	64	as	as	ADP
economy-585	134	65	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	66	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	134	67	of	of	ADP
economy-585	134	68	resistances	resistance	NOUN
economy-585	134	69	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	134	70	motivational	motivational	ADJ
economy-585	134	71	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	134	72	to	to	ADP
economy-585	134	73	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	134	74	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	134	75	that	that	PRON
economy-585	134	76	exists	exist	VERB
economy-585	134	77	between	between	ADP
economy-585	134	78	the	the	DET
economy-585	134	79	two	two	NUM
economy-585	134	80	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	134	81	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	134	82	rij	rij	ADJ
economy-585	134	83	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	134	84	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	135	1	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	135	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	135	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	135	4	multiplicative	multiplicative	ADJ
economy-585	135	5	form	form	NOUN
economy-585	135	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	135	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	135	8	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	135	9	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	135	10	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	135	11	xij=	xij=	X
economy-585	135	12	g*ai*bj*rij	g*ai*bj*rij	X
economy-585	135	13	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	135	14	i	i	NOUN
economy-585	135	15	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	135	16	to	to	PART
economy-585	135	17	put	put	VERB
economy-585	135	18	it	it	PRON
economy-585	135	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	135	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	135	21	typical	typical	ADJ
economy-585	135	22	terms	term	NOUN
economy-585	135	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	135	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	135	25	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	135	26	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	135	27	tradition	tradition	NOUN
economy-585	135	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	135	29	xij	xij	PRON
economy-585	135	30	represent	represent	VERB
economy-585	135	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	135	32	monetary	monetary	ADJ
economy-585	135	33	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	135	34	of	of	ADP
economy-585	135	35	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	135	36	from	from	ADP
economy-585	135	37	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	135	38	i	i	PRON
economy-585	135	39	to	to	ADP
economy-585	135	40	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	135	41	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	135	42	the	the	DET
economy-585	135	43	g	g	PROPN
economy-585	135	44	denotes	denote	VERB
economy-585	135	45	some	some	DET
economy-585	135	46	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	135	47	that	that	PRON
economy-585	135	48	do	do	AUX
economy-585	135	49	not	not	PART
economy-585	135	50	depend	depend	VERB
economy-585	135	51	on	on	ADP
economy-585	135	52	either	either	PRON
economy-585	135	53	of	of	ADP
economy-585	135	54	the	the	DET
economy-585	135	55	two	two	NUM
economy-585	135	56	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	135	57	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	135	58	also	also	ADV
economy-585	135	59	known	know	VERB
economy-585	135	60	as	as	ADP
economy-585	135	61	gravitational	gravitational	ADJ
economy-585	135	62	constant	constant	ADJ
economy-585	135	63	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	135	64	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
economy-585	135	65	globalisation	globalisation	NOUN
economy-585	135	66	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	135	67	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	135	68	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	136	1	ai	ai	AUX
economy-585	136	2	stands	stand	NOUN
economy-585	136	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	136	4	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	136	5	that	that	PRON
economy-585	136	6	are	be	AUX
economy-585	136	7	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	136	8	to	to	ADP
economy-585	136	9	an	an	DET
economy-585	136	10	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	136	11	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	136	12	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	136	13	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
economy-585	136	14	exporter	exporter	PROPN
economy-585	136	15	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	136	16	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	136	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	136	18	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	136	19	bj	bj	VERB
economy-585	136	20	comprises	comprise	NOUN
economy-585	136	21	of	of	ADP
economy-585	136	22	all	all	DET
economy-585	136	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	24	importer	importer	NOUN
economy-585	136	25	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	136	26	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	136	27	that	that	PRON
economy-585	136	28	make	make	VERB
economy-585	136	29	up	up	ADP
economy-585	136	30	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	31	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	136	32	importer	importer	NOUN
economy-585	136	33	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	136	34	demand	demand	NOUN
economy-585	136	35	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	136	36	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
economy-585	136	37	importer	importer	NOUN
economy-585	136	38	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	136	39	gdp).rij	gdp).rij	PROPN
economy-585	136	40	signifies	signify	VERB
economy-585	136	41	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	42	ease	ease	NOUN
economy-585	136	43	with	with	ADP
economy-585	136	44	which	which	PRON
economy-585	136	45	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	46	exporter	exporter	NOUN
economy-585	136	47	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	136	48	can	can	AUX
economy-585	136	49	access	access	VERB
economy-585	136	50	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	51	importer	importer	NOUN
economy-585	136	52	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	136	53	market	market	PROPN
economy-585	136	54	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	136	55	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	136	56	in	in	ADP
economy-585	136	57	some	some	DET
economy-585	136	58	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	136	59	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	136	60	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	136	61	drysdale	drysdale	PROPN
economy-585	136	62	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	136	63	garnaut	garnaut	PROPN
economy-585	136	64	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	136	65	1982	1982	NUM
economy-585	136	66	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	136	67	rij	rij	PROPN
economy-585	136	68	stands	stand	VERB
economy-585	136	69	for	for	ADP
economy-585	136	70	resistances	resistance	NOUN
economy-585	136	71	to	to	PART
economy-585	136	72	trade	trade	VERB
economy-585	136	73	between	between	ADP
economy-585	136	74	i	i	PROPN
economy-585	136	75	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	136	76	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	136	77	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	78	rij	rij	PROPN
economy-585	136	79	is	be	AUX
economy-585	136	80	more	more	ADV
economy-585	136	81	defined	define	VERB
economy-585	136	82	in	in	ADP
economy-585	136	83	deardorff	deardorff	NOUN
economy-585	136	84	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	136	85	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	136	86	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	136	87	who	who	PRON
economy-585	136	88	presents	present	VERB
economy-585	136	89	it	it	PRON
economy-585	136	90	as	as	ADP
economy-585	136	91	a	a	DET
economy-585	136	92	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	136	93	of	of	ADP
economy-585	136	94	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	136	95	between	between	ADP
economy-585	136	96	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	97	two	two	NUM
economy-585	136	98	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	136	99	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	136	100	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	101	combined	combined	ADJ
economy-585	136	102	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	136	103	of	of	ADP
economy-585	136	104	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	105	two	two	NUM
economy-585	136	106	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	136	107	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	136	108	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	136	109	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	136	110	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	136	111	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	136	112	is	be	AUX
economy-585	136	113	known	know	VERB
economy-585	136	114	as	as	ADP
economy-585	136	115	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	116	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	136	117	term	term	NOUN
economy-585	136	118	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	136	119	it	it	PRON
economy-585	136	120	is	be	AUX
economy-585	136	121	normally	normally	ADV
economy-585	136	122	expressed	express	VERB
economy-585	136	123	as	as	ADP
economy-585	136	124	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	125	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	136	126	of	of	ADP
economy-585	136	127	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	128	output	output	NOUN
economy-585	136	129	of	of	ADP
economy-585	136	130	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	131	two	two	NUM
economy-585	136	132	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	136	133	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	136	134	divided	divide	VERB
economy-585	136	135	by	by	ADP
economy-585	136	136	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	137	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	136	138	between	between	ADP
economy-585	136	139	them	they	PRON
economy-585	136	140	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	136	141	musila	musila	NOUN
economy-585	136	142	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	136	143	sigué	sigué	NOUN
economy-585	136	144	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	136	145	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	136	146	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	136	147	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	148	result	result	NOUN
economy-585	136	149	of	of	ADP
economy-585	136	150	which	which	PRON
economy-585	136	151	is	be	AUX
economy-585	136	152	the	the	DET
economy-585	136	153	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	136	154	below	below	ADV
economy-585	136	155	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	137	1	tij	tij	NOUN
economy-585	137	2	=	=	NOUN
economy-585	137	3	g*[(yit*yjt)/dij	g*[(yit*yjt)/dij	NOUN
economy-585	137	4	]	]	PUNCT
economy-585	137	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	137	6	ii	ii	NOUN
economy-585	137	7	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	137	8	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	137	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	137	10	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	137	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	137	12	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	137	13	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	137	14	40	40	NUM
economy-585	137	15	-	-	SYM
economy-585	137	16	53	53	NUM
economy-585	137	17	45	45	NUM
economy-585	137	18	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	137	19	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	137	20	by	by	ADP
economy-585	137	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	137	22	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	137	23	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	137	24	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	137	25	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	137	26	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	137	27	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	137	28	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	137	29	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	137	30	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	137	31	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	137	32	tij	tij	PROPN
economy-585	137	33	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	137	34	the	the	DET
economy-585	137	35	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	137	36	of	of	ADP
economy-585	137	37	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	137	38	from	from	ADP
economy-585	137	39	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	137	40	i	i	PRON
economy-585	137	41	to	to	ADP
economy-585	137	42	country	country	PROPN
economy-585	137	43	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	137	44	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	137	45	yi	yi	PROPN
economy-585	137	46	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	137	47	yj	yj	PROPN
economy-585	137	48	are	be	AUX
economy-585	137	49	their	their	PRON
economy-585	137	50	respective	respective	ADJ
economy-585	137	51	national	national	ADJ
economy-585	137	52	incomes	income	NOUN
economy-585	137	53	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	137	54	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	137	55	dij	dij	PROPN
economy-585	137	56	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	137	57	a	a	DET
economy-585	137	58	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	137	59	of	of	ADP
economy-585	137	60	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	137	61	between	between	ADP
economy-585	137	62	them	they	PRON
economy-585	137	63	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	137	64	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	137	65	g	g	NOUN
economy-585	137	66	is	be	AUX
economy-585	137	67	a	a	DET
economy-585	137	68	gravitational	gravitational	ADJ
economy-585	137	69	constant	constant	NOUN
economy-585	137	70	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	138	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	2	national	national	PROPN
economy-585	138	3	incomes	income	NOUN
economy-585	138	4	shows	show	VERB
economy-585	138	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	6	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	138	7	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	138	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	138	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	10	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	138	11	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	138	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	138	13	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	138	14	determines	determine	VERB
economy-585	138	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	16	quantity	quantity	NOUN
economy-585	138	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	138	18	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	138	19	that	that	PRON
economy-585	138	20	it	it	PRON
economy-585	138	21	can	can	AUX
economy-585	138	22	produce	produce	VERB
economy-585	138	23	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	138	24	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	138	25	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	138	26	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	138	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	28	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	138	29	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	138	30	of	of	ADP
economy-585	138	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	32	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	138	33	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	138	34	determines	determine	VERB
economy-585	138	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	36	capacity	capacity	NOUN
economy-585	138	37	of	of	ADP
economy-585	138	38	its	its	PRON
economy-585	138	39	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	138	40	to	to	PART
economy-585	138	41	purchase	purchase	VERB
economy-585	138	42	the	the	DET
economy-585	138	43	imported	import	VERB
economy-585	138	44	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	138	45	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	139	1	on	on	ADP
economy-585	139	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	139	3	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	139	4	hand	hand	NOUN
economy-585	139	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	139	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	139	7	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	139	8	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	139	9	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	139	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	139	11	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	139	12	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	139	13	that	that	PRON
economy-585	139	14	will	will	AUX
economy-585	139	15	determine	determine	VERB
economy-585	139	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	139	17	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	139	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	139	19	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	139	20	that	that	PRON
economy-585	139	21	will	will	AUX
economy-585	139	22	be	be	AUX
economy-585	139	23	traded	trade	VERB
economy-585	139	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	140	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	140	2	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	140	3	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	140	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	140	5	considered	consider	VERB
economy-585	140	6	as	as	ADP
economy-585	140	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	140	8	resistance	resistance	NOUN
economy-585	140	9	/	/	SYM
economy-585	140	10	motivating	motivating	NOUN
economy-585	140	11	factor	factor	NOUN
economy-585	140	12	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	140	13	it	it	PRON
economy-585	140	14	can	can	AUX
economy-585	140	15	either	either	CCONJ
economy-585	140	16	promote	promote	VERB
economy-585	140	17	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	140	18	hinder	hinder	VERB
economy-585	140	19	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	140	20	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	140	21	between	between	ADP
economy-585	140	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	140	23	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	140	24	sichei	sichei	PROPN
economy-585	140	25	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	140	26	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	140	27	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	140	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	140	29	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	140	30	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	140	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	141	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	141	2	reflects	reflect	VERB
economy-585	141	3	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	141	4	transport	transport	NOUN
economy-585	141	5	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	141	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	141	7	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	141	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	141	9	flows	flow	VERB
economy-585	141	10	increases	increase	NOUN
economy-585	141	11	with	with	ADP
economy-585	141	12	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	141	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	142	1	gradually	gradually	ADV
economy-585	142	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	142	3	new	new	ADJ
economy-585	142	4	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	142	5	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	142	6	were	be	AUX
economy-585	142	7	added	add	VERB
economy-585	142	8	to	to	ADP
economy-585	142	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	142	10	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	142	11	in	in	ADP
economy-585	142	12	order	order	NOUN
economy-585	142	13	to	to	PART
economy-585	142	14	capture	capture	VERB
economy-585	142	15	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	142	16	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	142	17	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	142	18	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
economy-585	142	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	143	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	143	2	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	143	3	reckons	reckon	VERB
economy-585	143	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	143	5	augmentation	augmentation	NOUN
economy-585	143	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	143	7	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	143	8	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	143	9	as	as	ADP
economy-585	143	10	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	143	11	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	143	12	linnemann	linnemann	PROPN
economy-585	143	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	143	14	1966a	1966a	NUM
economy-585	143	15	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	143	16	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	143	17	per	per	ADP
economy-585	143	18	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	143	19	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	143	20	contiguity	contiguity	NOUN
economy-585	143	21	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	143	22	sanso	sanso	NOUN
economy-585	143	23	et	et	NOUN
economy-585	143	24	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	143	25	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	143	26	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	143	27	1993	1993	NUM
economy-585	143	28	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	143	29	frankel	frankel	PROPN
economy-585	143	30	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	143	31	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	143	32	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	143	33	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	143	34	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	143	35	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	143	36	eichengreen	eichengreen	NOUN
economy-585	143	37	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	143	38	irwin	irwin	PROPN
economy-585	143	39	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	143	40	1998	1998	NUM
economy-585	143	41	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	143	42	frankel	frankel	NOUN
economy-585	143	43	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	143	44	wei	wei	PROPN
economy-585	143	45	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	143	46	1998	1998	NUM
economy-585	143	47	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	143	48	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	144	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
economy-585	144	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	144	3	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	144	4	that	that	PRON
economy-585	144	5	captures	capture	VERB
economy-585	144	6	geographic	geographic	ADJ
economy-585	144	7	features	feature	NOUN
economy-585	144	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	144	9	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	144	10	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	144	11	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	144	12	policy	policy	NOUN
economy-585	144	13	institutions	institution	NOUN
economy-585	144	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	144	15	were	be	AUX
economy-585	144	16	included	include	VERB
economy-585	144	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	144	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	144	19	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	144	20	as	as	ADP
economy-585	144	21	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	144	22	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	144	23	resulting	result	VERB
economy-585	144	24	in	in	ADP
economy-585	144	25	an	an	DET
economy-585	144	26	augmented	augment	VERB
economy-585	144	27	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	144	28	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	144	29	which	which	PRON
economy-585	144	30	is	be	AUX
economy-585	144	31	in	in	ADP
economy-585	144	32	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	144	33	in	in	ADP
economy-585	144	34	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	144	35	of	of	ADP
economy-585	144	36	the	the	DET
economy-585	144	37	most	most	ADV
economy-585	144	38	current	current	ADJ
economy-585	144	39	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	144	40	like	like	ADP
economy-585	144	41	that	that	PRON
economy-585	144	42	of	of	ADP
economy-585	144	43	guttmann	guttmann	NOUN
economy-585	144	44	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	144	45	richards	richard	NOUN
economy-585	144	46	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	144	47	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	144	48	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	144	49	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	144	50	zannou	zannou	INTJ
economy-585	144	51	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	144	52	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	144	53	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	144	54	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	144	55	vicard	vicard	ADJ
economy-585	144	56	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	144	57	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	144	58	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	144	59	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	145	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	2	augmented	augment	VERB
economy-585	145	3	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	145	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	145	5	came	come	VERB
economy-585	145	6	to	to	PART
economy-585	145	7	be	be	AUX
economy-585	145	8	presented	present	VERB
economy-585	145	9	as	as	ADP
economy-585	145	10	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	145	11	tijt=	tijt=	NUM
economy-585	145	12	β0	β0	PROPN
economy-585	145	13	yit	yit	PROPN
economy-585	145	14	β1	β1	PROPN
economy-585	145	15	yjt	yjt	PROPN
economy-585	145	16	β2	β2	PROPN
economy-585	145	17	pit	pit	NOUN
economy-585	145	18	β3	β3	PROPN
economy-585	145	19	pjt	pjt	PROPN
economy-585	145	20	β4	β4	PROPN
economy-585	145	21	dij	dij	PROPN
economy-585	145	22	β5	β5	PROPN
economy-585	145	23	mij	mij	NOUN
economy-585	145	24	β6	β6	PROPN
economy-585	145	25	ηijt	ηijt	PROPN
economy-585	145	26	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	145	27	iii	iii	NOUN
economy-585	145	28	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	145	29	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	145	30	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	145	31	β0	β0	PROPN
economy-585	145	32	is	be	AUX
economy-585	145	33	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	34	constant	constant	ADJ
economy-585	145	35	of	of	ADP
economy-585	145	36	proportionality	proportionality	NOUN
economy-585	145	37	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	145	38	yit	yit	PROPN
economy-585	145	39	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	145	40	yjt	yjt	PROPN
economy-585	145	41	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	145	42	is	be	AUX
economy-585	145	43	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	44	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	145	45	of	of	ADP
economy-585	145	46	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	47	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	145	48	i	i	PRON
economy-585	145	49	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	145	50	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	145	51	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	145	52	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	145	53	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	145	54	pit(pjt	pit(pjt	X
economy-585	145	55	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	145	56	are	be	AUX
economy-585	145	57	populations	population	NOUN
economy-585	145	58	of	of	ADP
economy-585	145	59	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	145	60	i	i	PRON
economy-585	145	61	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	145	62	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	145	63	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	145	64	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	145	65	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	145	66	dij	dij	PROPN
economy-585	145	67	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	145	68	a	a	DET
economy-585	145	69	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	145	70	of	of	ADP
economy-585	145	71	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	145	72	between	between	ADP
economy-585	145	73	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	74	two	two	NUM
economy-585	145	75	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	145	76	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	145	77	mij	mij	NOUN
economy-585	145	78	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	145	79	any	any	DET
economy-585	145	80	dummy	dummy	ADJ
economy-585	145	81	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	145	82	that	that	PRON
economy-585	145	83	can	can	AUX
economy-585	145	84	be	be	AUX
economy-585	145	85	included	include	VERB
economy-585	145	86	in	in	ADP
economy-585	145	87	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	88	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	145	89	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	145	90	ηijt	ηijt	NOUN
economy-585	145	91	is	be	AUX
economy-585	145	92	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	93	error	error	NOUN
economy-585	145	94	term	term	NOUN
economy-585	145	95	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	145	96	βs	βs	NOUN
economy-585	145	97	are	be	AUX
economy-585	145	98	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	99	parameters	parameter	NOUN
economy-585	145	100	of	of	ADP
economy-585	145	101	the	the	DET
economy-585	145	102	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	145	103	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	146	1	from	from	ADP
economy-585	146	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	146	3	original	original	ADJ
economy-585	146	4	standard	standard	ADJ
economy-585	146	5	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	146	6	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	146	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	146	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	146	9	multiplicative	multiplicative	ADJ
economy-585	146	10	form	form	NOUN
economy-585	146	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	146	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	146	13	standard	standard	ADJ
economy-585	146	14	procedure	procedure	NOUN
economy-585	146	15	for	for	ADP
economy-585	146	16	estimating	estimate	VERB
economy-585	146	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	146	18	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	146	19	is	be	AUX
economy-585	146	20	by	by	ADP
economy-585	146	21	making	make	VERB
economy-585	146	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	146	23	application	application	NOUN
economy-585	146	24	of	of	ADP
economy-585	146	25	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	146	26	logarithms	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	146	27	of	of	ADP
economy-585	146	28	all	all	DET
economy-585	146	29	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	146	30	so	so	SCONJ
economy-585	146	31	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	146	32	to	to	PART
economy-585	146	33	obtain	obtain	VERB
economy-585	146	34	a	a	DET
economy-585	146	35	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	146	36	linear	linear	ADJ
economy-585	146	37	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	146	38	that	that	PRON
economy-585	146	39	can	can	AUX
economy-585	146	40	easily	easily	ADV
economy-585	146	41	be	be	AUX
economy-585	146	42	estimated	estimate	VERB
economy-585	146	43	by	by	ADP
economy-585	146	44	the	the	DET
economy-585	146	45	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
economy-585	146	46	least	least	ADJ
economy-585	146	47	squares	square	NOUN
economy-585	146	48	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	146	49	ols	ol	NOUN
economy-585	146	50	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	146	51	regressions	regression	NOUN
economy-585	146	52	as	as	ADV
economy-585	146	53	well	well	ADV
economy-585	146	54	as	as	ADP
economy-585	146	55	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	146	56	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	146	57	methods	method	NOUN
economy-585	146	58	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	146	59	tripathi	tripathi	NOUN
economy-585	146	60	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	146	61	leitão	leitão	PROPN
economy-585	146	62	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	146	63	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	146	64	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	146	65	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	147	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	147	2	estimating	estimate	VERB
economy-585	147	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	147	4	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	147	5	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	147	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	147	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	147	8	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
economy-585	147	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	147	10	all	all	DET
economy-585	147	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	147	12	surveyed	survey	VERB
economy-585	147	13	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	147	14	can	can	AUX
economy-585	147	15	be	be	AUX
economy-585	147	16	done	do	VERB
economy-585	147	17	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	147	18	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	147	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	147	20	issue	issue	NOUN
economy-585	147	21	is	be	AUX
economy-585	147	22	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	147	23	all	all	DET
economy-585	147	24	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	147	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	147	26	most	most	ADV
economy-585	147	27	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	147	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	147	29	less	less	ADV
economy-585	147	30	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	147	31	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	147	32	have	have	VERB
economy-585	147	33	their	their	PRON
economy-585	147	34	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	147	35	included	include	VERB
economy-585	147	36	in	in	ADP
economy-585	147	37	the	the	DET
economy-585	147	38	dataset	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	147	39	of	of	ADP
economy-585	147	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	147	41	samples	sample	NOUN
economy-585	147	42	previously	previously	ADV
economy-585	147	43	used	use	VERB
economy-585	147	44	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	147	45	baltagi	baltagi	PROPN
economy-585	147	46	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	147	47	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	147	48	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	147	49	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	147	50	2003	2003	NUM
economy-585	147	51	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	147	52	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	148	1	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	148	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	148	3	though	though	SCONJ
economy-585	148	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	148	5	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	148	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	148	7	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	148	8	may	may	AUX
economy-585	148	9	vary	vary	VERB
economy-585	148	10	depending	depend	VERB
economy-585	148	11	on	on	ADP
economy-585	148	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	148	13	nature	nature	NOUN
economy-585	148	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	148	15	estimations	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	148	16	required	require	VERB
economy-585	148	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	148	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	148	19	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	148	20	linear	linear	ADJ
economy-585	148	21	form	form	NOUN
economy-585	148	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	148	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	148	24	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	148	25	can	can	AUX
economy-585	148	26	be	be	AUX
economy-585	148	27	presented	present	VERB
economy-585	148	28	follows	follow	VERB
economy-585	148	29	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	148	30	logtijt=	logtijt=	NUM
economy-585	148	31	β0	β0	PROPN
economy-585	148	32	+	+	PROPN
economy-585	148	33	β1logyit+	β1logyit+	PROPN
economy-585	148	34	β2log	β2log	PUNCT
economy-585	149	1	yjt+	yjt+	PROPN
economy-585	149	2	β3logpit+	β3logpit+	PROPN
economy-585	149	3	β4logpjt+	β4logpjt+	PROPN
economy-585	149	4	β5logdij	β5logdij	VERB
economy-585	149	5	+	+	CCONJ
economy-585	149	6	β6mij	β6mij	PRON
economy-585	149	7	+	+	ADJ
economy-585	149	8	ηijt	ηijt	NOUN
economy-585	149	9	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	149	10	iv	iv	X
economy-585	149	11	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	149	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	149	13	classical	classical	ADJ
economy-585	149	14	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	149	15	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	149	16	were	be	AUX
economy-585	149	17	basically	basically	ADV
economy-585	149	18	used	use	VERB
economy-585	149	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	149	20	a	a	DET
economy-585	149	21	cross	cross	NOUN
economy-585	149	22	section	section	NOUN
economy-585	149	23	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	149	24	so	so	SCONJ
economy-585	149	25	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	149	26	to	to	PART
economy-585	149	27	estimate	estimate	VERB
economy-585	149	28	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	149	29	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	149	30	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	149	31	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	149	32	relationships	relationship	NOUN
economy-585	149	33	for	for	ADP
economy-585	149	34	a	a	DET
economy-585	149	35	particular	particular	ADJ
economy-585	149	36	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	149	37	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	149	38	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	149	39	baltagi	baltagi	NOUN
economy-585	149	40	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	149	41	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	149	42	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	149	43	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	149	44	2003	2003	NUM
economy-585	149	45	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	149	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	150	1	one	one	NUM
economy-585	150	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	150	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	150	4	first	first	ADJ
economy-585	150	5	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	150	6	that	that	PRON
economy-585	150	7	applied	apply	VERB
economy-585	150	8	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	150	9	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	150	10	in	in	ADP
economy-585	150	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	150	12	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	150	13	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	150	14	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	150	15	to	to	PART
economy-585	150	16	account	account	VERB
economy-585	150	17	for	for	ADP
economy-585	150	18	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	150	19	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	150	20	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	150	21	instead	instead	ADV
economy-585	150	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	150	23	exporter	exporter	NOUN
economy-585	150	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	150	25	importer	importer	NOUN
economy-585	150	26	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	150	27	was	be	AUX
economy-585	150	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	150	29	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	150	30	by	by	ADP
economy-585	150	31	hummels	hummel	NOUN
economy-585	150	32	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	150	33	levinsohn	levinsohn	NOUN
economy-585	150	34	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	150	35	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	150	36	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	150	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	151	1	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	151	2	it	it	PRON
economy-585	151	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	151	4	now	now	ADV
economy-585	151	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	151	6	most	most	ADV
economy-585	151	7	adopted	adopted	ADJ
economy-585	151	8	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	151	9	by	by	ADP
economy-585	151	10	majority	majority	NOUN
economy-585	151	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	151	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	151	13	current	current	ADJ
economy-585	151	14	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	151	15	on	on	ADP
economy-585	151	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	151	17	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	151	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	151	19	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	151	20	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	151	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	152	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	152	2	advantage	advantage	NOUN
economy-585	152	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	152	4	this	this	PRON
economy-585	152	5	is	be	AUX
economy-585	152	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	152	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	152	8	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	152	9	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	152	10	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	152	11	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	152	12	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	152	13	controls	control	NOUN
economy-585	152	14	for	for	ADP
economy-585	152	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	152	16	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	152	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	152	18	any	any	DET
economy-585	152	19	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	152	20	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	152	21	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	152	22	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	152	23	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	152	24	as	as	ADP
economy-585	152	25	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	152	26	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	152	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	152	28	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	152	29	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	152	30	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	152	31	historical	historical	ADJ
economy-585	152	32	relations	relation	NOUN
economy-585	152	33	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	152	34	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	152	35	to	to	ADP
economy-585	152	36	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	152	37	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	152	38	groups	group	NOUN
economy-585	152	39	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	152	40	contiguity	contiguity	NOUN
economy-585	152	41	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	153	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	153	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	153	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	153	4	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	153	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	153	6	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	153	7	–	–	PUNCT
economy-585	153	8	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	153	9	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	153	10	removes	remove	VERB
economy-585	153	11	any	any	DET
economy-585	153	12	possibility	possibility	NOUN
economy-585	153	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	153	14	biasness	biasness	NOUN
economy-585	153	15	resulting	result	VERB
economy-585	153	16	from	from	ADP
economy-585	153	17	error	error	NOUN
economy-585	153	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	153	19	omission	omission	NOUN
economy-585	153	20	due	due	ADP
economy-585	153	21	to	to	ADP
economy-585	153	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	153	23	omission	omission	NOUN
economy-585	153	24	of	of	ADP
economy-585	153	25	any	any	DET
economy-585	153	26	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	153	27	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	153	28	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	153	29	baltagi	baltagi	PROPN
economy-585	153	30	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	153	31	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	153	32	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	153	33	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	153	34	2003	2003	NUM
economy-585	153	35	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	153	36	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	154	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	154	2	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	154	3	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	154	4	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	154	5	allows	allow	VERB
economy-585	154	6	for	for	ADP
economy-585	154	7	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	154	8	variation	variation	NOUN
economy-585	154	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	154	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	154	11	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	154	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	154	13	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	154	14	assuring	assure	VERB
economy-585	154	15	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	154	16	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
economy-585	154	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	154	18	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	154	19	handling	handling	NOUN
economy-585	154	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	154	21	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	154	22	reduction	reduction	NOUN
economy-585	154	23	in	in	ADP
economy-585	154	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	154	25	degree	degree	NOUN
economy-585	154	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	154	27	multicollinearity	multicollinearity	NOUN
economy-585	154	28	in	in	ADP
economy-585	154	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	154	30	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	154	31	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	154	32	baltagi	baltagi	NOUN
economy-585	154	33	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	154	34	kao	kao	PROPN
economy-585	154	35	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	154	36	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	154	37	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	154	38	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	155	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	155	2	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	155	3	use	use	VERB
economy-585	155	4	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	155	5	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	155	6	for	for	ADP
economy-585	155	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	155	8	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	155	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	155	10	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	155	11	that	that	PRON
economy-585	155	12	are	be	AUX
economy-585	155	13	examined	examine	VERB
economy-585	155	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	156	1	5	5	X
economy-585	156	2	.	.	X
economy-585	156	3	description	description	NOUN
economy-585	156	4	to	to	ADP
economy-585	156	5	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	156	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	156	7	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	156	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	156	9	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	156	10	sources	source	NOUN
economy-585	156	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	156	12	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	156	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	156	14	this	this	DET
economy-585	156	15	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	156	16	were	be	AUX
economy-585	156	17	obtained	obtain	VERB
economy-585	156	18	from	from	ADP
economy-585	156	19	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	156	20	databases	database	NOUN
economy-585	156	21	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	156	22	compiled	compile	VERB
economy-585	156	23	to	to	PART
economy-585	156	24	fit	fit	VERB
economy-585	156	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	156	26	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	156	27	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	156	28	indicated	indicate	VERB
economy-585	156	29	in	in	ADP
economy-585	156	30	the	the	DET
economy-585	156	31	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	156	32	below	below	ADV
economy-585	156	33	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	157	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	157	2	main	main	ADJ
economy-585	157	3	databases	database	NOUN
economy-585	157	4	included	include	VERB
economy-585	157	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	157	6	world	world	PROPN
economy-585	157	7	bank	bank	PROPN
economy-585	157	8	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	157	9	indicators	indicator	NOUN
economy-585	157	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	157	11	centre	centre	NOUN
economy-585	157	12	d’etudes	d’etude	VERB
economy-585	157	13	prospectivesetd’informations	prospectivesetd’information	NOUN
economy-585	157	14	internationales	internationale	NOUN
economy-585	157	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	157	16	cepii	cepii	ADJ
economy-585	157	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	157	18	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	157	19	dataset	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	157	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	157	21	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	157	22	database	database	NOUN
economy-585	157	23	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	157	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	157	25	imf	imf	PROPN
economy-585	157	26	direction	direction	NOUN
economy-585	157	27	of	of	ADP
economy-585	157	28	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	157	29	statistics	statistic	NOUN
economy-585	157	30	database	database	NOUN
economy-585	157	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	158	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	158	2	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	158	3	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	158	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	158	5	32	32	NUM
economy-585	158	6	years	year	NOUN
economy-585	158	7	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	158	8	from	from	ADP
economy-585	158	9	1980	1980	NUM
economy-585	158	10	to	to	ADP
economy-585	158	11	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	158	12	all	all	DET
economy-585	158	13	inclusive	inclusive	ADJ
economy-585	158	14	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	158	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	159	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	159	2	reason	reason	NOUN
economy-585	159	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	159	4	this	this	DET
economy-585	159	5	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	159	6	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	159	7	is	be	AUX
economy-585	159	8	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	159	9	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	159	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	159	11	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	159	12	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	159	13	have	have	VERB
economy-585	159	14	at	at	ADV
economy-585	159	15	least	least	ADJ
economy-585	159	16	complete	complete	ADJ
economy-585	159	17	dataset	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	159	18	from	from	ADP
economy-585	159	19	1980	1980	NUM
economy-585	159	20	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	159	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	159	22	so	so	ADV
economy-585	159	23	to	to	PART
economy-585	159	24	avoid	avoid	VERB
economy-585	159	25	a	a	DET
economy-585	159	26	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	159	27	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	159	28	of	of	ADP
economy-585	159	29	gaps	gap	NOUN
economy-585	159	30	in	in	ADP
economy-585	159	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	159	32	dataset	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	159	33	1980	1980	NUM
economy-585	159	34	to	to	ADP
economy-585	159	35	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	159	36	was	be	AUX
economy-585	159	37	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
economy-585	159	38	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	160	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	160	2	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	160	3	considers	consider	VERB
economy-585	160	4	a	a	DET
economy-585	160	5	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	160	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	160	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	160	8	between	between	ADP
economy-585	160	9	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	160	10	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	160	11	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	160	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	160	13	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	160	14	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	160	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	160	16	41	41	NUM
economy-585	160	17	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	160	18	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	160	19	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	160	20	4	4	NUM
economy-585	160	21	bric	bric	ADJ
economy-585	160	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	160	23	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	160	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	161	1	6	6	X
economy-585	161	2	.	.	X
economy-585	161	3	dealing	deal	VERB
economy-585	161	4	with	with	ADP
economy-585	161	5	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	161	6	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	161	7	valued	value	VERB
economy-585	161	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	161	9	missing	miss	VERB
economy-585	161	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	161	11	flows	flow	VERB
economy-585	161	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	161	13	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	161	14	uses	use	VERB
economy-585	161	15	logarithmic	logarithmic	ADJ
economy-585	161	16	transformation	transformation	NOUN
economy-585	161	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	161	18	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	161	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	161	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	161	21	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	161	22	so	so	SCONJ
economy-585	161	23	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	161	24	to	to	PART
economy-585	161	25	enable	enable	VERB
economy-585	161	26	for	for	ADP
economy-585	161	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	161	28	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	161	29	of	of	ADP
economy-585	161	30	the	the	DET
economy-585	161	31	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	161	32	linear	linear	NOUN
economy-585	161	33	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	161	34	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	161	35	coe	coe	PROPN
economy-585	161	36	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	161	37	hoffmaister	hoffmaister	NOUN
economy-585	161	38	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	161	39	1999	1999	NUM
economy-585	161	40	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	161	41	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	162	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	162	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	162	3	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	162	4	that	that	PRON
economy-585	162	5	is	be	AUX
economy-585	162	6	used	use	VERB
economy-585	162	7	is	be	AUX
economy-585	162	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	162	9	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	162	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	162	11	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	162	12	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	162	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	162	14	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	162	15	cases	case	NOUN
economy-585	162	16	has	have	AUX
economy-585	162	17	either	either	CCONJ
economy-585	162	18	missing	miss	VERB
economy-585	162	19	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	162	20	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	162	21	many	many	ADJ
economy-585	162	22	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	162	23	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	162	24	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	162	25	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	162	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	163	1	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	163	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	163	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	163	4	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	163	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	163	6	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	163	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	163	8	flows	flow	VERB
economy-585	163	9	some	some	DET
economy-585	163	10	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	163	11	are	be	AUX
economy-585	163	12	even	even	ADV
economy-585	163	13	missing	miss	VERB
economy-585	163	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	164	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	164	2	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	164	3	data	data	NOUN
economy-585	164	4	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	164	5	normally	normally	ADV
economy-585	164	6	would	would	AUX
economy-585	164	7	imply	imply	VERB
economy-585	164	8	absence	absence	NOUN
economy-585	164	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	164	10	any	any	DET
economy-585	164	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	164	12	at	at	ADP
economy-585	164	13	all	all	ADV
economy-585	164	14	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	164	15	bikker	bikker	PROPN
economy-585	164	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	164	17	1987	1987	NUM
economy-585	164	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	164	19	however	however	ADV
economy-585	164	20	this	this	PRON
economy-585	164	21	would	would	AUX
economy-585	164	22	be	be	AUX
economy-585	164	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	164	24	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	164	25	for	for	ADP
economy-585	164	26	a	a	DET
economy-585	164	27	carefully	carefully	ADV
economy-585	164	28	prepared	prepare	VERB
economy-585	164	29	datasets	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	164	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	165	1	otherwise	otherwise	ADV
economy-585	165	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	165	3	they	they	PRON
economy-585	165	4	could	could	AUX
economy-585	165	5	be	be	AUX
economy-585	165	6	caused	cause	VERB
economy-585	165	7	by	by	ADP
economy-585	165	8	nonreporting	nonreporte	VERB
economy-585	165	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	165	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	165	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	165	12	flows	flow	VERB
economy-585	165	13	between	between	ADP
economy-585	165	14	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	165	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	165	16	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	165	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	166	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	166	2	could	could	AUX
economy-585	166	3	also	also	ADV
economy-585	166	4	reflect	reflect	VERB
economy-585	166	5	errors	error	NOUN
economy-585	166	6	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	166	7	omission	omission	NOUN
economy-585	166	8	during	during	ADP
economy-585	166	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	166	10	preparation	preparation	NOUN
economy-585	166	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	166	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	166	13	datasets	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	166	14	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	166	15	martin	martin	PROPN
economy-585	166	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	166	17	pham	pham	PROPN
economy-585	166	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	166	19	2015	2015	NUM
economy-585	166	20	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	166	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	167	1	even	even	ADV
economy-585	167	2	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	167	3	there	there	PRON
economy-585	167	4	are	be	VERB
economy-585	167	5	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	167	6	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	167	7	still	still	ADV
economy-585	167	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	167	9	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	167	10	would	would	AUX
economy-585	167	11	want	want	VERB
economy-585	167	12	to	to	PART
economy-585	167	13	examine	examine	VERB
economy-585	167	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	167	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	167	16	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	167	17	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	167	18	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	167	19	two	two	NUM
economy-585	167	20	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	167	21	have	have	VERB
economy-585	167	22	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	167	23	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	167	24	it	it	PRON
economy-585	167	25	imply	imply	VERB
economy-585	167	26	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	167	27	they	they	PRON
economy-585	167	28	are	be	AUX
economy-585	167	29	small	small	ADJ
economy-585	167	30	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	167	31	they	they	PRON
economy-585	167	32	are	be	AUX
economy-585	167	33	distant	distant	ADJ
economy-585	167	34	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	167	35	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	167	36	both	both	PRON
economy-585	167	37	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	167	38	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	167	39	the	the	DET
economy-585	167	40	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	167	41	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	167	42	predictions	prediction	NOUN
economy-585	167	43	would	would	AUX
economy-585	167	44	be	be	AUX
economy-585	167	45	either	either	CCONJ
economy-585	167	46	very	very	ADV
economy-585	167	47	low	low	ADJ
economy-585	167	48	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	167	49	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	167	50	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	167	51	non	non	ADJ
economy-585	167	52	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	167	53	existent	existent	ADJ
economy-585	167	54	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	167	55	frankel	frankel	PROPN
economy-585	167	56	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	167	57	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	167	58	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	167	59	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	167	60	1997	1997	NUM
economy-585	167	61	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	167	62	coe	coe	PROPN
economy-585	167	63	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	167	64	hoffmaister	hoffmaister	NOUN
economy-585	167	65	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	167	66	1999	1999	NUM
economy-585	167	67	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	167	68	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	168	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	168	2	logarithmic	logarithmic	ADJ
economy-585	168	3	transformation	transformation	NOUN
economy-585	168	4	can	can	AUX
economy-585	168	5	not	not	PART
economy-585	168	6	be	be	AUX
economy-585	168	7	possible	possible	ADJ
economy-585	168	8	with	with	ADP
economy-585	168	9	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	168	10	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	168	11	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	168	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	168	13	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	168	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	168	15	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	168	16	is	be	AUX
economy-585	168	17	undefined	undefined	ADJ
economy-585	168	18	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	168	19	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	168	20	minus	minus	CCONJ
economy-585	168	21	infinity	infinity	NOUN
economy-585	168	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	168	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	169	1	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	169	2	doing	do	VERB
economy-585	169	3	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	169	4	transformation	transformation	NOUN
economy-585	169	5	prior	prior	ADV
economy-585	169	6	to	to	ADP
economy-585	169	7	dealing	deal	VERB
economy-585	169	8	with	with	ADP
economy-585	169	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	169	10	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	169	11	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	169	12	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	169	13	would	would	AUX
economy-585	169	14	result	result	VERB
economy-585	169	15	into	into	ADP
economy-585	169	16	biased	biased	ADJ
economy-585	169	17	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	169	18	inconsistent	inconsistent	ADJ
economy-585	169	19	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	169	20	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	169	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	170	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
economy-585	170	2	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	170	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	170	4	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	170	5	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	170	6	are	be	AUX
economy-585	170	7	disregarded	disregard	VERB
economy-585	170	8	by	by	ADP
economy-585	170	9	omitting	omit	VERB
economy-585	170	10	them	they	PRON
economy-585	170	11	in	in	ADP
economy-585	170	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	170	13	dataset	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	170	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	170	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	170	16	information	information	NOUN
economy-585	170	17	to	to	PART
economy-585	170	18	explain	explain	VERB
economy-585	170	19	why	why	SCONJ
economy-585	170	20	there	there	PRON
economy-585	170	21	is	be	VERB
economy-585	170	22	very	very	ADV
economy-585	170	23	low	low	ADJ
economy-585	170	24	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	170	25	can	can	AUX
economy-585	170	26	not	not	PART
economy-585	170	27	be	be	AUX
economy-585	170	28	obtained	obtain	VERB
economy-585	170	29	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	171	1	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	171	2	kind	kind	NOUN
economy-585	171	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	171	4	problems	problem	NOUN
economy-585	171	5	occurs	occur	VERB
economy-585	171	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	171	7	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	171	8	there	there	PRON
economy-585	171	9	are	be	VERB
economy-585	171	10	missing	miss	VERB
economy-585	171	11	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	171	12	in	in	ADP
economy-585	171	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	171	14	dataset	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	171	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	171	16	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	171	17	these	these	DET
economy-585	171	18	calls	call	NOUN
economy-585	171	19	for	for	ADP
economy-585	171	20	a	a	DET
economy-585	171	21	solution	solution	NOUN
economy-585	171	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	172	1	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	172	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	172	3	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	172	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	172	5	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	172	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	172	7	40	40	NUM
economy-585	172	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	172	9	53	53	NUM
economy-585	172	10	46	46	NUM
economy-585	172	11	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	172	12	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	172	13	by	by	ADP
economy-585	172	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	172	15	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	172	16	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	172	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	172	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	172	19	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	172	20	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	172	21	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	172	22	group	group	PROPN
economy-585	172	23	table-3	table-3	PROPN
economy-585	172	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	173	1	description	description	NOUN
economy-585	173	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	173	3	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	173	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	173	5	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	173	6	sources	source	NOUN
economy-585	173	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	173	8	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	173	9	relationship	relationship	NOUN
economy-585	173	10	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	173	11	description	description	NOUN
economy-585	173	12	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	173	13	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	173	14	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	173	15	exports1	exports1	NOUN
economy-585	173	16	measures	measure	NOUN
economy-585	173	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	173	18	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	173	19	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	173	20	from	from	ADP
economy-585	173	21	one	one	NUM
economy-585	173	22	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	173	23	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	173	24	to	to	ADP
economy-585	173	25	another	another	PRON
economy-585	173	26	in	in	ADP
economy-585	173	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	173	28	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	173	29	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	173	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	174	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	174	2	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	174	3	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	174	4	accounts	account	VERB
economy-585	174	5	for	for	ADP
economy-585	174	6	both	both	DET
economy-585	174	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	174	8	from	from	ADP
economy-585	174	9	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	174	10	a	a	DET
economy-585	174	11	to	to	PART
economy-585	174	12	b	b	NOUN
economy-585	174	13	as	as	ADV
economy-585	174	14	well	well	ADV
economy-585	174	15	as	as	ADP
economy-585	174	16	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	174	17	b	b	PROPN
economy-585	174	18	to	to	ADP
economy-585	174	19	a.	a.	PROPN
economy-585	174	20	imf	imf	PROPN
economy-585	174	21	direction	direction	NOUN
economy-585	174	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	174	23	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	174	24	statistics	statistic	NOUN
economy-585	174	25	this	this	PRON
economy-585	174	26	is	be	AUX
economy-585	174	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	174	28	dependent	dependent	ADJ
economy-585	174	29	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	174	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	175	1	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	175	2	per	per	ADP
economy-585	175	3	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	175	4	measures	measure	NOUN
economy-585	175	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	175	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	175	7	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	175	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	175	9	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	175	10	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	175	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	175	12	an	an	DET
economy-585	175	13	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	175	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	176	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	176	2	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	176	3	per	per	ADP
economy-585	176	4	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	176	5	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	176	6	are	be	AUX
economy-585	176	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	176	8	constant	constant	ADJ
economy-585	176	9	2005	2005	NUM
economy-585	176	10	us	us	PROPN
economy-585	176	11	dollars	dollar	NOUN
economy-585	176	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	177	1	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	177	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	177	3	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	177	4	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	177	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	177	6	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	177	7	for	for	ADP
economy-585	177	8	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	177	9	is	be	AUX
economy-585	177	10	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	177	11	to	to	PART
economy-585	177	12	be	be	AUX
economy-585	177	13	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	177	14	as	as	ADP
economy-585	177	15	in	in	ADP
economy-585	177	16	zannou	zannou	PROPN
economy-585	177	17	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	177	18	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	177	19	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	177	20	geographical	geographical	ADJ
economy-585	177	21	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	177	22	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	177	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	177	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	177	25	geographical	geographical	ADJ
economy-585	177	26	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	177	27	between	between	ADP
economy-585	177	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	177	29	capital	capital	NOUN
economy-585	177	30	cities	city	NOUN
economy-585	177	31	of	of	ADP
economy-585	177	32	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	177	33	of	of	ADP
economy-585	177	34	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	177	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	178	1	cepii	cepii	ADJ
economy-585	178	2	gravitydataset	gravitydataset	VERB
economy-585	178	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	178	4	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	178	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	178	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	178	7	between	between	ADP
economy-585	178	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	178	9	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	178	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	178	11	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	178	12	is	be	AUX
economy-585	178	13	a	a	DET
economy-585	178	14	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	178	15	function	function	NOUN
economy-585	178	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	178	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	178	18	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	178	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	178	20	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	178	21	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	178	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	178	23	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	178	24	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	178	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	178	26	van	van	PROPN
economy-585	178	27	wincoop	wincoop	NOUN
economy-585	178	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	178	29	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	178	30	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	178	31	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	178	32	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	178	33	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	178	34	of	of	ADP
economy-585	178	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	178	36	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	178	37	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	178	38	of	of	ADP
economy-585	178	39	a	a	DET
economy-585	178	40	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	178	41	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	178	42	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	178	43	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	178	44	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	178	45	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	178	46	finds	find	VERB
economy-585	178	47	a	a	DET
economy-585	178	48	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	178	49	relationship	relationship	NOUN
economy-585	178	50	depending	depend	VERB
economy-585	178	51	on	on	ADP
economy-585	178	52	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	178	53	a	a	DET
economy-585	178	54	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	178	55	is	be	AUX
economy-585	178	56	an	an	DET
economy-585	178	57	importing	importing	NOUN
economy-585	178	58	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	178	59	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	178	60	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	178	61	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	178	62	kimino	kimino	PROPN
economy-585	178	63	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	178	64	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	178	65	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	178	66	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	178	67	2007	2007	NUM
economy-585	178	68	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	178	69	zannou	zannou	ADV
economy-585	178	70	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	178	71	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	178	72	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	178	73	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	179	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	179	2	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	179	3	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	179	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	179	5	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	179	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	180	1	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	180	2	measures	measure	NOUN
economy-585	180	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	180	4	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	180	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	180	6	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	180	7	without	without	ADP
economy-585	180	8	access	access	NOUN
economy-585	180	9	to	to	ADP
economy-585	180	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	180	11	sea	sea	NOUN
economy-585	180	12	/	/	SYM
economy-585	180	13	ocean	ocean	NOUN
economy-585	180	14	in	in	ADP
economy-585	180	15	each	each	DET
economy-585	180	16	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	180	17	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	180	18	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	180	19	i.e.	i.e.	X
economy-585	180	20	0	0	PUNCT
economy-585	180	21	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	180	22	not	not	PART
economy-585	180	23	one	one	NUM
economy-585	180	24	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	180	25	in	in	ADP
economy-585	180	26	a	a	DET
economy-585	180	27	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	180	28	is	be	AUX
economy-585	180	29	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	180	30	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	180	31	1	1	NUM
economy-585	180	32	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	180	33	one	one	NUM
economy-585	180	34	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	180	35	in	in	ADP
economy-585	180	36	a	a	DET
economy-585	180	37	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	180	38	is	be	AUX
economy-585	180	39	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	180	40	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	180	41	2	2	NUM
economy-585	180	42	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	180	43	both	both	PRON
economy-585	180	44	are	be	AUX
economy-585	180	45	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	180	46	cepii	cepii	ADJ
economy-585	180	47	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	180	48	dataset	dataset	VERB
economy-585	180	49	the	the	DET
economy-585	180	50	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	180	51	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	180	52	is	be	AUX
economy-585	180	53	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	180	54	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	181	1	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	181	2	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	181	3	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	181	4	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	181	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	181	6	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	181	7	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	181	8	in	in	ADP
economy-585	181	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	181	10	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	181	11	share	share	NOUN
economy-585	181	12	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	181	13	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	181	14	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	181	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	182	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	182	2	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	182	3	takes	take	VERB
economy-585	182	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	182	5	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	182	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	182	7	1	1	NUM
economy-585	182	8	for	for	ADP
economy-585	182	9	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	182	10	using	use	VERB
economy-585	182	11	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	182	12	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	182	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	182	14	0	0	NUM
economy-585	182	15	for	for	ADP
economy-585	182	16	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	182	17	that	that	PRON
economy-585	182	18	do	do	VERB
economy-585	182	19	not	not	PART
economy-585	182	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	183	1	cepii	cepii	ADJ
economy-585	183	2	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	183	3	dataset	dataset	NOUN
economy-585	183	4	similarity	similarity	NOUN
economy-585	183	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	183	6	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	183	7	encourages	encourage	VERB
economy-585	183	8	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	183	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	183	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	183	11	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	183	12	similarity	similarity	NOUN
economy-585	183	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	183	14	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	183	15	has	have	VERB
economy-585	183	16	a	a	DET
economy-585	183	17	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	183	18	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	183	19	on	on	ADP
economy-585	183	20	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	183	21	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	183	22	balassa	balassa	NOUN
economy-585	183	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	183	24	1966	1966	NUM
economy-585	183	25	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	183	26	frankel	frankel	NOUN
economy-585	183	27	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	183	28	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	183	29	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	183	30	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	183	31	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	183	32	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	183	33	to	to	ADP
economy-585	183	34	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	183	35	a	a	DET
economy-585	183	36	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	183	37	of	of	ADP
economy-585	183	38	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	183	39	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	183	40	in	in	ADP
economy-585	183	41	a	a	DET
economy-585	183	42	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	183	43	are	be	AUX
economy-585	183	44	member	member	NOUN
economy-585	183	45	to	to	ADP
economy-585	183	46	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	183	47	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	183	48	i.e.	i.e.	X
economy-585	183	49	0	0	PUNCT
economy-585	183	50	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	183	51	not	not	PART
economy-585	183	52	one	one	NUM
economy-585	183	53	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	183	54	in	in	ADP
economy-585	183	55	a	a	DET
economy-585	183	56	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	183	57	is	be	AUX
economy-585	183	58	a	a	DET
economy-585	183	59	member	member	NOUN
economy-585	183	60	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	183	61	1	1	NUM
economy-585	183	62	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	183	63	one	one	NUM
economy-585	183	64	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	183	65	in	in	ADP
economy-585	183	66	a	a	DET
economy-585	183	67	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	183	68	is	be	AUX
economy-585	183	69	a	a	DET
economy-585	183	70	member	member	NOUN
economy-585	183	71	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	183	72	2	2	NUM
economy-585	183	73	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	183	74	both	both	PRON
economy-585	183	75	are	be	AUX
economy-585	183	76	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	183	77	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	184	1	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	184	2	database	database	PROPN
economy-585	184	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	184	4	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	184	5	it	it	PRON
economy-585	184	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	184	7	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	184	8	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	184	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	184	10	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	184	11	will	will	AUX
economy-585	184	12	be	be	AUX
economy-585	184	13	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	184	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	185	1	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	185	2	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	185	3	subscription	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	185	4	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	185	5	measures	measure	VERB
economy-585	185	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	185	7	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	185	8	to	to	ADP
economy-585	185	9	public	public	ADJ
economy-585	185	10	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	185	11	telephone	telephone	NOUN
economy-585	185	12	services	service	NOUN
economy-585	185	13	using	use	VERB
economy-585	185	14	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	185	15	technology	technology	NOUN
economy-585	185	16	that	that	PRON
economy-585	185	17	provides	provide	VERB
economy-585	185	18	access	access	NOUN
economy-585	185	19	to	to	ADP
economy-585	185	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	185	21	public	public	NOUN
economy-585	185	22	switched	switch	VERB
economy-585	185	23	telephone	telephone	NOUN
economy-585	185	24	network	network	NOUN
economy-585	185	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	186	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	186	2	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	186	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	186	4	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	186	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	186	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	186	7	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	186	8	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	186	9	to	to	ADP
economy-585	186	10	public	public	ADJ
economy-585	186	11	telephone	telephone	NOUN
economy-585	186	12	network	network	NOUN
economy-585	186	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	187	1	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	187	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	187	3	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	187	4	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	187	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	187	6	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	187	7	subscription	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	187	8	is	be	AUX
economy-585	187	9	considered	consider	VERB
economy-585	187	10	as	as	ADP
economy-585	187	11	a	a	DET
economy-585	187	12	factor	factor	NOUN
economy-585	187	13	that	that	PRON
economy-585	187	14	positively	positively	ADV
economy-585	187	15	influences	influence	VERB
economy-585	187	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	187	17	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	187	18	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	187	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	187	20	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	187	21	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	187	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	187	23	outside	outside	ADP
economy-585	187	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	187	25	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	187	26	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	187	27	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	187	28	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	187	29	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	187	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	188	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	188	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	188	3	based	base	VERB
economy-585	188	4	on	on	ADP
economy-585	188	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	188	6	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	188	7	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	188	8	not	not	PART
economy-585	188	9	only	only	ADV
economy-585	188	10	it	it	PRON
economy-585	188	11	simplifies	simplify	VERB
economy-585	188	12	communication	communication	NOUN
economy-585	188	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	188	14	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	188	15	also	also	ADV
economy-585	188	16	enables	enable	VERB
economy-585	188	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	188	18	users	user	NOUN
economy-585	188	19	to	to	PART
economy-585	188	20	use	use	VERB
economy-585	188	21	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	188	22	banking	banking	NOUN
economy-585	188	23	facility	facility	NOUN
economy-585	188	24	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	188	25	for	for	ADP
economy-585	188	26	settling	settle	VERB
economy-585	188	27	transaction	transaction	NOUN
economy-585	188	28	bills).thus	bills).thu	NOUN
economy-585	188	29	reducing	reduce	VERB
economy-585	188	30	transaction	transaction	NOUN
economy-585	188	31	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	188	32	in	in	ADP
economy-585	188	33	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	188	34	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	188	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	189	1	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	189	2	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	189	3	as	as	ADP
economy-585	189	4	a	a	DET
economy-585	189	5	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	189	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	189	7	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	189	8	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	189	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	189	10	measure	measure	NOUN
economy-585	189	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	189	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	189	13	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	189	14	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	189	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	189	16	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	189	17	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	189	18	as	as	ADP
economy-585	189	19	a	a	DET
economy-585	189	20	proportion	proportion	NOUN
economy-585	189	21	of	of	ADP
economy-585	189	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	189	23	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	189	24	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	189	25	in	in	ADP
economy-585	189	26	each	each	DET
economy-585	189	27	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	189	28	in	in	ADP
economy-585	189	29	a	a	DET
economy-585	189	30	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	189	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	190	1	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	190	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	190	3	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	190	4	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	190	5	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	190	6	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	190	7	is	be	AUX
economy-585	190	8	more	more	ADV
economy-585	190	9	closely	closely	ADV
economy-585	190	10	related	relate	VERB
economy-585	190	11	to	to	ADP
economy-585	190	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	190	13	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	190	14	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	190	15	productive	productive	ADJ
economy-585	190	16	capacity	capacity	NOUN
economy-585	190	17	than	than	ADP
economy-585	190	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	190	19	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	190	20	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	190	21	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	190	22	baxter	baxter	NOUN
economy-585	190	23	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	190	24	kouparitsas	kouparitsas	PROPN
economy-585	190	25	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	190	26	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	190	27	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	190	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	191	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	191	2	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	191	3	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	191	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	191	5	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	191	6	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	191	7	reflecting	reflect	VERB
economy-585	191	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	191	9	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	191	10	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	191	11	to	to	ADP
economy-585	191	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	191	13	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	191	14	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	191	15	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	191	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	192	1	domestic	domestic	ADJ
economy-585	192	2	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	192	3	to	to	ADP
economy-585	192	4	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	192	5	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	192	6	measures	measure	NOUN
economy-585	192	7	all	all	DET
economy-585	192	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	192	9	financial	financial	ADJ
economy-585	192	10	resources	resource	NOUN
economy-585	192	11	provided	provide	VERB
economy-585	192	12	to	to	ADP
economy-585	192	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	192	14	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	192	15	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	192	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	192	17	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	192	18	as	as	ADP
economy-585	192	19	through	through	ADP
economy-585	192	20	loans	loan	NOUN
economy-585	192	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	192	22	purchases	purchase	NOUN
economy-585	192	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	192	24	non	non	ADJ
economy-585	192	25	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	192	26	equity	equity	ADJ
economy-585	192	27	securities	security	NOUN
economy-585	192	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	192	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	192	30	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	192	31	credits	credit	NOUN
economy-585	192	32	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	192	33	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	192	34	accounts	account	NOUN
economy-585	192	35	receivable	receivable	ADJ
economy-585	192	36	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	192	37	that	that	PRON
economy-585	192	38	establish	establish	VERB
economy-585	192	39	a	a	DET
economy-585	192	40	claim	claim	NOUN
economy-585	192	41	for	for	ADP
economy-585	192	42	repayment	repayment	NOUN
economy-585	192	43	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	192	44	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	192	45	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	192	46	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	192	47	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	192	48	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	193	1	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	193	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	193	3	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	193	4	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	193	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	193	6	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	193	7	played	play	VERB
economy-585	193	8	by	by	ADP
economy-585	193	9	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	193	10	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	193	11	is	be	AUX
economy-585	193	12	paramount	paramount	ADJ
economy-585	193	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	193	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	193	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	193	16	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	193	17	between	between	ADP
economy-585	193	18	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	193	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	194	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	194	2	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	194	3	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	194	4	for	for	ADP
economy-585	194	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	194	6	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	194	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	194	8	this	this	DET
economy-585	194	9	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	194	10	is	be	AUX
economy-585	194	11	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	194	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	195	1	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	195	2	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	195	3	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	195	4	refers	refer	VERB
economy-585	195	5	to	to	ADP
economy-585	195	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	195	7	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	195	8	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	195	9	determined	determine	VERB
economy-585	195	10	by	by	ADP
economy-585	195	11	national	national	ADJ
economy-585	195	12	authorities	authority	NOUN
economy-585	195	13	from	from	ADP
economy-585	195	14	which	which	PRON
economy-585	195	15	a	a	DET
economy-585	195	16	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	195	17	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	195	18	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	195	19	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	195	20	cross	cross	NOUN
economy-585	195	21	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	195	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	195	23	is	be	AUX
economy-585	195	24	computed	compute	VERB
economy-585	195	25	by	by	ADP
economy-585	195	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	195	27	researcher	researcher	NOUN
economy-585	195	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	196	1	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	196	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	196	3	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	196	4	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	196	5	generally	generally	ADV
economy-585	196	6	changes	change	VERB
economy-585	196	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	196	8	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	196	9	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	196	10	index	index	NOUN
economy-585	196	11	has	have	VERB
economy-585	196	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	196	13	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	196	14	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	196	15	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	196	16	on	on	ADP
economy-585	196	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	196	18	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	196	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	196	20	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	196	21	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	196	22	for	for	ADP
economy-585	196	23	risk	risk	NOUN
economy-585	196	24	averse	averse	ADJ
economy-585	196	25	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	196	26	participants	participant	NOUN
economy-585	196	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	196	28	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	196	29	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	196	30	uncertainty	uncertainty	NOUN
economy-585	196	31	causes	cause	VERB
economy-585	196	32	them	they	PRON
economy-585	196	33	to	to	PART
economy-585	196	34	reduce	reduce	VERB
economy-585	196	35	their	their	PRON
economy-585	196	36	activities	activity	NOUN
economy-585	196	37	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	196	38	change	change	NOUN
economy-585	196	39	prices	price	NOUN
economy-585	196	40	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	196	41	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	196	42	shift	shift	VERB
economy-585	196	43	sources	source	NOUN
economy-585	196	44	of	of	ADP
economy-585	196	45	demand	demand	NOUN
economy-585	196	46	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	196	47	supply	supply	NOUN
economy-585	196	48	in	in	ADP
economy-585	196	49	order	order	NOUN
economy-585	196	50	to	to	PART
economy-585	196	51	minimize	minimize	VERB
economy-585	196	52	their	their	PRON
economy-585	196	53	exposure	exposure	NOUN
economy-585	196	54	to	to	ADP
economy-585	196	55	the	the	DET
economy-585	196	56	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	196	57	of	of	ADP
economy-585	196	58	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	196	59	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	196	60	volatility	volatility	NOUN
economy-585	196	61	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	196	62	chowdhury	chowdhury	PROPN
economy-585	196	63	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	196	64	1993	1993	NUM
economy-585	196	65	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	196	66	de	de	X
economy-585	196	67	vita	vita	PROPN
economy-585	196	68	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	196	69	abbott	abbott	PROPN
economy-585	196	70	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	196	71	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	196	72	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	196	73	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	197	1	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	197	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	197	3	compilation	compilation	NOUN
economy-585	197	4	by	by	ADP
economy-585	197	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	197	6	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	197	7	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	197	8	2015	2015	NUM
economy-585	197	9	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	197	10	1it	1it	NOUN
economy-585	197	11	is	be	AUX
economy-585	197	12	often	often	ADV
economy-585	197	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	197	14	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	197	15	that	that	PRON
economy-585	197	16	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	197	17	on	on	ADP
economy-585	197	18	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	197	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	197	20	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	197	21	of	of	ADP
economy-585	197	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	197	23	have	have	VERB
economy-585	197	24	inconsistencies	inconsistency	NOUN
economy-585	197	25	between	between	ADP
economy-585	197	26	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	197	27	to	to	ADP
economy-585	197	28	a	a	DET
economy-585	197	29	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	197	30	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	197	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	197	32	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	197	33	's	's	PART
economy-585	197	34	recorded	record	VERB
economy-585	197	35	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	197	36	from	from	ADP
economy-585	197	37	a	a	DET
economy-585	197	38	particular	particular	ADJ
economy-585	197	39	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	197	40	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	197	41	i.e.	i.e.	X
economy-585	197	42	the	the	DET
economy-585	197	43	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	197	44	from	from	ADP
economy-585	197	45	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	197	46	a	a	DET
economy-585	197	47	to	to	PART
economy-585	197	48	b	b	NOUN
economy-585	197	49	do	do	AUX
economy-585	197	50	not	not	PART
economy-585	197	51	always	always	ADV
economy-585	197	52	equal	equal	VERB
economy-585	197	53	the	the	DET
economy-585	197	54	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	197	55	of	of	ADP
economy-585	197	56	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	197	57	b	b	PROPN
economy-585	197	58	from	from	ADP
economy-585	197	59	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	197	60	this	this	PRON
economy-585	197	61	is	be	AUX
economy-585	197	62	due	due	ADJ
economy-585	197	63	to	to	ADP
economy-585	197	64	the	the	DET
economy-585	197	65	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	197	66	ways	way	NOUN
economy-585	197	67	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	197	68	report	report	VERB
economy-585	197	69	their	their	PRON
economy-585	197	70	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	197	71	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	197	72	i.e.	i.e.	X
economy-585	197	73	differences	difference	NOUN
economy-585	197	74	in	in	ADP
economy-585	197	75	classification	classification	NOUN
economy-585	197	76	concepts	concept	NOUN
economy-585	197	77	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	197	78	detail	detail	NOUN
economy-585	197	79	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	197	80	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	197	81	of	of	ADP
economy-585	197	82	recording	recording	NOUN
economy-585	197	83	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	197	84	valuation	valuation	NOUN
economy-585	197	85	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	197	86	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	197	87	coverage	coverage	NOUN
economy-585	197	88	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	197	89	as	as	ADV
economy-585	197	90	well	well	ADV
economy-585	197	91	as	as	ADP
economy-585	197	92	processing	process	VERB
economy-585	197	93	errors	error	NOUN
economy-585	197	94	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	198	1	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	198	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	198	3	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	198	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	198	5	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	198	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	198	7	40	40	NUM
economy-585	198	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	198	9	53	53	NUM
economy-585	198	10	47	47	NUM
economy-585	198	11	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	198	12	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	198	13	by	by	ADP
economy-585	198	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	198	15	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	198	16	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	198	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	198	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	198	19	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	198	20	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	198	21	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	198	22	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	198	23	there	there	PRON
economy-585	198	24	are	be	VERB
economy-585	198	25	many	many	ADJ
economy-585	198	26	solutions	solution	NOUN
economy-585	198	27	to	to	ADP
economy-585	198	28	this	this	DET
economy-585	198	29	problem	problem	NOUN
economy-585	198	30	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	198	31	suggested	suggest	VERB
economy-585	198	32	by	by	ADP
economy-585	198	33	the	the	DET
economy-585	198	34	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	198	35	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	198	36	confer	confer	NOUN
economy-585	198	37	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	198	38	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
economy-585	198	39	linders	linder	NOUN
economy-585	198	40	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	198	41	de	de	X
economy-585	198	42	groot	groot	X
economy-585	198	43	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	198	44	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	198	45	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	198	46	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	198	47	foroutan	foroutan	PROPN
economy-585	198	48	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	198	49	pritchett	pritchett	PROPN
economy-585	198	50	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	198	51	1993	1993	NUM
economy-585	198	52	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	198	53	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	198	54	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	199	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	199	2	most	most	ADV
economy-585	199	3	resorted	resort	VERB
economy-585	199	4	solution	solution	NOUN
economy-585	199	5	is	be	AUX
economy-585	199	6	to	to	PART
economy-585	199	7	ensure	ensure	VERB
economy-585	199	8	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	199	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	199	10	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	199	11	is	be	AUX
economy-585	199	12	selected	select	VERB
economy-585	199	13	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	199	14	that	that	PRON
economy-585	199	15	is	be	AUX
economy-585	199	16	does	do	AUX
economy-585	199	17	not	not	PART
economy-585	199	18	contain	contain	VERB
economy-585	199	19	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	199	20	with	with	ADP
economy-585	199	21	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	199	22	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	199	23	missing	missing	ADJ
economy-585	199	24	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	199	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	200	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	200	2	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
economy-585	200	3	this	this	PRON
economy-585	200	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	200	5	difficult	difficult	ADJ
economy-585	200	6	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	200	7	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	200	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	200	9	aspiration	aspiration	NOUN
economy-585	200	10	is	be	AUX
economy-585	200	11	to	to	PART
economy-585	200	12	have	have	VERB
economy-585	200	13	as	as	ADP
economy-585	200	14	broader	broad	ADJ
economy-585	200	15	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	200	16	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	200	17	as	as	ADP
economy-585	200	18	possible	possible	ADJ
economy-585	200	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	201	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	201	2	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	201	3	has	have	AUX
economy-585	201	4	been	be	AUX
economy-585	201	5	adopted	adopt	VERB
economy-585	201	6	by	by	ADP
economy-585	201	7	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	201	8	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	201	9	as	as	ADP
economy-585	201	10	frankel	frankel	PROPN
economy-585	201	11	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	201	12	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	201	13	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	202	1	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	202	2	1997	1997	NUM
economy-585	202	3	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	202	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	202	5	bikker	bikker	NOUN
economy-585	202	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	202	7	1987	1987	NUM
economy-585	202	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	202	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	203	1	another	another	DET
economy-585	203	2	solution	solution	NOUN
economy-585	203	3	/	/	SYM
economy-585	203	4	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	203	5	would	would	AUX
economy-585	203	6	be	be	AUX
economy-585	203	7	to	to	PART
economy-585	203	8	arbitrarily	arbitrarily	ADV
economy-585	203	9	substitute	substitute	VERB
economy-585	203	10	small	small	ADJ
economy-585	203	11	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	203	12	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	203	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	203	14	all	all	DET
economy-585	203	15	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	203	16	with	with	ADP
economy-585	203	17	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	203	18	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	203	19	missing	missing	ADJ
economy-585	203	20	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	203	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	204	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	204	2	would	would	AUX
economy-585	204	3	enable	enable	VERB
economy-585	204	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	204	5	logarithmic	logarithmic	ADJ
economy-585	204	6	transformation	transformation	NOUN
economy-585	204	7	process	process	NOUN
economy-585	204	8	be	be	AUX
economy-585	204	9	correctly	correctly	ADV
economy-585	204	10	done	do	VERB
economy-585	204	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	205	1	example	example	NOUN
economy-585	205	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	205	3	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	205	4	following	follow	VERB
economy-585	205	5	this	this	PRON
economy-585	205	6	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	205	7	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	205	8	linnemann	linnemann	PROPN
economy-585	205	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	205	10	1966b	1966b	NUM
economy-585	205	11	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	205	12	wang	wang	PROPN
economy-585	205	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	205	14	winters	winter	NOUN
economy-585	205	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	205	16	1992	1992	NUM
economy-585	205	17	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	205	18	raballand	raballand	NOUN
economy-585	205	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	205	20	2003	2003	NUM
economy-585	205	21	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	205	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	206	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	206	2	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	206	3	has	have	AUX
economy-585	206	4	also	also	ADV
economy-585	206	5	been	be	AUX
economy-585	206	6	challenged	challenge	VERB
economy-585	206	7	for	for	ADP
economy-585	206	8	being	be	AUX
economy-585	206	9	an	an	DET
economy-585	206	10	ad	ad	NOUN
economy-585	206	11	hoc	hoc	X
economy-585	206	12	process	process	NOUN
economy-585	206	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	206	14	does	do	AUX
economy-585	206	15	not	not	PART
economy-585	206	16	guarantee	guarantee	VERB
economy-585	206	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	206	18	underlying	underlying	ADJ
economy-585	206	19	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	206	20	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	206	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	207	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	207	2	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	207	3	has	have	AUX
economy-585	207	4	adopted	adopt	VERB
economy-585	207	5	approaches	approach	NOUN
economy-585	207	6	one	one	NUM
economy-585	207	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	207	8	two	two	NUM
economy-585	207	9	together	together	ADV
economy-585	207	10	so	so	SCONJ
economy-585	207	11	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	207	12	they	they	PRON
economy-585	207	13	can	can	AUX
economy-585	207	14	complement	complement	VERB
economy-585	207	15	each	each	DET
economy-585	207	16	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	207	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	207	18	first	first	ADV
economy-585	207	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	207	20	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	207	21	selection	selection	NOUN
economy-585	207	22	is	be	AUX
economy-585	207	23	based	base	VERB
economy-585	207	24	on	on	ADP
economy-585	207	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	207	26	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	207	27	with	with	ADP
economy-585	207	28	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	207	29	gaps	gap	NOUN
economy-585	207	30	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	207	31	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	207	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	207	33	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	207	34	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	207	35	also	also	ADV
economy-585	207	36	took	take	VERB
economy-585	207	37	into	into	ADP
economy-585	207	38	consideration	consideration	NOUN
economy-585	207	39	the	the	DET
economy-585	207	40	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	207	41	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	207	42	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	207	43	of	of	ADP
economy-585	207	44	the	the	DET
economy-585	207	45	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	207	46	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	207	47	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	207	48	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	207	49	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	207	50	has	have	VERB
economy-585	207	51	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	207	52	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	207	53	in	in	ADP
economy-585	207	54	their	their	PRON
economy-585	207	55	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	207	56	leaving	leave	VERB
economy-585	207	57	aside	aside	ADV
economy-585	207	58	those	those	DET
economy-585	207	59	years	year	NOUN
economy-585	207	60	with	with	ADP
economy-585	207	61	missing	miss	VERB
economy-585	207	62	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	207	63	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	208	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	208	2	this	this	DET
economy-585	208	3	way	way	NOUN
economy-585	208	4	there	there	PRON
economy-585	208	5	were	be	VERB
economy-585	208	6	very	very	ADV
economy-585	208	7	few	few	ADJ
economy-585	208	8	gaps	gap	NOUN
economy-585	208	9	which	which	PRON
economy-585	208	10	were	be	AUX
economy-585	208	11	taken	take	VERB
economy-585	208	12	care	care	NOUN
economy-585	208	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	208	14	by	by	ADP
economy-585	208	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	208	16	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	208	17	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	208	18	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	209	1	otherwise	otherwise	ADV
economy-585	209	2	some	some	DET
economy-585	209	3	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	209	4	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	209	5	resorted	resort	VERB
economy-585	209	6	to	to	ADP
economy-585	209	7	some	some	DET
economy-585	209	8	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	209	9	approaches	approach	NOUN
economy-585	209	10	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	209	11	as	as	ADP
economy-585	209	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	209	13	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	209	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	209	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	209	16	original	original	ADJ
economy-585	209	17	multiplicative	multiplicative	ADJ
economy-585	209	18	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	209	19	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	209	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	209	21	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	209	22	nonlinear	nonlinear	ADJ
economy-585	209	23	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	209	24	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	209	25	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	209	26	see	see	VERB
economy-585	209	27	for	for	ADP
economy-585	209	28	example	example	NOUN
economy-585	209	29	coe	coe	PROPN
economy-585	209	30	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	209	31	hoffmaister	hoffmaister	PROPN
economy-585	209	32	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	209	33	1999	1999	NUM
economy-585	209	34	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	209	35	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	209	36	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	210	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	210	2	this	this	DET
economy-585	210	3	way	way	NOUN
economy-585	210	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	210	5	there	there	PRON
economy-585	210	6	was	be	VERB
economy-585	210	7	no	no	DET
economy-585	210	8	need	need	NOUN
economy-585	210	9	for	for	ADP
economy-585	210	10	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	210	11	transformation	transformation	NOUN
economy-585	210	12	process	process	NOUN
economy-585	210	13	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	210	14	observation	observation	NOUN
economy-585	210	15	with	with	ADP
economy-585	210	16	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	210	17	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	210	18	would	would	AUX
economy-585	210	19	be	be	AUX
economy-585	210	20	problematic	problematic	ADJ
economy-585	210	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	211	1	some	some	DET
economy-585	211	2	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	211	3	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	211	4	adopting	adopt	VERB
economy-585	211	5	linear	linear	ADJ
economy-585	211	6	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	211	7	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	211	8	have	have	AUX
economy-585	211	9	used	use	VERB
economy-585	211	10	tobit	tobit	NOUN
economy-585	211	11	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	211	12	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	211	13	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	211	14	linders	linder	NOUN
economy-585	211	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	211	16	de	de	X
economy-585	211	17	groot	groot	PROPN
economy-585	211	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	211	19	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	211	20	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	211	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	212	1	7	7	X
economy-585	212	2	.	.	X
economy-585	212	3	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	212	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	212	5	an	an	DET
economy-585	212	6	examination	examination	NOUN
economy-585	212	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	212	8	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	212	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	212	10	between	between	ADP
economy-585	212	11	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	212	12	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	212	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	212	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	212	15	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	212	16	formed	form	VERB
economy-585	212	17	two	two	NUM
economy-585	212	18	ways	way	NOUN
economy-585	212	19	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	212	20	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	212	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	212	22	which	which	PRON
economy-585	212	23	makes	make	VERB
economy-585	212	24	two	two	NUM
economy-585	212	25	sets	set	NOUN
economy-585	212	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	212	27	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	212	28	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	212	29	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	213	1	to	to	PART
economy-585	213	2	be	be	AUX
economy-585	213	3	consistent	consistent	ADJ
economy-585	213	4	with	with	ADP
economy-585	213	5	what	what	PRON
economy-585	213	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	213	7	being	be	AUX
economy-585	213	8	measured	measure	VERB
economy-585	213	9	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	213	10	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	213	11	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	213	12	with	with	ADP
economy-585	213	13	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	213	14	set	set	NOUN
economy-585	213	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	213	16	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	213	17	is	be	AUX
economy-585	213	18	used	use	VERB
economy-585	213	19	so	so	ADV
economy-585	213	20	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	213	21	to	to	PART
economy-585	213	22	obtain	obtain	VERB
economy-585	213	23	coherent	coherent	ADJ
economy-585	213	24	test	test	NOUN
economy-585	213	25	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	213	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	214	1	below	below	ADP
economy-585	214	2	two	two	NUM
economy-585	214	3	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	214	4	are	be	AUX
economy-585	214	5	presented	present	VERB
economy-585	214	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	214	7	one	one	NUM
economy-585	214	8	is	be	AUX
economy-585	214	9	for	for	ADP
economy-585	214	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	214	11	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	214	12	at	at	ADP
economy-585	214	13	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	214	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	214	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	214	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	214	17	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	214	18	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	214	19	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	214	20	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	214	21	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	214	22	i.e.	i.e.	X
economy-585	214	23	a	a	DET
economy-585	214	24	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	214	25	of	of	ADP
economy-585	214	26	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	214	27	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	214	28	for	for	ADP
economy-585	214	29	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	214	30	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	214	31	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	214	32	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	214	33	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	214	34	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	214	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	215	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	215	2	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	215	3	also	also	ADV
economy-585	215	4	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	215	5	a	a	DET
economy-585	215	6	dummy	dummy	ADJ
economy-585	215	7	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	215	8	for	for	ADP
economy-585	215	9	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	215	10	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	215	11	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	215	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	215	13	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	215	14	a	a	DET
economy-585	215	15	two	two	NUM
economy-585	215	16	way	way	NOUN
economy-585	215	17	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	215	18	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	215	19	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	215	20	observing	observe	VERB
economy-585	215	21	variations	variation	NOUN
economy-585	215	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	215	23	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	215	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	215	25	panels	panel	NOUN
economy-585	215	26	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	215	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	216	1	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	216	2	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	216	3	using	use	VERB
economy-585	216	4	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	216	5	at	at	ADP
economy-585	216	6	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	216	7	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	216	8	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	216	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	216	10	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	216	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	216	12	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	216	13	per	per	ADP
economy-585	216	14	capita	capita	X
economy-585	216	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	216	16	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	216	17	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	216	18	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	216	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	216	20	domestic	domestic	ADJ
economy-585	216	21	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	216	22	to	to	ADP
economy-585	216	23	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	216	24	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	216	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	216	26	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	216	27	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	216	28	are	be	AUX
economy-585	216	29	in	in	ADP
economy-585	216	30	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	216	31	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	216	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	217	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	217	2	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	217	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	217	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	217	5	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	217	6	are	be	AUX
economy-585	217	7	either	either	ADV
economy-585	217	8	presented	present	VERB
economy-585	217	9	as	as	ADP
economy-585	217	10	ratios	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	217	11	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	217	12	they	they	PRON
economy-585	217	13	are	be	AUX
economy-585	217	14	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	217	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	217	16	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	217	17	there	there	PRON
economy-585	217	18	was	be	VERB
economy-585	217	19	no	no	DET
economy-585	217	20	necessity	necessity	NOUN
economy-585	217	21	of	of	ADP
economy-585	217	22	converting	convert	VERB
economy-585	217	23	them	they	PRON
economy-585	217	24	into	into	ADP
economy-585	217	25	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	217	26	logs	log	NOUN
economy-585	217	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	218	1	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	218	2	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	218	3	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	218	4	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	218	5	a	a	DET
economy-585	218	6	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	218	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	218	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	218	9	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	218	10	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	218	11	to	to	ADP
economy-585	218	12	public	public	ADJ
economy-585	218	13	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	218	14	telephone	telephone	NOUN
economy-585	218	15	network	network	NOUN
economy-585	218	16	services	service	NOUN
economy-585	218	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	218	18	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	218	19	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	218	20	is	be	AUX
economy-585	218	21	a	a	DET
economy-585	218	22	percentage	percentage	NOUN
economy-585	218	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	218	24	total	total	ADJ
economy-585	218	25	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	218	26	mass	mass	NOUN
economy-585	218	27	of	of	ADP
economy-585	218	28	a	a	DET
economy-585	218	29	particular	particular	ADJ
economy-585	218	30	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	218	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	219	1	dummy	dummy	ADJ
economy-585	219	2	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	219	3	include	include	VERB
economy-585	219	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	219	5	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	219	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	219	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	219	8	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	219	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	219	10	i.e.	i.e.	X
economy-585	219	11	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	219	12	they	they	PRON
economy-585	219	13	are	be	AUX
economy-585	219	14	members	member	NOUN
economy-585	219	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	219	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	219	17	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	219	18	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	219	19	organisation	organisation	NOUN
economy-585	219	20	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	219	21	not	not	PART
economy-585	219	22	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	219	23	0	0	NUM
economy-585	219	24	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	219	25	none	none	NOUN
economy-585	219	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	219	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	219	28	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	219	29	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	219	30	is	be	AUX
economy-585	219	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	219	32	1	1	NUM
economy-585	219	33	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	219	34	one	one	NUM
economy-585	219	35	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	219	36	in	in	ADP
economy-585	219	37	a	a	DET
economy-585	219	38	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	219	39	is	be	AUX
economy-585	219	40	a	a	DET
economy-585	219	41	member	member	NOUN
economy-585	219	42	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	219	43	2	2	NUM
economy-585	219	44	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	219	45	both	both	PRON
economy-585	219	46	are	be	AUX
economy-585	219	47	members	member	NOUN
economy-585	219	48	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	219	49	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	219	50	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	219	51	measures	measure	NOUN
economy-585	219	52	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	219	53	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	219	54	belong	belong	VERB
economy-585	219	55	to	to	ADP
economy-585	219	56	a	a	DET
economy-585	219	57	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	219	58	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	219	59	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	219	60	0	0	NUM
economy-585	219	61	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	219	62	none	none	NOUN
economy-585	219	63	is	be	AUX
economy-585	219	64	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	219	65	1	1	NUM
economy-585	219	66	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	219	67	one	one	NUM
economy-585	219	68	in	in	ADP
economy-585	219	69	the	the	DET
economy-585	219	70	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	219	71	is	be	AUX
economy-585	219	72	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	219	73	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	219	74	2	2	NUM
economy-585	219	75	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	219	76	both	both	PRON
economy-585	219	77	are	be	AUX
economy-585	219	78	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	219	79	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	219	80	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	219	81	indicates	indicate	VERB
economy-585	219	82	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	219	83	both	both	DET
economy-585	219	84	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	219	85	have	have	VERB
economy-585	219	86	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	219	87	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	219	88	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	219	89	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	219	90	not	not	PART
economy-585	219	91	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	220	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	220	2	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	220	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	220	4	presented	present	VERB
economy-585	220	5	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	220	6	follows	follow	VERB
economy-585	220	7	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	220	8	logexpijt=	logexpijt=	NUM
economy-585	220	9	β0	β0	NOUN
economy-585	220	10	+	+	NOUN
economy-585	220	11	β1log(popnit	β1log(popnit	X
economy-585	220	12	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	221	1	+	+	CCONJ
economy-585	221	2	β2log	β2log	SYM
economy-585	221	3	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	221	4	popnjt)+	popnjt)+	NOUN
economy-585	221	5	β3log(gdpppit	β3log(gdpppit	PROPN
economy-585	221	6	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	221	7	+	+	NUM
economy-585	221	8	β4log	β4log	PROPN
economy-585	221	9	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	221	10	gdpppjt)+β5log(exchijt	gdpppjt)+β5log(exchijt	NOUN
economy-585	221	11	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	221	12	+	+	CCONJ
economy-585	221	13	β6log(distij)+	β6log(distij)+	SYM
economy-585	221	14	β7log(crdprit)+	β7log(crdprit)+	PROPN
economy-585	221	15	β8log(crdprjt)+	β8log(crdprjt)+	PROPN
economy-585	221	16	β9mobilit	β9mobilit	PROPN
economy-585	221	17	+	+	CCONJ
economy-585	221	18	β10mobiljt	β10mobiljt	PROPN
economy-585	221	19	+	+	PUNCT
economy-585	221	20	β11arbli+	β11arbli+	ADJ
economy-585	221	21	β12arblj+	β12arblj+	ADJ
economy-585	221	22	β13wtoij	β13wtoij	NOUN
economy-585	221	23	+	+	CCONJ
economy-585	221	24	β14landlij	β14landlij	NOUN
economy-585	222	1	+	+	NOUN
economy-585	222	2	β15langij	β15langij	PROPN
economy-585	222	3	+	+	NOUN
economy-585	222	4	∂d+ηijt	∂d+ηijt	PROPN
economy-585	222	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	222	6	v	v	NOUN
economy-585	222	7	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	223	1	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	223	2	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	223	3	β	β	X
economy-585	223	4	=	=	PUNCT
economy-585	223	5	represents	represent	VERB
economy-585	223	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	223	7	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	223	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	223	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	223	10	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	223	11	logexpijt=	logexpijt=	NUM
economy-585	223	12	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	223	13	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	223	14	for	for	ADP
economy-585	223	15	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	223	16	from	from	ADP
economy-585	223	17	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	223	18	i	i	PRON
economy-585	223	19	to	to	ADP
economy-585	223	20	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	223	21	logpopnit=	logpopnit=	NUM
economy-585	223	22	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	223	23	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	223	24	for	for	ADP
economy-585	223	25	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	223	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	223	27	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	223	28	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	223	29	logpopnjt=	logpopnjt=	NUM
economy-585	223	30	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	223	31	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	223	32	for	for	ADP
economy-585	223	33	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	223	34	of	of	ADP
economy-585	223	35	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	223	36	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	223	37	loggdpppit=	loggdpppit=	NUM
economy-585	223	38	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	223	39	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	223	40	for	for	ADP
economy-585	223	41	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	223	42	per	per	ADP
economy-585	223	43	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	223	44	of	of	ADP
economy-585	223	45	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	223	46	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	223	47	loggdpppjt	loggdpppjt	NOUN
economy-585	223	48	=	=	PUNCT
economy-585	223	49	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	223	50	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	223	51	for	for	ADP
economy-585	223	52	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	223	53	per	per	ADP
economy-585	223	54	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	223	55	of	of	ADP
economy-585	223	56	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	223	57	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	223	58	logexchijt	logexchijt	NOUN
economy-585	223	59	=	=	SYM
economy-585	223	60	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	223	61	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
economy-585	223	62	for	for	ADP
economy-585	223	63	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	223	64	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	223	65	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	224	1	logdistij	logdistij	ADJ
economy-585	224	2	=	=	NOUN
economy-585	224	3	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	224	4	between	between	ADP
economy-585	224	5	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	224	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	224	7	i	i	NOUN
economy-585	224	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	224	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	224	10	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	224	11	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	224	12	j	j	NOUN
economy-585	224	13	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	224	14	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	224	15	logcrprit	logcrprit	NOUN
economy-585	224	16	=	=	NOUN
economy-585	224	17	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	224	18	to	to	ADP
economy-585	224	19	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	224	20	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	224	21	for	for	ADP
economy-585	224	22	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	224	23	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	224	24	logcrprjt=	logcrprjt=	ADJ
economy-585	224	25	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	224	26	to	to	ADP
economy-585	224	27	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	224	28	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	224	29	for	for	ADP
economy-585	224	30	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	224	31	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	224	32	mobit	mobit	NOUN
economy-585	225	1	=	=	ADJ
economy-585	225	2	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	225	3	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	225	4	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	225	5	for	for	ADP
economy-585	225	6	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	225	7	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	225	8	mobjt	mobjt	NOUN
economy-585	225	9	=	=	ADJ
economy-585	225	10	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	225	11	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	225	12	subscription	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	225	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	225	14	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	225	15	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	225	16	arbli	arbli	VERB
economy-585	225	17	=	=	VERB
economy-585	225	18	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	225	19	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	225	20	for	for	ADP
economy-585	225	21	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	225	22	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	225	23	arblj	arblj	NOUN
economy-585	225	24	=	=	VERB
economy-585	225	25	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	225	26	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	225	27	for	for	ADP
economy-585	225	28	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	225	29	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	225	30	wtoij	wtoij	NOUN
economy-585	225	31	=	=	SYM
economy-585	225	32	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	225	33	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	225	34	landlij	landlij	PROPN
economy-585	225	35	=	=	PROPN
economy-585	225	36	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	225	37	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	225	38	1	1	NUM
economy-585	225	39	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	225	40	one	one	NUM
economy-585	225	41	of	of	ADP
economy-585	225	42	the	the	DET
economy-585	225	43	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	225	44	in	in	ADP
economy-585	225	45	a	a	DET
economy-585	225	46	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	225	47	is	be	AUX
economy-585	225	48	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	225	49	locked	lock	VERB
economy-585	225	50	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	225	51	2	2	NUM
economy-585	225	52	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	225	53	both	both	PRON
economy-585	225	54	are	be	AUX
economy-585	225	55	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	225	56	locked	locked	ADJ
economy-585	225	57	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	225	58	langij	langij	NOUN
economy-585	225	59	=	=	ADJ
economy-585	225	60	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	225	61	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	225	62	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	225	63	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	225	64	1	1	NUM
economy-585	225	65	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	225	66	both	both	DET
economy-585	225	67	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	225	68	use	use	VERB
economy-585	225	69	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	225	70	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	225	71	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	225	72	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	225	73	∂d	∂d	PROPN
economy-585	226	1	=	=	PRON
economy-585	226	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	226	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	226	4	vector	vector	NOUN
economy-585	226	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	226	6	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	226	7	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	226	8	for	for	ADP
economy-585	226	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	226	10	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	226	11	1982	1982	NUM
economy-585	226	12	through	through	ADP
economy-585	226	13	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	226	14	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	226	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	226	16	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	226	17	dummy	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	226	18	for	for	ADP
economy-585	226	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	226	20	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	226	21	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	226	22	is	be	AUX
economy-585	226	23	dropped	drop	VERB
economy-585	226	24	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	226	25	ηijt	ηijt	NOUN
economy-585	226	26	=	=	PUNCT
economy-585	226	27	is	be	AUX
economy-585	226	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	226	29	error	error	NOUN
economy-585	226	30	term	term	NOUN
economy-585	226	31	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	226	32	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	226	33	including	include	VERB
economy-585	226	34	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	226	35	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	226	36	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	226	37	this	this	DET
economy-585	226	38	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	226	39	uses	use	VERB
economy-585	226	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	226	41	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	226	42	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	226	43	as	as	ADP
economy-585	226	44	above	above	ADV
economy-585	226	45	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	226	46	only	only	ADV
economy-585	226	47	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	226	48	it	it	PRON
economy-585	226	49	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	226	50	some	some	DET
economy-585	226	51	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	226	52	representing	represent	VERB
economy-585	226	53	a	a	DET
economy-585	226	54	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	226	55	of	of	ADP
economy-585	226	56	two	two	NUM
economy-585	226	57	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	226	58	for	for	ADP
economy-585	226	59	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	226	60	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	226	61	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	226	62	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	226	63	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	227	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	227	2	aim	aim	NOUN
economy-585	227	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	227	4	to	to	PART
economy-585	227	5	examine	examine	VERB
economy-585	227	6	how	how	SCONJ
economy-585	227	7	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
economy-585	227	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	227	9	two	two	NUM
economy-585	227	10	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	227	11	can	can	AUX
economy-585	227	12	influence	influence	VERB
economy-585	227	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	227	14	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	227	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	227	16	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	227	17	between	between	ADP
economy-585	227	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	227	19	two	two	NUM
economy-585	227	20	parties	party	NOUN
economy-585	227	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	228	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	228	2	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	228	3	in	in	ADP
economy-585	228	4	a	a	DET
economy-585	228	5	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	228	6	form	form	NOUN
economy-585	228	7	include	include	VERB
economy-585	228	8	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	228	9	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	228	10	subscription	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	228	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	228	12	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	228	13	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	228	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	228	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	228	16	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	228	17	to	to	ADP
economy-585	228	18	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	228	19	sectors	sector	NOUN
economy-585	228	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	228	21	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	228	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	228	23	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	228	24	per	per	ADP
economy-585	228	25	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	228	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	229	1	logexpijt	logexpijt	NOUN
economy-585	229	2	=	=	NOUN
economy-585	229	3	β0+β1log(popnijt)+β2log(gdpijt)+β3log(exchijt)+β4log(distij)+β5log(crdprijt)+β6log(mobilijt)+β7log(ar	β0+β1log(popnijt)+β2log(gdpijt)+β3log(exchijt)+β4log(distij)+β5log(crdprijt)+β6log(mobilijt)+β7log(ar	NOUN
economy-585	229	4	blij)+	blij)+	NOUN
economy-585	229	5	β8wtoij+β9landlij	β8wtoij+β9landlij	NOUN
economy-585	230	1	+	+	PROPN
economy-585	230	2	β10langij+∂d+ηijt	β10langij+∂d+ηijt	PROPN
economy-585	230	3	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	230	4	vi	vi	NOUN
economy-585	230	5	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	230	6	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	230	7	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	230	8	logpopnijt=	logpopnijt=	NUM
economy-585	230	9	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	230	10	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	230	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	230	13	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	230	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	15	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	230	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	17	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	230	18	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	230	19	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	230	20	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	230	21	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	230	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	230	23	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	230	24	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	230	25	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	230	26	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	230	27	40	40	NUM
economy-585	230	28	-	-	SYM
economy-585	230	29	53	53	NUM
economy-585	230	30	48	48	NUM
economy-585	230	31	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	230	32	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	230	33	by	by	ADP
economy-585	230	34	the	the	DET
economy-585	230	35	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	230	36	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	230	37	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	230	38	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	230	39	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	230	40	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	230	41	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	230	42	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	230	43	loggdpppijt=	loggdpppijt=	NUM
economy-585	230	44	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	230	45	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	230	46	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	47	a	a	DET
economy-585	230	48	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	230	49	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	50	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	230	51	per	per	ADP
economy-585	230	52	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	230	53	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	54	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	230	55	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	230	56	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	230	57	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	230	58	logcrprijt	logcrprijt	NOUN
economy-585	230	59	=	=	SYM
economy-585	230	60	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	230	61	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	230	62	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	63	a	a	DET
economy-585	230	64	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	230	65	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	66	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	230	67	to	to	ADP
economy-585	230	68	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	230	69	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	230	70	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	71	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	230	72	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	230	73	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	230	74	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	230	75	logmobijt	logmobijt	NOUN
economy-585	230	76	=	=	SYM
economy-585	230	77	anatural	anatural	ADJ
economy-585	230	78	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	230	79	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	80	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	230	81	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	82	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	230	83	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	230	84	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	230	85	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	86	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	230	87	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	230	88	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	230	89	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	230	90	logarblij	logarblij	NOUN
economy-585	230	91	=	=	SYM
economy-585	230	92	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	230	93	log	log	NOUN
economy-585	230	94	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	95	a	a	DET
economy-585	230	96	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	230	97	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	98	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	230	99	to	to	ADP
economy-585	230	100	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	230	101	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	230	102	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	230	103	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	230	104	for	for	ADP
economy-585	230	105	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	230	106	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	230	107	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	230	108	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	230	109	the	the	DET
economy-585	230	110	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	230	111	of	of	ADP
economy-585	230	112	the	the	DET
economy-585	230	113	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	230	114	are	be	AUX
economy-585	230	115	defined	define	VERB
economy-585	230	116	as	as	ADP
economy-585	230	117	above	above	ADV
economy-585	230	118	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	230	119	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	230	120	5	5	NUM
economy-585	230	121	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	230	122	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	231	1	since	since	SCONJ
economy-585	231	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	231	3	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	231	4	data	data	VERB
economy-585	231	5	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	231	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	231	7	used	use	VERB
economy-585	231	8	in	in	ADP
economy-585	231	9	this	this	DET
economy-585	231	10	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	231	11	to	to	PART
economy-585	231	12	examine	examine	VERB
economy-585	231	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	231	14	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	231	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	231	16	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	231	17	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	231	18	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	231	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	231	20	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
economy-585	231	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	231	22	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	231	23	contains	contain	VERB
economy-585	231	24	several	several	ADJ
economy-585	231	25	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	231	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	231	27	a	a	DET
economy-585	231	28	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	231	29	of	of	ADP
economy-585	231	30	periods	period	NOUN
economy-585	231	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	231	32	there	there	PRON
economy-585	231	33	is	be	VERB
economy-585	231	34	a	a	DET
economy-585	231	35	need	need	NOUN
economy-585	231	36	also	also	ADV
economy-585	231	37	to	to	PART
economy-585	231	38	test	test	VERB
economy-585	231	39	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	231	40	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	231	41	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	231	42	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	231	43	have	have	VERB
economy-585	231	44	a	a	DET
economy-585	231	45	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	231	46	on	on	ADP
economy-585	231	47	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	231	48	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	231	49	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	231	50	as	as	ADV
economy-585	231	51	well	well	ADV
economy-585	231	52	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	232	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	232	2	a	a	DET
economy-585	232	3	full	full	ADJ
economy-585	232	4	set	set	NOUN
economy-585	232	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	232	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	232	7	t-1	t-1	PROPN
economy-585	232	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	232	9	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	232	10	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	232	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	232	12	one	one	NUM
economy-585	232	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	232	14	each	each	DET
economy-585	232	15	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	232	16	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	232	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	232	18	first	first	ADJ
economy-585	232	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	232	20	is	be	AUX
economy-585	232	21	introduced	introduce	VERB
economy-585	232	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	233	1	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	233	2	these	these	DET
economy-585	233	3	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	233	4	are	be	AUX
economy-585	233	5	not	not	PART
economy-585	233	6	included	include	VERB
economy-585	233	7	it	it	PRON
economy-585	233	8	may	may	AUX
economy-585	233	9	lead	lead	VERB
economy-585	233	10	to	to	ADP
economy-585	233	11	omitted	omit	VERB
economy-585	233	12	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	233	13	bias	bias	NOUN
economy-585	233	14	in	in	ADP
economy-585	233	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	233	16	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	233	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	234	1	these	these	DET
economy-585	234	2	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	234	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	234	4	are	be	AUX
economy-585	234	5	shift	shift	NOUN
economy-585	234	6	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	234	7	that	that	PRON
economy-585	234	8	take	take	VERB
economy-585	234	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	234	10	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	234	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	234	12	one	one	NUM
economy-585	234	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	234	14	all	all	DET
economy-585	234	15	states	state	NOUN
economy-585	234	16	in	in	ADP
economy-585	234	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	234	18	reference	reference	NOUN
economy-585	234	19	years	year	NOUN
economy-585	234	20	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	234	21	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	234	22	in	in	ADP
economy-585	234	23	all	all	DET
economy-585	234	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	234	25	others	other	NOUN
economy-585	234	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	235	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
economy-585	235	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	235	3	after	after	SCONJ
economy-585	235	4	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	235	5	regressions	regression	NOUN
economy-585	235	6	are	be	AUX
economy-585	235	7	obtained	obtain	VERB
economy-585	235	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	235	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	235	10	joint	joint	ADJ
economy-585	235	11	test	test	NOUN
economy-585	235	12	is	be	AUX
economy-585	235	13	conducted	conduct	VERB
economy-585	235	14	to	to	PART
economy-585	235	15	see	see	VERB
economy-585	235	16	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	235	17	these	these	DET
economy-585	235	18	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	235	19	are	be	AUX
economy-585	235	20	jointly	jointly	ADV
economy-585	235	21	equal	equal	ADJ
economy-585	235	22	to	to	ADP
economy-585	235	23	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	235	24	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	235	25	not	not	PART
economy-585	235	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	236	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	236	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	236	3	not	not	PART
economy-585	236	4	included	include	VERB
economy-585	236	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	236	6	any	any	PRON
economy-585	236	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	236	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	236	9	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	236	10	above	above	ADV
economy-585	236	11	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	236	12	it	it	PRON
economy-585	236	13	is	be	AUX
economy-585	236	14	a	a	DET
economy-585	236	15	post	post	NOUN
economy-585	236	16	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	236	17	process	process	NOUN
economy-585	236	18	by	by	ADP
economy-585	236	19	using	use	VERB
economy-585	236	20	a	a	DET
economy-585	236	21	‘	'	PUNCT
economy-585	236	22	test	test	NOUN
economy-585	236	23	varlist	varlist	NOUN
economy-585	236	24	’	'	PUNCT
economy-585	236	25	command	command	NOUN
economy-585	236	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	237	1	if	if	SCONJ
economy-585	237	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	237	3	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	237	4	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	237	5	are	be	AUX
economy-585	237	6	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	237	7	then	then	ADV
economy-585	237	8	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	237	9	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	237	10	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	237	11	have	have	VERB
economy-585	237	12	no	no	DET
economy-585	237	13	influence	influence	NOUN
economy-585	237	14	on	on	ADP
economy-585	237	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	237	16	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	237	17	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	237	18	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	237	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	238	1	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	238	2	it	it	PRON
economy-585	238	3	will	will	AUX
economy-585	238	4	be	be	AUX
economy-585	238	5	testing	test	VERB
economy-585	238	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	238	7	null	null	ADJ
economy-585	238	8	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
economy-585	238	9	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	238	10	all	all	DET
economy-585	238	11	years	year	NOUN
economy-585	238	12	’	'	PUNCT
economy-585	238	13	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	238	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	238	15	jointly	jointly	ADV
economy-585	238	16	equal	equal	ADJ
economy-585	238	17	to	to	ADP
economy-585	238	18	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	238	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	239	1	failing	fail	VERB
economy-585	239	2	to	to	PART
economy-585	239	3	reject	reject	VERB
economy-585	239	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	239	5	null	null	ADJ
economy-585	239	6	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
economy-585	239	7	will	will	AUX
economy-585	239	8	mean	mean	VERB
economy-585	239	9	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	239	10	no	no	DET
economy-585	239	11	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	239	12	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	239	13	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	239	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	239	15	needed	need	VERB
economy-585	239	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	240	1	8	8	X
economy-585	240	2	.	.	X
economy-585	240	3	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	240	4	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	240	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	240	6	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	240	7	uses	use	VERB
economy-585	240	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	240	9	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	240	10	based	base	VERB
economy-585	240	11	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	240	12	following	follow	VERB
economy-585	240	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	240	14	criticisms	criticism	NOUN
economy-585	240	15	over	over	ADP
economy-585	240	16	using	use	VERB
economy-585	240	17	cross	cross	NOUN
economy-585	240	18	section	section	NOUN
economy-585	240	19	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	240	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	240	21	which	which	PRON
economy-585	240	22	is	be	AUX
economy-585	240	23	misspecification	misspecification	NOUN
economy-585	240	24	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	240	25	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	240	26	it	it	PRON
economy-585	240	27	can	can	AUX
economy-585	240	28	not	not	PART
economy-585	240	29	deal	deal	VERB
economy-585	240	30	with	with	ADP
economy-585	240	31	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	240	32	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
economy-585	240	33	present	present	ADJ
economy-585	240	34	in	in	ADP
economy-585	240	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	240	36	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	240	37	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	240	38	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	240	39	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	241	1	with	with	ADP
economy-585	241	2	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	241	3	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	241	4	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	241	5	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
economy-585	241	6	issues	issue	NOUN
economy-585	241	7	are	be	AUX
economy-585	241	8	modelled	model	VERB
economy-585	241	9	by	by	ADP
economy-585	241	10	including	include	VERB
economy-585	241	11	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	241	12	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	241	13	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	241	14	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	241	15	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	241	16	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	241	17	serlenga	serlenga	ADJ
economy-585	241	18	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	241	19	shin	shin	NOUN
economy-585	241	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	241	21	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	241	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	241	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	242	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	242	2	essence	essence	NOUN
economy-585	242	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	242	4	using	use	VERB
economy-585	242	5	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	242	6	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	242	7	is	be	AUX
economy-585	242	8	to	to	PART
economy-585	242	9	control	control	VERB
economy-585	242	10	for	for	ADP
economy-585	242	11	these	these	DET
economy-585	242	12	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	242	13	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	242	14	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	242	15	that	that	PRON
economy-585	242	16	are	be	AUX
economy-585	242	17	possibly	possibly	ADV
economy-585	242	18	unobservable	unobservable	ADJ
economy-585	242	19	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	242	20	may	may	AUX
economy-585	242	21	be	be	AUX
economy-585	242	22	correlated	correlate	VERB
economy-585	242	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	242	24	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	242	25	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	242	26	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	242	27	in	in	ADP
economy-585	242	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	242	29	econometric	econometric	ADJ
economy-585	242	30	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	242	31	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	242	32	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	242	33	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	242	34	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	242	35	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	242	36	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	242	37	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	242	38	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	243	1	there	there	PRON
economy-585	243	2	are	be	VERB
economy-585	243	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	243	4	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	243	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	243	6	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	243	7	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	243	8	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	243	9	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	243	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	243	11	traditional	traditional	ADJ
economy-585	243	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	243	13	commonly	commonly	ADV
economy-585	243	14	used	use	VERB
economy-585	243	15	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	243	16	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	243	17	for	for	ADP
economy-585	243	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	243	19	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	243	20	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	243	21	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	243	22	has	have	AUX
economy-585	243	23	been	be	AUX
economy-585	243	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	243	25	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
economy-585	243	26	least	least	ADJ
economy-585	243	27	squares	square	NOUN
economy-585	243	28	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	243	29	ols	ol	NOUN
economy-585	243	30	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	243	31	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	243	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	244	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	244	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	244	3	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	244	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	244	5	ols	ol	NOUN
economy-585	244	6	has	have	AUX
economy-585	244	7	been	be	AUX
economy-585	244	8	challenged	challenge	VERB
economy-585	244	9	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	244	10	its	its	PRON
economy-585	244	11	implementation	implementation	NOUN
economy-585	244	12	assumptions	assumption	NOUN
economy-585	244	13	are	be	AUX
economy-585	244	14	not	not	PART
economy-585	244	15	in	in	ADP
economy-585	244	16	line	line	NOUN
economy-585	244	17	with	with	ADP
economy-585	244	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	244	19	underlying	underlie	VERB
economy-585	244	20	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
economy-585	244	21	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	244	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	245	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	245	2	ignores	ignore	VERB
economy-585	245	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	245	4	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	245	5	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	245	6	there	there	PRON
economy-585	245	7	can	can	AUX
economy-585	245	8	be	be	AUX
economy-585	245	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	245	10	correlation	correlation	NOUN
economy-585	245	11	between	between	ADP
economy-585	245	12	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	245	13	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	245	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	245	15	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	245	16	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	245	17	which	which	PRON
economy-585	245	18	are	be	AUX
economy-585	245	19	unobservable	unobservable	ADJ
economy-585	245	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	245	21	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	245	22	resulting	result	VERB
economy-585	245	23	to	to	ADP
economy-585	245	24	coefficient	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	245	25	estimates	estimate	NOUN
economy-585	245	26	that	that	PRON
economy-585	245	27	are	be	AUX
economy-585	245	28	severely	severely	ADV
economy-585	245	29	biased	biased	ADJ
economy-585	245	30	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	245	31	serlenga	serlenga	ADJ
economy-585	245	32	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	245	33	shin	shin	NOUN
economy-585	245	34	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	245	35	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	245	36	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	245	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	246	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	246	2	also	also	ADV
economy-585	246	3	fails	fail	VERB
economy-585	246	4	to	to	PART
economy-585	246	5	account	account	VERB
economy-585	246	6	for	for	ADP
economy-585	246	7	endogeneity	endogeneity	NOUN
economy-585	246	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	246	9	biasness	biasness	NOUN
economy-585	246	10	resulting	result	VERB
economy-585	246	11	from	from	ADP
economy-585	246	12	omission	omission	NOUN
economy-585	246	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	246	14	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	246	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	247	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	247	2	presence	presence	NOUN
economy-585	247	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	247	4	these	these	DET
economy-585	247	5	correlations	correlation	NOUN
economy-585	247	6	excludes	exclude	VERB
economy-585	247	7	both	both	DET
economy-585	247	8	ols	ol	NOUN
economy-585	247	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	247	10	gls	gl	VERB
economy-585	247	11	from	from	ADP
economy-585	247	12	being	be	AUX
economy-585	247	13	used	use	VERB
economy-585	247	14	as	as	ADP
economy-585	247	15	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	247	16	methods	method	NOUN
economy-585	247	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	247	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	247	19	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	247	20	of	of	ADP
economy-585	247	21	parameters	parameter	NOUN
economy-585	247	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	247	23	this	this	DET
economy-585	247	24	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	247	25	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	247	26	may	may	AUX
economy-585	247	27	yield	yield	VERB
economy-585	247	28	biased	biased	ADJ
economy-585	247	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	247	30	inconsistent	inconsistent	ADJ
economy-585	247	31	estimates	estimate	NOUN
economy-585	247	32	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	247	33	hausman	hausman	NOUN
economy-585	247	34	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	247	35	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	247	36	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	247	37	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	247	38	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	247	39	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	248	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	248	2	such	such	DET
economy-585	248	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	248	4	situation	situation	NOUN
economy-585	248	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	248	6	traditionally	traditionally	ADV
economy-585	248	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	248	8	option	option	NOUN
economy-585	248	9	has	have	AUX
economy-585	248	10	been	be	AUX
economy-585	248	11	to	to	PART
economy-585	248	12	go	go	VERB
economy-585	248	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	248	14	an	an	DET
economy-585	248	15	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
economy-585	248	16	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	248	17	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	248	18	iv	iv	X
economy-585	248	19	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	248	20	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	248	21	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	248	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	249	1	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	249	2	in	in	ADP
economy-585	249	3	order	order	NOUN
economy-585	249	4	to	to	PART
economy-585	249	5	overcome	overcome	VERB
economy-585	249	6	this	this	PRON
economy-585	249	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	249	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	249	9	within	within	ADP
economy-585	249	10	estimator	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	249	11	from	from	ADP
economy-585	249	12	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	249	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	249	14	covariance	covariance	NOUN
economy-585	249	15	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	249	16	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	249	17	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	249	18	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	249	19	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	249	20	has	have	AUX
economy-585	249	21	been	be	AUX
economy-585	249	22	used	use	VERB
economy-585	249	23	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	249	24	cornwell	cornwell	PROPN
economy-585	249	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	249	26	rupert	rupert	NOUN
economy-585	249	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	249	28	1988	1988	NUM
economy-585	249	29	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	249	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	250	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	250	2	estimator	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	250	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	250	4	designed	design	VERB
economy-585	250	5	particularly	particularly	ADV
economy-585	250	6	for	for	ADP
economy-585	250	7	analysing	analyse	VERB
economy-585	250	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	250	9	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	250	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	250	11	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	250	12	that	that	PRON
economy-585	250	13	vary	vary	VERB
economy-585	250	14	over	over	ADP
economy-585	250	15	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	250	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	250	17	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	250	18	it	it	PRON
economy-585	250	19	assumes	assume	VERB
economy-585	250	20	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	250	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	250	22	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	250	23	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	250	24	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	250	25	are	be	AUX
economy-585	250	26	unique	unique	ADJ
economy-585	250	27	to	to	ADP
economy-585	250	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	250	29	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	250	30	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	250	31	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	250	32	not	not	PART
economy-585	250	33	correlated	correlate	VERB
economy-585	250	34	with	with	ADP
economy-585	250	35	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	250	36	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	250	37	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	250	38	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
economy-585	250	39	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	251	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	251	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	251	3	under	under	ADP
economy-585	251	4	this	this	DET
economy-585	251	5	method	method	NOUN
economy-585	251	6	all	all	DET
economy-585	251	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	251	8	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	251	9	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	251	10	in	in	ADP
economy-585	251	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	251	12	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	251	13	are	be	AUX
economy-585	251	14	eliminated	eliminate	VERB
economy-585	251	15	by	by	ADP
economy-585	251	16	transforming	transform	VERB
economy-585	251	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	251	18	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	251	19	into	into	ADP
economy-585	251	20	deviations	deviation	NOUN
economy-585	251	21	from	from	ADP
economy-585	251	22	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	251	23	means	mean	NOUN
economy-585	251	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	252	1	as	as	ADP
economy-585	252	2	a	a	DET
economy-585	252	3	result	result	NOUN
economy-585	252	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	252	5	this	this	DET
economy-585	252	6	procedure	procedure	NOUN
economy-585	252	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	252	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	252	9	within	within	ADP
economy-585	252	10	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	252	11	groups	group	NOUN
economy-585	252	12	estimator	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	252	13	also	also	ADV
economy-585	252	14	suffers	suffer	VERB
economy-585	252	15	from	from	ADP
economy-585	252	16	two	two	NUM
economy-585	252	17	imperative	imperative	ADJ
economy-585	252	18	defects	defect	NOUN
economy-585	252	19	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	252	20	one	one	NUM
economy-585	252	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	252	22	during	during	ADP
economy-585	252	23	data	data	NOUN
economy-585	252	24	transformation	transformation	NOUN
economy-585	252	25	process	process	NOUN
economy-585	252	26	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	252	27	all	all	DET
economy-585	252	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	252	29	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	252	30	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	252	31	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	252	32	are	be	AUX
economy-585	252	33	eliminated	eliminate	VERB
economy-585	252	34	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	252	35	their	their	PRON
economy-585	252	36	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	252	37	are	be	AUX
economy-585	252	38	not	not	PART
economy-585	252	39	estimated	estimate	VERB
economy-585	252	40	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	252	41	two	two	NUM
economy-585	252	42	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	252	43	the	the	DET
economy-585	252	44	within	within	ADP
economy-585	252	45	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	252	46	estimator	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	252	47	ignores	ignore	VERB
economy-585	252	48	variation	variation	NOUN
economy-585	252	49	across	across	ADP
economy-585	252	50	the	the	DET
economy-585	252	51	individuals	individual	NOUN
economy-585	252	52	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	252	53	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	252	54	included	include	VERB
economy-585	252	55	in	in	ADP
economy-585	252	56	the	the	DET
economy-585	252	57	sample	sample	NOUN
economy-585	252	58	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	252	59	it	it	PRON
economy-585	252	60	is	be	AUX
economy-585	252	61	not	not	PART
economy-585	252	62	fully	fully	ADV
economy-585	252	63	efficient	efficient	ADJ
economy-585	252	64	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	253	1	comparatively	comparatively	ADV
economy-585	253	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	253	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	4	first	first	ADJ
economy-585	253	5	defect	defect	NOUN
economy-585	253	6	seem	seem	VERB
economy-585	253	7	to	to	PART
economy-585	253	8	be	be	AUX
economy-585	253	9	more	more	ADV
economy-585	253	10	serious	serious	ADJ
economy-585	253	11	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	253	12	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	253	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	14	primary	primary	ADJ
economy-585	253	15	interest	interest	NOUN
economy-585	253	16	in	in	ADP
economy-585	253	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	18	application	application	NOUN
economy-585	253	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	253	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	21	estimator	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	253	22	is	be	AUX
economy-585	253	23	attached	attach	VERB
economy-585	253	24	to	to	ADP
economy-585	253	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	26	unknown	unknown	ADJ
economy-585	253	27	coefficient	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	253	28	of	of	ADP
economy-585	253	29	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	253	30	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	253	31	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	253	32	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	253	33	as	as	ADP
economy-585	253	34	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	35	influence	influence	NOUN
economy-585	253	36	of	of	ADP
economy-585	253	37	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	253	38	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	253	39	historical	historical	ADJ
economy-585	253	40	past	past	ADJ
economy-585	253	41	events	event	NOUN
economy-585	253	42	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	253	43	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	253	44	to	to	ADP
economy-585	253	45	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	253	46	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	253	47	groups	group	NOUN
economy-585	253	48	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	253	49	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	253	50	using	use	VERB
economy-585	253	51	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	52	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	253	53	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	253	54	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	253	55	in	in	ADP
economy-585	253	56	the	the	DET
economy-585	253	57	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	253	58	modelling	modelling	NOUN
economy-585	253	59	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	254	1	leaving	leave	VERB
economy-585	254	2	these	these	DET
economy-585	254	3	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	254	4	un	un	ADJ
economy-585	254	5	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	254	6	estimated	estimate	VERB
economy-585	254	7	renders	render	VERB
economy-585	254	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	254	9	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	254	10	meaningless	meaningless	ADJ
economy-585	254	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	255	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	255	2	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	255	3	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	255	4	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	255	5	are	be	AUX
economy-585	255	6	well	well	ADV
economy-585	255	7	estimated	estimate	VERB
economy-585	255	8	by	by	ADP
economy-585	255	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	255	10	gls	gl	VERB
economy-585	255	11	random	random	ADJ
economy-585	255	12	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	255	13	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	255	14	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	255	15	partial	partial	ADJ
economy-585	255	16	pooling	pooling	NOUN
economy-585	255	17	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	255	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	255	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	256	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	256	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	256	3	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	256	4	under	under	ADP
economy-585	256	5	this	this	DET
economy-585	256	6	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	256	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	256	8	assumption	assumption	NOUN
economy-585	256	9	is	be	AUX
economy-585	256	10	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	256	11	variations	variation	NOUN
economy-585	256	12	across	across	ADP
economy-585	256	13	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	256	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	256	15	assumed	assume	VERB
economy-585	256	16	random	random	ADJ
economy-585	256	17	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	256	18	uncorrelated	uncorrelate	VERB
economy-585	256	19	with	with	ADP
economy-585	256	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	256	21	independent	independent	ADJ
economy-585	256	22	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	256	23	used	use	VERB
economy-585	256	24	in	in	ADP
economy-585	256	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	256	26	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	256	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	257	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	257	2	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	257	3	under	under	ADP
economy-585	257	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	257	5	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	257	6	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	257	7	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	257	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	257	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	257	10	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	257	11	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	257	12	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	257	13	are	be	AUX
economy-585	257	14	absorbed	absorb	VERB
economy-585	257	15	by	by	ADP
economy-585	257	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	257	17	intercept	intercept	NOUN
economy-585	257	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	257	19	this	this	DET
economy-585	257	20	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	257	21	include	include	VERB
economy-585	257	22	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	257	23	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	257	24	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	257	25	as	as	ADP
economy-585	257	26	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	257	27	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	257	28	in	in	ADP
economy-585	257	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	257	30	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	257	31	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	257	32	for	for	ADP
economy-585	257	33	this	this	DET
economy-585	257	34	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	257	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	257	36	error	error	NOUN
economy-585	257	37	term	term	NOUN
economy-585	257	38	is	be	AUX
economy-585	257	39	assumed	assume	VERB
economy-585	257	40	to	to	PART
economy-585	257	41	be	be	AUX
economy-585	257	42	uncorrelated	uncorrelate	VERB
economy-585	257	43	with	with	ADP
economy-585	257	44	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	257	45	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	257	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	258	1	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	258	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	258	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	258	4	perfect	perfect	ADJ
economy-585	258	5	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	258	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	258	7	inclusion	inclusion	NOUN
economy-585	258	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	258	9	all	all	DET
economy-585	258	10	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	258	11	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	258	12	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
economy-585	258	13	is	be	AUX
economy-585	258	14	required	require	VERB
economy-585	258	15	which	which	PRON
economy-585	258	16	is	be	AUX
economy-585	258	17	normally	normally	ADV
economy-585	258	18	not	not	PART
economy-585	258	19	possible	possible	ADJ
economy-585	258	20	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	258	21	leading	lead	VERB
economy-585	258	22	to	to	ADP
economy-585	258	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	258	24	omitted	omit	VERB
economy-585	258	25	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	258	26	bias	bias	NOUN
economy-585	258	27	in	in	ADP
economy-585	258	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	258	29	specified	specified	ADJ
economy-585	258	30	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	258	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	259	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	259	2	their	their	PRON
economy-585	259	3	ground	ground	NOUN
economy-585	259	4	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	259	5	breaking	break	VERB
economy-585	259	6	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	259	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	259	8	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	259	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	259	10	jery	jery	NOUN
economy-585	259	11	hausman	hausman	NOUN
economy-585	259	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	259	13	william	william	PROPN
economy-585	259	14	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	259	15	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	259	16	an	an	DET
economy-585	259	17	alternative	alternative	ADJ
economy-585	259	18	method	method	NOUN
economy-585	259	19	that	that	PRON
economy-585	259	20	has	have	AUX
economy-585	259	21	been	be	AUX
economy-585	259	22	used	use	VERB
economy-585	259	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	259	24	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	259	25	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	259	26	to	to	PART
economy-585	259	27	treat	treat	VERB
economy-585	259	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	259	29	problem	problem	NOUN
economy-585	259	30	of	of	ADP
economy-585	259	31	correlation	correlation	NOUN
economy-585	259	32	between	between	ADP
economy-585	259	33	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	259	34	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	259	35	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	259	36	the	the	DET
economy-585	259	37	concealed	conceal	VERB
economy-585	259	38	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	259	39	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	259	40	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	259	41	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	260	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	260	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	260	3	an	an	DET
economy-585	260	4	iv	iv	NUM
economy-585	260	5	estimator	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	260	6	with	with	ADP
economy-585	260	7	neither	neither	PRON
economy-585	260	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	260	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	260	10	two	two	NUM
economy-585	260	11	defects	defect	NOUN
economy-585	260	12	mentioned	mention	VERB
economy-585	260	13	above	above	ADV
economy-585	260	14	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	260	15	it	it	PRON
economy-585	260	16	employs	employ	VERB
economy-585	260	17	several	several	ADJ
economy-585	260	18	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
economy-585	260	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	260	20	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	260	21	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	260	22	to	to	PART
economy-585	260	23	overcome	overcome	VERB
economy-585	260	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	260	25	correlation	correlation	NOUN
economy-585	260	26	without	without	ADP
economy-585	260	27	any	any	DET
economy-585	260	28	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	260	29	from	from	ADP
economy-585	260	30	outside	outside	ADP
economy-585	260	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	260	32	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	260	33	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	260	34	egger	egger	NOUN
economy-585	260	35	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	260	36	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	260	37	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	260	38	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	261	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	261	2	ht	ht	PROPN
economy-585	261	3	makes	make	VERB
economy-585	261	4	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	261	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	261	6	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	261	7	varying	vary	VERB
economy-585	261	8	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	261	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	261	10	two	two	NUM
economy-585	261	11	ways	way	NOUN
economy-585	261	12	–	–	PUNCT
economy-585	261	13	to	to	PART
economy-585	261	14	estimate	estimate	VERB
economy-585	261	15	their	their	PRON
economy-585	261	16	own	own	ADJ
economy-585	261	17	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	261	18	as	as	ADV
economy-585	261	19	well	well	ADV
economy-585	261	20	as	as	ADP
economy-585	261	21	serving	serve	VERB
economy-585	261	22	as	as	ADP
economy-585	261	23	instruments	instrument	NOUN
economy-585	261	24	for	for	ADP
economy-585	261	25	endogenous	endogenous	ADJ
economy-585	261	26	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	261	27	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	261	28	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	261	29	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	261	30	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	261	31	giving	give	VERB
economy-585	261	32	room	room	NOUN
economy-585	261	33	for	for	ADP
economy-585	261	34	identification	identification	NOUN
economy-585	261	35	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	261	36	efficient	efficient	ADJ
economy-585	261	37	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	261	38	of	of	ADP
economy-585	261	39	both	both	PRON
economy-585	261	40	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	261	41	varying	vary	VERB
economy-585	261	42	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	261	43	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	261	44	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	261	45	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	261	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	262	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	262	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	262	3	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	262	4	better	well	ADJ
economy-585	262	5	than	than	ADP
economy-585	262	6	the	the	PRON
economy-585	262	7	within	within	ADP
economy-585	262	8	groups	group	NOUN
economy-585	262	9	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	262	10	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	262	11	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	262	12	it	it	PRON
economy-585	262	13	is	be	AUX
economy-585	262	14	more	more	ADV
economy-585	262	15	efficient	efficient	ADJ
economy-585	262	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	262	17	it	it	PRON
economy-585	262	18	also	also	ADV
economy-585	262	19	produces	produce	VERB
economy-585	262	20	coefficient	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	262	21	estimates	estimate	NOUN
economy-585	262	22	for	for	ADP
economy-585	262	23	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	262	24	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	262	25	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	262	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	263	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	263	2	possibility	possibility	NOUN
economy-585	263	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	263	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	263	5	existence	existence	NOUN
economy-585	263	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	263	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	263	8	potential	potential	ADJ
economy-585	263	9	correlation	correlation	NOUN
economy-585	263	10	between	between	ADP
economy-585	263	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	263	12	unobservable	unobservable	ADJ
economy-585	263	13	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	263	14	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	263	15	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	263	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	263	17	a	a	DET
economy-585	263	18	subset	subset	NOUN
economy-585	263	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	263	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	263	21	exogenous	exogenous	ADJ
economy-585	263	22	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	263	23	can	can	AUX
economy-585	263	24	not	not	PART
economy-585	263	25	be	be	AUX
economy-585	263	26	denied	deny	VERB
economy-585	263	27	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	263	28	serlenga	serlenga	ADJ
economy-585	263	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	263	30	shin	shin	NOUN
economy-585	263	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	263	32	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	263	33	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	263	34	rault	rault	NOUN
economy-585	263	35	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	263	36	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	263	37	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	263	38	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	263	39	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	263	40	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	263	41	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	264	1	since	since	SCONJ
economy-585	264	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	264	3	presence	presence	NOUN
economy-585	264	4	unobservable	unobservable	ADJ
economy-585	264	5	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	264	6	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	264	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	264	8	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	264	9	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	264	10	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	264	11	is	be	AUX
economy-585	264	12	unquestionable	unquestionable	ADJ
economy-585	264	13	even	even	ADV
economy-585	264	14	in	in	ADP
economy-585	264	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	264	16	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	264	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	264	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	264	19	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	264	20	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	264	21	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	264	22	in	in	ADP
economy-585	264	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	264	24	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	264	25	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	264	26	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	264	27	this	this	DET
economy-585	264	28	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	264	29	uses	use	VERB
economy-585	264	30	the	the	DET
economy-585	264	31	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	264	32	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	264	33	estimator	estimator	PROPN
economy-585	264	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	265	1	consider	consider	VERB
economy-585	265	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	265	3	following	follow	VERB
economy-585	265	4	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	265	5	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	265	6	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	265	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	265	8	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	265	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	265	10	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	265	11	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	265	12	40	40	NUM
economy-585	265	13	-	-	SYM
economy-585	265	14	53	53	NUM
economy-585	265	15	49	49	NUM
economy-585	265	16	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	265	17	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	265	18	by	by	ADP
economy-585	265	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	265	20	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	265	21	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	265	22	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	265	23	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	265	24	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	265	25	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	265	26	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	265	27	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	265	28	yit	yit	PROPN
economy-585	265	29	=	=	NOUN
economy-585	265	30	xitβ	xitβ	VERB
economy-585	266	1	+	+	ADP
economy-585	266	2	ziγ	ziγ	NOUN
economy-585	266	3	+	+	ADV
economy-585	266	4	αi	αi	VERB
economy-585	266	5	+	+	ADJ
economy-585	266	6	ηit	ηit	NOUN
economy-585	266	7	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	266	8	i	i	NOUN
economy-585	266	9	=	=	NOUN
economy-585	266	10	1	1	NUM
economy-585	266	11	…	…	PUNCT
economy-585	266	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	266	13	n	n	CCONJ
economy-585	266	14	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	266	15	t	t	PROPN
economy-585	266	16	=	=	PROPN
economy-585	266	17	1	1	NUM
economy-585	266	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	266	19	…	…	NUM
economy-585	266	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	266	21	t	t	PROPN
economy-585	266	22	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	266	23	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	266	24	vii	vii	PROPN
economy-585	266	25	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	266	26	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	266	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	266	28	β	β	NOUN
economy-585	266	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	266	30	γ	γ	X
economy-585	266	31	are	be	AUX
economy-585	266	32	k	k	ADJ
economy-585	266	33	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	266	34	g	g	PROPN
economy-585	266	35	vector	vector	NOUN
economy-585	266	36	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	266	37	associated	associate	VERB
economy-585	266	38	with	with	ADP
economy-585	266	39	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	266	40	varying	vary	VERB
economy-585	266	41	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	266	42	for	for	ADP
economy-585	266	43	this	this	DET
economy-585	266	44	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	266	45	gdppp	gdppp	NOUN
economy-585	266	46	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	266	47	popn	popn	VERB
economy-585	266	48	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	266	49	exch	exch	NOUN
economy-585	266	50	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	266	51	crdpr	crdpr	NOUN
economy-585	266	52	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	266	53	mobil	mobil	PROPN
economy-585	266	54	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	266	55	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	266	56	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	266	57	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	266	58	observable	observable	ADJ
economy-585	266	59	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	266	60	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	266	61	for	for	ADP
economy-585	266	62	this	this	DET
economy-585	266	63	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	266	64	dist	dist	NOUN
economy-585	266	65	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	266	66	arbl	arbl	NOUN
economy-585	266	67	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	266	68	respectively	respectively	ADV
economy-585	266	69	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	267	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	267	2	disturbance	disturbance	NOUN
economy-585	267	3	ηit	ηit	NOUN
economy-585	267	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	267	5	assumed	assume	VERB
economy-585	267	6	uncorrelated	uncorrelated	ADJ
economy-585	267	7	with	with	ADP
economy-585	267	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	267	9	columns	column	NOUN
economy-585	267	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	267	11	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	267	12	x	x	X
economy-585	267	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	267	14	z	z	PROPN
economy-585	267	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	267	16	α	α	NOUN
economy-585	267	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	267	18	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	268	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	268	2	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	268	3	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	268	4	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	268	5	αi	αi	VERB
economy-585	268	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	268	7	for	for	ADP
economy-585	268	8	this	this	DET
economy-585	268	9	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	268	10	landl	landl	NOUN
economy-585	268	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	268	12	contig	contig	PROPN
economy-585	268	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	268	14	lang	lang	PROPN
economy-585	268	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	268	16	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	268	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	268	18	are	be	AUX
economy-585	268	19	assumed	assume	VERB
economy-585	268	20	to	to	PART
economy-585	268	21	be	be	AUX
economy-585	268	22	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	268	23	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	268	24	random	random	ADJ
economy-585	268	25	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	268	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	268	27	in	in	ADP
economy-585	268	28	this	this	DET
economy-585	268	29	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	268	30	is	be	AUX
economy-585	268	31	potentially	potentially	ADV
economy-585	268	32	correlated	correlate	VERB
economy-585	268	33	with	with	ADP
economy-585	268	34	columns	column	NOUN
economy-585	268	35	of	of	ADP
economy-585	268	36	x	x	X
economy-585	268	37	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	268	38	z.	z.	PROPN
economy-585	268	39	the	the	DET
economy-585	268	40	ht	ht	PROPN
economy-585	268	41	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	268	42	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	268	43	does	do	AUX
economy-585	268	44	not	not	PART
economy-585	268	45	assume	assume	VERB
economy-585	268	46	a	a	DET
economy-585	268	47	specification	specification	NOUN
economy-585	268	48	of	of	ADP
economy-585	268	49	the	the	DET
economy-585	268	50	unobservable	unobservable	ADJ
economy-585	268	51	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	268	52	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	268	53	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	268	54	αi	αi	ADV
economy-585	268	55	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	268	56	it	it	PRON
economy-585	268	57	is	be	AUX
economy-585	268	58	less	less	ADV
economy-585	268	59	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ
economy-585	268	60	to	to	ADP
economy-585	268	61	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	268	62	they	they	PRON
economy-585	268	63	are	be	AUX
economy-585	268	64	known	know	VERB
economy-585	268	65	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	268	66	unknown	unknown	ADJ
economy-585	268	67	by	by	ADP
economy-585	268	68	the	the	DET
economy-585	268	69	researcher	researcher	NOUN
economy-585	268	70	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	268	71	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	268	72	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	268	73	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	268	74	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	268	75	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	268	76	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	268	77	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	269	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	269	2	this	this	DET
economy-585	269	3	way	way	NOUN
economy-585	269	4	handles	handle	VERB
economy-585	269	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	269	6	risk	risk	NOUN
economy-585	269	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	269	8	falling	fall	VERB
economy-585	269	9	into	into	ADP
economy-585	269	10	biased	biased	ADJ
economy-585	269	11	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	269	12	due	due	ADP
economy-585	269	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	269	14	omission	omission	NOUN
economy-585	269	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	269	16	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	269	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	270	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	270	2	rather	rather	ADV
economy-585	270	3	works	work	VERB
economy-585	270	4	under	under	ADP
economy-585	270	5	an	an	DET
economy-585	270	6	assumption	assumption	NOUN
economy-585	270	7	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	270	8	some	some	DET
economy-585	270	9	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	270	10	among	among	ADP
economy-585	270	11	x	x	X
economy-585	270	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	270	13	z	z	NOUN
economy-585	270	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	270	15	uncorrelated	uncorrelate	VERB
economy-585	270	16	with	with	ADP
economy-585	270	17	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	270	18	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	270	19	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	270	20	αi	αi	VERB
economy-585	270	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	271	1	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	271	2	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	271	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	271	4	xit	xit	PROPN
economy-585	271	5	which	which	PRON
economy-585	271	6	are	be	AUX
economy-585	271	7	uncorrelated	uncorrelate	VERB
economy-585	271	8	with	with	ADP
economy-585	271	9	αi	αi	PROPN
economy-585	271	10	serves	serve	VERB
economy-585	271	11	two	two	NUM
economy-585	271	12	functions	function	NOUN
economy-585	271	13	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	271	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	271	15	their	their	PRON
economy-585	271	16	variation	variation	NOUN
economy-585	271	17	across	across	ADP
economy-585	271	18	both	both	DET
economy-585	271	19	individuals	individual	NOUN
economy-585	271	20	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	271	21	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	271	22	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	271	23	first	first	ADV
economy-585	271	24	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	271	25	using	use	VERB
economy-585	271	26	deviations	deviation	NOUN
economy-585	271	27	from	from	ADP
economy-585	271	28	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	271	29	means	mean	NOUN
economy-585	271	30	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	271	31	they	they	PRON
economy-585	271	32	produce	produce	VERB
economy-585	271	33	unbiased	unbiased	ADJ
economy-585	271	34	estimates	estimate	NOUN
economy-585	271	35	of	of	ADP
economy-585	271	36	the	the	DET
economy-585	271	37	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	271	38	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	271	39	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	271	40	secondly	secondly	ADV
economy-585	271	41	using	use	VERB
economy-585	271	42	the	the	DET
economy-585	271	43	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	271	44	means	mean	NOUN
economy-585	271	45	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	271	46	they	they	PRON
economy-585	271	47	produce	produce	VERB
economy-585	271	48	valid	valid	ADJ
economy-585	271	49	instruments	instrument	NOUN
economy-585	271	50	for	for	ADP
economy-585	271	51	the	the	DET
economy-585	271	52	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	271	53	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	271	54	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	271	55	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	271	56	zi	zi	NOUN
economy-585	271	57	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	271	58	that	that	PRON
economy-585	271	59	are	be	AUX
economy-585	271	60	correlated	correlate	VERB
economy-585	271	61	with	with	ADP
economy-585	271	62	the	the	DET
economy-585	271	63	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	271	64	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	271	65	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	271	66	αi	αi	PART
economy-585	271	67	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	271	68	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	271	69	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	271	70	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	271	71	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	271	72	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	271	73	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	271	74	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	272	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
economy-585	272	2	it	it	PRON
economy-585	272	3	helps	help	VERB
economy-585	272	4	to	to	PART
economy-585	272	5	avoid	avoid	VERB
economy-585	272	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	272	7	difficulty	difficulty	NOUN
economy-585	272	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	272	9	extracting	extract	VERB
economy-585	272	10	instrument	instrument	NOUN
economy-585	272	11	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	272	12	external	external	ADJ
economy-585	272	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	272	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	272	15	specified	specified	ADJ
economy-585	272	16	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	272	17	by	by	ADP
economy-585	272	18	using	use	VERB
economy-585	272	19	some	some	DET
economy-585	272	20	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	272	21	within	within	ADP
economy-585	272	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	272	23	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	272	24	as	as	ADP
economy-585	272	25	instruments	instrument	NOUN
economy-585	272	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	273	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	273	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	273	3	comparison	comparison	NOUN
economy-585	273	4	purposes	purpose	NOUN
economy-585	273	5	as	as	ADV
economy-585	273	6	well	well	ADV
economy-585	273	7	as	as	ADP
economy-585	273	8	for	for	ADP
economy-585	273	9	checking	check	VERB
economy-585	273	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	273	11	robustness	robustness	NOUN
economy-585	273	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	273	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	273	14	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	273	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	273	16	ht	ht	PROPN
economy-585	273	17	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	273	18	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	273	19	will	will	AUX
economy-585	273	20	be	be	AUX
economy-585	273	21	used	use	VERB
economy-585	273	22	together	together	ADV
economy-585	273	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	273	24	some	some	DET
economy-585	273	25	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	273	26	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	273	27	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	273	28	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	273	29	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	273	30	including	include	VERB
economy-585	273	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	273	32	random	random	ADJ
economy-585	273	33	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	273	34	generalized	generalize	VERB
economy-585	273	35	least	least	ADJ
economy-585	273	36	square	square	ADJ
economy-585	273	37	regression	regression	NOUN
economy-585	273	38	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	273	39	the	the	DET
economy-585	273	40	fixed	fixed	ADJ
economy-585	273	41	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	273	42	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	273	43	within	within	ADP
economy-585	273	44	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	273	45	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	273	46	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	273	47	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	274	1	9	9	X
economy-585	274	2	.	.	X
economy-585	274	3	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	274	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	274	5	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	274	6	results	result	VERB
economy-585	274	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	274	8	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	274	9	is	be	AUX
economy-585	274	10	done	do	VERB
economy-585	274	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	274	12	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	274	13	5	5	NUM
economy-585	274	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	274	15	6	6	NUM
economy-585	274	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	274	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	274	18	for	for	SCONJ
economy-585	274	19	each	each	DET
economy-585	274	20	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	274	21	regressions	regression	NOUN
economy-585	274	22	are	be	AUX
economy-585	274	23	conducted	conduct	VERB
economy-585	274	24	twofold	twofold	ADV
economy-585	274	25	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	274	26	the	the	DET
economy-585	274	27	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	274	28	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	274	29	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	274	30	from	from	ADP
economy-585	274	31	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	274	32	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	274	33	to	to	ADP
economy-585	274	34	the	the	DET
economy-585	274	35	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	274	36	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	274	37	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	274	38	from	from	ADP
economy-585	274	39	the	the	DET
economy-585	274	40	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	274	41	to	to	ADP
economy-585	274	42	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	274	43	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	274	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	275	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
economy-585	275	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	275	3	for	for	SCONJ
economy-585	275	4	each	each	DET
economy-585	275	5	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	275	6	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	275	7	is	be	AUX
economy-585	275	8	done	do	VERB
economy-585	275	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	275	10	two	two	NUM
economy-585	275	11	steps	step	NOUN
economy-585	275	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	275	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	275	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	275	15	first	first	ADJ
economy-585	275	16	step	step	NOUN
economy-585	275	17	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	275	18	are	be	AUX
economy-585	275	19	considered	consider	VERB
economy-585	275	20	at	at	ADP
economy-585	275	21	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	275	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	275	23	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	275	24	in	in	ADP
economy-585	275	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	275	26	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	275	27	step	step	NOUN
economy-585	275	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	275	29	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	275	30	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	275	31	some	some	DET
economy-585	275	32	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	275	33	as	as	ADP
economy-585	275	34	a	a	DET
economy-585	275	35	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	275	36	of	of	ADP
economy-585	275	37	the	the	DET
economy-585	275	38	values	value	NOUN
economy-585	275	39	of	of	ADP
economy-585	275	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	275	41	two	two	NUM
economy-585	275	42	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	275	43	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	275	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	276	1	both	both	DET
economy-585	276	2	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	276	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	276	4	estimated	estimate	VERB
economy-585	276	5	using	use	VERB
economy-585	276	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	276	7	ht	ht	PROPN
economy-585	276	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	276	9	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	276	10	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	276	11	as	as	ADV
economy-585	276	12	well	well	ADV
economy-585	276	13	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	276	14	two	two	NUM
economy-585	276	15	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	276	16	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	276	17	estimators	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	276	18	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	277	1	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	277	2	are	be	AUX
economy-585	277	3	presented	present	VERB
economy-585	277	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	277	5	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	277	6	4	4	NUM
economy-585	277	7	to	to	PART
economy-585	277	8	5	5	NUM
economy-585	277	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	277	10	from	from	ADP
economy-585	277	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	277	12	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	277	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	277	14	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	277	15	4	4	NUM
economy-585	277	16	three	three	NUM
economy-585	277	17	major	major	ADJ
economy-585	277	18	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	277	19	that	that	PRON
economy-585	277	20	influence	influence	VERB
economy-585	277	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	277	22	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	277	23	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	277	24	between	between	ADP
economy-585	277	25	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	277	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	277	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	277	28	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	277	29	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	277	30	include	include	VERB
economy-585	277	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	277	32	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	277	33	of	of	ADP
economy-585	277	34	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	277	35	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	277	36	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	277	37	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	277	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	277	39	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	277	40	per	per	ADP
economy-585	277	41	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	277	42	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	277	43	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	277	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	278	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	278	2	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	278	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	278	4	statistically	statistically	ADV
economy-585	278	5	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	278	6	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	278	7	economically	economically	ADV
economy-585	278	8	reasonable	reasonable	ADJ
economy-585	278	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	279	1	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	279	2	in	in	ADP
economy-585	279	3	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	279	4	5	5	NUM
economy-585	279	5	reveals	reveal	VERB
economy-585	279	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	279	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	279	8	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	279	9	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	279	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	279	11	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	279	12	exchangerate	exchangerate	NOUN
economy-585	279	13	are	be	AUX
economy-585	279	14	also	also	ADV
economy-585	279	15	important	important	ADJ
economy-585	279	16	in	in	ADP
economy-585	279	17	explaining	explain	VERB
economy-585	279	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	279	19	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	279	20	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	279	21	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	279	22	between	between	ADP
economy-585	279	23	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	279	24	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	279	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	280	1	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	280	2	in	in	ADP
economy-585	280	3	both	both	DET
economy-585	280	4	equations	equation	NOUN
economy-585	280	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	280	6	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	280	7	dummies	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	280	8	are	be	AUX
economy-585	280	9	jointly	jointly	ADV
economy-585	280	10	highly	highly	ADV
economy-585	280	11	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	280	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	281	1	table-4	table-4	NOUN
economy-585	281	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	281	3	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	281	4	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	281	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	281	6	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	281	7	-bric	-bric	PROPN
economy-585	281	8	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	281	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	281	10	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	281	11	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	12	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	281	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	281	14	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	281	15	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	16	from	from	ADP
economy-585	281	17	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	281	18	to	to	ADP
economy-585	281	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	281	20	bric	bric	NOUN
economy-585	281	21	from	from	ADP
economy-585	281	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	281	23	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	281	24	to	to	PART
economy-585	281	25	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	281	26	modelling	modelling	NOUN
economy-585	281	27	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	281	28	ht	ht	PROPN
economy-585	281	29	re	re	X
economy-585	281	30	fe	fe	X
economy-585	281	31	ht	ht	PROPN
economy-585	281	32	re	re	PROPN
economy-585	281	33	fe	fe	X
economy-585	281	34	lnpopulationi	lnpopulationi	NOUN
economy-585	281	35	0.88	0.88	NUM
economy-585	281	36	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	37	0.56	0.56	NUM
economy-585	281	38	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	39	1.46	1.46	NUM
economy-585	281	40	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	41	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	42	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	43	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	44	0.14	0.14	NUM
economy-585	281	45	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	46	1.59	1.59	NUM
economy-585	281	47	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	48	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	49	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	50	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	51	0.63	0.63	NUM
economy-585	281	52	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	53	3.59	3.59	NUM
economy-585	281	54	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	55	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	56	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	57	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	58	0.27	0.27	NUM
economy-585	281	59	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	60	2.55	2.55	NUM
economy-585	281	61	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	62	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	63	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	64	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	65	0.12	0.12	NUM
economy-585	281	66	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	67	3.86	3.86	NUM
economy-585	281	68	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	69	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	70	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	71	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	72	0.38	0.38	NUM
economy-585	281	73	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	74	lnpopulationj	lnpopulationj	NOUN
economy-585	281	75	3.32	3.32	NUM
economy-585	281	76	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	77	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	78	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	79	0.83	0.83	NUM
economy-585	281	80	2.27	2.27	NUM
economy-585	281	81	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	82	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	83	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	84	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	85	0.32	0.32	NUM
economy-585	281	86	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	87	1.42	1.42	NUM
economy-585	281	88	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	89	0.95	0.95	NUM
economy-585	281	90	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	91	1.90	1.90	NUM
economy-585	281	92	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	93	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	94	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	95	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	96	0.21	0.21	NUM
economy-585	281	97	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	98	1.19	1.19	NUM
economy-585	281	99	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	100	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	101	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	102	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	103	0.06	0.06	NUM
economy-585	281	104	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	105	1.81	1.81	NUM
economy-585	281	106	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	107	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	108	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	109	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	110	0.26	0.26	NUM
economy-585	281	111	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	112	lndistanceij	lndistanceij	NOUN
economy-585	281	113	-3.89	-3.89	NOUN
economy-585	281	114	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	115	6.19	6.19	NUM
economy-585	281	116	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	117	1.04	1.04	NUM
economy-585	281	118	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	119	0.78	0.78	NUM
economy-585	281	120	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	121	4.77	4.77	NUM
economy-585	281	122	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	123	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	124	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	125	2.21	2.21	NUM
economy-585	281	126	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	127	-0.32	-0.32	NOUN
economy-585	281	128	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	129	0.29	0.29	NUM
economy-585	281	130	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	131	lngdp	lngdp	NOUN
economy-585	281	132	per	per	ADP
economy-585	281	133	capitai	capitai	NOUN
economy-585	281	134	1.96	1.96	NUM
economy-585	281	135	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	136	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	137	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	138	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	139	0.23	0.23	NUM
economy-585	281	140	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	141	1.57	1.57	NUM
economy-585	281	142	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	143	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	144	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	145	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	146	0.17	0.17	NUM
economy-585	281	147	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	148	2.07	2.07	NUM
economy-585	281	149	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	150	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	151	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	152	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	153	0.24	0.24	NUM
economy-585	281	154	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	155	0.71	0.71	NUM
economy-585	281	156	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	157	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	158	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	159	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	160	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	281	161	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	162	1.14	1.14	NUM
economy-585	281	163	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	164	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	165	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	166	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	167	0.05	0.05	NUM
economy-585	281	168	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	169	0.73	0.73	NUM
economy-585	281	170	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	171	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	172	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	173	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	174	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	281	175	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	176	lngdp	lngdp	NOUN
economy-585	281	177	per	per	ADP
economy-585	281	178	capitaj	capitaj	NOUN
economy-585	281	179	1.28	1.28	NUM
economy-585	281	180	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	181	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	182	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	183	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	184	0.19	0.19	NUM
economy-585	281	185	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	186	1.39	1.39	NUM
economy-585	281	187	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	188	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	189	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	190	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	191	0.14	0.14	NUM
economy-585	281	192	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	193	1.46	1.46	NUM
economy-585	281	194	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	195	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	196	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	197	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	198	0.19	0.19	NUM
economy-585	281	199	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	200	0.87	0.87	NUM
economy-585	281	201	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	202	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	203	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	204	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	205	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	281	206	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	207	0.76	0.76	NUM
economy-585	281	208	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	209	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	210	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	211	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	212	0.06	0.06	NUM
economy-585	281	213	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	214	0.73	0.73	NUM
economy-585	281	215	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	216	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	217	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	218	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	219	0.08	0.08	NUM
economy-585	281	220	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	221	lncredit	lncredit	NOUN
economy-585	281	222	to	to	ADP
economy-585	281	223	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	281	224	sectori	sectori	PROPN
economy-585	281	225	-0.12	-0.12	NUM
economy-585	281	226	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	227	0.11	0.11	NUM
economy-585	281	228	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	229	-0.41	-0.41	NOUN
economy-585	281	230	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	231	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	232	0.22	0.22	NUM
economy-585	281	233	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	234	-0.24	-0.24	NOUN
economy-585	281	235	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	236	0.23	0.23	NUM
economy-585	281	237	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	238	-0.28	-0.28	NOUN
economy-585	281	239	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	240	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	241	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	242	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	243	0.06	0.06	NUM
economy-585	281	244	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	245	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	246	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	247	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	281	248	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	249	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	250	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	251	0.04	0.04	NUM
economy-585	281	252	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	253	lncredit	lncredit	NOUN
economy-585	281	254	to	to	ADP
economy-585	281	255	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	281	256	sectorj	sectorj	NOUN
economy-585	281	257	-0.39	-0.39	PROPN
economy-585	281	258	*	*	SYM
economy-585	281	259	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	260	0.21	0.21	NUM
economy-585	281	261	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	262	-0.02	-0.02	NUM
economy-585	281	263	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	264	0.11	0.11	NUM
economy-585	281	265	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	266	-0.03	-0.03	NOUN
economy-585	281	267	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	268	0.11	0.11	NUM
economy-585	281	269	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	270	-0.01	-0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	271	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	272	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	281	273	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	274	-0.29	-0.29	NOUN
economy-585	281	275	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	276	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	277	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	278	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	279	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	281	280	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	281	-0.19	-0.19	NOUN
economy-585	281	282	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	283	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	284	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	285	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	286	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	281	287	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	288	lnbilateral	lnbilateral	ADJ
economy-585	281	289	exchange	exchange	PROPN
economy-585	281	290	rateij	rateij	PROPN
economy-585	281	291	-0.02	-0.02	NUM
economy-585	281	292	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	293	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	281	294	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	295	-0.02	-0.02	NUM
economy-585	281	296	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	297	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	281	298	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	299	-0.02	-0.02	NUM
economy-585	281	300	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	301	0.04	0.04	NUM
economy-585	281	302	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	303	-0.04	-0.04	NUM
economy-585	281	304	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	305	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	306	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	307	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	308	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	309	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	310	-0.03	-0.03	NOUN
economy-585	281	311	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	312	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	313	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	314	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	315	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	316	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	317	-0.05	-0.05	NOUN
economy-585	281	318	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	319	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	320	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	321	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	322	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	323	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	324	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	281	325	cellulari	cellulari	NOUN
economy-585	281	326	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	327	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	328	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	329	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	330	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	331	-0.00	-0.00	X
economy-585	281	332	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	333	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	334	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	335	-0.01	-0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	336	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	337	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	338	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	339	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	340	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	341	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	342	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	343	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	344	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	345	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	346	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	347	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	348	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	349	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	350	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	351	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	352	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	353	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	354	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	355	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	356	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	357	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	358	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	359	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	281	360	cellularj	cellularj	NOUN
economy-585	281	361	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	362	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	363	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	364	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	365	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	366	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	367	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	368	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	369	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	370	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	371	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	372	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	373	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	374	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	375	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	376	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	377	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	378	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	379	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	380	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	381	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	382	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	383	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	384	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	385	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	386	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	387	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	388	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	389	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	390	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	391	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	392	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	393	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	394	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	395	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	396	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	397	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	398	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	399	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	281	400	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	281	401	i	i	PRON
economy-585	281	402	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	281	403	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	404	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	405	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	406	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	407	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	408	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	409	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	410	-0.12	-0.12	NOUN
economy-585	281	411	*	*	NOUN
economy-585	281	412	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	413	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	414	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	415	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	416	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	417	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	418	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	419	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	420	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	421	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	281	422	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	281	423	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	281	424	-0.25	-0.25	NUM
economy-585	281	425	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	426	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	427	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	428	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	429	0.04	0.04	NUM
economy-585	281	430	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	431	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	432	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	433	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	434	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	435	-0.01	-0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	436	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	437	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	281	438	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	439	-0.03	-0.03	NOUN
economy-585	281	440	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	441	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	442	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	281	443	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	281	444	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	281	445	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	281	446	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	282	1	-0.41	-0.41	INTJ
economy-585	282	2	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	282	3	2.77	2.77	NUM
economy-585	282	4	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	282	5	-0.63	-0.63	NOUN
economy-585	282	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	282	7	0.52	0.52	NUM
economy-585	282	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	1	-1.26	-1.26	NOUN
economy-585	283	2	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	3	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	4	0.76	0.76	NUM
economy-585	283	5	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	6	-1.57	-1.57	NOUN
economy-585	283	7	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	8	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	9	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	10	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	11	0.22	0.22	NUM
economy-585	283	12	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	13	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	283	14	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	283	15	official	official	NOUN
economy-585	283	16	7.05	7.05	NUM
economy-585	283	17	*	*	SYM
economy-585	283	18	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	19	3.80	3.80	NUM
economy-585	283	20	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	21	0.39	0.39	NUM
economy-585	283	22	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	23	0.71	0.71	NUM
economy-585	283	24	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	25	2.67	2.67	NUM
economy-585	283	26	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	27	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	28	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	29	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	30	1.10	1.10	NUM
economy-585	283	31	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	32	1.33	1.33	NUM
economy-585	283	33	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	34	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	35	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	283	36	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	37	0.33	0.33	NUM
economy-585	283	38	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	39	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	283	40	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	283	41	0.68	0.68	NUM
economy-585	283	42	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	43	2.85	2.85	NUM
economy-585	283	44	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	45	-0.03	-0.03	NOUN
economy-585	283	46	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	47	0.55	0.55	NUM
economy-585	283	48	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	49	-0.54	-0.54	NOUN
economy-585	283	50	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	51	0.93	0.93	NUM
economy-585	283	52	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	53	-0.19	-0.19	NOUN
economy-585	283	54	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	283	55	0.26	0.26	NUM
economy-585	283	56	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	283	57	year	year	NOUN
economy-585	283	58	dummy	dummy	NOUN
economy-585	284	1	83.46	83.46	NUM
economy-585	284	2	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	3	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	4	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	284	6	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	284	7	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	284	8	85.84	85.84	NUM
economy-585	284	9	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	10	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	11	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	12	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	284	13	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	284	14	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	284	15	3.63	3.63	NUM
economy-585	284	16	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	17	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	18	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	19	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	284	20	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	284	21	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	284	22	41.14	41.14	NUM
economy-585	284	23	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	24	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	25	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	26	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	284	27	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	284	28	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	284	29	46.19	46.19	NUM
economy-585	284	30	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	31	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	32	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	33	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	284	34	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	284	35	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	284	36	1.63	1.63	NUM
economy-585	284	37	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	38	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	39	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	284	40	0.05	0.05	NUM
economy-585	284	41	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	284	42	r	r	NOUN
economy-585	284	43	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	284	44	square	square	ADJ
economy-585	284	45	0.45	0.45	NUM
economy-585	284	46	0.34	0.34	NUM
economy-585	284	47	0.66	0.66	NUM
economy-585	284	48	0.46	0.46	NUM
economy-585	284	49	no	no	NOUN
economy-585	284	50	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	284	51	of	of	ADP
economy-585	284	52	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	284	53	2,321	2,321	NUM
economy-585	284	54	2,321	2,321	NUM
economy-585	284	55	2,321	2,321	NUM
economy-585	284	56	3,778	3,778	NUM
economy-585	284	57	3,778	3,778	NUM
economy-585	284	58	3,778	3,778	NUM
economy-585	284	59	no	no	NOUN
economy-585	284	60	of	of	ADP
economy-585	284	61	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	284	62	pairs	pair	VERB
economy-585	284	63	148	148	NUM
economy-585	284	64	148	148	NUM
economy-585	284	65	148	148	NUM
economy-585	284	66	164	164	NUM
economy-585	284	67	164	164	NUM
economy-585	284	68	164	164	NUM
economy-585	284	69	note	note	NOUN
economy-585	284	70	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	284	71	the	the	DET
economy-585	284	72	dependent	dependent	ADJ
economy-585	284	73	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	284	74	for	for	ADP
economy-585	284	75	these	these	DET
economy-585	284	76	regression	regression	NOUN
economy-585	284	77	results	result	VERB
economy-585	284	78	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	284	79	from	from	ADP
economy-585	284	80	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	284	81	i	i	PRON
economy-585	284	82	to	to	ADP
economy-585	284	83	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	284	84	*	*	PROPN
economy-585	284	85	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	86	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	87	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	284	88	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	89	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	90	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	284	91	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	284	92	denotes	denote	NOUN
economy-585	284	93	significance	significance	NOUN
economy-585	284	94	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	284	95	at	at	ADP
economy-585	284	96	1	1	NUM
economy-585	284	97	%	%	NOUN
economy-585	284	98	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	284	99	5	5	NUM
economy-585	284	100	%	%	NOUN
economy-585	284	101	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	284	102	10	10	NUM
economy-585	284	103	%	%	NOUN
economy-585	284	104	respectively	respectively	ADV
economy-585	284	105	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	285	1	standard	standard	ADJ
economy-585	285	2	errors	error	NOUN
economy-585	285	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	285	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	285	5	parentheses	parenthesis	NOUN
economy-585	285	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	286	1	i	i	PRON
economy-585	286	2	denotes	denote	VERB
economy-585	286	3	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	286	4	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	286	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	286	6	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	286	7	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	286	8	denotes	denote	VERB
economy-585	286	9	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	286	10	county	county	NOUN
economy-585	286	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	287	1	under	under	ADP
economy-585	287	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	287	3	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	287	4	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	287	5	modelling	modelling	NOUN
economy-585	287	6	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	287	7	all	all	DET
economy-585	287	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	287	9	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	287	10	varying	vary	VERB
economy-585	287	11	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	287	12	are	be	AUX
economy-585	287	13	used	use	VERB
economy-585	287	14	as	as	ADP
economy-585	287	15	instruments	instrument	NOUN
economy-585	287	16	for	for	ADP
economy-585	287	17	endogenous	endogenous	ADJ
economy-585	287	18	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	287	19	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	287	20	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	287	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	288	1	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	288	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	288	3	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	288	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	288	5	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	288	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	288	7	40	40	NUM
economy-585	288	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	288	9	53	53	NUM
economy-585	288	10	50	50	NUM
economy-585	288	11	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	288	12	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	288	13	by	by	ADP
economy-585	288	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	288	15	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	288	16	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	288	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	288	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	288	19	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	288	20	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	288	21	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	288	22	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	288	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	288	24	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	288	25	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	288	26	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	288	27	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	288	28	has	have	VERB
economy-585	288	29	higher	high	ADJ
economy-585	288	30	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	288	31	than	than	ADP
economy-585	288	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	288	33	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	288	34	of	of	ADP
economy-585	288	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	288	36	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	288	37	more	more	ADV
economy-585	288	38	so	so	ADV
economy-585	288	39	in	in	ADP
economy-585	288	40	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	288	41	4	4	NUM
economy-585	288	42	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	289	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	289	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	289	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	289	4	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	289	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	289	6	statistically	statistically	ADV
economy-585	289	7	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	289	8	implying	implying	NOUN
economy-585	289	9	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	289	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	289	11	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	289	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	289	13	between	between	ADP
economy-585	289	14	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	289	15	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	289	16	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	289	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	289	18	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	289	19	is	be	AUX
economy-585	289	20	explained	explain	VERB
economy-585	289	21	by	by	ADP
economy-585	289	22	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	289	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	289	24	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	289	25	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	289	26	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	289	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	290	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	290	2	in	in	ADP
economy-585	290	3	actual	actual	ADJ
economy-585	290	4	sense	sense	NOUN
economy-585	290	5	there	there	PRON
economy-585	290	6	is	be	VERB
economy-585	290	7	no	no	DET
economy-585	290	8	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	290	9	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	290	10	that	that	PRON
economy-585	290	11	uses	use	VERB
economy-585	290	12	chinese	chinese	PROPN
economy-585	290	13	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	290	14	any	any	PRON
economy-585	290	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	290	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	290	17	russian	russian	ADJ
economy-585	290	18	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	290	19	as	as	ADP
economy-585	290	20	an	an	DET
economy-585	290	21	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	290	22	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	290	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	291	1	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	291	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	291	3	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	291	4	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	291	5	english	english	PROPN
economy-585	291	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	291	7	adopted	adopt	VERB
economy-585	291	8	by	by	ADP
economy-585	291	9	many	many	ADJ
economy-585	291	10	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	291	11	as	as	ADP
economy-585	291	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	291	13	medium	medium	NOUN
economy-585	291	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	291	15	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	291	16	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	291	17	it	it	PRON
economy-585	291	18	has	have	AUX
economy-585	291	19	become	become	VERB
economy-585	291	20	possible	possible	ADJ
economy-585	291	21	for	for	ADP
economy-585	291	22	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	291	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	291	24	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	291	25	as	as	ADV
economy-585	291	26	well	well	ADV
economy-585	291	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	292	1	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	292	2	per	per	ADP
economy-585	292	3	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	292	4	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	292	5	has	have	VERB
economy-585	292	6	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	292	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	292	8	statistically	statistically	ADV
economy-585	292	9	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	292	10	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	292	11	in	in	ADP
economy-585	292	12	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	292	13	cases	case	NOUN
economy-585	292	14	at	at	ADP
economy-585	292	15	one	one	NUM
economy-585	292	16	per	per	ADP
economy-585	292	17	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	292	18	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	292	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	293	1	except	except	SCONJ
economy-585	293	2	for	for	ADP
economy-585	293	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	293	4	fixed	fix	VERB
economy-585	293	5	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	293	6	estimations	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	293	7	on	on	ADP
economy-585	293	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	293	9	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	293	10	at	at	ADP
economy-585	293	11	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	293	12	in	in	ADP
economy-585	293	13	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	293	14	4	4	NUM
economy-585	293	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	293	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	293	17	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	293	18	are	be	AUX
economy-585	293	19	not	not	PART
economy-585	293	20	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	293	21	in	in	ADP
economy-585	293	22	both	both	DET
economy-585	293	23	cases	case	NOUN
economy-585	293	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	294	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	294	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	294	3	applicable	applicable	ADJ
economy-585	294	4	for	for	ADP
economy-585	294	5	both	both	CCONJ
economy-585	294	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	294	7	exporting	exporting	NOUN
economy-585	294	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	294	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	294	10	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	294	11	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	294	12	which	which	PRON
economy-585	294	13	indicates	indicate	VERB
economy-585	294	14	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	294	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	294	16	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	294	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	294	18	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	294	19	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	294	20	tends	tend	VERB
economy-585	294	21	to	to	PART
economy-585	294	22	positively	positively	ADV
economy-585	294	23	influence	influence	VERB
economy-585	294	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	294	25	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	294	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	294	27	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	294	28	in	in	ADP
economy-585	294	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	294	30	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	294	31	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	294	32	between	between	ADP
economy-585	294	33	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	294	34	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	294	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	294	36	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	294	37	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	294	38	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	295	1	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	295	2	explained	explain	VERB
economy-585	295	3	earlier	early	ADV
economy-585	295	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	295	5	this	this	DET
economy-585	295	6	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	295	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	295	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	295	9	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	295	10	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	295	11	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	295	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	295	13	is	be	AUX
economy-585	295	14	characterised	characterise	VERB
economy-585	295	15	by	by	ADP
economy-585	295	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	295	17	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	295	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	295	19	primary	primary	ADJ
economy-585	295	20	commodities	commodity	NOUN
economy-585	295	21	from	from	ADP
economy-585	295	22	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	295	23	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	295	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	295	25	importation	importation	NOUN
economy-585	295	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	295	27	food	food	NOUN
economy-585	295	28	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	295	29	consumables	consumable	NOUN
economy-585	295	30	from	from	ADP
economy-585	295	31	bric	bric	ADJ
economy-585	295	32	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	295	33	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	295	34	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	295	35	mainly	mainly	ADV
economy-585	295	36	from	from	ADP
economy-585	295	37	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	295	38	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	296	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	296	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	296	3	a	a	DET
economy-585	296	4	vivid	vivid	ADJ
economy-585	296	5	complementarily	complementarily	NOUN
economy-585	296	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	296	7	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
economy-585	296	8	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	296	9	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	296	10	feeds	feed	VERB
economy-585	296	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	296	12	growing	grow	VERB
economy-585	296	13	industries	industry	NOUN
economy-585	296	14	in	in	ADP
economy-585	296	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	296	16	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	296	17	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	296	18	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	296	19	also	also	ADV
economy-585	296	20	imports	import	VERB
economy-585	296	21	manufactured	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	296	22	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	296	23	from	from	ADP
economy-585	296	24	these	these	DET
economy-585	296	25	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	296	26	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	296	27	particularly	particularly	ADV
economy-585	296	28	from	from	ADP
economy-585	296	29	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	296	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	297	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	297	2	imported	import	VERB
economy-585	297	3	manufactured	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	297	4	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	297	5	are	be	AUX
economy-585	297	6	not	not	PART
economy-585	297	7	only	only	ADV
economy-585	297	8	for	for	ADP
economy-585	297	9	household	household	NOUN
economy-585	297	10	consumption	consumption	NOUN
economy-585	297	11	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	297	12	also	also	ADV
economy-585	297	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	297	14	feeding	feed	VERB
economy-585	297	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	297	16	growing	grow	VERB
economy-585	297	17	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
economy-585	297	18	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	297	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	297	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	297	21	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	297	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	297	23	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	297	24	broadman	broadman	NOUN
economy-585	297	25	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	297	26	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	297	27	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	297	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	298	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	298	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	298	3	also	also	ADV
economy-585	298	4	worth	worth	ADJ
economy-585	298	5	noting	note	VERB
economy-585	298	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	298	7	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	298	8	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	298	9	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	298	10	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	298	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	298	12	this	this	DET
economy-585	298	13	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	298	14	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	298	15	with	with	ADP
economy-585	298	16	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	298	17	is	be	AUX
economy-585	298	18	concentrated	concentrate	VERB
economy-585	298	19	includes	include	VERB
economy-585	298	20	those	those	DET
economy-585	298	21	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	298	22	which	which	PRON
economy-585	298	23	are	be	AUX
economy-585	298	24	rich	rich	ADJ
economy-585	298	25	in	in	ADP
economy-585	298	26	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	298	27	resources	resource	NOUN
economy-585	298	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	298	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	298	30	in	in	ADP
economy-585	298	31	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	298	32	cases	case	NOUN
economy-585	298	33	they	they	PRON
economy-585	298	34	are	be	AUX
economy-585	298	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	298	36	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	298	37	with	with	ADP
economy-585	298	38	higher	high	ADJ
economy-585	298	39	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	298	40	per	per	ADP
economy-585	298	41	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	298	42	among	among	ADP
economy-585	298	43	the	the	DET
economy-585	298	44	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	298	45	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	298	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	299	1	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	299	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	299	3	an	an	DET
economy-585	299	4	automatic	automatic	ADJ
economy-585	299	5	connection	connection	NOUN
economy-585	299	6	with	with	ADP
economy-585	299	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	299	8	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	299	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	299	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	299	11	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	299	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	299	13	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	299	14	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	299	15	with	with	ADP
economy-585	299	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	299	17	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	299	18	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	299	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	300	1	these	these	DET
economy-585	300	2	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	300	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	300	4	similar	similar	ADJ
economy-585	300	5	to	to	ADP
economy-585	300	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	300	7	claim	claim	NOUN
economy-585	300	8	by	by	ADP
economy-585	300	9	markusen	markusen	NOUN
economy-585	300	10	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	300	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	300	12	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	300	13	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	300	14	country	country	ADJ
economy-585	300	15	distribution	distribution	NOUN
economy-585	300	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	300	17	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	300	18	measured	measure	VERB
economy-585	300	19	by	by	ADP
economy-585	300	20	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	300	21	per	per	ADP
economy-585	300	22	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	300	23	matters	matter	NOUN
economy-585	300	24	for	for	ADP
economy-585	300	25	inter	inter	ADJ
economy-585	300	26	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	300	27	country	country	ADJ
economy-585	300	28	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	300	29	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	300	30	markusen	markusen	PROPN
economy-585	300	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	300	32	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	300	33	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	300	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	301	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	301	2	deardorff	deardorff	PROPN
economy-585	301	3	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	301	4	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	301	5	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	301	6	confirms	confirm	VERB
economy-585	301	7	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	301	8	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	301	9	with	with	ADP
economy-585	301	10	higher	high	ADJ
economy-585	301	11	per	per	ADP
economy-585	301	12	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	301	13	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	301	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	301	15	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	301	16	to	to	PART
economy-585	301	17	have	have	VERB
economy-585	301	18	high	high	ADJ
economy-585	301	19	capital	capital	NOUN
economy-585	301	20	labour	labour	NOUN
economy-585	301	21	ratios	ratio	NOUN
economy-585	301	22	which	which	PRON
economy-585	301	23	results	result	VERB
economy-585	301	24	into	into	ADP
economy-585	301	25	producing	produce	VERB
economy-585	301	26	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	301	27	of	of	ADP
economy-585	301	28	capital	capital	NOUN
economy-585	301	29	intensive	intensive	ADJ
economy-585	301	30	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	301	31	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	301	32	will	will	AUX
economy-585	301	33	tend	tend	VERB
economy-585	301	34	to	to	PART
economy-585	301	35	trade	trade	VERB
economy-585	301	36	more	more	ADV
economy-585	301	37	because	because	SCONJ
economy-585	301	38	they	they	PRON
economy-585	301	39	produce	produce	VERB
economy-585	301	40	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	301	41	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	301	42	consume	consume	VERB
economy-585	301	43	larger	large	ADJ
economy-585	301	44	proportions	proportion	NOUN
economy-585	301	45	of	of	ADP
economy-585	301	46	capital	capital	NOUN
economy-585	301	47	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	301	48	intensive	intensive	ADJ
economy-585	301	49	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	301	50	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	302	1	recent	recent	ADJ
economy-585	302	2	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	302	3	concludes	conclude	VERB
economy-585	302	4	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	302	5	there	there	PRON
economy-585	302	6	is	be	VERB
economy-585	302	7	robust	robust	ADJ
economy-585	302	8	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	302	9	evidence	evidence	NOUN
economy-585	302	10	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	302	11	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	302	12	with	with	ADP
economy-585	302	13	lower	low	ADJ
economy-585	302	14	per	per	ADP
economy-585	302	15	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	302	16	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	302	17	will	will	AUX
economy-585	302	18	tend	tend	VERB
economy-585	302	19	to	to	PART
economy-585	302	20	have	have	VERB
economy-585	302	21	smaller	small	ADJ
economy-585	302	22	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	302	23	of	of	ADP
economy-585	302	24	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	302	25	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	302	26	even	even	ADV
economy-585	302	27	after	after	ADP
economy-585	302	28	controlling	control	VERB
economy-585	302	29	for	for	ADP
economy-585	302	30	aggregate	aggregate	ADJ
economy-585	302	31	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	302	32	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	302	33	tarasov	tarasov	NOUN
economy-585	302	34	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	302	35	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	302	36	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	302	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	303	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
economy-585	303	2	he	he	PRON
economy-585	303	3	asserts	assert	VERB
economy-585	303	4	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	303	5	not	not	PART
economy-585	303	6	only	only	ADV
economy-585	303	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	303	8	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	303	9	will	will	AUX
economy-585	303	10	be	be	AUX
economy-585	303	11	lower	low	ADJ
economy-585	303	12	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	303	13	also	also	ADV
economy-585	303	14	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	303	15	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	303	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	303	17	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	303	18	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	303	19	can	can	AUX
economy-585	303	20	be	be	AUX
economy-585	303	21	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	303	22	for	for	ADP
economy-585	303	23	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	303	24	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	303	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	304	1	in	in	AUX
economy-585	304	2	their	their	PRON
economy-585	304	3	seminal	seminal	ADJ
economy-585	304	4	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	304	5	examining	examine	VERB
economy-585	304	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	304	7	north	north	NOUN
economy-585	304	8	–	–	PUNCT
economy-585	304	9	south	south	NOUN
economy-585	304	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	304	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	304	12	coe	coe	PROPN
economy-585	304	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	304	14	hoffmaister	hoffmaister	PROPN
economy-585	304	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	304	16	1999	1999	NUM
economy-585	304	17	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	304	18	assert	assert	VERB
economy-585	304	19	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	304	20	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	304	21	has	have	VERB
economy-585	304	22	a	a	DET
economy-585	304	23	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	304	24	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	304	25	of	of	ADP
economy-585	304	26	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	304	27	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	304	28	such	such	ADJ
economy-585	304	29	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	304	30	a	a	DET
economy-585	304	31	1	1	NUM
economy-585	304	32	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	304	33	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	304	34	in	in	ADP
economy-585	304	35	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	304	36	of	of	ADP
economy-585	304	37	the	the	DET
economy-585	304	38	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	304	39	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	304	40	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	304	41	will	will	AUX
economy-585	304	42	lead	lead	VERB
economy-585	304	43	to	to	ADP
economy-585	304	44	an	an	DET
economy-585	304	45	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	304	46	in	in	ADP
economy-585	304	47	the	the	DET
economy-585	304	48	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	304	49	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	304	50	between	between	ADP
economy-585	304	51	the	the	DET
economy-585	304	52	two	two	NUM
economy-585	304	53	groups	group	NOUN
economy-585	304	54	by	by	ADP
economy-585	304	55	2	2	NUM
economy-585	304	56	per	per	ADP
economy-585	304	57	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	304	58	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	305	1	these	these	DET
economy-585	305	2	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	305	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	305	4	somehow	somehow	ADV
economy-585	305	5	similar	similar	ADJ
economy-585	305	6	to	to	ADP
economy-585	305	7	what	what	PRON
economy-585	305	8	this	this	DET
economy-585	305	9	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	305	10	presents	present	VERB
economy-585	305	11	in	in	ADP
economy-585	305	12	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	305	13	4	4	NUM
economy-585	305	14	as	as	ADV
economy-585	305	15	well	well	ADV
economy-585	305	16	as	as	ADP
economy-585	305	17	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	305	18	5	5	NUM
economy-585	305	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	306	1	table-5	table-5	PROPN
economy-585	306	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	307	1	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	307	2	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	307	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	307	4	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	307	5	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	307	6	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	307	7	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	307	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	307	9	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	307	10	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	11	include	include	VERB
economy-585	307	12	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	307	13	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	307	14	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	15	from	from	ADP
economy-585	307	16	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	307	17	to	to	ADP
economy-585	307	18	the	the	DET
economy-585	307	19	bric	bric	NOUN
economy-585	307	20	from	from	ADP
economy-585	307	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	307	22	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	307	23	to	to	PART
economy-585	307	24	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	307	25	modelling	modelling	NOUN
economy-585	307	26	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	307	27	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	307	28	ht	ht	PROPN
economy-585	307	29	re	re	X
economy-585	307	30	fe	fe	X
economy-585	307	31	ht	ht	X
economy-585	307	32	re	re	X
economy-585	307	33	fe	fe	X
economy-585	307	34	ln	ln	X
economy-585	307	35	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	36	mobilecellulari	mobilecellulari	PROPN
economy-585	307	37	xj	xj	PROPN
economy-585	307	38	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	39	-0.01	-0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	40	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	41	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	42	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	43	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	44	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	45	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	46	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	47	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	307	48	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	49	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	50	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	51	0.05	0.05	NUM
economy-585	307	52	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	53	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	54	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	55	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	56	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	307	57	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	58	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	307	59	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	60	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	61	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	62	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	63	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	64	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	65	-0.01	-0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	66	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	67	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	68	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	69	ln	ln	NOUN
economy-585	307	70	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	71	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	307	72	landi	landi	PROPN
economy-585	307	73	x	x	SYM
economy-585	307	74	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	307	75	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	76	0.11	0.11	NUM
economy-585	307	77	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	78	0.22	0.22	NUM
economy-585	307	79	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	80	0.24	0.24	NUM
economy-585	307	81	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	82	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	83	0.14	0.14	NUM
economy-585	307	84	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	85	0.65	0.65	NUM
economy-585	307	86	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	87	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	88	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	89	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	90	0.14	0.14	NUM
economy-585	307	91	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	92	0.05	0.05	NUM
economy-585	307	93	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	94	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	95	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	96	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	97	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	98	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	99	ln(credit	ln(credit	NOUN
economy-585	307	100	to	to	ADP
economy-585	307	101	privat.i	privat.i	PROPN
economy-585	307	102	xj	xj	NOUN
economy-585	307	103	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	104	-0.05	-0.05	NOUN
economy-585	307	105	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	106	0.10	0.10	NUM
economy-585	307	107	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	108	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	109	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	110	0.10	0.10	NUM
economy-585	307	111	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	112	0.04	0.04	NUM
economy-585	307	113	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	114	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	115	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	116	-0.05	-0.05	NOUN
economy-585	307	117	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	118	0.08	0.08	NUM
economy-585	307	119	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	120	0.14	0.14	NUM
economy-585	307	121	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	122	0.13	0.13	NUM
economy-585	307	123	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	124	0.20	0.20	NUM
economy-585	307	125	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	126	0.14	0.14	NUM
economy-585	307	127	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	128	lnexchange	lnexchange	NOUN
economy-585	307	129	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	307	130	-0.34	-0.34	NOUN
economy-585	307	131	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	132	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	133	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	134	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	135	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	307	136	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	137	-0.30	-0.30	PROPN
economy-585	307	138	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	139	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	140	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	141	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	142	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	307	143	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	144	-0.36	-0.36	NOUN
economy-585	307	145	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	146	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	147	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	148	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	149	0.07	0.07	NUM
economy-585	307	150	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	151	-0.07	-0.07	NOUN
economy-585	307	152	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	153	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	154	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	155	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	156	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	157	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	158	-0.07	-0.07	NOUN
economy-585	307	159	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	160	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	161	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	162	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	163	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	164	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	165	-0.04	-0.04	NUM
economy-585	307	166	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	167	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	168	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	169	ln	ln	NOUN
economy-585	307	170	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	171	populationix	populationix	PROPN
economy-585	307	172	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	307	173	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	174	0.08	0.08	NUM
economy-585	307	175	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	176	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	177	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	178	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	179	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	180	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	181	0.09	0.09	NUM
economy-585	307	182	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	183	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	184	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	185	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	186	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	187	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	188	0.11	0.11	NUM
economy-585	307	189	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	190	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	191	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	192	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	193	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	307	194	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	195	0.09	0.09	NUM
economy-585	307	196	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	197	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	198	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	199	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	200	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	307	201	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	202	0.08	0.08	NUM
economy-585	307	203	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	204	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	205	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	206	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	207	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	307	208	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	209	0.18	0.18	NUM
economy-585	307	210	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	211	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	212	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	213	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	214	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	215	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	216	ln(gdpppi	ln(gdpppi	NOUN
economy-585	307	217	x	x	PUNCT
economy-585	307	218	j	j	NOUN
economy-585	307	219	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	220	0.29	0.29	NUM
economy-585	307	221	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	222	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	223	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	224	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	225	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	226	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	227	0.22	0.22	NUM
economy-585	307	228	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	229	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	230	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	231	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	232	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	233	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	234	0.31	0.31	NUM
economy-585	307	235	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	236	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	237	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	238	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	239	0.03	0.03	NUM
economy-585	307	240	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	241	0.19	0.19	NUM
economy-585	307	242	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	243	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	244	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	245	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	246	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	247	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	248	0.12	0.12	NUM
economy-585	307	249	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	250	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	251	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	252	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	253	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	254	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	255	0.19	0.19	NUM
economy-585	307	256	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	257	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	258	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	259	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	260	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	261	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	262	lndistance	lndistance	NOUN
economy-585	307	263	11.47	11.47	NUM
economy-585	307	264	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	265	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	266	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	267	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	268	4.74	4.74	NUM
economy-585	307	269	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	270	2.12	2.12	NUM
economy-585	307	271	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	272	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	273	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	274	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	275	0.69	0.69	NUM
economy-585	307	276	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	277	1.12	1.12	NUM
economy-585	307	278	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	279	2.28	2.28	NUM
economy-585	307	280	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	281	-0.42	-0.42	NOUN
economy-585	307	282	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	283	0.39	0.39	NUM
economy-585	307	284	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	285	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	307	286	-0.82	-0.82	NUM
economy-585	307	287	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	288	0.90	0.90	NUM
economy-585	307	289	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	290	-0.99	-0.99	NOUN
economy-585	307	291	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	292	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	293	0.56	0.56	NUM
economy-585	307	294	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	295	-1.09	-1.09	NOUN
economy-585	307	296	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	297	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	298	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	299	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	300	0.45	0.45	NUM
economy-585	307	301	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	302	-1.31	-1.31	NOUN
economy-585	307	303	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	304	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	305	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	306	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	307	0.29	0.29	NUM
economy-585	307	308	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	309	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	307	310	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	307	311	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	307	312	3.59	3.59	NUM
economy-585	307	313	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	314	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	315	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	316	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	317	1.36	1.36	NUM
economy-585	307	318	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	319	1.63	1.63	NUM
economy-585	307	320	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	321	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	322	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	323	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	324	0.72	0.72	NUM
economy-585	307	325	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	326	-0.26	-0.26	X
economy-585	307	327	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	328	0.69	0.69	NUM
economy-585	307	329	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	330	0.43	0.43	NUM
economy-585	307	331	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	332	0.41	0.41	NUM
economy-585	307	333	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	334	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	307	335	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	307	336	0.39	0.39	NUM
economy-585	307	337	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	338	1.01	1.01	NUM
economy-585	307	339	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	340	-0.49	-0.49	NOUN
economy-585	307	341	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	342	0.58	0.58	NUM
economy-585	307	343	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	344	-0.07	-0.07	X
economy-585	307	345	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	346	0.61	0.61	NUM
economy-585	307	347	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	348	-0.36	-0.36	NUM
economy-585	307	349	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	350	0.37	0.37	NUM
economy-585	307	351	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	352	years	year	NOUN
economy-585	307	353	95.74	95.74	NUM
economy-585	307	354	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	355	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	356	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	357	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	358	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	307	359	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	360	117.85	117.85	NUM
economy-585	307	361	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	362	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	363	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	364	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	365	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	307	366	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	367	5.43	5.43	NUM
economy-585	307	368	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	369	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	370	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	371	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	372	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	307	373	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	374	36.18	36.18	NUM
economy-585	307	375	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	376	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	377	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	378	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	379	0.00	0.00	NUM
economy-585	307	380	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	381	33.19	33.19	NUM
economy-585	307	382	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	383	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	384	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	385	0.02	0.02	NUM
economy-585	307	386	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	387	1.94	1.94	NUM
economy-585	307	388	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	389	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	390	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	307	391	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	307	392	0.01	0.01	NUM
economy-585	307	393	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	307	394	r	r	NOUN
economy-585	307	395	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	307	396	square	square	NOUN
economy-585	307	397	0.41	0.41	NUM
economy-585	307	398	0.23	0.23	NUM
economy-585	307	399	0.62	0.62	NUM
economy-585	307	400	0.54	0.54	NUM
economy-585	307	401	no	no	NOUN
economy-585	307	402	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	308	1	of	of	ADP
economy-585	308	2	observations	observation	NOUN
economy-585	308	3	1,818	1,818	NUM
economy-585	308	4	1,818	1,818	NUM
economy-585	308	5	1,818	1,818	NUM
economy-585	308	6	2,454	2,454	NUM
economy-585	308	7	1,654	1,654	NUM
economy-585	308	8	1,654	1,654	NUM
economy-585	308	9	no	no	NOUN
economy-585	308	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	309	1	of	of	ADP
economy-585	309	2	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	309	3	pairs	pair	VERB
economy-585	309	4	148	148	NUM
economy-585	309	5	148	148	NUM
economy-585	309	6	148	148	NUM
economy-585	309	7	164	164	NUM
economy-585	309	8	128	128	NUM
economy-585	309	9	128	128	NUM
economy-585	309	10	note	note	NOUN
economy-585	309	11	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	309	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	309	13	dependent	dependent	ADJ
economy-585	309	14	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	309	15	for	for	ADP
economy-585	309	16	these	these	DET
economy-585	309	17	regression	regression	NOUN
economy-585	309	18	results	result	VERB
economy-585	309	19	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	309	20	from	from	ADP
economy-585	309	21	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	309	22	i	i	PRON
economy-585	309	23	to	to	ADP
economy-585	309	24	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	309	25	*	*	PROPN
economy-585	309	26	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	309	27	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	309	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	309	29	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	309	30	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	309	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	309	32	*	*	PUNCT
economy-585	309	33	denotes	denote	NOUN
economy-585	309	34	significance	significance	NOUN
economy-585	309	35	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	309	36	at	at	ADP
economy-585	309	37	1	1	NUM
economy-585	309	38	%	%	NOUN
economy-585	309	39	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	309	40	5	5	NUM
economy-585	309	41	%	%	NOUN
economy-585	309	42	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	309	43	10	10	NUM
economy-585	309	44	%	%	NOUN
economy-585	309	45	respectively	respectively	ADV
economy-585	309	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	310	1	standard	standard	ADJ
economy-585	310	2	errors	error	NOUN
economy-585	310	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	310	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	310	5	parentheses	parenthesis	NOUN
economy-585	310	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	311	1	i	i	PRON
economy-585	311	2	denotes	denote	VERB
economy-585	311	3	exporting	export	VERB
economy-585	311	4	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	311	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	311	6	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	311	7	j	j	PROPN
economy-585	311	8	denotes	denote	VERB
economy-585	311	9	importing	import	VERB
economy-585	311	10	county	county	NOUN
economy-585	311	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	312	1	under	under	ADP
economy-585	312	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	312	3	hausman	hausman	ADJ
economy-585	312	4	-taylor	-taylor	PROPN
economy-585	312	5	modelling	modelling	NOUN
economy-585	312	6	technique	technique	NOUN
economy-585	312	7	all	all	DET
economy-585	312	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	312	9	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	312	10	varying	vary	VERB
economy-585	312	11	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	312	12	are	be	AUX
economy-585	312	13	used	use	VERB
economy-585	312	14	as	as	ADP
economy-585	312	15	instruments	instrument	NOUN
economy-585	312	16	for	for	ADP
economy-585	312	17	endogenous	endogenous	ADJ
economy-585	312	18	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	312	19	invariant	invariant	ADJ
economy-585	312	20	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	312	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	313	1	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	313	2	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	313	3	has	have	VERB
economy-585	313	4	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	313	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	313	6	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	313	7	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	313	8	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	313	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	313	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	313	11	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	313	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	313	13	from	from	ADP
economy-585	313	14	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	313	15	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	313	16	to	to	ADP
economy-585	313	17	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	313	18	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	314	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	314	2	imply	imply	VERB
economy-585	314	3	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	314	4	an	an	DET
economy-585	314	5	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	314	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	314	7	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	314	8	tend	tend	VERB
economy-585	314	9	to	to	PART
economy-585	314	10	result	result	VERB
economy-585	314	11	into	into	ADP
economy-585	314	12	a	a	DET
economy-585	314	13	proportionate	proportionate	ADJ
economy-585	314	14	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	314	15	in	in	ADP
economy-585	314	16	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	314	17	between	between	ADP
economy-585	314	18	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	314	19	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	314	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	315	1	for	for	ADP
economy-585	315	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	315	3	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	315	4	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	315	5	from	from	ADP
economy-585	315	6	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	315	7	to	to	ADP
economy-585	315	8	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	315	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	315	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	315	11	coefficient	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	315	12	does	do	AUX
economy-585	315	13	not	not	PART
economy-585	315	14	support	support	VERB
economy-585	315	15	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	315	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	315	17	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	315	18	in	in	ADP
economy-585	315	19	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	315	20	leads	lead	VERB
economy-585	315	21	to	to	ADP
economy-585	315	22	an	an	DET
economy-585	315	23	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	315	24	in	in	ADP
economy-585	315	25	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	315	26	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	315	27	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	315	28	in	in	ADP
economy-585	315	29	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	315	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	316	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	316	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	316	3	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	316	4	assert	assert	VERB
economy-585	316	5	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	316	6	there	there	PRON
economy-585	316	7	has	have	AUX
economy-585	316	8	been	be	AUX
economy-585	316	9	an	an	DET
economy-585	316	10	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	316	11	in	in	ADP
economy-585	316	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	316	13	food	food	NOUN
economy-585	316	14	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	316	15	from	from	ADP
economy-585	316	16	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	316	17	to	to	ADP
economy-585	316	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	316	19	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	316	20	particularly	particularly	ADV
economy-585	316	21	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	316	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	316	23	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	316	24	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	316	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	316	26	this	this	PRON
economy-585	316	27	has	have	AUX
economy-585	316	28	been	be	AUX
economy-585	316	29	as	as	ADP
economy-585	316	30	a	a	DET
economy-585	316	31	result	result	NOUN
economy-585	316	32	of	of	ADP
economy-585	316	33	an	an	DET
economy-585	316	34	increasing	increase	VERB
economy-585	316	35	populations	population	NOUN
economy-585	316	36	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	316	37	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	316	38	levels	level	NOUN
economy-585	316	39	in	in	ADP
economy-585	316	40	these	these	DET
economy-585	316	41	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	316	42	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	316	43	broadman	broadman	NOUN
economy-585	316	44	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	316	45	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	316	46	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	316	47	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	317	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	317	2	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	317	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	317	4	confirmed	confirm	VERB
economy-585	317	5	by	by	ADP
economy-585	317	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	317	7	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	317	8	in	in	ADP
economy-585	317	9	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	317	10	5	5	NUM
economy-585	317	11	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	317	12	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	317	13	is	be	AUX
economy-585	317	14	used	use	VERB
economy-585	317	15	as	as	ADP
economy-585	317	16	a	a	DET
economy-585	317	17	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	317	18	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	317	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	317	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	317	21	coefficient	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	317	22	turn	turn	VERB
economy-585	317	23	to	to	PART
economy-585	317	24	be	be	AUX
economy-585	317	25	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	317	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	317	27	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	317	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	318	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
economy-585	318	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	318	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	318	4	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	318	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	318	6	manufactured	manufacture	VERB
economy-585	318	7	goods	good	NOUN
economy-585	318	8	from	from	ADP
economy-585	318	9	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	318	10	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	318	11	to	to	ADP
economy-585	318	12	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	318	13	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	318	14	are	be	AUX
economy-585	318	15	for	for	ADP
economy-585	318	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	318	17	search	search	NOUN
economy-585	318	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	318	19	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	318	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	318	21	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	318	22	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	318	23	shows	show	VERB
economy-585	318	24	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	318	25	nigeria	nigeria	PROPN
economy-585	318	26	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	318	27	which	which	PRON
economy-585	318	28	is	be	AUX
economy-585	318	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	318	30	most	most	ADV
economy-585	318	31	populous	populous	ADJ
economy-585	318	32	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	318	33	in	in	ADP
economy-585	318	34	the	the	DET
economy-585	318	35	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	318	36	records	record	VERB
economy-585	318	37	higher	high	ADJ
economy-585	318	38	imports	import	NOUN
economy-585	318	39	from	from	ADP
economy-585	318	40	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	318	41	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	318	42	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	318	43	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	318	44	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	318	45	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	318	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	319	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	319	2	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	319	3	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	319	4	concentration	concentration	NOUN
economy-585	319	5	is	be	AUX
economy-585	319	6	also	also	ADV
economy-585	319	7	based	base	VERB
economy-585	319	8	on	on	ADP
economy-585	319	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	319	10	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	319	11	pattern	pattern	NOUN
economy-585	319	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	319	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	319	15	period	period	NOUN
economy-585	319	16	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	319	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	18	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	319	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	20	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	319	21	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	319	22	40	40	NUM
economy-585	319	23	-	-	SYM
economy-585	319	24	53	53	NUM
economy-585	319	25	51	51	NUM
economy-585	319	26	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	319	27	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	319	28	by	by	ADP
economy-585	319	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	319	30	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	319	31	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	319	32	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	319	33	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	319	34	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	319	35	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	319	36	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	319	37	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	319	38	between	between	ADP
economy-585	319	39	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	319	40	to	to	ADP
economy-585	319	41	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	319	42	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	319	43	than	than	ADP
economy-585	319	44	80	80	NUM
economy-585	319	45	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	319	46	of	of	ADP
economy-585	319	47	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	319	48	added	add	VERB
economy-585	319	49	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	319	50	from	from	ADP
economy-585	319	51	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	319	52	originated	originate	VERB
economy-585	319	53	from	from	ADP
economy-585	319	54	nigeria	nigeria	PROPN
economy-585	319	55	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	319	56	refined	refined	ADJ
economy-585	319	57	petroleum	petroleum	NOUN
economy-585	319	58	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	319	59	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	60	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	319	61	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	319	62	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	319	63	refined	refined	ADJ
economy-585	319	64	petroleum	petroleum	NOUN
economy-585	319	65	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	319	66	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	67	pharmaceuticals	pharmaceutical	NOUN
economy-585	319	68	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	69	electronics	electronic	NOUN
economy-585	319	70	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	71	machinery	machinery	NOUN
economy-585	319	72	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	319	73	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	319	74	equipment	equipment	NOUN
economy-585	319	75	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	319	76	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	319	77	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	319	78	swaziland	swaziland	NOUN
economy-585	319	79	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	319	80	pharmaceuticals	pharmaceutical	NOUN
economy-585	319	81	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	319	82	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	319	83	broadman	broadman	NOUN
economy-585	319	84	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	319	85	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	319	86	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	319	87	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	320	1	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	320	2	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	320	3	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	320	4	has	have	VERB
economy-585	320	5	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	320	6	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	320	7	though	though	ADV
economy-585	320	8	not	not	PART
economy-585	320	9	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	320	10	in	in	ADP
economy-585	320	11	all	all	DET
economy-585	320	12	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	320	13	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	320	14	for	for	ADP
economy-585	320	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	320	16	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	320	17	at	at	ADP
economy-585	320	18	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	320	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	321	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	321	2	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	321	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	321	4	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	321	5	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	321	6	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	321	7	on	on	ADP
economy-585	321	8	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	321	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	321	10	arises	arise	VERB
economy-585	321	11	where	where	SCONJ
economy-585	321	12	there	there	PRON
economy-585	321	13	are	be	VERB
economy-585	321	14	uncertainties	uncertainty	NOUN
economy-585	321	15	on	on	ADP
economy-585	321	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	321	17	appreciation	appreciation	NOUN
economy-585	321	18	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	321	19	depreciation	depreciation	NOUN
economy-585	321	20	in	in	ADP
economy-585	321	21	value	value	NOUN
economy-585	321	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	321	23	any	any	PRON
economy-585	321	24	of	of	ADP
economy-585	321	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	321	26	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	321	27	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	321	28	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	321	29	currency	currency	NOUN
economy-585	321	30	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	322	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	322	2	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	322	3	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	322	4	volatility	volatility	NOUN
economy-585	322	5	has	have	VERB
economy-585	322	6	a	a	DET
economy-585	322	7	tendency	tendency	NOUN
economy-585	322	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	322	9	affecting	affect	VERB
economy-585	322	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	322	11	profitability	profitability	NOUN
economy-585	322	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	322	13	foreign	foreign	ADJ
economy-585	322	14	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	322	15	trades	trade	NOUN
economy-585	322	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	323	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	323	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	323	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	323	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	323	5	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	323	6	are	be	AUX
economy-585	323	7	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	323	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	323	9	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	323	10	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	323	11	with	with	ADP
economy-585	323	12	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	323	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	323	14	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	323	15	5	5	NUM
economy-585	323	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	324	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	324	2	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	324	3	signify	signify	VERB
economy-585	324	4	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	324	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	324	6	times	time	NOUN
economy-585	324	7	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	324	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	324	9	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	324	10	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	324	11	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	324	12	index	index	NOUN
economy-585	324	13	drops	drop	NOUN
economy-585	324	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	324	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	324	16	exporter	exporter	NOUN
economy-585	324	17	currency	currency	NOUN
economy-585	324	18	depreciates	depreciate	VERB
economy-585	324	19	with	with	ADP
economy-585	324	20	respect	respect	NOUN
economy-585	324	21	to	to	ADP
economy-585	324	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	324	23	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	324	24	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	324	25	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	324	26	currency	currency	NOUN
economy-585	324	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	324	28	which	which	PRON
economy-585	324	29	improves	improve	VERB
economy-585	324	30	the	the	DET
economy-585	324	31	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	324	32	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
economy-585	324	33	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	324	34	rault	rault	NOUN
economy-585	324	35	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	324	36	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	324	37	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	324	38	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	324	39	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	324	40	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	324	41	iqbal	iqbal	PROPN
economy-585	324	42	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	324	43	islam	islam	PROPN
economy-585	324	44	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	324	45	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	324	46	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	324	47	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	325	1	generally	generally	ADV
economy-585	325	2	these	these	DET
economy-585	325	3	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	325	4	provide	provide	VERB
economy-585	325	5	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	325	6	that	that	PRON
economy-585	325	7	confirm	confirm	VERB
economy-585	325	8	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	325	9	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	325	10	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	325	11	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	325	12	changes	change	NOUN
economy-585	325	13	adversely	adversely	ADV
economy-585	325	14	affect	affect	VERB
economy-585	325	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	325	16	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	325	17	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	325	18	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	325	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	325	20	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	325	21	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	325	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	326	1	de	de	X
economy-585	326	2	vita	vita	PROPN
economy-585	326	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	326	4	abbott	abbott	PROPN
economy-585	326	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	326	6	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	326	7	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	326	8	confirms	confirm	VERB
economy-585	326	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	326	10	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	326	11	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	326	12	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	326	13	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	326	14	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	326	15	uncertainty	uncertainty	NOUN
economy-585	326	16	has	have	VERB
economy-585	326	17	on	on	ADP
economy-585	326	18	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	326	19	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	326	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	326	21	in	in	ADP
economy-585	326	22	his	his	PRON
economy-585	326	23	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	326	24	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	326	25	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	326	26	uncertainty	uncertainty	NOUN
economy-585	326	27	is	be	AUX
economy-585	326	28	found	find	VERB
economy-585	326	29	to	to	PART
economy-585	326	30	have	have	VERB
economy-585	326	31	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	326	32	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	326	33	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	326	34	influence	influence	NOUN
economy-585	326	35	on	on	ADP
economy-585	326	36	the	the	DET
economy-585	326	37	uk	uk	PROPN
economy-585	326	38	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	326	39	to	to	ADP
economy-585	326	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	326	41	eu	eu	PROPN
economy-585	326	42	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	326	43	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	327	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	327	2	argument	argument	NOUN
economy-585	327	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	327	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	327	5	despite	despite	SCONJ
economy-585	327	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	327	7	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	327	8	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	327	9	with	with	ADP
economy-585	327	10	short	short	ADJ
economy-585	327	11	run	run	NOUN
economy-585	327	12	fluctuations	fluctuation	NOUN
economy-585	327	13	hedging	hedge	VERB
economy-585	327	14	can	can	AUX
economy-585	327	15	be	be	AUX
economy-585	327	16	used	use	VERB
economy-585	327	17	to	to	PART
economy-585	327	18	insure	insure	VERB
economy-585	327	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	327	20	risk	risk	NOUN
economy-585	327	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	327	22	it	it	PRON
economy-585	327	23	becomes	become	VERB
economy-585	327	24	more	more	ADV
economy-585	327	25	challenging	challenging	ADJ
economy-585	327	26	to	to	PART
economy-585	327	27	cover	cover	VERB
economy-585	327	28	against	against	ADP
economy-585	327	29	long	long	ADJ
economy-585	327	30	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	327	31	term	term	NOUN
economy-585	327	32	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	327	33	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	327	34	fluctuations	fluctuation	NOUN
economy-585	327	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	328	1	these	these	DET
economy-585	328	2	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	328	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	328	4	also	also	ADV
economy-585	328	5	supported	support	VERB
economy-585	328	6	by	by	ADP
economy-585	328	7	iqbal	iqbal	PROPN
economy-585	328	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	328	9	islam	islam	PROPN
economy-585	328	10	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	328	11	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	328	12	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	328	13	who	who	PRON
economy-585	328	14	asserts	assert	VERB
economy-585	328	15	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	328	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	328	17	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	328	18	real	real	ADJ
economy-585	328	19	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	328	20	rates	rate	NOUN
economy-585	328	21	are	be	AUX
economy-585	328	22	inversely	inversely	ADV
economy-585	328	23	related	relate	VERB
economy-585	328	24	to	to	ADP
economy-585	328	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	328	26	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	328	27	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	328	28	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	328	29	between	between	ADP
economy-585	328	30	bangladesh	bangladesh	NOUN
economy-585	328	31	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	328	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	328	33	european	european	PROPN
economy-585	328	34	union	union	PROPN
economy-585	328	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	329	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	329	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	329	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	329	4	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	329	5	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	329	6	conforms	conform	VERB
economy-585	329	7	to	to	ADP
economy-585	329	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	329	9	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	329	10	by	by	ADP
economy-585	329	11	chowdhury	chowdhury	PROPN
economy-585	329	12	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	329	13	1993	1993	NUM
economy-585	329	14	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	329	15	whose	whose	DET
economy-585	329	16	error	error	NOUN
economy-585	329	17	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	329	18	correction	correction	NOUN
economy-585	329	19	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	329	20	indicate	indicate	VERB
economy-585	329	21	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	329	22	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	329	23	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	329	24	volatility	volatility	NOUN
economy-585	329	25	has	have	VERB
economy-585	329	26	a	a	DET
economy-585	329	27	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	329	28	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	329	29	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	329	30	on	on	ADP
economy-585	329	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	329	32	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	329	33	of	of	ADP
economy-585	329	34	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	329	35	in	in	ADP
economy-585	329	36	each	each	PRON
economy-585	329	37	of	of	ADP
economy-585	329	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	329	39	g-7	g-7	NOUN
economy-585	329	40	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	329	41	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	330	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
economy-585	330	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	330	3	rault	rault	NOUN
economy-585	330	4	et	et	PROPN
economy-585	330	5	al	al	PROPN
economy-585	330	6	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	330	7	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	330	8	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	330	9	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	330	10	modelling	model	VERB
economy-585	330	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	330	12	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	330	13	between	between	ADP
economy-585	330	14	ceec	ceec	ADJ
economy-585	330	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	330	16	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	330	17	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	330	18	get	get	VERB
economy-585	330	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	330	20	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	330	21	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	330	22	implying	imply	VERB
economy-585	330	23	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	330	24	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	330	25	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	330	26	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	330	27	index	index	NOUN
economy-585	330	28	slumps	slump	VERB
economy-585	330	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	330	30	exporter	exporter	NOUN
economy-585	330	31	currency	currency	NOUN
economy-585	330	32	depreciates	depreciate	VERB
economy-585	330	33	relative	relative	ADJ
economy-585	330	34	to	to	ADP
economy-585	330	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	330	36	currency	currency	NOUN
economy-585	330	37	of	of	ADP
economy-585	330	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	330	39	importer	importer	NOUN
economy-585	330	40	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	330	41	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	330	42	improving	improve	VERB
economy-585	330	43	export	export	NOUN
economy-585	330	44	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
economy-585	330	45	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	331	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	331	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	331	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	331	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	331	5	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	331	6	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	331	7	also	also	ADV
economy-585	331	8	do	do	AUX
economy-585	331	9	not	not	PART
economy-585	331	10	appear	appear	VERB
economy-585	331	11	to	to	PART
economy-585	331	12	have	have	VERB
economy-585	331	13	consistent	consistent	ADJ
economy-585	331	14	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	331	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	331	16	significance	significance	NOUN
economy-585	331	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	331	18	all	all	DET
economy-585	331	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	331	20	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	331	21	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	331	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	332	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	332	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	332	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	332	4	traditional	traditional	ADJ
economy-585	332	5	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	332	6	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	332	7	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	332	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	332	9	many	many	ADJ
economy-585	332	10	recent	recent	ADJ
economy-585	332	11	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	332	12	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	332	13	find	find	VERB
economy-585	332	14	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	332	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	332	16	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	332	17	of	of	ADP
economy-585	332	18	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	332	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	332	20	a	a	DET
economy-585	332	21	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	332	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	332	23	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	332	24	is	be	AUX
economy-585	332	25	a	a	DET
economy-585	332	26	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	332	27	function	function	NOUN
economy-585	332	28	of	of	ADP
economy-585	332	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	332	30	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	332	31	between	between	ADP
economy-585	332	32	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	332	33	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	332	34	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	332	35	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	332	36	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	332	37	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	332	38	van	van	PROPN
economy-585	332	39	wincoop	wincoop	NOUN
economy-585	332	40	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	332	41	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	332	42	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	332	43	tripathi	tripathi	PROPN
economy-585	332	44	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	332	45	leitão	leitão	PROPN
economy-585	332	46	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	332	47	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	332	48	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	332	49	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	333	1	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	333	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	333	3	inconsistence	inconsistence	NOUN
economy-585	333	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	333	5	these	these	DET
economy-585	333	6	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	333	7	could	could	AUX
economy-585	333	8	possibly	possibly	ADV
economy-585	333	9	be	be	AUX
economy-585	333	10	insinuating	insinuate	VERB
economy-585	333	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	333	12	aspect	aspect	NOUN
economy-585	333	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	333	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	333	15	death	death	NOUN
economy-585	333	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	333	17	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	333	18	due	due	ADJ
economy-585	333	19	to	to	ADP
economy-585	333	20	technological	technological	ADJ
economy-585	333	21	advancement	advancement	NOUN
economy-585	333	22	in	in	ADP
economy-585	333	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	333	24	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	333	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	333	26	communication	communication	NOUN
economy-585	333	27	sectors	sector	NOUN
economy-585	333	28	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	333	29	discussed	discuss	VERB
economy-585	333	30	earlier	early	ADV
economy-585	333	31	in	in	ADP
economy-585	333	32	this	this	DET
economy-585	333	33	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	333	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	334	1	a	a	DET
economy-585	334	2	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	334	3	in	in	ADP
economy-585	334	4	a	a	DET
economy-585	334	5	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	334	6	pair	pair	NOUN
economy-585	334	7	being	be	AUX
economy-585	334	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	334	9	member	member	NOUN
economy-585	334	10	to	to	ADP
economy-585	334	11	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	334	12	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	334	13	not	not	PART
economy-585	334	14	has	have	AUX
economy-585	334	15	also	also	ADV
economy-585	334	16	been	be	AUX
economy-585	334	17	examined	examine	VERB
economy-585	334	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	334	19	in	in	SCONJ
economy-585	334	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	334	21	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	334	22	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	334	23	under	under	ADP
economy-585	334	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	334	25	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	334	26	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	334	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	334	28	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	334	29	are	be	AUX
economy-585	334	30	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	334	31	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	334	32	not	not	PART
economy-585	334	33	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	334	34	in	in	ADP
economy-585	334	35	both	both	DET
economy-585	334	36	cases	case	NOUN
economy-585	334	37	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	335	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	335	2	looking	look	VERB
economy-585	335	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	335	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	335	5	rest	rest	NOUN
economy-585	335	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	335	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	335	8	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	335	9	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	335	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	335	11	they	they	PRON
economy-585	335	12	give	give	VERB
economy-585	335	13	mixed	mixed	ADJ
economy-585	335	14	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	335	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	336	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	336	2	could	could	AUX
economy-585	336	3	be	be	AUX
economy-585	336	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	336	5	line	line	NOUN
economy-585	336	6	with	with	ADP
economy-585	336	7	what	what	PRON
economy-585	336	8	is	be	AUX
economy-585	336	9	discussed	discuss	VERB
economy-585	336	10	in	in	ADP
economy-585	336	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	336	12	literature	literature	NOUN
economy-585	336	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	336	14	while	while	SCONJ
economy-585	336	15	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	336	16	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	336	17	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	336	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	336	19	suggest	suggest	VERB
economy-585	336	20	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	336	21	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	336	22	to	to	ADP
economy-585	336	23	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	336	24	does	do	AUX
economy-585	336	25	not	not	PART
economy-585	336	26	have	have	VERB
economy-585	336	27	any	any	DET
economy-585	336	28	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	336	29	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	336	30	on	on	ADP
economy-585	336	31	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	336	32	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	336	33	subramanian	subramanian	PROPN
economy-585	336	34	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	336	35	wei	wei	PROPN
economy-585	336	36	have	have	AUX
economy-585	336	37	provided	provide	VERB
economy-585	336	38	evidence	evidence	NOUN
economy-585	336	39	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	336	40	though	though	SCONJ
economy-585	336	41	little	little	ADJ
economy-585	336	42	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	336	43	there	there	PRON
economy-585	336	44	is	be	VERB
economy-585	336	45	an	an	DET
economy-585	336	46	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	336	47	of	of	ADP
economy-585	336	48	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	336	49	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	336	50	on	on	ADP
economy-585	336	51	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	336	52	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	336	53	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	337	1	they	they	PRON
economy-585	337	2	find	find	VERB
economy-585	337	3	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	337	4	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	337	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	337	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	337	7	greater	great	ADJ
economy-585	337	8	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	337	9	both	both	DET
economy-585	337	10	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	337	11	had	have	AUX
economy-585	337	12	liberalized	liberalize	VERB
economy-585	337	13	their	their	PRON
economy-585	337	14	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	337	15	policy	policy	NOUN
economy-585	337	16	than	than	ADP
economy-585	337	17	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	337	18	only	only	ADV
economy-585	337	19	one	one	NUM
economy-585	337	20	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	337	21	did	do	AUX
economy-585	337	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	337	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	337	24	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	337	25	did	do	VERB
economy-585	337	26	not	not	PART
economy-585	337	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	338	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	338	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	338	3	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	338	4	it	it	PRON
economy-585	338	5	is	be	AUX
economy-585	338	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	338	7	theory	theory	NOUN
economy-585	338	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	338	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	338	10	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	338	11	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	338	12	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	338	13	would	would	AUX
economy-585	338	14	depend	depend	VERB
economy-585	338	15	on	on	ADP
economy-585	338	16	what	what	PRON
economy-585	338	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	338	18	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	338	19	does	do	AUX
economy-585	338	20	with	with	ADP
economy-585	338	21	its	its	PRON
economy-585	338	22	membership	membership	NOUN
economy-585	338	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	338	24	with	with	ADP
economy-585	338	25	whom	whom	PRON
economy-585	338	26	it	it	PRON
economy-585	338	27	negotiates	negotiate	VERB
economy-585	338	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	338	29	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	338	30	which	which	PRON
economy-585	338	31	products	product	VERB
economy-585	338	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	338	33	negotiation	negotiation	NOUN
economy-585	338	34	covers	cover	VERB
economy-585	338	35	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	339	1	this	this	DET
economy-585	339	2	disagreement	disagreement	NOUN
economy-585	339	3	might	might	AUX
economy-585	339	4	explain	explain	VERB
economy-585	339	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	339	6	mixed	mixed	ADJ
economy-585	339	7	regression	regression	NOUN
economy-585	339	8	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	339	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	339	10	this	this	DET
economy-585	339	11	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	339	12	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	339	13	subramanian	subramanian	PROPN
economy-585	339	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	339	15	wei	wei	PROPN
economy-585	339	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	339	17	2007	2007	NUM
economy-585	339	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	339	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	340	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	340	2	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	340	3	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	340	4	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	340	5	does	do	AUX
economy-585	340	6	not	not	PART
economy-585	340	7	give	give	VERB
economy-585	340	8	out	out	ADP
economy-585	340	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	340	10	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	340	11	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	340	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	341	1	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	341	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	341	3	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	341	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	341	5	estimated	estimate	VERB
economy-585	341	6	at	at	ADP
economy-585	341	7	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	341	8	it	it	PRON
economy-585	341	9	almost	almost	ADV
economy-585	341	10	gives	give	VERB
economy-585	341	11	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	341	12	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	341	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	341	14	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	341	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	341	16	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	341	17	becomes	become	VERB
economy-585	341	18	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	341	19	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	341	20	tested	test	VERB
economy-585	341	21	as	as	ADP
economy-585	341	22	a	a	DET
economy-585	341	23	product	product	NOUN
economy-585	341	24	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	341	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	342	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	342	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	342	3	takes	take	VERB
economy-585	342	4	a	a	DET
economy-585	342	5	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	342	6	sign	sign	NOUN
economy-585	342	7	with	with	ADP
economy-585	342	8	high	high	ADJ
economy-585	342	9	statistical	statistical	ADJ
economy-585	342	10	significance	significance	NOUN
economy-585	342	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	342	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	342	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	342	14	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	342	15	from	from	ADP
economy-585	342	16	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	342	17	to	to	ADP
economy-585	342	18	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	342	19	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	342	20	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	342	21	it	it	PRON
economy-585	342	22	indicate	indicate	VERB
economy-585	342	23	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	342	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	342	25	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	342	26	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	342	27	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	342	28	tend	tend	VERB
economy-585	342	29	to	to	PART
economy-585	342	30	statistically	statistically	ADV
economy-585	342	31	explain	explain	VERB
economy-585	342	32	65	65	NUM
economy-585	342	33	per	per	ADP
economy-585	342	34	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	342	35	of	of	ADP
economy-585	342	36	the	the	DET
economy-585	342	37	variations	variation	NOUN
economy-585	342	38	on	on	ADP
economy-585	342	39	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	342	40	for	for	ADP
economy-585	342	41	the	the	DET
economy-585	342	42	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	342	43	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	342	44	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	342	45	from	from	ADP
economy-585	342	46	the	the	DET
economy-585	342	47	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	342	48	to	to	ADP
economy-585	342	49	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	342	50	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	342	51	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	343	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	343	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	343	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	343	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	343	5	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	343	6	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	343	7	locked	lock	VERB
economy-585	343	8	are	be	AUX
economy-585	343	9	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	343	10	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	343	11	not	not	PART
economy-585	343	12	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	343	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	343	14	all	all	DET
economy-585	343	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	343	16	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	343	17	techniques	technique	NOUN
economy-585	343	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	343	19	however	however	ADV
economy-585	343	20	it	it	PRON
economy-585	343	21	implies	imply	VERB
economy-585	343	22	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	343	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	343	24	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	343	25	has	have	VERB
economy-585	343	26	a	a	DET
economy-585	343	27	good	good	ADJ
economy-585	343	28	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
economy-585	343	29	power	power	NOUN
economy-585	343	30	on	on	ADP
economy-585	343	31	the	the	DET
economy-585	343	32	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	343	33	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	343	34	between	between	ADP
economy-585	343	35	the	the	DET
economy-585	343	36	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	343	37	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	343	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	343	39	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	343	40	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	343	41	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	344	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	344	2	coefficient	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	344	3	for	for	ADP
economy-585	344	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	344	5	variable	variable	ADJ
economy-585	344	6	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	344	7	to	to	ADP
economy-585	344	8	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	344	9	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	344	10	does	do	AUX
economy-585	344	11	not	not	PART
economy-585	344	12	indicate	indicate	VERB
economy-585	344	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	344	14	expected	expect	VERB
economy-585	344	15	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	344	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	345	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	345	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	345	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	345	4	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	345	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	345	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	345	7	most	most	ADJ
economy-585	345	8	cases	case	NOUN
economy-585	345	9	not	not	PART
economy-585	345	10	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	345	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	345	12	hence	hence	ADV
economy-585	345	13	reflecting	reflect	VERB
economy-585	345	14	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	345	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	345	16	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	345	17	does	do	AUX
economy-585	345	18	not	not	PART
economy-585	345	19	explain	explain	VERB
economy-585	345	20	the	the	DET
economy-585	345	21	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	345	22	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	345	23	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	345	24	between	between	ADP
economy-585	345	25	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	345	26	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	345	27	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	345	28	the	the	DET
economy-585	345	29	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	345	30	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	345	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	346	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	346	2	could	could	AUX
economy-585	346	3	be	be	AUX
economy-585	346	4	resulting	result	VERB
economy-585	346	5	from	from	ADP
economy-585	346	6	the	the	DET
economy-585	346	7	nature	nature	NOUN
economy-585	346	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	346	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	346	10	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	346	11	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	346	12	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	346	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	346	14	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
economy-585	346	15	which	which	PRON
economy-585	346	16	are	be	AUX
economy-585	346	17	characterised	characterise	VERB
economy-585	346	18	with	with	ADP
economy-585	346	19	low	low	ADJ
economy-585	346	20	level	level	NOUN
economy-585	346	21	of	of	ADP
economy-585	346	22	innovation	innovation	NOUN
economy-585	346	23	capabilities	capability	NOUN
economy-585	346	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	346	25	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
economy-585	346	26	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	346	27	unctad	unctad	NOUN
economy-585	346	28	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	346	29	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	346	30	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	346	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	347	1	they	they	PRON
economy-585	347	2	thus	thus	ADV
economy-585	347	3	do	do	AUX
economy-585	347	4	not	not	PART
economy-585	347	5	have	have	VERB
economy-585	347	6	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	347	7	contribution	contribution	NOUN
economy-585	347	8	to	to	ADP
economy-585	347	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	347	10	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
economy-585	347	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	347	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	347	13	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	347	14	to	to	ADP
economy-585	347	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	347	16	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	347	17	external	external	ADJ
economy-585	347	18	to	to	ADP
economy-585	347	19	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	347	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	348	1	looking	look	VERB
economy-585	348	2	at	at	ADP
economy-585	348	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	348	4	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	348	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	348	6	table	table	NOUN
economy-585	348	7	4	4	NUM
economy-585	348	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	348	9	5	5	NUM
economy-585	348	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	348	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	348	12	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	348	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	348	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	348	15	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	348	16	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	348	17	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	348	18	seem	seem	VERB
economy-585	348	19	to	to	PART
economy-585	348	20	indicate	indicate	VERB
economy-585	348	21	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	348	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	348	23	variable	variable	NOUN
economy-585	348	24	affect	affect	VERB
economy-585	348	25	the	the	DET
economy-585	348	26	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	348	27	from	from	ADP
economy-585	348	28	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	348	29	to	to	ADP
economy-585	348	30	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	348	31	positively	positively	ADV
economy-585	348	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	349	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	349	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
economy-585	349	3	are	be	AUX
economy-585	349	4	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	349	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	349	6	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	349	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	350	1	however	however	ADV
economy-585	350	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	350	3	magnitude	magnitude	NOUN
economy-585	350	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	350	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	350	6	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	350	7	on	on	ADP
economy-585	350	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	350	9	is	be	AUX
economy-585	350	10	so	so	ADV
economy-585	350	11	minimal	minimal	ADJ
economy-585	350	12	around	around	ADP
economy-585	350	13	0.1	0.1	NUM
economy-585	350	14	to	to	ADP
economy-585	350	15	0.7	0.7	NUM
economy-585	350	16	per	per	NOUN
economy-585	350	17	cent	cent	NOUN
economy-585	350	18	for	for	ADP
economy-585	350	19	any	any	DET
economy-585	350	20	10	10	NUM
economy-585	350	21	percent	percent	NOUN
economy-585	350	22	increase	increase	NOUN
economy-585	350	23	in	in	ADP
economy-585	350	24	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	350	25	cellular	cellular	ADJ
economy-585	350	26	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	350	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	351	1	all	all	DET
economy-585	351	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	351	3	same	same	ADJ
economy-585	351	4	this	this	PRON
economy-585	351	5	shows	show	VERB
economy-585	351	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	351	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	351	8	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	351	9	phone	phone	NOUN
economy-585	351	10	usages	usage	NOUN
economy-585	351	11	do	do	AUX
economy-585	351	12	have	have	VERB
economy-585	351	13	an	an	DET
economy-585	351	14	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	351	15	in	in	ADP
economy-585	351	16	enhancing	enhance	VERB
economy-585	351	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	351	18	linkage	linkage	NOUN
economy-585	351	19	between	between	ADP
economy-585	351	20	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	351	21	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	351	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	352	1	10	10	NUM
economy-585	352	2	.	.	X
economy-585	352	3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
economy-585	352	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	352	5	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	352	6	examines	examine	VERB
economy-585	352	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	352	8	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	352	9	for	for	ADP
economy-585	352	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	352	11	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	352	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	352	13	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	352	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	352	15	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	352	16	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	352	17	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	352	18	between	between	ADP
economy-585	352	19	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	352	20	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	352	21	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	352	22	using	use	VERB
economy-585	352	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	352	24	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	352	25	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	352	26	on	on	ADP
economy-585	352	27	some	some	DET
economy-585	352	28	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	352	29	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	352	30	demographic	demographic	ADJ
economy-585	352	31	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	352	32	cultural	cultural	ADJ
economy-585	352	33	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	352	34	political	political	ADJ
economy-585	352	35	ties	tie	NOUN
economy-585	352	36	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	352	37	of	of	ADP
economy-585	352	38	the	the	DET
economy-585	352	39	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	352	40	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	352	41	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	352	42	their	their	PRON
economy-585	352	43	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	352	44	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	352	45	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	353	1	it	it	PRON
economy-585	353	2	has	have	AUX
economy-585	353	3	included	include	VERB
economy-585	353	4	some	some	DET
economy-585	353	5	new	new	ADJ
economy-585	353	6	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	353	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	353	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	353	9	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	353	10	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	353	11	considering	consider	VERB
economy-585	353	12	their	their	PRON
economy-585	353	13	pivotal	pivotal	ADJ
economy-585	353	14	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	353	15	particularly	particularly	ADV
economy-585	353	16	in	in	ADP
economy-585	353	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	353	18	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	353	19	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	353	20	activities	activity	NOUN
economy-585	353	21	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	354	1	considering	consider	VERB
economy-585	354	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	354	3	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	354	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	354	5	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	354	6	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	354	7	in	in	ADP
economy-585	354	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	354	9	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	354	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	354	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	354	12	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	354	13	to	to	ADP
economy-585	354	14	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	354	15	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	354	16	was	be	AUX
economy-585	354	17	also	also	ADV
economy-585	354	18	included	include	VERB
economy-585	354	19	in	in	ADP
economy-585	354	20	modelling	model	VERB
economy-585	354	21	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	354	22	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	354	23	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	354	24	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	354	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	355	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
economy-585	355	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	355	3	fact	fact	NOUN
economy-585	355	4	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	355	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	355	6	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	355	7	account	account	VERB
economy-585	355	8	for	for	ADP
economy-585	355	9	a	a	DET
economy-585	355	10	significant	significant	ADJ
economy-585	355	11	portion	portion	NOUN
economy-585	355	12	of	of	ADP
economy-585	355	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	355	14	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	355	15	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	355	16	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	355	17	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	355	18	27	27	NUM
economy-585	355	19	%	%	NOUN
economy-585	355	20	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	355	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	355	22	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	355	23	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	355	24	was	be	AUX
economy-585	355	25	also	also	ADV
economy-585	355	26	included	include	VERB
economy-585	355	27	to	to	PART
economy-585	355	28	consider	consider	VERB
economy-585	355	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	355	30	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	355	31	of	of	ADP
economy-585	355	32	productivity	productivity	NOUN
economy-585	355	33	on	on	ADP
economy-585	355	34	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	355	35	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	355	36	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	356	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	356	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	356	3	recent	recent	ADJ
economy-585	356	4	decade	decade	NOUN
economy-585	356	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	356	6	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	356	7	phones	phone	NOUN
economy-585	356	8	has	have	AUX
economy-585	356	9	become	become	AUX
economy-585	356	10	widely	widely	ADV
economy-585	356	11	used	use	VERB
economy-585	356	12	particularly	particularly	ADV
economy-585	356	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	356	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	356	15	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	356	16	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	356	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	356	18	measured	measure	VERB
economy-585	356	19	by	by	ADP
economy-585	356	20	a	a	DET
economy-585	356	21	number	number	NOUN
economy-585	356	22	of	of	ADP
economy-585	356	23	subscriptions	subscription	NOUN
economy-585	356	24	for	for	ADP
economy-585	356	25	each	each	DET
economy-585	356	26	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	356	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	356	28	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	356	29	phone	phone	NOUN
economy-585	356	30	usage	usage	NOUN
economy-585	356	31	has	have	AUX
economy-585	356	32	also	also	ADV
economy-585	356	33	been	be	AUX
economy-585	356	34	included	include	VERB
economy-585	356	35	to	to	PART
economy-585	356	36	examine	examine	VERB
economy-585	356	37	its	its	PRON
economy-585	356	38	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	356	39	in	in	ADP
economy-585	356	40	the	the	DET
economy-585	356	41	augmentation	augmentation	NOUN
economy-585	356	42	of	of	ADP
economy-585	356	43	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	356	44	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	356	45	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	356	46	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	357	1	all	all	PRON
economy-585	357	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	357	3	these	these	DET
economy-585	357	4	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	357	5	have	have	AUX
economy-585	357	6	indicated	indicate	VERB
economy-585	357	7	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	357	8	they	they	PRON
economy-585	357	9	account	account	VERB
economy-585	357	10	for	for	ADP
economy-585	357	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	357	12	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	357	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	357	14	in	in	ADP
economy-585	357	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	357	16	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	357	17	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	357	18	to	to	ADP
economy-585	357	19	a	a	DET
economy-585	357	20	considerable	considerable	ADJ
economy-585	357	21	extent	extent	NOUN
economy-585	357	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	357	23	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	357	24	credit	credit	NOUN
economy-585	357	25	to	to	ADP
economy-585	357	26	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	357	27	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	357	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	358	1	mobile	mobile	ADJ
economy-585	358	2	phones	phone	NOUN
economy-585	358	3	usage	usage	NOUN
economy-585	358	4	also	also	ADV
economy-585	358	5	has	have	VERB
economy-585	358	6	a	a	DET
economy-585	358	7	great	great	ADJ
economy-585	358	8	potential	potential	NOUN
economy-585	358	9	to	to	PART
economy-585	358	10	enhance	enhance	VERB
economy-585	358	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	358	12	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	358	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	358	14	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	358	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	358	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	358	17	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	358	18	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	358	19	as	as	ADV
economy-585	358	20	well	well	ADV
economy-585	358	21	considering	consider	VERB
economy-585	358	22	the	the	DET
economy-585	358	23	limited	limited	ADJ
economy-585	358	24	infrastructural	infrastructural	ADJ
economy-585	358	25	setup	setup	NOUN
economy-585	358	26	in	in	ADP
economy-585	358	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	358	28	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	358	29	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	359	1	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	359	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	359	3	sustainability	sustainability	NOUN
economy-585	359	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	359	5	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
economy-585	359	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	359	7	this	this	PRON
economy-585	359	8	to	to	PART
economy-585	359	9	happen	happen	VERB
economy-585	359	10	will	will	AUX
economy-585	359	11	largely	largely	ADV
economy-585	359	12	depend	depend	VERB
economy-585	359	13	on	on	ADP
economy-585	359	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	359	15	institutional	institutional	ADJ
economy-585	359	16	climate	climate	NOUN
economy-585	359	17	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	359	18	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
economy-585	359	19	system	system	NOUN
economy-585	359	20	in	in	ADP
economy-585	359	21	these	these	DET
economy-585	359	22	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	359	23	to	to	PART
economy-585	359	24	support	support	VERB
economy-585	359	25	these	these	DET
economy-585	359	26	initiatives	initiative	NOUN
economy-585	359	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	360	1	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	360	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	360	3	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	360	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	360	5	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	360	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	360	7	40	40	NUM
economy-585	360	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	360	9	53	53	NUM
economy-585	360	10	52	52	NUM
economy-585	360	11	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	360	12	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	360	13	by	by	ADP
economy-585	360	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	360	15	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	360	16	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	360	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	360	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	360	19	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	360	20	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	360	21	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	360	22	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	360	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	360	24	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	360	25	highlights	highlight	VERB
economy-585	360	26	some	some	DET
economy-585	360	27	important	important	ADJ
economy-585	360	28	facts	fact	NOUN
economy-585	360	29	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	360	30	developing	develop	VERB
economy-585	360	31	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	360	32	locked	lock	VERB
economy-585	360	33	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	360	34	trade	trade	VERB
economy-585	360	35	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	360	36	than	than	SCONJ
economy-585	360	37	their	their	PRON
economy-585	360	38	counter	counter	ADJ
economy-585	360	39	part	part	NOUN
economy-585	360	40	developed	develop	VERB
economy-585	360	41	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	360	42	locked	lock	VERB
economy-585	360	43	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	360	44	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	361	1	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
economy-585	361	2	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	361	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	361	4	telecommunication	telecommunication	NOUN
economy-585	361	5	systems	system	NOUN
economy-585	361	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	361	7	these	these	DET
economy-585	361	8	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	361	9	makes	make	VERB
economy-585	361	10	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	361	11	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	361	12	ness	ness	NOUN
economy-585	361	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	361	14	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	361	15	to	to	PART
economy-585	361	16	be	be	AUX
economy-585	361	17	less	less	ADJ
economy-585	361	18	of	of	ADP
economy-585	361	19	a	a	DET
economy-585	361	20	stumbling	stumble	VERB
economy-585	361	21	block	block	NOUN
economy-585	361	22	to	to	ADP
economy-585	361	23	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	361	24	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	361	25	than	than	SCONJ
economy-585	361	26	it	it	PRON
economy-585	361	27	is	be	AUX
economy-585	361	28	for	for	ADP
economy-585	361	29	developing	develop	VERB
economy-585	361	30	landlocked	landlocked	ADJ
economy-585	361	31	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	361	32	in	in	ADP
economy-585	361	33	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	361	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	362	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
economy-585	362	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	362	3	it	it	PRON
economy-585	362	4	highlights	highlight	VERB
economy-585	362	5	some	some	DET
economy-585	362	6	important	important	ADJ
economy-585	362	7	implications	implication	NOUN
economy-585	362	8	on	on	ADP
economy-585	362	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	362	10	up	up	ADP
economy-585	362	11	surging	surge	VERB
economy-585	362	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	362	13	links	link	NOUN
economy-585	362	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	362	15	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	362	16	with	with	ADP
economy-585	362	17	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	362	18	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	362	19	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	362	20	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	362	21	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	362	22	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	363	1	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	363	2	shows	show	VERB
economy-585	363	3	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	363	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	363	5	commodity	commodity	NOUN
economy-585	363	6	composition	composition	NOUN
economy-585	363	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	363	8	this	this	DET
economy-585	363	9	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	363	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	363	11	is	be	AUX
economy-585	363	12	much	much	ADV
economy-585	363	13	concentrated	concentrated	ADJ
economy-585	363	14	on	on	ADP
economy-585	363	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	363	16	primary	primary	ADJ
economy-585	363	17	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	363	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	363	19	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	363	20	most	most	ADV
economy-585	363	21	especially	especially	ADV
economy-585	363	22	on	on	ADP
economy-585	363	23	minerals	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	363	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	363	25	fuel	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	363	26	products	product	NOUN
economy-585	363	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	364	1	raising	raise	VERB
economy-585	364	2	doubt	doubt	NOUN
economy-585	364	3	on	on	ADP
economy-585	364	4	whether	whether	SCONJ
economy-585	364	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	364	6	growing	grow	VERB
economy-585	364	7	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	364	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	364	9	with	with	ADP
economy-585	364	10	these	these	DET
economy-585	364	11	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	364	12	is	be	AUX
economy-585	364	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	364	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	364	15	interest	interest	NOUN
economy-585	364	16	of	of	ADP
economy-585	364	17	either	either	CCONJ
economy-585	364	18	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	364	19	partners	partner	NOUN
economy-585	364	20	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	364	21	it	it	PRON
economy-585	364	22	is	be	AUX
economy-585	364	23	for	for	ADP
economy-585	364	24	their	their	PRON
economy-585	364	25	benefit	benefit	NOUN
economy-585	364	26	in	in	ADP
economy-585	364	27	order	order	NOUN
economy-585	364	28	to	to	PART
economy-585	364	29	feed	feed	VERB
economy-585	364	30	their	their	PRON
economy-585	364	31	growing	grow	VERB
economy-585	364	32	industrializing	industrialize	VERB
economy-585	364	33	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	364	34	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	364	35	leaving	leave	VERB
economy-585	364	36	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	364	37	a	a	DET
economy-585	364	38	looser	looser	ADV
economy-585	364	39	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	365	1	even	even	ADV
economy-585	365	2	looking	look	VERB
economy-585	365	3	at	at	ADP
economy-585	365	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	365	5	main	main	ADJ
economy-585	365	6	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	365	7	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	365	8	that	that	PRON
economy-585	365	9	are	be	AUX
economy-585	365	10	leading	lead	VERB
economy-585	365	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	365	12	exportations	exportation	NOUN
economy-585	365	13	in	in	ADP
economy-585	365	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	365	15	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	365	16	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	365	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	365	18	it	it	PRON
economy-585	365	19	is	be	AUX
economy-585	365	20	mainly	mainly	ADV
economy-585	365	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	365	22	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	365	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	365	24	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	365	25	deposits	deposit	NOUN
economy-585	365	26	of	of	ADP
economy-585	365	27	fuel	fuel	NOUN
economy-585	365	28	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	365	29	minerals	mineral	NOUN
economy-585	365	30	like	like	ADP
economy-585	365	31	angola	angola	PROPN
economy-585	365	32	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	365	33	algeria	algeria	PROPN
economy-585	365	34	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	365	35	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	365	36	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	365	37	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	365	38	nigeria	nigeria	PROPN
economy-585	365	39	to	to	PART
economy-585	365	40	mention	mention	VERB
economy-585	365	41	few	few	ADJ
economy-585	365	42	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	365	43	that	that	PRON
economy-585	365	44	has	have	VERB
economy-585	365	45	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	365	46	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	365	47	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	365	48	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	366	1	policy	policy	NOUN
economy-585	366	2	makers	maker	NOUN
economy-585	366	3	in	in	ADP
economy-585	366	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	366	5	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	366	6	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	366	7	should	should	AUX
economy-585	366	8	beware	beware	VERB
economy-585	366	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	366	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	366	11	investment	investment	NOUN
economy-585	366	12	contracts	contract	NOUN
economy-585	366	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	366	14	negotiations	negotiation	NOUN
economy-585	366	15	with	with	ADP
economy-585	366	16	these	these	DET
economy-585	366	17	emerging	emerge	VERB
economy-585	366	18	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	366	19	so	so	SCONJ
economy-585	366	20	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	366	21	the	the	DET
economy-585	366	22	continent	continent	NOUN
economy-585	366	23	does	do	AUX
economy-585	366	24	not	not	PART
economy-585	366	25	end	end	VERB
economy-585	366	26	loosing	loose	VERB
economy-585	366	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	367	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	367	2	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	367	3	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	367	4	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	367	5	between	between	ADP
economy-585	367	6	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	367	7	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	367	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	367	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	367	10	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	367	11	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	367	12	is	be	AUX
economy-585	367	13	determined	determine	VERB
economy-585	367	14	mainly	mainly	ADV
economy-585	367	15	by	by	ADP
economy-585	367	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	367	17	gdp	gdp	NOUN
economy-585	367	18	per	per	ADP
economy-585	367	19	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	367	20	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	367	21	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	367	22	official	official	ADJ
economy-585	367	23	language	language	NOUN
economy-585	367	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	367	25	population	population	NOUN
economy-585	367	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	368	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	368	2	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	368	3	results	result	NOUN
economy-585	368	4	show	show	VERB
economy-585	368	5	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	368	6	even	even	ADV
economy-585	368	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	368	8	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	368	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	368	10	arable	arable	ADJ
economy-585	368	11	land	land	NOUN
economy-585	368	12	matters	matter	NOUN
economy-585	368	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	368	14	this	this	DET
economy-585	368	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	368	16	relationship	relationship	NOUN
economy-585	368	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	369	1	still	still	ADV
economy-585	369	2	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	369	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	369	4	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	369	5	poses	pose	VERB
economy-585	369	6	a	a	DET
economy-585	369	7	sizable	sizable	ADJ
economy-585	369	8	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	369	9	influence	influence	NOUN
economy-585	369	10	on	on	ADP
economy-585	369	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	369	12	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	369	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	369	14	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	369	15	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	369	16	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	369	17	even	even	ADV
economy-585	369	18	between	between	ADP
economy-585	369	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	369	20	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	369	21	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	369	22	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	369	23	the	the	DET
economy-585	369	24	brics	bric	NOUN
economy-585	369	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	370	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
economy-585	370	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	370	3	it	it	PRON
economy-585	370	4	is	be	AUX
economy-585	370	5	anticipated	anticipate	VERB
economy-585	370	6	that	that	SCONJ
economy-585	370	7	future	future	ADJ
economy-585	370	8	research	research	NOUN
economy-585	370	9	work	work	NOUN
economy-585	370	10	examines	examine	VERB
economy-585	370	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	370	12	statistical	statistical	ADJ
economy-585	370	13	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	370	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	370	15	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	370	16	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	370	17	blocks	block	NOUN
economy-585	370	18	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	370	19	the	the	DET
economy-585	370	20	recs	recs	ADJ
economy-585	370	21	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	370	22	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	370	23	with	with	ADP
economy-585	370	24	the	the	DET
economy-585	370	25	bric	bric	NOUN
economy-585	370	26	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	370	27	the	the	DET
economy-585	370	28	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	370	29	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	371	1	this	this	PRON
economy-585	371	2	is	be	AUX
economy-585	371	3	vital	vital	ADJ
economy-585	371	4	considering	consider	VERB
economy-585	371	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	371	6	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	371	7	diversity	diversity	NOUN
economy-585	371	8	of	of	ADP
economy-585	371	9	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	371	10	as	as	ADV
economy-585	371	11	far	far	ADV
economy-585	371	12	as	as	SCONJ
economy-585	371	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	371	14	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	371	15	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	371	16	size	size	NOUN
economy-585	371	17	is	be	AUX
economy-585	371	18	concerned	concern	VERB
economy-585	371	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	372	1	references	reference	NOUN
economy-585	372	2	anderson	anderson	PROPN
economy-585	372	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	372	4	j.e	j.e	PROPN
economy-585	372	5	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	372	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	372	7	1979	1979	NUM
economy-585	372	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	373	1	a	a	DET
economy-585	373	2	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
economy-585	373	3	foundation	foundation	NOUN
economy-585	373	4	for	for	ADP
economy-585	373	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	373	6	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	373	7	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	373	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	374	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	374	2	american	american	PROPN
economy-585	374	3	economic	economic	PROPN
economy-585	374	4	review	review	PROPN
economy-585	374	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	374	6	69(1	69(1	NUM
economy-585	374	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	374	8	106	106	NUM
economy-585	374	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	374	10	116	116	NUM
economy-585	374	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	375	1	baier	baier	NOUN
economy-585	375	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	375	3	s.l	s.l	PROPN
economy-585	375	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	375	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	375	6	j.h	j.h	PROPN
economy-585	375	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	375	8	bergstrand	bergstrand	PROPN
economy-585	375	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	375	10	1997	1997	NUM
economy-585	375	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	376	1	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	376	2	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	376	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	376	4	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	376	5	free	free	ADJ
economy-585	376	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	376	7	agreements	agreement	NOUN
economy-585	376	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	376	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	376	10	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	376	11	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	376	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	377	1	review	review	NOUN
economy-585	377	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	377	3	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	377	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	377	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	377	6	1(2	1(2	NUM
economy-585	377	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	377	8	153	153	NUM
economy-585	377	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	377	10	170	170	NUM
economy-585	377	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	377	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	377	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	377	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	377	15	https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00011	https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00011	PROPN
economy-585	377	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	378	1	baier	baier	NOUN
economy-585	378	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	378	3	s.l	s.l	PROPN
economy-585	378	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	378	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	378	6	j.h	j.h	PROPN
economy-585	378	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	378	8	bergstrand	bergstrand	PROPN
economy-585	378	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	378	10	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	378	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	379	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	379	2	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	379	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	379	4	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	379	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	379	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	379	7	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
economy-585	379	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	379	9	transport	transport	NOUN
economy-585	379	10	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	379	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	379	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	379	13	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	379	14	similarity	similarity	NOUN
economy-585	379	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	380	1	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	380	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	380	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	380	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	380	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	380	6	53(1	53(1	NUM
economy-585	380	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	380	8	1	1	NUM
economy-585	380	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	380	10	27	27	NUM
economy-585	380	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	380	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	380	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	380	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	380	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00060-x	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00060-x	NOUN
economy-585	380	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	381	1	balassa	balassa	PROPN
economy-585	381	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	381	3	b.	b.	PROPN
economy-585	381	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	381	5	1966	1966	NUM
economy-585	381	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	382	1	tariff	tariff	NOUN
economy-585	382	2	reductions	reduction	NOUN
economy-585	382	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	382	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	382	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	382	6	manufacturers	manufacturer	NOUN
economy-585	382	7	among	among	ADP
economy-585	382	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	382	9	industrial	industrial	ADJ
economy-585	382	10	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	382	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	383	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	383	2	american	american	PROPN
economy-585	383	3	economic	economic	PROPN
economy-585	383	4	review	review	PROPN
economy-585	383	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	383	6	56(3	56(3	NUM
economy-585	383	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	383	8	466473	466473	NUM
economy-585	383	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	384	1	baldwin	baldwin	PROPN
economy-585	384	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	384	3	r.	r.	PROPN
economy-585	384	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	384	5	d.	d.	PROPN
economy-585	384	6	taglioni	taglioni	PROPN
economy-585	384	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	384	8	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	384	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	385	1	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	385	2	chains	chain	NOUN
economy-585	385	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	385	4	estimating	estimate	VERB
economy-585	385	5	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	385	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	385	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	385	8	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	385	9	parts	part	NOUN
economy-585	385	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	385	11	components	component	NOUN
economy-585	385	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	385	13	is	be	AUX
economy-585	385	14	important	important	ADJ
economy-585	385	15	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	385	16	no	no	INTJ
economy-585	385	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	386	1	w16672	w16672	PROPN
economy-585	386	2	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	386	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	387	1	national	national	PROPN
economy-585	387	2	bureau	bureau	PROPN
economy-585	387	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	387	4	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	387	5	research	research	NOUN
economy-585	387	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	388	1	baltagi	baltagi	NOUN
economy-585	388	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	388	3	b.h	b.h	PROPN
economy-585	388	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	388	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	388	6	p.	p.	NOUN
economy-585	388	7	egger	egger	NOUN
economy-585	388	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	388	9	m.	m.	NOUN
economy-585	388	10	pfaffermayr	pfaffermayr	PROPN
economy-585	388	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	388	12	2003	2003	NUM
economy-585	388	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	389	1	a	a	DET
economy-585	389	2	generalized	generalized	ADJ
economy-585	389	3	design	design	NOUN
economy-585	389	4	for	for	ADP
economy-585	389	5	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	389	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	389	7	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	389	8	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	389	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	390	1	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	390	2	letters	letter	NOUN
economy-585	390	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	390	4	80(3	80(3	NUM
economy-585	390	5	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	390	6	391	391	NUM
economy-585	390	7	-	-	SYM
economy-585	390	8	397	397	NUM
economy-585	390	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	390	10	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	390	11	at	at	ADP
economy-585	390	12	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	390	13	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(03)00115-0	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(03)00115-0	PROPN
economy-585	390	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	390	15	baltagi	baltagi	PROPN
economy-585	390	16	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	390	17	b.h	b.h	PROPN
economy-585	390	18	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	390	19	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	390	20	c.	c.	PROPN
economy-585	390	21	kao	kao	PROPN
economy-585	390	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	390	23	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	390	24	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	391	1	nonstationary	nonstationary	ADJ
economy-585	391	2	panels	panel	NOUN
economy-585	391	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	391	4	cointegration	cointegration	NOUN
economy-585	391	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	391	6	panels	panel	NOUN
economy-585	391	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	391	8	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
economy-585	391	9	panels	panel	NOUN
economy-585	391	10	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	391	11	a	a	DET
economy-585	391	12	survey	survey	NOUN
economy-585	391	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	392	1	advances	advance	NOUN
economy-585	392	2	in	in	ADP
economy-585	392	3	econometrics	econometric	NOUN
economy-585	392	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	392	5	15	15	NUM
economy-585	392	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	392	7	7–51	7–51	ADJ
economy-585	392	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	393	1	baxter	baxter	NOUN
economy-585	393	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	393	3	m.	m.	NOUN
economy-585	393	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	393	5	m.a	m.a	PROPN
economy-585	393	6	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	393	7	kouparitsas	kouparitsas	PROPN
economy-585	393	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	393	9	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	393	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	394	1	what	what	PRON
economy-585	394	2	determines	determine	VERB
economy-585	394	3	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	394	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	394	5	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	394	6	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	395	1	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	395	2	no	no	INTJ
economy-585	395	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	395	4	w12188	w12188	NOUN
economy-585	395	5	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	395	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	396	1	national	national	PROPN
economy-585	396	2	bureau	bureau	PROPN
economy-585	396	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	396	4	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	396	5	research	research	NOUN
economy-585	396	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	397	1	bbc	bbc	PROPN
economy-585	397	2	news	news	PROPN
economy-585	397	3	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	397	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	397	5	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	397	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	398	1	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	398	2	from	from	ADP
economy-585	398	3	http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26913497	http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26913497	PROPN
economy-585	398	4	[	[	X
economy-585	398	5	accessed	access	VERB
economy-585	398	6	june	june	PROPN
economy-585	398	7	30	30	NUM
economy-585	398	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	398	9	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	398	10	]	]	PUNCT
economy-585	398	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	399	1	bikker	bikker	PROPN
economy-585	399	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	399	3	j.a	j.a	PROPN
economy-585	399	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	399	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	399	6	1987	1987	NUM
economy-585	399	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	400	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	400	2	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	400	3	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	400	4	flow	flow	NOUN
economy-585	400	5	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	400	6	with	with	ADP
economy-585	400	7	substitution	substitution	NOUN
economy-585	400	8	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	400	9	an	an	DET
economy-585	400	10	extension	extension	NOUN
economy-585	400	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	400	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	400	13	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	400	14	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	400	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	401	1	kyklos	kyklo	NOUN
economy-585	401	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	401	3	40(3	40(3	NUM
economy-585	401	4	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	401	5	315	315	NUM
economy-585	401	6	-	-	SYM
economy-585	401	7	337	337	NUM
economy-585	401	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	401	9	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	401	10	at	at	ADP
economy-585	401	11	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	401	12	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00683.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1987.tb00683.x	PROPN
economy-585	401	13	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	401	14	broadman	broadman	PROPN
economy-585	401	15	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	401	16	h.g	h.g	PROPN
economy-585	401	17	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	401	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	401	19	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	401	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	402	1	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	402	2	's	's	PART
economy-585	402	3	silk	silk	NOUN
economy-585	402	4	road	road	NOUN
economy-585	402	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	402	6	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	402	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	402	8	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	402	9	's	's	PART
economy-585	402	10	new	new	ADJ
economy-585	402	11	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	402	12	frontier	frontier	NOUN
economy-585	402	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	403	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	403	2	world	world	PROPN
economy-585	403	3	bank	bank	PROPN
economy-585	403	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	404	1	cairncross	cairncross	PROPN
economy-585	404	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	404	3	f.	f.	PROPN
economy-585	404	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	404	5	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	404	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	405	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	405	2	death	death	NOUN
economy-585	405	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	405	4	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	405	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	405	6	how	how	SCONJ
economy-585	405	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	405	8	communications	communication	NOUN
economy-585	405	9	revolution	revolution	NOUN
economy-585	405	10	is	be	AUX
economy-585	405	11	changing	change	VERB
economy-585	405	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	406	1	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
economy-585	406	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	406	3	ma	ma	PROPN
economy-585	406	4	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	406	5	harvard	harvard	PROPN
economy-585	406	6	business	business	PROPN
economy-585	406	7	school	school	NOUN
economy-585	406	8	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	406	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	407	1	capling	capling	NOUN
economy-585	407	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	407	3	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	407	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	407	5	k.r	k.r	PROPN
economy-585	407	6	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	407	7	nossal	nossal	PROPN
economy-585	407	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	407	9	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	407	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	408	1	death	death	NOUN
economy-585	408	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	408	3	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	408	4	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	408	5	tyranny	tyranny	NOUN
economy-585	408	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	408	7	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	408	8	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	409	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	409	2	internet	internet	NOUN
economy-585	409	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	409	4	deterritorialization	deterritorialization	NOUN
economy-585	409	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	409	6	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	409	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	409	8	anti	anti	ADJ
economy-585	409	9	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	409	10	globalization	globalization	ADJ
economy-585	409	11	movement	movement	NOUN
economy-585	409	12	in	in	ADP
economy-585	409	13	australia	australia	PROPN
economy-585	409	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	410	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	410	2	pacific	pacific	PROPN
economy-585	410	3	review	review	PROPN
economy-585	410	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	410	5	14(3	14(3	NUM
economy-585	410	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	410	7	443	443	NUM
economy-585	410	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	410	9	465	465	NUM
economy-585	410	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	410	11	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	410	12	at	at	ADP
economy-585	410	13	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	410	14	https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740126821	https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740126821	NOUN
economy-585	410	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	411	1	chowdhury	chowdhury	PROPN
economy-585	411	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	411	3	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	411	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	411	5	1993	1993	NUM
economy-585	411	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	412	1	does	do	AUX
economy-585	412	2	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	412	3	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	412	4	volatility	volatility	NOUN
economy-585	412	5	depress	depress	VERB
economy-585	412	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	412	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	412	8	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	412	9	evidence	evidence	NOUN
economy-585	412	10	from	from	ADP
economy-585	412	11	error	error	NOUN
economy-585	412	12	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	412	13	correction	correction	NOUN
economy-585	412	14	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	412	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	413	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	413	2	review	review	NOUN
economy-585	413	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	413	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	413	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	413	6	statistics	statistic	NOUN
economy-585	413	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	413	8	75(4	75(4	NOUN
economy-585	413	9	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	413	10	700	700	NUM
economy-585	413	11	-	-	SYM
economy-585	413	12	706	706	NUM
economy-585	413	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	413	14	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	413	15	at	at	ADP
economy-585	413	16	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	413	17	https://doi.org/10.2307/2110025	https://doi.org/10.2307/2110025	PROPN
economy-585	413	18	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	414	1	coe	coe	PROPN
economy-585	414	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	414	3	d.t	d.t	PROPN
economy-585	414	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	414	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	414	6	a.w	a.w	PROPN
economy-585	414	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	414	8	hoffmaister	hoffmaister	PROPN
economy-585	414	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	414	10	1999	1999	NUM
economy-585	414	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	415	1	north	north	NOUN
economy-585	415	2	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	415	3	south	south	NOUN
economy-585	415	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	415	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	415	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	415	7	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	415	8	unusual	unusual	ADJ
economy-585	415	9	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	416	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	416	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	416	3	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	416	4	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	416	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	416	6	8(2	8(2	NUM
economy-585	416	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	416	8	228	228	NUM
economy-585	416	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	416	10	256	256	NUM
economy-585	416	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	416	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	416	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	416	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	416	15	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/8.2.228	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/8.2.228	PROPN
economy-585	416	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	417	1	cornwell	cornwell	PROPN
economy-585	417	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	417	3	c.	c.	PROPN
economy-585	417	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	417	5	p.	p.	PROPN
economy-585	417	6	rupert	rupert	PROPN
economy-585	417	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	417	8	1988	1988	NUM
economy-585	417	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	418	1	efficient	efficient	ADJ
economy-585	418	2	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	418	3	with	with	ADP
economy-585	418	4	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	418	5	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	418	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	418	7	an	an	DET
economy-585	418	8	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	418	9	comparison	comparison	NOUN
economy-585	418	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	418	11	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
economy-585	418	12	variables	variable	NOUN
economy-585	418	13	estimators	estimator	NOUN
economy-585	418	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	419	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	419	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	419	3	applied	applied	ADJ
economy-585	419	4	econometrics	econometric	NOUN
economy-585	419	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	419	6	3(2	3(2	NUM
economy-585	419	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	419	8	149	149	NUM
economy-585	419	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	419	10	155	155	NUM
economy-585	419	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	419	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	419	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	419	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	419	15	https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.3950030206	https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.3950030206	NOUN
economy-585	419	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	419	17	coulibaly	coulibaly	PROPN
economy-585	419	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	419	19	s.	s.	PROPN
economy-585	419	20	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	419	21	l.	l.	PROPN
economy-585	419	22	fontagné	fontagné	PROPN
economy-585	419	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	419	24	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	419	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	420	1	south	south	ADJ
economy-585	420	2	–	–	PUNCT
economy-585	420	3	south	south	ADJ
economy-585	420	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	420	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	420	6	geography	geography	NOUN
economy-585	420	7	matters	matter	VERB
economy-585	420	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	421	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	421	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	421	3	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	421	4	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	421	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	421	6	15(2	15(2	NUM
economy-585	421	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	421	8	313	313	NUM
economy-585	421	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	421	10	341	341	NUM
economy-585	421	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	421	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	421	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	421	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	421	15	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/eji030	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/eji030	PROPN
economy-585	421	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	422	1	de	de	X
economy-585	422	2	castro	castro	PROPN
economy-585	422	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	422	4	t.	t.	NOUN
economy-585	422	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	422	6	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	422	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	423	1	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	423	2	cooperation	cooperation	NOUN
economy-585	423	3	indicators	indicator	NOUN
economy-585	423	4	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	423	5	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	423	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	423	7	bric	bric	PROPN
economy-585	423	8	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	423	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	423	10	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	423	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	424	1	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	424	2	review	review	NOUN
economy-585	424	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	424	4	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	424	5	research	research	NOUN
economy-585	424	6	papers	paper	NOUN
economy-585	424	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	424	8	8(1	8(1	NOUN
economy-585	424	9	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	424	10	211	211	NUM
economy-585	424	11	-	-	SYM
economy-585	424	12	223	223	NUM
economy-585	424	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	425	1	de	de	X
economy-585	425	2	grauwe	grauwe	NOUN
economy-585	425	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	425	4	p.	p.	PROPN
economy-585	425	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	425	6	r.	r.	PROPN
economy-585	425	7	houssa	houssa	PROPN
economy-585	425	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	425	9	g.	g.	PROPN
economy-585	425	10	piccillo	piccillo	PROPN
economy-585	425	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	425	12	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	425	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	426	1	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	426	2	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	426	3	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
economy-585	426	4	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	426	5	is	be	AUX
economy-585	426	6	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	426	7	a	a	DET
economy-585	426	8	different	different	ADJ
economy-585	426	9	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	426	10	partner	partner	NOUN
economy-585	426	11	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	427	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	427	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	427	3	chinese	chinese	ADJ
economy-585	427	4	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	427	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	427	6	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	427	7	studies	study	NOUN
economy-585	427	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	427	9	10(1	10(1	NUM
economy-585	427	10	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	427	11	15	15	NUM
economy-585	427	12	-	-	SYM
economy-585	427	13	45	45	NUM
economy-585	427	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	427	15	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	427	16	at	at	ADP
economy-585	427	17	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	427	18	https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2012.638460	https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2012.638460	PROPN
economy-585	427	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	427	20	de	de	X
economy-585	427	21	vita	vita	PROPN
economy-585	427	22	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	427	23	g.	g.	PROPN
economy-585	427	24	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	427	25	a.	a.	PROPN
economy-585	427	26	abbott	abbott	PROPN
economy-585	427	27	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	427	28	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	427	29	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	428	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	428	2	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	428	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	428	4	exchange	exchange	NOUN
economy-585	428	5	rate	rate	NOUN
economy-585	428	6	volatility	volatility	NOUN
economy-585	428	7	on	on	ADP
economy-585	428	8	uk	uk	PROPN
economy-585	428	9	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	428	10	to	to	ADP
economy-585	428	11	eu	eu	PROPN
economy-585	428	12	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	428	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	429	1	scottish	scottish	ADJ
economy-585	429	2	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	429	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	429	4	political	political	ADJ
economy-585	429	5	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	429	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	429	7	51(1	51(1	NUM
economy-585	429	8	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	429	9	62	62	NUM
economy-585	429	10	-	-	SYM
economy-585	429	11	81	81	NUM
economy-585	429	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	429	13	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	429	14	at	at	ADP
economy-585	429	15	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	429	16	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0036-9292.2004.05101004.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0036-9292.2004.05101004.x	PROPN
economy-585	429	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	430	1	deardorff	deardorff	PROPN
economy-585	430	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	430	3	a.v	a.v	PROPN
economy-585	430	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	430	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	430	6	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	430	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	431	1	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	431	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	431	3	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	431	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	431	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	431	6	does	do	VERB
economy-585	431	7	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	431	8	work	work	NOUN
economy-585	431	9	in	in	ADP
economy-585	431	10	a	a	DET
economy-585	431	11	neoclassical	neoclassical	ADJ
economy-585	431	12	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	431	13	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	431	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	432	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	432	2	comparative	comparative	ADJ
economy-585	432	3	advantage	advantage	NOUN
economy-585	432	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	432	5	growth	growth	NOUN
economy-585	432	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	432	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	432	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	432	9	gains	gain	NOUN
economy-585	432	10	from	from	ADP
economy-585	432	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	432	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	432	13	globalization	globalization	NOUN
economy-585	432	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	432	15	a	a	DET
economy-585	432	16	festschrift	festschrift	NOUN
economy-585	432	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	432	18	honor	honor	NOUN
economy-585	432	19	of	of	ADP
economy-585	432	20	alan	alan	PROPN
economy-585	432	21	v	v	PROPN
economy-585	432	22	deardorff	deardorff	PROPN
economy-585	432	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	433	1	pp	pp	ADP
economy-585	433	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	433	3	267	267	NUM
economy-585	433	4	-	-	SYM
economy-585	433	5	293	293	NUM
economy-585	433	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	434	1	drummond	drummond	PROPN
economy-585	434	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	434	3	m.p	m.p	PROPN
economy-585	434	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	434	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	434	6	m.e.x	m.e.x	PROPN
economy-585	434	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	435	1	liu	liu	PROPN
economy-585	435	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	435	3	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	435	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	436	1	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	436	2	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	436	3	rising	rise	VERB
economy-585	436	4	exposure	exposure	NOUN
economy-585	436	5	to	to	ADP
economy-585	436	6	china	china	PROPN
economy-585	436	7	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	436	8	how	how	SCONJ
economy-585	436	9	large	large	ADJ
economy-585	436	10	are	be	AUX
economy-585	436	11	spillovers	spillover	NOUN
economy-585	436	12	through	through	ADP
economy-585	436	13	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	436	14	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	437	1	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	437	2	monetary	monetary	ADJ
economy-585	437	3	fund	fund	NOUN
economy-585	437	4	working	working	NOUN
economy-585	437	5	paper	paper	NOUN
economy-585	437	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	438	1	drysdale	drysdale	PROPN
economy-585	438	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	438	3	p.	p.	NOUN
economy-585	438	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	438	5	r.	r.	PROPN
economy-585	438	6	garnaut	garnaut	PROPN
economy-585	438	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	438	8	1982	1982	NUM
economy-585	438	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	439	1	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	439	2	intensities	intensity	NOUN
economy-585	439	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	439	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	439	5	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	439	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	439	7	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	439	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	439	9	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	439	10	in	in	ADP
economy-585	439	11	a	a	DET
economy-585	439	12	many	many	ADJ
economy-585	439	13	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	439	14	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	439	15	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	439	16	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	439	17	a	a	DET
economy-585	439	18	survey	survey	NOUN
economy-585	439	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	440	1	hitotsubashi	hitotsubashi	PROPN
economy-585	440	2	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	440	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	440	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	440	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	440	6	22(2	22(2	NUM
economy-585	440	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	440	8	62	62	NUM
economy-585	440	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	440	10	84	84	NUM
economy-585	440	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	441	1	egger	egger	NOUN
economy-585	441	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	441	3	p.	p.	PROPN
economy-585	441	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	441	5	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	441	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	442	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	442	2	econometric	econometric	ADJ
economy-585	442	3	view	view	NOUN
economy-585	442	4	on	on	ADP
economy-585	442	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	442	6	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	442	7	of	of	ADP
economy-585	442	8	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	442	9	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	442	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	442	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	442	12	calculation	calculation	NOUN
economy-585	442	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	442	14	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	442	15	potentials	potential	NOUN
economy-585	442	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	443	1	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	443	2	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	443	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	443	4	25(2	25(2	NUM
economy-585	443	5	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	443	6	297	297	NUM
economy-585	443	7	-	-	SYM
economy-585	443	8	312	312	NUM
economy-585	443	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	443	10	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	443	11	at	at	ADP
economy-585	443	12	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	443	13	https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00432	https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00432	PROPN
economy-585	443	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	444	1	eichengreen	eichengreen	PROPN
economy-585	444	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	444	3	b.	b.	PROPN
economy-585	444	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	444	5	d.a	d.a	PROPN
economy-585	444	6	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	444	7	irwin	irwin	PROPN
economy-585	444	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	444	9	1998	1998	NUM
economy-585	444	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	445	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	445	2	role	role	NOUN
economy-585	445	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	445	4	history	history	NOUN
economy-585	445	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	445	6	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	445	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	445	8	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	445	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	446	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	446	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	446	3	regionalization	regionalization	NOUN
economy-585	446	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	446	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	446	6	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	446	7	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	446	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	447	1	university	university	NOUN
economy-585	447	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	447	3	chicago	chicago	PROPN
economy-585	447	4	press	press	NOUN
economy-585	447	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	448	1	pp	pp	ADP
economy-585	448	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	448	3	33	33	NUM
economy-585	448	4	-	-	SYM
economy-585	448	5	62	62	NUM
economy-585	448	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	449	1	evenett	evenett	PROPN
economy-585	449	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	449	3	s.j	s.j	PROPN
economy-585	449	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	449	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	449	6	w.	w.	PROPN
economy-585	449	7	keller	keller	PROPN
economy-585	449	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	449	9	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	449	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	450	1	on	on	ADP
economy-585	450	2	theories	theory	NOUN
economy-585	450	3	explaining	explain	VERB
economy-585	450	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	450	5	success	success	NOUN
economy-585	450	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	450	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	450	8	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	450	9	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	450	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	451	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	451	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	451	3	political	political	ADJ
economy-585	451	4	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	451	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	451	6	110(2	110(2	NUM
economy-585	451	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	451	8	281	281	NUM
economy-585	451	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	451	10	316	316	NUM
economy-585	451	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	451	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	451	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	451	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	451	15	https://doi.org/10.1086/338746	https://doi.org/10.1086/338746	X
economy-585	451	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	451	17	feenstra	feenstra	PROPN
economy-585	451	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	451	19	r.c	r.c	PROPN
economy-585	451	20	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	451	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	451	22	j.r	j.r	PROPN
economy-585	451	23	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	451	24	markusen	markusen	PROPN
economy-585	451	25	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	451	26	a.k	a.k	PROPN
economy-585	451	27	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	451	28	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	451	29	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	451	30	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	451	31	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	452	1	using	use	VERB
economy-585	452	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	452	3	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	452	4	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	452	5	to	to	PART
economy-585	452	6	differentiate	differentiate	VERB
economy-585	452	7	among	among	ADP
economy-585	452	8	alternative	alternative	ADJ
economy-585	452	9	theories	theory	NOUN
economy-585	452	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	452	11	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	452	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	453	1	canadian	canadian	ADJ
economy-585	453	2	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	453	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	453	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	453	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	453	6	34(2	34(2	NUM
economy-585	453	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	453	8	430	430	NUM
economy-585	453	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	453	10	447	447	NUM
economy-585	453	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	453	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	453	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	453	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	453	15	https://doi.org/10.1111/0008-4085.00082	https://doi.org/10.1111/0008-4085.00082	PROPN
economy-585	453	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	454	1	fontagné	fontagné	PROPN
economy-585	454	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	454	3	l.	l.	PROPN
economy-585	454	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	454	5	m.	m.	PROPN
economy-585	454	6	freudenberg	freudenberg	PROPN
economy-585	454	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	454	8	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	454	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	455	1	long	long	ADJ
economy-585	455	2	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	455	3	term	term	NOUN
economy-585	455	4	trends	trend	NOUN
economy-585	455	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	455	6	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	455	7	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	455	8	industry	industry	ADJ
economy-585	455	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	455	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	456	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	456	2	frontiers	frontier	NOUN
economy-585	456	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	456	4	research	research	NOUN
economy-585	456	5	in	in	ADP
economy-585	456	6	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	456	7	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	456	8	industry	industry	ADJ
economy-585	456	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	456	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	457	1	london	london	PROPN
economy-585	457	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	457	3	palgrave	palgrave	PROPN
economy-585	457	4	macmillan	macmillan	PROPN
economy-585	457	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	458	1	pp	pp	ADP
economy-585	458	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	458	3	131	131	NUM
economy-585	458	4	-	-	SYM
economy-585	458	5	158	158	NUM
economy-585	458	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	459	1	foroutan	foroutan	PROPN
economy-585	459	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	459	3	f.	f.	PROPN
economy-585	459	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	459	5	l.	l.	PROPN
economy-585	459	6	pritchett	pritchett	PROPN
economy-585	459	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	459	8	1993	1993	NUM
economy-585	459	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	460	1	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	460	2	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	460	3	sub	sub	ADJ
economy-585	460	4	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	460	5	saharan	saharan	ADJ
economy-585	460	6	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	460	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	460	8	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	460	9	is	be	AUX
economy-585	460	10	it	it	PRON
economy-585	460	11	too	too	ADV
economy-585	460	12	little	little	ADJ
economy-585	460	13	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	460	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	461	1	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	461	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	461	3	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	461	4	economies	economy	NOUN
economy-585	461	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	461	6	2(1	2(1	NUM
economy-585	461	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	461	8	74	74	NUM
economy-585	461	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	461	10	105	105	NUM
economy-585	461	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	461	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	461	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	461	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	461	15	https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a036775	https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a036775	X
economy-585	461	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	462	1	frankel	frankel	PROPN
economy-585	462	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	462	3	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	462	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	462	5	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	462	6	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	462	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	462	8	2002	2002	NUM
economy-585	462	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	463	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	463	2	estimate	estimate	NOUN
economy-585	463	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	463	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	463	5	effect	effect	NOUN
economy-585	463	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	463	7	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	463	8	currencies	currency	NOUN
economy-585	463	9	on	on	ADP
economy-585	463	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	463	11	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	463	12	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	463	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	464	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	464	2	quarterly	quarterly	ADJ
economy-585	464	3	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	464	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	464	5	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	464	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	464	7	117(2	117(2	NUM
economy-585	464	8	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	464	9	437	437	NUM
economy-585	464	10	-	-	SYM
economy-585	464	11	466	466	NUM
economy-585	464	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	464	13	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	464	14	at	at	ADP
economy-585	464	15	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	464	16	https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753650292	https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302753650292	NOUN
economy-585	464	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	465	1	frankel	frankel	PROPN
economy-585	465	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	465	3	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	465	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	465	5	e.	e.	PROPN
economy-585	465	6	stein	stein	PROPN
economy-585	465	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	465	8	s.-j	s.-j	PROPN
economy-585	465	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	466	1	wei	wei	PROPN
economy-585	466	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	466	3	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	466	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	467	1	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	467	2	blocs	bloc	NOUN
economy-585	467	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	467	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	467	5	americas	america	NOUN
economy-585	467	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	468	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	468	2	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	468	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	468	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	468	5	unnatural	unnatural	ADJ
economy-585	468	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	468	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	468	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	468	9	super	super	ADJ
economy-585	468	10	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	468	11	natural	natural	ADJ
economy-585	468	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	468	13	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	468	14	of	of	ADP
economy-585	468	15	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	468	16	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	468	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	468	18	47(1	47(1	NUM
economy-585	468	19	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	468	20	61	61	NUM
economy-585	468	21	-	-	SYM
economy-585	468	22	95	95	NUM
economy-585	468	23	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	468	24	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	468	25	at	at	ADP
economy-585	468	26	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	468	27	https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00005-4	https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00005-4	PROPN
economy-585	468	28	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	469	1	frankel	frankel	PROPN
economy-585	469	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	469	3	j.a	j.a	PROPN
economy-585	469	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	469	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	469	6	e.	e.	PROPN
economy-585	469	7	stein	stein	PROPN
economy-585	469	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	469	9	s.j	s.j	PROPN
economy-585	469	10	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	469	11	wei	wei	PROPN
economy-585	469	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	469	13	1997	1997	NUM
economy-585	469	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	470	1	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	470	2	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	470	3	blocs	bloc	NOUN
economy-585	470	4	in	in	ADP
economy-585	470	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	470	6	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	470	7	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	470	8	system	system	NOUN
economy-585	470	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	471	1	peterson	peterson	PROPN
economy-585	471	2	institute	institute	PROPN
economy-585	471	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	472	1	frankel	frankel	PROPN
economy-585	472	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	472	3	j.a	j.a	PROPN
economy-585	472	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	472	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	472	6	s.j	s.j	PROPN
economy-585	472	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	472	8	wei	wei	PROPN
economy-585	472	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	472	10	1998	1998	NUM
economy-585	472	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	473	1	regionalization	regionalization	NOUN
economy-585	473	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	473	3	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	473	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	473	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	473	6	currencies	currency	NOUN
economy-585	473	7	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	473	8	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	473	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	473	10	politics	politic	NOUN
economy-585	473	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	474	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	474	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	474	3	regionalization	regionalization	NOUN
economy-585	474	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	474	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	474	6	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	474	7	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	474	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	475	1	university	university	NOUN
economy-585	475	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	475	3	chicago	chicago	PROPN
economy-585	475	4	press	press	NOUN
economy-585	475	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	476	1	pp	pp	ADP
economy-585	476	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	476	3	189	189	NUM
economy-585	476	4	-	-	SYM
economy-585	476	5	226	226	NUM
economy-585	476	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	477	1	http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26913497	http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26913497	NOUN
economy-585	477	2	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	477	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	477	4	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	477	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	477	6	5(1	5(1	NUM
economy-585	477	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	477	8	40	40	NUM
economy-585	477	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	477	10	53	53	NUM
economy-585	477	11	53	53	NUM
economy-585	477	12	©	©	PROPN
economy-585	477	13	2018	2018	NUM
economy-585	477	14	by	by	ADP
economy-585	477	15	the	the	DET
economy-585	477	16	authors	author	NOUN
economy-585	477	17	;	;	PUNCT
economy-585	477	18	licensee	licensee	PROPN
economy-585	477	19	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	477	20	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	477	21	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	477	22	publishing	publishing	PROPN
economy-585	477	23	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	477	24	guttmann	guttmann	PROPN
economy-585	477	25	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	477	26	s.	s.	PROPN
economy-585	477	27	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	477	28	a.	a.	PROPN
economy-585	477	29	richards	richard	NOUN
economy-585	477	30	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	477	31	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	477	32	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	478	1	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	478	2	openness	openness	NOUN
economy-585	478	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	478	4	an	an	DET
economy-585	478	5	australian	australian	ADJ
economy-585	478	6	perspective	perspective	NOUN
economy-585	478	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	479	1	australian	australian	ADJ
economy-585	479	2	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	479	3	papers	paper	NOUN
economy-585	479	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	479	5	45(3	45(3	NUM
economy-585	479	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	479	7	188	188	NUM
economy-585	479	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	479	9	203	203	NUM
economy-585	479	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	479	11	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	479	12	at	at	ADP
economy-585	479	13	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	479	14	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2006.00287.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2006.00287.x	PROPN
economy-585	479	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	479	16	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	479	17	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	479	18	j.a	j.a	PROPN
economy-585	479	19	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	479	20	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	479	21	w.e	w.e	PROPN
economy-585	479	22	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	479	23	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	479	24	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	479	25	1981	1981	NUM
economy-585	479	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	480	1	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	480	2	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	480	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	480	4	unobservable	unobservable	ADJ
economy-585	480	5	individual	individual	ADJ
economy-585	480	6	effects	effect	NOUN
economy-585	480	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	481	1	econometrica	econometrica	PROPN
economy-585	481	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	481	3	49(6	49(6	NUM
economy-585	481	4	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	481	5	1377	1377	NUM
economy-585	481	6	-	-	SYM
economy-585	481	7	1398	1398	NUM
economy-585	481	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	482	1	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	482	2	at	at	ADP
economy-585	482	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	482	4	https://doi.org/10.2307/1911406	https://doi.org/10.2307/1911406	ADJ
economy-585	482	5	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	482	6	haveman	haveman	PROPN
economy-585	482	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	482	8	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	482	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	482	10	d.	d.	PROPN
economy-585	482	11	hummels	hummels	PROPN
economy-585	482	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	482	13	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	482	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	483	1	alternative	alternative	ADJ
economy-585	483	2	hypotheses	hypothesis	NOUN
economy-585	483	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	483	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	483	5	volume	volume	NOUN
economy-585	483	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	483	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	483	8	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	483	9	the	the	DET
economy-585	483	10	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	483	11	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	483	12	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	483	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	483	14	extent	extent	NOUN
economy-585	483	15	of	of	ADP
economy-585	483	16	specialization	specialization	NOUN
economy-585	483	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	484	1	canadian	canadian	ADJ
economy-585	484	2	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	484	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	484	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	484	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	484	6	37(1	37(1	NUM
economy-585	484	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	484	8	199	199	NUM
economy-585	484	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	484	10	218	218	NUM
economy-585	484	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	485	1	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	485	2	at	at	ADP
economy-585	485	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	485	4	ttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.011_1.x	ttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.011_1.x	NOUN
economy-585	485	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	485	6	hummels	hummel	NOUN
economy-585	485	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	485	8	d.	d.	PROPN
economy-585	485	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	485	10	2007	2007	NUM
economy-585	485	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	486	1	transportation	transportation	NOUN
economy-585	486	2	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	486	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	486	4	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	486	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	486	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	486	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	486	8	second	second	ADJ
economy-585	486	9	era	era	NOUN
economy-585	486	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	486	11	globalization	globalization	NOUN
economy-585	486	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	487	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	487	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	487	3	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	487	4	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
economy-585	487	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	487	6	21(3	21(3	NUM
economy-585	487	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	487	8	131	131	NUM
economy-585	487	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	487	10	154	154	NUM
economy-585	487	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	488	1	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	488	2	at	at	ADP
economy-585	488	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	488	4	https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.3.131	https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.3.131	PROPN
economy-585	488	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	489	1	hummels	hummels	PROPN
economy-585	489	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	489	3	d.	d.	PROPN
economy-585	489	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	489	5	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	489	6	levinsohn	levinsohn	PROPN
economy-585	489	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	489	8	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	489	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	490	1	monopolistic	monopolistic	ADJ
economy-585	490	2	competition	competition	NOUN
economy-585	490	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	490	4	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	490	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	490	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	490	7	reconsidering	reconsider	VERB
economy-585	490	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	490	9	evidence	evidence	NOUN
economy-585	490	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	491	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	491	2	quarterly	quarterly	ADJ
economy-585	491	3	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	491	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	491	5	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	491	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	491	7	110(3	110(3	NUM
economy-585	491	8	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	491	9	799	799	NUM
economy-585	491	10	-	-	SYM
economy-585	491	11	836	836	NUM
economy-585	491	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	491	13	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	491	14	at	at	ADP
economy-585	491	15	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	491	16	https://doi.org/10.2307/2946700	https://doi.org/10.2307/2946700	PROPN
economy-585	491	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	492	1	iqbal	iqbal	PROPN
economy-585	492	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	492	3	m.h	m.h	PROPN
economy-585	492	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	492	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	492	6	a.f	a.f	PROPN
economy-585	492	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	492	8	islam	islam	PROPN
economy-585	492	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	492	10	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	492	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	493	1	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	493	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	493	3	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	493	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	493	5	between	between	ADP
economy-585	493	6	bangladesh	bangladesh	PROPN
economy-585	493	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	493	8	the	the	DET
economy-585	493	9	european	european	PROPN
economy-585	493	10	union	union	PROPN
economy-585	493	11	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	493	12	approach	approach	NOUN
economy-585	493	13	of	of	ADP
economy-585	493	14	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	493	15	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	493	16	under	under	ADP
economy-585	493	17	the	the	DET
economy-585	493	18	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	493	19	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	493	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	494	1	issues	issue	NOUN
economy-585	494	2	in	in	ADP
economy-585	494	3	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	494	4	management	management	NOUN
economy-585	494	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	494	6	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	494	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	494	8	2(5	2(5	NUM
economy-585	494	9	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	494	10	087	087	NUM
economy-585	494	11	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	494	12	093	093	NUM
economy-585	494	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	495	1	islam	islam	PROPN
economy-585	495	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	495	3	a.	a.	PROPN
economy-585	495	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	495	5	h.	h.	PROPN
economy-585	495	6	bloch	bloch	PROPN
economy-585	495	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	495	8	r.	r.	PROPN
economy-585	495	9	salim	salim	PROPN
economy-585	495	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	495	11	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	495	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	496	1	how	how	SCONJ
economy-585	496	2	effective	effective	ADJ
economy-585	496	3	is	be	AUX
economy-585	496	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	496	5	free	free	ADJ
economy-585	496	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	496	7	agreement	agreement	NOUN
economy-585	496	8	in	in	ADP
economy-585	496	9	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	496	10	asia	asia	PROPN
economy-585	496	11	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	497	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	497	2	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	497	3	investigation	investigation	NOUN
economy-585	497	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	498	1	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	498	2	review	review	NOUN
economy-585	498	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	498	4	applied	apply	VERB
economy-585	498	5	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	498	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	498	7	28(5	28(5	NUM
economy-585	498	8	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	498	9	611	611	NUM
economy-585	498	10	-	-	SYM
economy-585	498	11	627	627	NUM
economy-585	498	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	498	13	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	498	14	at	at	ADP
economy-585	498	15	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	498	16	https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2014.918940	https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2014.918940	PROPN
economy-585	498	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	499	1	kimino	kimino	PROPN
economy-585	499	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	499	3	s.	s.	PROPN
economy-585	499	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	499	5	d.s	d.s	PROPN
economy-585	499	6	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	499	7	saal	saal	PROPN
economy-585	499	8	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	499	9	n.	n.	PROPN
economy-585	499	10	driffield	driffield	PROPN
economy-585	499	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	499	12	2007	2007	NUM
economy-585	499	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	500	1	macro	macro	ADJ
economy-585	500	2	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	500	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	500	4	fdi	fdi	NOUN
economy-585	500	5	inflows	inflow	NOUN
economy-585	500	6	to	to	ADP
economy-585	500	7	japan	japan	PROPN
economy-585	500	8	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	500	9	an	an	DET
economy-585	500	10	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	500	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	500	12	source	source	NOUN
economy-585	500	13	country	country	NOUN
economy-585	500	14	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
economy-585	500	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	501	1	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	501	2	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	501	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	501	4	30(3	30(3	NUM
economy-585	501	5	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	501	6	446	446	NUM
economy-585	501	7	-	-	SYM
economy-585	501	8	469	469	NUM
economy-585	501	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	501	10	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	501	11	at	at	ADP
economy-585	501	12	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	501	13	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01001.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01001.x	NOUN
economy-585	501	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	502	1	kolko	kolko	PROPN
economy-585	502	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	502	3	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	502	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	502	5	2000	2000	NUM
economy-585	502	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	503	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	503	2	death	death	NOUN
economy-585	503	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	503	4	cities	city	NOUN
economy-585	503	5	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	504	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	504	2	death	death	NOUN
economy-585	504	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	504	4	distance	distance	NOUN
economy-585	504	5	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	505	1	evidence	evidence	NOUN
economy-585	505	2	from	from	ADP
economy-585	505	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	505	4	geography	geography	NOUN
economy-585	505	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	505	6	commercial	commercial	ADJ
economy-585	505	7	internet	internet	NOUN
economy-585	505	8	usage	usage	NOUN
economy-585	505	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	506	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	506	2	vogelsang	vogelsang	PROPN
economy-585	506	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	506	4	ingo	ingo	PROPN
economy-585	506	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	506	6	compaine	compaine	NOUN
economy-585	506	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	506	8	benjamin	benjamin	PROPN
economy-585	506	9	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	506	10	eds	eds	PROPN
economy-585	506	11	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	506	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	506	13	the	the	DET
economy-585	506	14	internet	internet	NOUN
economy-585	506	15	upheaval	upheaval	NOUN
economy-585	506	16	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	506	17	raising	raise	VERB
economy-585	506	18	questions	question	NOUN
economy-585	506	19	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	506	20	seeking	seek	VERB
economy-585	506	21	answers	answer	NOUN
economy-585	506	22	in	in	ADP
economy-585	506	23	communications	communication	NOUN
economy-585	506	24	policy	policy	NOUN
economy-585	506	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	507	1	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
economy-585	507	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	507	3	ma	ma	PROPN
economy-585	507	4	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	507	5	mit	mit	PROPN
economy-585	507	6	press	press	NOUN
economy-585	507	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	508	1	pp	pp	ADP
economy-585	508	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	508	3	73	73	NUM
economy-585	508	4	-	-	SYM
economy-585	508	5	98	98	NUM
economy-585	508	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	509	1	krugman	krugman	PROPN
economy-585	509	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	509	3	p.	p.	NOUN
economy-585	509	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	509	5	1995	1995	NUM
economy-585	509	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	510	1	increasing	increase	VERB
economy-585	510	2	returns	return	NOUN
economy-585	510	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	510	4	imperfect	imperfect	ADJ
economy-585	510	5	competition	competition	NOUN
economy-585	510	6	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	510	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	510	8	positive	positive	ADJ
economy-585	510	9	theory	theory	NOUN
economy-585	510	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	510	11	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	510	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	510	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	511	1	handbook	handbook	NOUN
economy-585	511	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	511	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	511	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	511	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	511	6	3	3	NUM
economy-585	511	7	:	:	SYM
economy-585	511	8	1243	1243	NUM
economy-585	511	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	511	10	1277	1277	NUM
economy-585	511	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	512	1	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	512	2	at	at	ADP
economy-585	512	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	512	4	https://doi.org/10.1016/s1573-4404(05)80004-8	https://doi.org/10.1016/s1573-4404(05)80004-8	PROPN
economy-585	512	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	513	1	krugman	krugman	PROPN
economy-585	513	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	513	3	p.r	p.r	PROPN
economy-585	513	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	513	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	513	6	1979	1979	NUM
economy-585	513	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	514	1	increasing	increase	VERB
economy-585	514	2	returns	return	NOUN
economy-585	514	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	514	4	monopolistic	monopolistic	ADJ
economy-585	514	5	competition	competition	NOUN
economy-585	514	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	514	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	514	8	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	514	9	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	514	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	515	1	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	515	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	515	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	515	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	515	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	515	6	9(4	9(4	NUM
economy-585	515	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	515	8	469479	469479	NUM
economy-585	515	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	516	1	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	516	2	at	at	ADP
economy-585	516	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	516	4	https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(79)90017-5	https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(79)90017-5	X
economy-585	516	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	517	1	krugman	krugman	PROPN
economy-585	517	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	517	3	p.r	p.r	PROPN
economy-585	517	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	517	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	517	6	h.	h.	PROPN
economy-585	517	7	elhanan	elhanan	PROPN
economy-585	517	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	517	9	1985	1985	NUM
economy-585	517	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	518	1	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	518	2	structure	structure	NOUN
economy-585	518	3	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	518	4	foreign	foreign	ADJ
economy-585	518	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	518	6	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	518	7	increasing	increase	VERB
economy-585	518	8	returns	return	NOUN
economy-585	518	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	518	10	imperfect	imperfect	ADJ
economy-585	518	11	competition	competition	NOUN
economy-585	518	12	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	518	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	518	14	the	the	DET
economy-585	518	15	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	518	16	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	518	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	519	1	11	11	NUM
economy-585	519	2	-	-	SYM
economy-585	519	3	29	29	NUM
economy-585	519	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	520	1	linders	linder	NOUN
economy-585	520	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	520	3	g.j.m	g.j.m	NOUN
economy-585	520	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	520	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	520	6	h.l	h.l	PROPN
economy-585	520	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	520	8	de	de	PROPN
economy-585	520	9	groot	groot	PROPN
economy-585	520	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	520	11	2006	2006	NUM
economy-585	520	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	521	1	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	521	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	521	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	521	4	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	521	5	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	521	6	in	in	ADP
economy-585	521	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	521	8	presence	presence	NOUN
economy-585	521	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	521	10	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	521	11	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	521	12	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	521	13	no	no	INTJ
economy-585	521	14	.	.	NOUN
economy-585	521	15	06	06	NUM
economy-585	521	16	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	521	17	072/3	072/3	PROPN
economy-585	521	18	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	521	19	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	522	1	tinbergen	tinbergen	PROPN
economy-585	522	2	institute	institute	PROPN
economy-585	522	3	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	523	1	linnemann	linnemann	PROPN
economy-585	523	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	523	3	h.	h.	PROPN
economy-585	523	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	523	5	1966a	1966a	NUM
economy-585	523	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	524	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	524	2	econometric	econometric	ADJ
economy-585	524	3	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	524	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	524	5	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	524	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	524	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	524	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	525	1	amsterdam	amsterdam	PROPN
economy-585	525	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	525	3	north	north	PROPN
economy-585	525	4	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	525	5	holland	holland	PROPN
economy-585	525	6	publishing	publishing	PROPN
economy-585	525	7	company	company	NOUN
economy-585	525	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	526	1	linnemann	linnemann	PROPN
economy-585	526	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	526	3	h.	h.	PROPN
economy-585	526	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	526	5	1966b	1966b	NUM
economy-585	526	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	527	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	527	2	econometric	econometric	ADJ
economy-585	527	3	study	study	NOUN
economy-585	527	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	527	5	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	527	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	527	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	527	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	528	1	netherlands	netherlands	PROPN
economy-585	528	2	school	school	PROPN
economy-585	528	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	528	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	528	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	529	1	markusen	markusen	PROPN
economy-585	529	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	529	3	j.r	j.r	PROPN
economy-585	529	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	529	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	529	6	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	529	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	530	1	putting	put	VERB
economy-585	530	2	per	per	ADP
economy-585	530	3	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	530	4	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	530	5	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	530	6	back	back	ADV
economy-585	530	7	into	into	ADP
economy-585	530	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	530	9	theory	theory	NOUN
economy-585	530	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	531	1	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	531	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	531	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	531	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	531	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	531	6	90(2	90(2	NUM
economy-585	531	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	531	8	255	255	NUM
economy-585	531	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	531	10	265	265	NUM
economy-585	531	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	531	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	531	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	531	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	531	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.04.003	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.04.003	NOUN
economy-585	531	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	532	1	martin	martin	PROPN
economy-585	532	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	532	3	w.	w.	PROPN
economy-585	532	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	532	5	c.s	c.s	PROPN
economy-585	532	6	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	532	7	pham	pham	PROPN
economy-585	532	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	532	9	2015	2015	NUM
economy-585	532	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	533	1	estimating	estimate	VERB
economy-585	533	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	533	3	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	533	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	533	5	when	when	SCONJ
economy-585	533	6	zero	zero	NUM
economy-585	533	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	533	8	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	533	9	are	be	AUX
economy-585	533	10	frequent	frequent	ADJ
economy-585	533	11	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	533	12	economically	economically	ADV
economy-585	533	13	determined	determine	VERB
economy-585	533	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	534	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	534	2	world	world	PROPN
economy-585	534	3	bank	bank	PROPN
economy-585	534	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	535	1	musila	musila	PROPN
economy-585	535	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	535	3	j.w	j.w	PROPN
economy-585	535	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	535	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	535	6	s.p	s.p	PROPN
economy-585	535	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	535	8	sigué	sigué	PROPN
economy-585	535	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	535	10	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	535	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	536	1	corruption	corruption	NOUN
economy-585	536	2	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	536	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	536	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	536	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	536	6	an	an	DET
economy-585	536	7	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	536	8	investigation	investigation	NOUN
economy-585	536	9	of	of	ADP
economy-585	536	10	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	536	11	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	536	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	537	1	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	537	2	economy	economy	PROPN
economy-585	537	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	537	4	33(1	33(1	NUM
economy-585	537	5	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	537	6	129	129	NUM
economy-585	537	7	-	-	SYM
economy-585	537	8	146	146	NUM
economy-585	537	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	537	10	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	537	11	at	at	ADP
economy-585	537	12	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	537	13	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01208.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2009.01208.x	PROPN
economy-585	537	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	538	1	raballand	raballand	PROPN
economy-585	538	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	538	3	g.	g.	PROPN
economy-585	538	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	538	5	2003	2003	NUM
economy-585	538	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	539	1	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	539	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	539	3	the	the	DET
economy-585	539	4	negative	negative	ADJ
economy-585	539	5	impact	impact	NOUN
economy-585	539	6	of	of	ADP
economy-585	539	7	being	be	AUX
economy-585	539	8	landlocked	landlocke	VERB
economy-585	539	9	on	on	ADP
economy-585	539	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	539	11	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	539	12	an	an	DET
economy-585	539	13	empirical	empirical	ADJ
economy-585	539	14	investigation	investigation	NOUN
economy-585	539	15	through	through	ADP
economy-585	539	16	the	the	DET
economy-585	539	17	central	central	ADJ
economy-585	539	18	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	539	19	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	539	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	540	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
economy-585	540	2	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	540	3	sudies	sudie	NOUN
economy-585	540	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	540	5	45(4	45(4	NUM
economy-585	540	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	540	7	520	520	NUM
economy-585	540	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	540	9	536	536	NUM
economy-585	540	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	540	11	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	540	12	at	at	ADP
economy-585	540	13	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	540	14	https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ces.8100031	https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ces.8100031	NOUN
economy-585	540	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	541	1	rault	rault	NOUN
economy-585	541	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	541	3	c.	c.	PROPN
economy-585	541	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	541	5	r.	r.	PROPN
economy-585	541	6	sova	sova	PROPN
economy-585	541	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	541	8	a.m.	a.m.	PROPN
economy-585	541	9	sova	sova	PROPN
economy-585	541	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	541	11	2009	2009	NUM
economy-585	541	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	542	1	modelling	model	VERB
economy-585	542	2	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	542	3	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	542	4	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	542	5	between	between	ADP
economy-585	542	6	ceec	ceec	ADJ
economy-585	542	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	542	8	oecd	oecd	PROPN
economy-585	542	9	countries	country	NOUN
economy-585	542	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	543	1	applied	apply	VERB
economy-585	543	2	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	543	3	letters	letter	NOUN
economy-585	543	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	543	5	16(15	16(15	NUM
economy-585	543	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	543	7	1547	1547	NUM
economy-585	543	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	543	9	1554	1554	NUM
economy-585	543	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	544	1	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	544	2	at	at	ADP
economy-585	544	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	544	4	https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850701564330	https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850701564330	PROPN
economy-585	544	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	545	1	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	545	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	545	3	a.k	a.k	PROPN
economy-585	545	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	545	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	545	6	1991	1991	NUM
economy-585	545	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	546	1	why	why	SCONJ
economy-585	546	2	has	have	AUX
economy-585	546	3	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	546	4	grown	grow	VERB
economy-585	546	5	faster	fast	ADV
economy-585	546	6	than	than	ADP
economy-585	546	7	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	546	8	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	547	1	canadian	canadian	ADJ
economy-585	547	2	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	547	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	547	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	547	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	547	6	24(2	24(2	NUM
economy-585	547	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	547	8	417	417	NUM
economy-585	547	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	547	10	427	427	NUM
economy-585	547	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	547	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	547	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	547	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	547	15	https://doi.org/10.2307/135631	https://doi.org/10.2307/135631	PROPN
economy-585	547	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	548	1	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	548	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	548	3	a.k	a.k	PROPN
economy-585	548	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	548	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	548	6	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	548	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	549	1	do	do	AUX
economy-585	549	2	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	549	3	members	member	NOUN
economy-585	549	4	have	have	VERB
economy-585	549	5	more	more	ADJ
economy-585	549	6	liberal	liberal	ADJ
economy-585	549	7	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	549	8	policy	policy	NOUN
economy-585	549	9	?	?	PUNCT
economy-585	549	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	550	1	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	550	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	550	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	550	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	550	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	550	6	63(2	63(2	NUM
economy-585	550	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	550	8	209	209	NUM
economy-585	550	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	550	10	235	235	NUM
economy-585	550	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	550	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	550	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	550	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	550	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00071-0	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00071-0	PROPN
economy-585	550	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	551	1	rose	rise	VERB
economy-585	551	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	551	3	a.k	a.k	PROPN
economy-585	551	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	551	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	551	6	e.	e.	PROPN
economy-585	551	7	van	van	PROPN
economy-585	551	8	wincoop	wincoop	PROPN
economy-585	551	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	551	10	2001	2001	NUM
economy-585	551	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	552	1	national	national	ADJ
economy-585	552	2	money	money	NOUN
economy-585	552	3	as	as	ADP
economy-585	552	4	a	a	DET
economy-585	552	5	barrier	barrier	NOUN
economy-585	552	6	to	to	ADP
economy-585	552	7	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	552	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	552	9	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	552	10	the	the	DET
economy-585	552	11	real	real	ADJ
economy-585	552	12	case	case	NOUN
economy-585	552	13	for	for	ADP
economy-585	552	14	currency	currency	NOUN
economy-585	552	15	union	union	NOUN
economy-585	552	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	553	1	american	american	PROPN
economy-585	553	2	economic	economic	PROPN
economy-585	553	3	review	review	PROPN
economy-585	553	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	553	5	91(2	91(2	NUM
economy-585	553	6	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	553	7	386	386	NUM
economy-585	553	8	-	-	SYM
economy-585	553	9	390	390	NUM
economy-585	553	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	553	11	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	553	12	at	at	ADP
economy-585	553	13	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	553	14	https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.386	https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.2.386	PROPN
economy-585	553	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	554	1	sanso	sanso	PROPN
economy-585	554	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	554	3	m.	m.	NOUN
economy-585	554	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	554	5	r.	r.	PROPN
economy-585	554	6	cuairan	cuairan	PROPN
economy-585	554	7	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	554	8	f.	f.	PROPN
economy-585	554	9	sanz	sanz	PROPN
economy-585	554	10	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	554	11	1993	1993	NUM
economy-585	554	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	555	1	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
economy-585	555	2	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	555	3	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	555	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	555	5	the	the	DET
economy-585	555	6	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	555	7	equation	equation	NOUN
economy-585	555	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	555	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	555	10	functional	functional	ADJ
economy-585	555	11	form	form	NOUN
economy-585	555	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	556	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	556	2	review	review	NOUN
economy-585	556	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	556	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	556	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	556	6	statistics	statistic	NOUN
economy-585	556	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	556	8	75(2	75(2	NUM
economy-585	556	9	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	556	10	266	266	NUM
economy-585	556	11	-	-	SYM
economy-585	556	12	275	275	NUM
economy-585	556	13	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	556	14	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	556	15	at	at	ADP
economy-585	556	16	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	556	17	https://doi.org/10.2307/2109432	https://doi.org/10.2307/2109432	PROPN
economy-585	556	18	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	557	1	serlenga	serlenga	PROPN
economy-585	557	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	557	3	l.	l.	PROPN
economy-585	557	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	557	5	y.	y.	PROPN
economy-585	557	6	shin	shin	PROPN
economy-585	557	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	557	8	2004	2004	NUM
economy-585	557	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	558	1	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	558	2	models	model	NOUN
economy-585	558	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	558	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	558	5	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	558	6	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	558	7	eu	eu	ADJ
economy-585	558	8	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	558	9	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	558	10	application	application	NOUN
economy-585	558	11	of	of	ADP
economy-585	558	12	the	the	DET
economy-585	558	13	hausman	hausman	PROPN
economy-585	558	14	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	558	15	taylor	taylor	PROPN
economy-585	558	16	estimation	estimation	NOUN
economy-585	558	17	in	in	ADP
economy-585	558	18	heterogeneous	heterogeneous	ADJ
economy-585	558	19	panels	panel	NOUN
economy-585	558	20	with	with	ADP
economy-585	558	21	common	common	ADJ
economy-585	558	22	time	time	NOUN
economy-585	558	23	-	-	PUNCT
economy-585	558	24	specific	specific	ADJ
economy-585	558	25	factors	factor	NOUN
economy-585	558	26	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	559	1	mimeo	mimeo	NOUN
economy-585	559	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	559	3	university	university	NOUN
economy-585	559	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	559	5	edinburgh	edinburgh	PROPN
economy-585	559	6	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	560	1	shinyekwa	shinyekwa	PROPN
economy-585	560	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	560	3	i.	i.	PROPN
economy-585	560	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	560	5	o.	o.	PROPN
economy-585	560	6	lawrence	lawrence	PROPN
economy-585	560	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	560	8	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	560	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	561	1	comparing	compare	VERB
economy-585	561	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	561	3	performance	performance	NOUN
economy-585	561	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	561	5	uganda	uganda	PROPN
economy-585	561	6	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	561	7	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	561	8	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	561	9	east	east	ADJ
economy-585	561	10	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	561	11	community	community	NOUN
economy-585	561	12	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	561	13	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	561	14	other	other	ADJ
economy-585	561	15	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	561	16	blocs	bloc	NOUN
economy-585	561	17	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	561	18	a	a	DET
economy-585	561	19	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	561	20	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	561	21	analysis	analysis	NOUN
economy-585	561	22	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	561	23	no	no	NOUN
economy-585	561	24	.	.	NOUN
economy-585	561	25	159667	159667	NUM
economy-585	561	26	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	561	27	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	562	1	sichei	sichei	PROPN
economy-585	562	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	562	3	m.	m.	NOUN
economy-585	562	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	562	5	j.-l	j.-l	PROPN
economy-585	562	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	563	1	erero	erero	NOUN
economy-585	563	2	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	563	3	t.	t.	PROPN
economy-585	563	4	gebreselasie	gebreselasie	PROPN
economy-585	563	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	563	6	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	563	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	564	1	an	an	DET
economy-585	564	2	augmented	augment	VERB
economy-585	564	3	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	564	4	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	564	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	564	6	south	south	PROPN
economy-585	564	7	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	564	8	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	564	9	exports	export	NOUN
economy-585	564	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	564	11	motor	motor	NOUN
economy-585	564	12	vehicles	vehicle	NOUN
economy-585	564	13	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	564	14	parts	part	NOUN
economy-585	564	15	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	564	16	accessories	accessory	NOUN
economy-585	564	17	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	565	1	south	south	ADJ
economy-585	565	2	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	565	3	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	565	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	565	5	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	565	6	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	565	7	management	management	NOUN
economy-585	565	8	sciences	science	NOUN
economy-585	565	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	565	10	11(4	11(4	NUM
economy-585	565	11	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	565	12	494	494	NUM
economy-585	565	13	-	-	SYM
economy-585	565	14	510	510	NUM
economy-585	565	15	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	565	16	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	565	17	at	at	ADP
economy-585	565	18	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	565	19	https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v11i4.284	https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v11i4.284	PROPN
economy-585	565	20	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	566	1	subramanian	subramanian	PROPN
economy-585	566	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	566	3	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	566	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	566	5	s.-j	s.-j	PROPN
economy-585	566	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	567	1	wei	wei	PROPN
economy-585	567	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	567	3	2007	2007	NUM
economy-585	567	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	568	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	568	2	wto	wto	PROPN
economy-585	568	3	promotes	promote	VERB
economy-585	568	4	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	568	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	568	6	strongly	strongly	ADV
economy-585	568	7	but	but	CCONJ
economy-585	568	8	unevenly	unevenly	ADV
economy-585	568	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	569	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	569	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	569	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	569	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	569	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	569	6	72(1	72(1	NOUN
economy-585	569	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	569	8	151	151	NUM
economy-585	569	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	569	10	175	175	NUM
economy-585	569	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	569	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	569	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	569	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	569	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.07.007	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.07.007	ADJ
economy-585	569	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	570	1	tansey	tansey	NOUN
economy-585	570	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	570	3	m.m	m.m	PROPN
economy-585	570	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	570	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	570	6	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	570	7	touray	touray	PROPN
economy-585	570	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	570	9	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	570	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	571	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	571	2	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	571	3	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	571	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	571	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	571	6	applied	apply	VERB
economy-585	571	7	to	to	ADP
economy-585	571	8	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	571	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	572	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	572	2	international	international	PROPN
economy-585	572	3	business	business	PROPN
economy-585	572	4	&	&	CCONJ
economy-585	572	5	economics	economics	PROPN
economy-585	572	6	research	research	PROPN
economy-585	572	7	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	572	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	572	9	9(3	9(3	NUM
economy-585	572	10	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	572	11	127	127	NUM
economy-585	572	12	-	-	SYM
economy-585	572	13	130	130	NUM
economy-585	572	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	572	15	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	572	16	at	at	ADP
economy-585	572	17	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	572	18	https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v9i3.543	https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v9i3.543	PROPN
economy-585	572	19	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	572	20	tarasov	tarasov	PROPN
economy-585	572	21	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	572	22	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	572	23	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	572	24	2012	2012	NUM
economy-585	572	25	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	573	1	per	per	ADP
economy-585	573	2	capita	capita	NOUN
economy-585	573	3	income	income	NOUN
economy-585	573	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	573	5	market	market	NOUN
economy-585	573	6	access	access	NOUN
economy-585	573	7	costs	cost	NOUN
economy-585	573	8	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	573	9	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	573	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	573	11	volumes	volume	NOUN
economy-585	573	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	574	1	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	574	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	574	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	574	4	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	574	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	574	6	86(2	86(2	PROPN
economy-585	574	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	574	8	284	284	NUM
economy-585	574	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	574	10	294	294	NUM
economy-585	574	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	574	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	574	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	574	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	574	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.10.006	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.10.006	NOUN
economy-585	574	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	575	1	tinbergen	tinbergen	PROPN
economy-585	575	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	575	3	j.	j.	PROPN
economy-585	575	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	575	5	1962	1962	NUM
economy-585	575	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	576	1	shaping	shape	VERB
economy-585	576	2	the	the	DET
economy-585	576	3	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	576	4	economy	economy	NOUN
economy-585	576	5	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	576	6	suggestions	suggestion	NOUN
economy-585	576	7	for	for	ADP
economy-585	576	8	an	an	DET
economy-585	576	9	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	576	10	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	576	11	policy	policy	NOUN
economy-585	576	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	577	1	new	new	PROPN
economy-585	577	2	york	york	PROPN
economy-585	577	3	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	577	4	the	the	DET
economy-585	577	5	twentieth	twentieth	ADJ
economy-585	577	6	century	century	NOUN
economy-585	577	7	fund	fund	NOUN
economy-585	577	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	578	1	tripathi	tripathi	PROPN
economy-585	578	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	578	3	s.	s.	PROPN
economy-585	578	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	578	5	n.	n.	PROPN
economy-585	578	6	leitão	leitão	PROPN
economy-585	578	7	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	578	8	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	578	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	579	1	india	india	PROPN
economy-585	579	2	’s	’s	PART
economy-585	579	3	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	579	4	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	579	5	gravity	gravity	NOUN
economy-585	579	6	model	model	NOUN
economy-585	579	7	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	579	8	a	a	DET
economy-585	579	9	static	static	ADJ
economy-585	579	10	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	579	11	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
economy-585	579	12	panel	panel	NOUN
economy-585	579	13	data	datum	NOUN
economy-585	579	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	580	1	germany	germany	PROPN
economy-585	580	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	580	3	university	university	NOUN
economy-585	580	4	library	library	NOUN
economy-585	580	5	of	of	ADP
economy-585	580	6	munich	munich	PROPN
economy-585	580	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	581	1	unctad	unctad	PROPN
economy-585	581	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	581	3	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	581	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	582	1	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	582	2	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	582	3	in	in	ADP
economy-585	582	4	africa	africa	PROPN
economy-585	582	5	report	report	PROPN
economy-585	582	6	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	582	7	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	582	8	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	582	9	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	582	10	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	582	11	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	582	12	unlocking	unlock	VERB
economy-585	582	13	private	private	ADJ
economy-585	582	14	sector	sector	NOUN
economy-585	582	15	dynamism	dynamism	NOUN
economy-585	582	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	583	1	vicard	vicard	ADJ
economy-585	583	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	583	3	v.	v.	ADP
economy-585	583	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	583	5	2011	2011	NUM
economy-585	583	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	584	1	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	584	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	584	3	successful	successful	ADJ
economy-585	584	4	regional	regional	ADJ
economy-585	584	5	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	584	6	agreements	agreement	NOUN
economy-585	584	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	585	1	economics	economic	NOUN
economy-585	585	2	letters	letter	NOUN
economy-585	585	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	585	4	111(3	111(3	NUM
economy-585	585	5	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	585	6	188	188	NUM
economy-585	585	7	-	-	SYM
economy-585	585	8	190	190	NUM
economy-585	585	9	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	585	10	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	585	11	at	at	ADP
economy-585	585	12	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	585	13	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.02.010	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.02.010	PROPN
economy-585	585	14	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	586	1	wang	wang	PROPN
economy-585	586	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	586	3	z.k	z.k	PROPN
economy-585	586	4	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	586	5	and	and	CCONJ
economy-585	586	6	l.a	l.a	PROPN
economy-585	586	7	.	.	PROPN
economy-585	586	8	winters	winter	NOUN
economy-585	586	9	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	586	10	1992	1992	NUM
economy-585	586	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	587	1	the	the	DET
economy-585	587	2	trading	trading	NOUN
economy-585	587	3	potential	potential	NOUN
economy-585	587	4	of	of	ADP
economy-585	587	5	eastern	eastern	PROPN
economy-585	587	6	europe	europe	PROPN
economy-585	587	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	588	1	journal	journal	NOUN
economy-585	588	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	588	3	economic	economic	ADJ
economy-585	588	4	integration	integration	NOUN
economy-585	588	5	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	588	6	7(2	7(2	NUM
economy-585	588	7	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	588	8	113	113	NUM
economy-585	588	9	-	-	SYM
economy-585	588	10	136	136	NUM
economy-585	588	11	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	588	12	available	available	ADJ
economy-585	588	13	at	at	ADP
economy-585	588	14	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	588	15	https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.1992.7.2.113	https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.1992.7.2.113	PROPN
economy-585	588	16	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	589	1	wb	wb	PROPN
economy-585	589	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	589	3	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	589	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	590	1	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	590	2	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	590	3	indicators	indicator	NOUN
economy-585	590	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	591	1	edn	edn	INTJ
economy-585	591	2	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	591	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	591	4	2014	2014	NUM
economy-585	591	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	592	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	592	2	international	international	PROPN
economy-585	592	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	592	4	e.	e.	PROPN
economy-585	592	5	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	592	6	ed	ed	NOUN
economy-585	592	7	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	592	8	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	593	1	university	university	PROPN
economy-585	593	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	593	3	manchester	manchester	PROPN
economy-585	593	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	594	1	world	world	PROPN
economy-585	594	2	bank	bank	PROPN
economy-585	594	3	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	594	4	2013	2013	NUM
economy-585	594	5	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	595	1	world	world	NOUN
economy-585	595	2	development	development	NOUN
economy-585	595	3	indicators	indicator	NOUN
economy-585	595	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	596	1	in	in	ADP
economy-585	596	2	:	:	PUNCT
economy-585	596	3	international	international	ADJ
economy-585	596	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	596	5	e.	e.	PROPN
economy-585	596	6	(	(	PUNCT
economy-585	596	7	ed	ed	NOUN
economy-585	596	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	596	9	)	)	PUNCT
economy-585	596	10	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	597	1	university	university	PROPN
economy-585	597	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	597	3	manchester	manchester	PROPN
economy-585	597	4	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	598	1	zannou	zannou	PROPN
economy-585	598	2	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	598	3	a.	a.	NOUN
economy-585	598	4	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	598	5	2010	2010	NUM
economy-585	598	6	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	599	1	determinants	determinant	NOUN
economy-585	599	2	of	of	ADP
economy-585	599	3	intra	intra	ADJ
economy-585	599	4	-	-	ADJ
economy-585	599	5	ecowas	ecowas	ADJ
economy-585	599	6	trade	trade	NOUN
economy-585	599	7	flows	flow	NOUN
economy-585	599	8	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	600	1	african	african	ADJ
economy-585	600	2	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	600	3	of	of	ADP
economy-585	600	4	business	business	NOUN
economy-585	600	5	management	management	NOUN
economy-585	600	6	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	600	7	4(5	4(5	NUM
economy-585	600	8	):	):	PUNCT
economy-585	600	9	678	678	NUM
economy-585	600	10	-	-	SYM
economy-585	600	11	686	686	NUM
economy-585	600	12	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	601	1	asian	asian	ADJ
economy-585	601	2	online	online	PROPN
economy-585	601	3	journal	journal	PROPN
economy-585	601	4	publishing	publishing	NOUN
economy-585	601	5	group	group	NOUN
economy-585	601	6	is	be	AUX
economy-585	601	7	not	not	PART
economy-585	601	8	responsible	responsible	ADJ
economy-585	601	9	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	601	10	answerable	answerable	ADJ
economy-585	601	11	for	for	ADP
economy-585	601	12	any	any	DET
economy-585	601	13	loss	loss	NOUN
economy-585	601	14	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	601	15	damage	damage	NOUN
economy-585	601	16	or	or	CCONJ
economy-585	601	17	liability	liability	NOUN
economy-585	601	18	,	,	PUNCT
economy-585	601	19	etc	etc	X
economy-585	601	20	.	.	X
economy-585	601	21	caused	cause	VERB
economy-585	601	22	in	in	ADP
economy-585	601	23	relation	relation	NOUN
economy-585	601	24	to	to	PART
economy-585	601	25	/	/	PUNCT
economy-585	601	26	arising	arise	VERB
economy-585	601	27	out	out	ADP
economy-585	601	28	of	of	ADP
economy-585	601	29	the	the	DET
economy-585	601	30	use	use	NOUN
economy-585	601	31	of	of	ADP
economy-585	601	32	the	the	DET
economy-585	601	33	content	content	NOUN
economy-585	601	34	.	.	PUNCT
economy-585	602	1	any	any	DET
economy-585	602	2	queries	query	NOUN
economy-585	602	3	should	should	AUX
economy-585	602	4	be	be	AUX
economy-585	602	5	directed	direct	VERB
economy-585	602	6	to	to	ADP
economy-585	602	7	the	the	DET
economy-585	602	8	corresponding	corresponding	ADJ
economy-585	602	9	author	author	NOUN
economy-585	602	10	of	of	ADP
economy-585	602	11	the	the	DET
economy-585	602	12	article	article	NOUN
economy-585	602	13	.	.	PUNCT