id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
easat-11385	1	1	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	1	2	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	1	3	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	1	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	1	5	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	1	6	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	1	7	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	1	8	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	1	9	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	1	10	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	1	11	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	1	12	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	2	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	2	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	2	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	2	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	2	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	2	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	2	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	2	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	2	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	2	10	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	2	11	publisher	publisher	NOUN
easat-11385	2	12	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	2	13	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	2	14	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	2	15	doi	doi	PROPN
easat-11385	2	16	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	2	17	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	2	18	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	2	19	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	3	1	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	3	2	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	3	3	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	3	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	3	5	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	3	6	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	7	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	3	8	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	3	9	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	3	10	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	3	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	3	12	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	3	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	3	14	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	3	15	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	16	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	3	17	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	3	18	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	3	19	history	history	NOUN
easat-11385	3	20	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	21	received	receive	VERB
easat-11385	3	22	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	23	7	7	NUM
easat-11385	3	24	october	october	NOUN
easat-11385	3	25	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	3	26	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	27	revised	revise	VERB
easat-11385	3	28	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	29	18	18	NUM
easat-11385	3	30	november	november	NOUN
easat-11385	3	31	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	3	32	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	33	accepted	accept	VERB
easat-11385	3	34	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	35	24	24	NUM
easat-11385	3	36	november	november	PROPN
easat-11385	3	37	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	3	38	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	39	published	publish	VERB
easat-11385	3	40	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	41	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	3	42	december	december	PROPN
easat-11385	3	43	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	3	44	*	*	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	45	correspondence	correspondence	NOUN
easat-11385	3	46	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	47	mustazar@ukm.edu.my	mustazar@ukm.edu.my	NOUN
easat-11385	3	48	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	3	49	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	3	50	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	3	51	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	3	52	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	3	53	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	3	54	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	3	55	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	3	56	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	3	57	’s	’s	PART
easat-11385	3	58	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	3	59	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	3	60	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	61	a	a	DET
easat-11385	3	62	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	3	63	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	3	64	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	3	65	li	li	PROPN
easat-11385	3	66	zhou1,2	zhou1,2	PROPN
easat-11385	3	67	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	68	mohd	mohd	PROPN
easat-11385	3	69	azlan	azlan	PROPN
easat-11385	3	70	shah	shah	PROPN
easat-11385	3	71	zaidi1	zaidi1	PROPN
easat-11385	3	72	*	*	PROPN
easat-11385	3	73	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	74	mustazar	mustazar	ADJ
easat-11385	3	75	mansur1	mansur1	PROPN
easat-11385	3	76	1faculty	1faculty	NUM
easat-11385	3	77	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	3	78	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	3	79	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	3	80	management	management	NOUN
easat-11385	3	81	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	82	universiti	universiti	PROPN
easat-11385	3	83	kebangsaan	kebangsaan	PROPN
easat-11385	3	84	malaysia	malaysia	PROPN
easat-11385	3	85	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	86	43600	43600	NUM
easat-11385	3	87	bangi	bangi	PROPN
easat-11385	3	88	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	89	selangor	selangor	PROPN
easat-11385	3	90	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	91	malaysia	malaysia	PROPN
easat-11385	3	92	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	93	p136815@outlook.com	p136815@outlook.com	X
easat-11385	3	94	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	95	l.z	l.z	PROPN
easat-11385	3	96	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	3	97	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	4	1	mustazar@ukm.edu.my	mustazar@ukm.edu.my	NOUN
easat-11385	4	2	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	4	3	m.a.s.z	m.a.s.z	PROPN
easat-11385	4	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	4	5	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	5	1	azlan@ukm.edu.my	azlan@ukm.edu.my	NOUN
easat-11385	5	2	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	5	3	m.m	m.m	PROPN
easat-11385	5	4	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	5	5	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	5	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	6	1	2faculty	2faculty	NUM
easat-11385	6	2	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	6	3	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	6	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	6	5	management	management	NOUN
easat-11385	6	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	6	7	jiangxi	jiangxi	PROPN
easat-11385	6	8	polytechnic	polytechnic	PROPN
easat-11385	6	9	university	university	PROPN
easat-11385	6	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	6	11	jiujiang	jiujiang	PROPN
easat-11385	6	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	6	13	jiangxi	jiangxi	NOUN
easat-11385	6	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	6	15	320007	320007	NUM
easat-11385	6	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	6	17	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	6	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	7	1	abstract	abstract	ADJ
easat-11385	7	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	7	3	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	7	4	'	'	PART
easat-11385	7	5	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	7	6	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	7	7	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	7	8	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	7	9	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	7	10	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	7	11	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	7	12	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	7	13	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	7	14	become	become	VERB
easat-11385	7	15	critical	critical	ADJ
easat-11385	7	16	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	7	17	determining	determine	VERB
easat-11385	7	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	7	19	margins	margin	NOUN
easat-11385	7	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	7	21	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	7	22	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	7	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	7	24	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	7	25	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	7	26	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	7	27	emerging	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	7	28	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	7	29	a	a	DET
easat-11385	7	30	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	7	31	determinant	determinant	ADJ
easat-11385	7	32	beyond	beyond	ADP
easat-11385	7	33	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-11385	7	34	factor	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	7	35	endowments	endowment	NOUN
easat-11385	7	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	7	37	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	7	38	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	7	39	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	7	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	8	1	under	under	ADP
easat-11385	8	2	the	the	DET
easat-11385	8	3	combined	combine	VERB
easat-11385	8	4	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	8	5	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	8	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	8	7	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	8	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	8	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	8	10	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	8	11	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	8	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	8	13	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	8	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	8	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	8	16	protectionism	protectionism	NOUN
easat-11385	8	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	8	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	8	19	the	the	DET
easat-11385	8	20	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
easat-11385	8	21	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN
easat-11385	8	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	8	23	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	8	24	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	8	25	entered	enter	VERB
easat-11385	8	26	a	a	DET
easat-11385	8	27	restructuring	restructuring	NOUN
easat-11385	8	28	stage	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	8	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	8	30	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	8	31	presents	present	VERB
easat-11385	8	32	new	new	ADJ
easat-11385	8	33	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	8	34	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	8	35	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	8	36	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	9	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	9	2	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	9	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	9	4	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	9	5	examines	examine	VERB
easat-11385	9	6	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	9	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	9	8	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	9	9	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	9	10	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	9	11	's	's	PART
easat-11385	9	12	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	9	13	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	9	14	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	9	15	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	9	16	the	the	DET
easat-11385	9	17	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	9	18	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	9	19	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	9	20	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	9	21	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	9	22	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	9	23	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	9	24	selected	select	VERB
easat-11385	9	25	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	9	26	1,072	1,072	NUM
easat-11385	9	27	initial	initial	ADJ
easat-11385	9	28	papers	paper	NOUN
easat-11385	9	29	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
easat-11385	9	30	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	9	31	web	web	NOUN
easat-11385	9	32	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	9	33	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	9	34	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	9	35	1999	1999	NUM
easat-11385	9	36	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	9	37	2023	2023	NUM
easat-11385	9	38	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	9	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	10	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	10	2	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	10	3	addresses	address	VERB
easat-11385	10	4	three	three	NUM
easat-11385	10	5	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
easat-11385	10	6	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	10	7	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	10	8	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	10	9	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-11385	10	10	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	10	11	's	's	PART
easat-11385	10	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	10	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	10	14	along	along	ADV
easat-11385	10	15	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	10	16	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	10	17	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	10	18	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	10	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	10	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	10	21	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	10	22	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	10	23	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	10	24	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	10	25	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	10	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	10	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	10	28	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	10	29	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	10	30	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	10	31	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	10	32	's	's	PART
easat-11385	10	33	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	10	34	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	10	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	11	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	11	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	11	3	tackles	tackle	VERB
easat-11385	11	4	critical	critical	ADJ
easat-11385	11	5	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	11	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	11	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	11	8	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	11	9	doublecounting	doublecounte	VERB
easat-11385	11	10	problems	problem	NOUN
easat-11385	11	11	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	11	12	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-11385	11	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	11	14	statistics	statistic	NOUN
easat-11385	11	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	11	16	transmission	transmission	NOUN
easat-11385	11	17	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	11	18	whereby	whereby	SCONJ
easat-11385	11	19	upstream	upstream	ADJ
easat-11385	11	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	11	21	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	11	22	magnify	magnify	VERB
easat-11385	11	23	downstream	downstream	ADJ
easat-11385	11	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	11	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	12	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	12	2	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	12	3	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	12	4	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
easat-11385	12	5	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	12	6	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	12	7	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	12	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	12	9	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	12	10	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	12	11	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	12	12	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	12	13	divisions	division	NOUN
easat-11385	12	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	12	15	offering	offer	VERB
easat-11385	12	16	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	12	17	foundations	foundation	NOUN
easat-11385	12	18	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	12	19	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	12	20	interventions	intervention	NOUN
easat-11385	12	21	aimed	aim	VERB
easat-11385	12	22	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	12	23	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	12	24	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	12	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	1	keywords	keyword	NOUN
easat-11385	13	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	3	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	13	4	's	's	PART
easat-11385	13	5	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	13	6	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	13	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	8	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	13	9	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	13	10	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	13	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	12	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	13	13	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	13	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	15	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	13	16	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	13	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	18	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	13	19	literature	literature	PROPN
easat-11385	13	20	review	review	PROPN
easat-11385	13	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	22	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	13	23	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	13	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	25	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	13	26	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	27	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	13	28	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	13	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	13	30	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	13	31	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	13	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	14	1	1	1	X
easat-11385	14	2	.	.	X
easat-11385	14	3	introduction	introduction	NOUN
easat-11385	14	4	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	14	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	14	6	deepening	deepening	NOUN
easat-11385	14	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	14	8	the	the	DET
easat-11385	14	9	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	14	10	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	14	11	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	14	12	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	14	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	14	14	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	14	15	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	14	16	formed	form	VERB
easat-11385	14	17	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	14	18	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	14	19	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	14	20	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	14	21	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	14	22	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	14	23	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	14	24	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	14	25	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	14	26	systems	system	NOUN
easat-11385	14	27	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	14	28	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	14	29	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	14	30	influences	influence	VERB
easat-11385	14	31	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	14	32	margins	margin	NOUN
easat-11385	14	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	14	34	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	14	35	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	14	36	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	15	1	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	15	2	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	15	3	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	15	4	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	15	5	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	15	6	depends	depend	VERB
easat-11385	15	7	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	15	8	factor	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	15	9	endowments	endowment	NOUN
easat-11385	15	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	15	11	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	15	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	15	13	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	15	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	15	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	15	16	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	15	17	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	15	18	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	15	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	15	20	[	[	X
easat-11385	15	21	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	15	22	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	15	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	16	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	16	2	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	16	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	16	4	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	16	5	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	16	6	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	16	7	world	world	NOUN
easat-11385	16	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	16	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	16	10	whereby	whereby	SCONJ
easat-11385	16	11	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	16	12	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	16	13	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	16	14	fragmented	fragment	VERB
easat-11385	16	15	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	16	16	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	16	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	16	18	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	16	19	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
easat-11385	16	20	reshaped	reshape	VERB
easat-11385	16	21	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	16	22	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	16	23	[	[	X
easat-11385	16	24	2	2	NUM
easat-11385	16	25	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	16	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	17	1	meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV
easat-11385	17	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	17	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	17	4	magnitude	magnitude	NOUN
easat-11385	17	5	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	17	6	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	17	7	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	17	8	influences	influence	VERB
easat-11385	17	9	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	17	10	'	'	PART
easat-11385	17	11	choices	choice	NOUN
easat-11385	17	12	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	17	13	internally	internally	ADV
easat-11385	17	14	vertically	vertically	ADV
easat-11385	17	15	integrated	integrate	VERB
easat-11385	17	16	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	17	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	17	18	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	17	19	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	17	20	external	external	ADJ
easat-11385	17	21	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	17	22	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	17	23	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	17	24	[	[	X
easat-11385	17	25	3	3	NUM
easat-11385	17	26	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	17	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	17	28	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	17	29	declining	decline	VERB
easat-11385	17	30	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	17	31	promoting	promote	VERB
easat-11385	17	32	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	17	33	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	17	34	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	17	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	17	36	accelerating	accelerate	VERB
easat-11385	17	37	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	17	38	fragmentation	fragmentation	NOUN
easat-11385	17	39	[	[	X
easat-11385	17	40	4	4	NUM
easat-11385	17	41	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	17	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	18	1	to	to	PART
easat-11385	18	2	promote	promote	VERB
easat-11385	18	3	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	18	4	's	's	PART
easat-11385	18	5	transformation	transformation	NOUN
easat-11385	18	6	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	18	7	a	a	DET
easat-11385	18	8	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	18	9	country	country	NOUN
easat-11385	18	10	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	18	11	a	a	DET
easat-11385	18	12	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	18	13	power	power	NOUN
easat-11385	18	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	18	15	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	18	16	scholars	scholar	NOUN
easat-11385	18	17	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	18	18	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	18	19	focused	focus	VERB
easat-11385	18	20	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	18	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	18	22	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	18	23	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	18	24	the	the	DET
easat-11385	18	25	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	18	26	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	18	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	18	28	proposing	propose	VERB
easat-11385	18	29	various	various	ADJ
easat-11385	18	30	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	18	31	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	18	32	transformation	transformation	NOUN
easat-11385	18	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	18	34	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	18	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	19	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	19	2	's	's	PART
easat-11385	19	3	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	19	4	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	19	5	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	19	6	used	use	VERB
easat-11385	19	7	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	19	8	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	19	9	advantages	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	19	10	to	to	PART
easat-11385	19	11	participate	participate	VERB
easat-11385	19	12	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	19	13	processing	processing	NOUN
easat-11385	19	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	19	15	assembly	assembly	NOUN
easat-11385	19	16	segments	segment	NOUN
easat-11385	19	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	19	18	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	19	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	19	20	achieving	achieve	VERB
easat-11385	19	21	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	19	22	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	19	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	19	24	preliminary	preliminary	ADJ
easat-11385	19	25	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	19	26	[	[	X
easat-11385	19	27	5	5	NUM
easat-11385	19	28	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	19	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	20	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	20	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	20	3	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	20	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	20	5	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	20	6	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	20	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	20	8	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	20	9	products	product	NOUN
easat-11385	20	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	20	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	20	12	these	these	DET
easat-11385	20	13	products	product	NOUN
easat-11385	20	14	frequently	frequently	ADV
easat-11385	20	15	cross	cross	VERB
easat-11385	20	16	national	national	ADJ
easat-11385	20	17	customs	custom	NOUN
easat-11385	20	18	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	20	19	times	time	NOUN
easat-11385	20	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	20	21	resulting	result	VERB
easat-11385	20	22	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	20	23	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	20	24	doublecounting	doublecounting	NOUN
easat-11385	20	25	problems	problem	NOUN
easat-11385	20	26	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	20	27	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-11385	20	28	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	20	29	statistics	statistic	NOUN
easat-11385	20	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	21	1	consequently	consequently	ADV
easat-11385	21	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	21	3	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	21	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	21	5	measured	measure	VERB
easat-11385	21	6	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	21	7	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	21	8	https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9431-0881	https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9431-0881	PROPN
easat-11385	21	9	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-4186	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-4186	PROPN
easat-11385	21	10	561	561	NUM
easat-11385	21	11	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	21	12	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	21	13	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	21	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	21	15	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	21	16	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	21	17	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	21	18	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	21	19	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	21	20	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	21	21	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	21	22	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	22	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	22	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	22	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	22	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	22	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	22	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	22	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	22	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	22	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	22	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	22	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	22	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	22	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	22	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	22	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	22	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	22	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	22	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	22	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	22	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	22	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	22	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	22	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	22	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	22	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	22	26	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-11385	22	27	statistics	statistic	NOUN
easat-11385	22	28	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	22	29	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	22	30	distorted	distort	VERB
easat-11385	22	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	22	32	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	22	33	increased	increase	VERB
easat-11385	22	34	upstream	upstream	ADJ
easat-11385	22	35	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	22	36	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	22	37	being	be	AUX
easat-11385	22	38	transmitted	transmit	VERB
easat-11385	22	39	downstream	downstream	ADV
easat-11385	22	40	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	22	41	magnifying	magnify	VERB
easat-11385	22	42	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	22	43	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	22	44	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	22	45	downstream	downstream	ADJ
easat-11385	22	46	nations	nation	NOUN
easat-11385	22	47	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	23	1	recent	recent	ADJ
easat-11385	23	2	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	23	3	restructuring	restructuring	NOUN
easat-11385	23	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	23	5	driven	drive	VERB
easat-11385	23	6	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	23	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	23	8	natural	natural	ADJ
easat-11385	23	9	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	23	10	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	23	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	23	12	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	23	13	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	23	14	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	23	15	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	23	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	23	17	intensifying	intensify	VERB
easat-11385	23	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	23	19	protectionism	protectionism	NOUN
easat-11385	23	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	23	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	23	22	the	the	DET
easat-11385	23	23	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
easat-11385	23	24	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	23	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	23	26	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	23	27	brought	bring	VERB
easat-11385	23	28	new	new	ADJ
easat-11385	23	29	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	23	30	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	23	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	23	32	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	23	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	24	1	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	24	2	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	24	3	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	24	4	organizes	organize	VERB
easat-11385	24	5	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	24	6	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	24	7	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	24	8	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	24	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	24	10	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	24	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	24	12	selection	selection	NOUN
easat-11385	24	13	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	24	14	a	a	DET
easat-11385	24	15	producer	producer	NOUN
easat-11385	24	16	country	country	NOUN
easat-11385	24	17	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	24	18	a	a	DET
easat-11385	24	19	particular	particular	ADJ
easat-11385	24	20	stage	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	24	21	depends	depend	VERB
easat-11385	24	22	not	not	PART
easat-11385	24	23	only	only	ADV
easat-11385	24	24	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	24	25	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	24	26	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	24	27	but	but	CCONJ
easat-11385	24	28	also	also	ADV
easat-11385	24	29	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	24	30	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	24	31	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	24	32	associated	associate	VERB
easat-11385	24	33	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	24	34	upstream	upstream	ADJ
easat-11385	24	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	24	36	downstream	downstream	ADJ
easat-11385	24	37	segments	segment	NOUN
easat-11385	24	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	25	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
easat-11385	25	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	25	3	identifying	identify	VERB
easat-11385	25	4	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	25	5	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	25	6	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	25	7	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	25	8	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	25	9	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	25	10	constitutes	constitute	VERB
easat-11385	25	11	a	a	DET
easat-11385	25	12	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	25	13	issue	issue	NOUN
easat-11385	25	14	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	25	15	managing	manage	VERB
easat-11385	25	16	restructuring	restructuring	NOUN
easat-11385	25	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	25	18	promoting	promote	VERB
easat-11385	25	19	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	25	20	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	25	21	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	25	22	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	25	23	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	25	24	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	25	25	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	25	26	positions	position	NOUN
easat-11385	25	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	26	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-11385	26	2	growing	grow	VERB
easat-11385	26	3	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	26	4	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	26	5	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	26	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	26	7	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	26	8	critical	critical	ADJ
easat-11385	26	9	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	26	10	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	26	11	unanswered	unanswered	ADJ
easat-11385	26	12	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	26	13	what	what	DET
easat-11385	26	14	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	26	15	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	26	16	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	26	17	's	's	PART
easat-11385	26	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	26	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	26	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	26	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	26	22	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	26	23	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	26	24	they	they	PRON
easat-11385	26	25	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	26	26	systematically	systematically	ADV
easat-11385	26	27	measured	measure	VERB
easat-11385	26	28	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	27	1	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	27	2	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	27	3	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	27	4	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	27	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	27	6	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	27	7	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	27	8	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	27	9	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	27	10	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	27	11	identified	identify	VERB
easat-11385	27	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	27	13	quantified	quantify	VERB
easat-11385	27	14	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	28	1	what	what	DET
easat-11385	28	2	impacts	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	28	3	do	do	AUX
easat-11385	28	4	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	28	5	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	28	6	have	have	VERB
easat-11385	28	7	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	28	8	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	28	9	's	's	PART
easat-11385	28	10	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	28	11	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	28	12	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	28	13	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	28	14	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	29	2	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	29	3	addresses	address	VERB
easat-11385	29	4	these	these	DET
easat-11385	29	5	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	29	6	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	29	7	a	a	DET
easat-11385	29	8	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	29	9	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	29	10	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	29	11	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	29	12	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	29	13	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	29	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	15	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	29	16	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	17	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	18	1	1	X
easat-11385	29	19	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	29	21	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	29	22	theories	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	29	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	29	24	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	29	25	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
easat-11385	29	26	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	29	27	particular	particular	ADJ
easat-11385	29	28	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	29	29	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	29	30	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	29	31	applicability	applicability	NOUN
easat-11385	29	32	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	29	33	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	29	34	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	29	35	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	29	36	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	29	37	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	38	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	39	2	2	X
easat-11385	29	40	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	41	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	29	42	innovations	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	29	43	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	29	44	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	29	45	sources	source	NOUN
easat-11385	29	46	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	29	47	comparison	comparison	NOUN
easat-11385	29	48	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	29	49	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	29	50	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	29	51	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	29	52	national	national	ADJ
easat-11385	29	53	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	29	54	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	29	55	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	56	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	29	57	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	29	58	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	59	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	29	60	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	61	3	3	X
easat-11385	29	62	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	63	the	the	DET
easat-11385	29	64	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	29	65	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	29	66	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	29	67	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	29	68	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	29	69	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	29	70	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	29	71	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	29	72	's	's	PART
easat-11385	29	73	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	29	74	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	29	75	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	29	76	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	29	77	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	29	78	providing	provide	VERB
easat-11385	29	79	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	29	80	foundations	foundation	NOUN
easat-11385	29	81	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	29	82	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	29	83	interventions	intervention	NOUN
easat-11385	29	84	aimed	aim	VERB
easat-11385	29	85	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	29	86	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	29	87	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	29	88	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	30	1	2	2	X
easat-11385	30	2	.	.	X
easat-11385	30	3	methodology	methodology	NOUN
easat-11385	30	4	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	30	5	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	30	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	30	7	preferred	preferred	ADJ
easat-11385	30	8	reporting	reporting	NOUN
easat-11385	30	9	items	item	NOUN
easat-11385	30	10	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	30	11	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	30	12	reviews	review	NOUN
easat-11385	30	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	30	14	meta	meta	NOUN
easat-11385	30	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	30	16	analyses	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	30	17	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	30	18	prisma	prisma	NOUN
easat-11385	30	19	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	30	20	guidelines	guideline	NOUN
easat-11385	30	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	30	22	this	this	DET
easat-11385	30	23	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	30	24	divides	divide	VERB
easat-11385	30	25	the	the	DET
easat-11385	30	26	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	30	27	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	30	28	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	30	29	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	30	30	process	process	NOUN
easat-11385	30	31	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	30	32	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	30	33	sequential	sequential	ADJ
easat-11385	30	34	steps	step	NOUN
easat-11385	30	35	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	30	36	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	30	37	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	30	38	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	30	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	31	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	31	2	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	31	3	framework	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	31	4	ensures	ensure	VERB
easat-11385	31	5	both	both	DET
easat-11385	31	6	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
easat-11385	31	7	coverage	coverage	NOUN
easat-11385	31	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	31	9	relevant	relevant	ADJ
easat-11385	31	10	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	31	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	31	12	rigorous	rigorous	ADJ
easat-11385	31	13	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	31	14	control	control	NOUN
easat-11385	31	15	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	31	16	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	31	17	selection	selection	NOUN
easat-11385	31	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	1	2.1	2.1	NUM
easat-11385	32	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	3	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	32	4	source	source	NOUN
easat-11385	32	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	32	6	timeframe	timeframe	NOUN
easat-11385	32	7	this	this	DET
easat-11385	32	8	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	32	9	focuses	focus	VERB
easat-11385	32	10	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	32	11	two	two	NUM
easat-11385	32	12	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	32	13	concepts	concept	NOUN
easat-11385	32	14	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	32	16	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	32	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	18	encompassing	encompass	VERB
easat-11385	32	19	both	both	CCONJ
easat-11385	32	20	tangible	tangible	ADJ
easat-11385	32	21	expenses	expense	NOUN
easat-11385	32	22	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	32	23	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	32	24	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	32	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	32	26	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	32	27	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	32	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	29	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	32	30	intangible	intangible	ADJ
easat-11385	32	31	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	32	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	33	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	32	34	information	information	NOUN
easat-11385	32	35	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	32	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	32	37	cultural	cultural	ADJ
easat-11385	32	38	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	32	39	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	40	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	32	41	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	32	42	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	32	43	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	32	44	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	32	45	referring	refer	VERB
easat-11385	32	46	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	32	47	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	32	48	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	32	49	decentralized	decentralize	VERB
easat-11385	32	50	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	32	51	borders	border	NOUN
easat-11385	32	52	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	33	1	using	use	VERB
easat-11385	33	2	these	these	DET
easat-11385	33	3	concepts	concept	NOUN
easat-11385	33	4	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	33	5	keywords	keyword	NOUN
easat-11385	33	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	33	7	this	this	DET
easat-11385	33	8	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	33	9	conducted	conduct	VERB
easat-11385	33	10	a	a	DET
easat-11385	33	11	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	33	12	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	33	13	search	search	NOUN
easat-11385	33	14	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	33	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	33	16	web	web	NOUN
easat-11385	33	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	33	18	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	33	19	core	core	NOUN
easat-11385	33	20	collection	collection	NOUN
easat-11385	33	21	database	database	NOUN
easat-11385	33	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	33	23	restricting	restrict	VERB
easat-11385	33	24	results	result	NOUN
easat-11385	33	25	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	33	26	sci	sci	PROPN
easat-11385	33	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	33	28	ssci	ssci	NOUN
easat-11385	33	29	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	33	30	indexed	index	VERB
easat-11385	33	31	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	33	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	33	33	retrieving	retrieve	VERB
easat-11385	33	34	1,072	1,072	NUM
easat-11385	33	35	initial	initial	ADJ
easat-11385	33	36	papers	paper	NOUN
easat-11385	33	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	1	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	34	2	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	34	3	screening	screening	NOUN
easat-11385	34	4	applying	apply	VERB
easat-11385	34	5	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	34	6	criteria	criterion	NOUN
easat-11385	34	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	8	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	34	9	publication	publication	NOUN
easat-11385	34	10	period	period	NOUN
easat-11385	34	11	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	12	1999	1999	NUM
easat-11385	34	13	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	34	14	2023	2023	NUM
easat-11385	34	15	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	17	english	english	ADJ
easat-11385	34	18	language	language	NOUN
easat-11385	34	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	20	business	business	NOUN
easat-11385	34	21	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	34	22	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	34	23	direction	direction	NOUN
easat-11385	34	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	25	peer	peer	NOUN
easat-11385	34	26	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	27	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	34	28	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-11385	34	29	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	34	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	34	32	thematic	thematic	ADJ
easat-11385	34	33	relevance	relevance	NOUN
easat-11385	34	34	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	34	35	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	34	36	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	34	37	contexts	contexts	NOUN
easat-11385	34	38	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	34	39	the	the	DET
easat-11385	34	40	corpus	corpus	NOUN
easat-11385	34	41	was	be	AUX
easat-11385	34	42	refined	refine	VERB
easat-11385	34	43	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	34	44	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	34	45	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	34	46	suitable	suitable	ADJ
easat-11385	34	47	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	34	48	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	34	49	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	34	50	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	35	2	screening	screening	NOUN
easat-11385	35	3	process	process	NOUN
easat-11385	35	4	excluded	exclude	VERB
easat-11385	35	5	conference	conference	NOUN
easat-11385	35	6	papers	paper	NOUN
easat-11385	35	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	8	editorial	editorial	ADJ
easat-11385	35	9	materials	material	NOUN
easat-11385	35	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	11	reviews	review	NOUN
easat-11385	35	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	35	14	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	35	15	lacking	lack	VERB
easat-11385	35	16	full	full	ADJ
easat-11385	35	17	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	18	text	text	NOUN
easat-11385	35	19	accessibility	accessibility	NOUN
easat-11385	35	20	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	35	21	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	35	22	relevance	relevance	NOUN
easat-11385	35	23	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	35	24	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	35	25	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	35	26	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	35	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	28	ensuring	ensure	VERB
easat-11385	35	29	the	the	DET
easat-11385	35	30	final	final	ADJ
easat-11385	35	31	corpus	corpus	NOUN
easat-11385	35	32	maintains	maintain	VERB
easat-11385	35	33	both	both	DET
easat-11385	35	34	thematic	thematic	ADJ
easat-11385	35	35	relevance	relevance	NOUN
easat-11385	35	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	35	37	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	35	38	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	35	39	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	40	detailed	detailed	ADJ
easat-11385	35	41	information	information	NOUN
easat-11385	35	42	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	35	43	provided	provide	VERB
easat-11385	35	44	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	35	45	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	35	46	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	35	47	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	35	48	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	36	1	562	562	NUM
easat-11385	36	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	36	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	36	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	36	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	36	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	36	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	36	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	36	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	36	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	36	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	36	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	36	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	37	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	37	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	37	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	37	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	37	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	37	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	37	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	37	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	37	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	37	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	37	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	37	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	37	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	37	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	37	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	37	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	37	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	37	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	37	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	37	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	37	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	37	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	38	1	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	38	2	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	38	3	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	38	4	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	38	5	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	38	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	38	7	prisma	prisma	PROPN
easat-11385	38	8	flow	flow	NOUN
easat-11385	38	9	diagram	diagram	NOUN
easat-11385	38	10	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	38	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	38	12	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	38	13	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	38	14	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	38	15	systematic	systematic	PROPN
easat-11385	38	16	literature	literature	PROPN
easat-11385	38	17	review	review	PROPN
easat-11385	38	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	39	1	563	563	NUM
easat-11385	39	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	39	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	39	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	39	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	39	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	39	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	39	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	39	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	39	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	39	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	39	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	39	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	40	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	40	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	40	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	40	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	40	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	40	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	40	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	40	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	40	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	40	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	40	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	40	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	40	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	40	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	40	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	40	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	40	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	40	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	40	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	40	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	40	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	40	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	40	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	40	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	40	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	40	26	3	3	NUM
easat-11385	40	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	40	28	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	40	29	3.1	3.1	NUM
easat-11385	40	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	41	1	performance	performance	NOUN
easat-11385	41	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	41	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	41	4	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	41	5	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	41	6	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	41	7	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	41	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	41	9	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	41	10	research	research	VERB
easat-11385	41	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	41	12	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	41	13	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	41	14	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	41	15	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	41	16	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	41	17	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	41	18	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	41	19	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	41	20	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	41	21	no	no	ADV
easat-11385	41	22	longer	long	ADV
easat-11385	41	23	solely	solely	ADV
easat-11385	41	24	determined	determine	VERB
easat-11385	41	25	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	41	26	factor	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	41	27	endowments	endowment	NOUN
easat-11385	41	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	41	29	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	41	30	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	41	31	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	41	32	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	41	33	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	41	34	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	41	35	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	41	36	also	also	ADV
easat-11385	41	37	become	become	VERB
easat-11385	41	38	a	a	DET
easat-11385	41	39	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	41	40	component	component	NOUN
easat-11385	41	41	influencing	influence	VERB
easat-11385	41	42	competitive	competitive	ADJ
easat-11385	41	43	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	41	44	[	[	X
easat-11385	41	45	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	41	46	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	41	47	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	42	1	to	to	PART
easat-11385	42	2	gain	gain	VERB
easat-11385	42	3	real	real	ADJ
easat-11385	42	4	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	42	5	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	42	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	42	7	intuitive	intuitive	ADJ
easat-11385	42	8	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	42	9	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	42	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	42	11	latest	late	ADJ
easat-11385	42	12	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	42	13	trends	trend	NOUN
easat-11385	42	14	concerning	concern	VERB
easat-11385	42	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	42	16	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	42	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	42	18	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	42	19	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	42	20	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	42	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	42	22	this	this	DET
easat-11385	42	23	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	42	24	employs	employ	VERB
easat-11385	42	25	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	42	26	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	42	27	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	42	28	to	to	PART
easat-11385	42	29	explore	explore	VERB
easat-11385	42	30	the	the	DET
easat-11385	42	31	evolutionary	evolutionary	ADJ
easat-11385	42	32	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	42	33	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	42	34	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	42	35	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	42	36	this	this	DET
easat-11385	42	37	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	42	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	1	3.2	3.2	NUM
easat-11385	43	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	3	domain	domain	NOUN
easat-11385	43	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	43	5	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	43	6	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	43	7	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	43	8	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	43	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	43	10	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	43	11	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	43	12	this	this	DET
easat-11385	43	13	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	43	14	narrowed	narrow	VERB
easat-11385	43	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	43	16	search	search	NOUN
easat-11385	43	17	scope	scope	NOUN
easat-11385	43	18	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	43	19	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	43	20	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
easat-11385	43	21	discussing	discuss	VERB
easat-11385	43	22	the	the	DET
easat-11385	43	23	interrelationship	interrelationship	NOUN
easat-11385	43	24	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	43	25	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	43	26	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	43	27	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	43	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	43	29	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	43	30	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	43	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	32	using	use	VERB
easat-11385	43	33	the	the	DET
easat-11385	43	34	search	search	NOUN
easat-11385	43	35	string	string	NOUN
easat-11385	43	36	ts=("global	ts=("global	PROPN
easat-11385	43	37	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	43	38	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	43	39	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	40	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	43	41	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	42	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	43	43	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	43	44	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	45	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	46	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	43	47	web	web	NOUN
easat-11385	43	48	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	43	49	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	43	50	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	43	51	results	result	NOUN
easat-11385	43	52	restricted	restrict	VERB
easat-11385	43	53	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	43	54	sci	sci	PROPN
easat-11385	43	55	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	43	56	ssci	ssci	NOUN
easat-11385	43	57	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	58	indexed	index	VERB
easat-11385	43	59	english	english	ADJ
easat-11385	43	60	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	43	61	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	43	62	retrieving	retrieve	VERB
easat-11385	43	63	441	441	NUM
easat-11385	43	64	papers	paper	NOUN
easat-11385	43	65	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	43	66	initial	initial	ADJ
easat-11385	43	67	screening	screening	NOUN
easat-11385	43	68	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	44	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	44	2	investigation	investigation	NOUN
easat-11385	44	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	44	4	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	44	5	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	44	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	44	7	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	44	8	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	44	9	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	44	10	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	44	11	an	an	DET
easat-11385	44	12	interdisciplinary	interdisciplinary	ADJ
easat-11385	44	13	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	44	14	domain	domain	NOUN
easat-11385	44	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	1	cross	cross	ADJ
easat-11385	45	2	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	45	3	disciplinary	disciplinary	ADJ
easat-11385	45	4	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	45	5	bridges	bridge	NOUN
easat-11385	45	6	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	45	7	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	45	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	9	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	45	10	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	45	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	45	12	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	45	13	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	14	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	45	15	shown	show	VERB
easat-11385	45	16	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	45	17	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	45	18	2	2	NUM
easat-11385	45	19	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	21	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	45	22	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	45	23	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	45	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	45	25	promotes	promote	VERB
easat-11385	45	26	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	45	27	dispersion	dispersion	NOUN
easat-11385	45	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	45	29	improves	improve	VERB
easat-11385	45	30	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	45	31	'	'	PART
easat-11385	45	32	repositioning	repositioning	NOUN
easat-11385	45	33	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	45	34	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	45	35	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	45	36	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	37	environmental	environmental	ADJ
easat-11385	45	38	considerations	consideration	NOUN
easat-11385	45	39	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	40	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	45	41	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	45	42	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	45	43	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	45	44	the	the	DET
easat-11385	45	45	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	45	46	distribution	distribution	NOUN
easat-11385	45	47	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	45	48	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	45	49	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	45	50	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	45	51	pollution	pollution	NOUN
easat-11385	45	52	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	53	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	45	54	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	45	55	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	56	energy	energy	NOUN
easat-11385	45	57	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	45	58	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	45	59	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	60	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	45	61	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	45	62	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	45	63	shape	shape	VERB
easat-11385	45	64	resource	resource	NOUN
easat-11385	45	65	flows	flow	NOUN
easat-11385	45	66	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	45	67	energy	energy	NOUN
easat-11385	45	68	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	69	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	45	70	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	45	71	geography	geography	NOUN
easat-11385	45	72	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	73	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	45	74	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	45	75	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	76	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	45	77	advancements	advancement	NOUN
easat-11385	45	78	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	45	79	promoted	promote	VERB
easat-11385	45	80	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	45	81	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	45	82	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	45	83	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	45	84	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	45	85	transformed	transform	VERB
easat-11385	45	86	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	45	87	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	45	88	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	45	89	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	90	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	45	91	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	45	92	variations	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	45	93	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	45	94	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	45	95	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	45	96	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	45	97	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	45	98	lead	lead	VERB
easat-11385	45	99	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	45	100	variations	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	45	101	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	45	102	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	45	103	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	45	104	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-11385	45	105	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	45	106	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	45	107	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	45	108	the	the	DET
easat-11385	45	109	geographical	geographical	ADJ
easat-11385	45	110	breadth	breadth	NOUN
easat-11385	45	111	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	45	112	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	45	113	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	45	114	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	45	115	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	46	1	564	564	NUM
easat-11385	46	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	46	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	46	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	46	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	46	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	46	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	46	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	46	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	46	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	46	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	46	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	46	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	47	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	47	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	47	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	47	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	47	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	47	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	47	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	47	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	47	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	47	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	47	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	47	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	47	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	47	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	47	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	47	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	47	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	47	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	47	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	47	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	47	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	47	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	47	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	47	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	47	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	47	26	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	47	27	2	2	NUM
easat-11385	47	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	48	1	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	48	2	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	48	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	48	4	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	48	5	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	48	6	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	48	7	+	+	CCONJ
easat-11385	48	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	48	9	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	48	10	superposition	superposition	NOUN
easat-11385	48	11	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	48	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	49	1	source	source	NOUN
easat-11385	49	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	49	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	49	4	author	author	NOUN
easat-11385	49	5	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	49	6	compiled	compile	VERB
easat-11385	49	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	49	8	results	result	NOUN
easat-11385	49	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	49	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	49	11	web	web	NOUN
easat-11385	49	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	49	13	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	49	14	search	search	NOUN
easat-11385	49	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	50	1	3.3	3.3	NUM
easat-11385	50	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	51	1	publication	publication	NOUN
easat-11385	51	2	trend	trend	NOUN
easat-11385	51	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	51	4	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	51	5	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	51	6	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	51	7	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	51	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	51	9	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	51	10	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	51	11	this	this	DET
easat-11385	51	12	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	51	13	presents	present	VERB
easat-11385	51	14	a	a	DET
easat-11385	51	15	trend	trend	NOUN
easat-11385	51	16	chart	chart	NOUN
easat-11385	51	17	portraying	portray	VERB
easat-11385	51	18	publication	publication	NOUN
easat-11385	51	19	quantities	quantity	NOUN
easat-11385	51	20	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	51	21	the	the	DET
easat-11385	51	22	topics	topic	NOUN
easat-11385	51	23	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	51	24	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	51	25	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	51	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	51	27	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	51	28	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	51	29	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	51	30	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	51	31	spanning	span	VERB
easat-11385	51	32	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	51	33	1996	1996	NUM
easat-11385	51	34	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	51	35	2023	2023	NUM
easat-11385	51	36	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	51	37	see	see	VERB
easat-11385	51	38	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	51	39	3	3	NUM
easat-11385	51	40	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	51	41	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	52	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	52	2	graph	graph	NOUN
easat-11385	52	3	clearly	clearly	ADV
easat-11385	52	4	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	52	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	52	6	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-11385	52	7	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	52	8	trend	trend	NOUN
easat-11385	52	9	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	52	10	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	52	11	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	52	12	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	52	13	this	this	DET
easat-11385	52	14	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	52	15	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	52	16	the	the	DET
easat-11385	52	17	past	past	ADJ
easat-11385	52	18	two	two	NUM
easat-11385	52	19	decades	decade	NOUN
easat-11385	52	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	52	21	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	52	22	a	a	DET
easat-11385	52	23	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	52	24	dramatic	dramatic	ADJ
easat-11385	52	25	acceleration	acceleration	NOUN
easat-11385	52	26	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	52	27	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	52	28	rate	rate	NOUN
easat-11385	52	29	beginning	begin	VERB
easat-11385	52	30	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	52	31	2016	2016	NUM
easat-11385	52	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	53	1	565	565	NUM
easat-11385	53	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	53	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	53	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	53	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	53	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	53	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	53	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	53	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	53	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	53	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	53	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	53	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	54	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	54	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	54	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	54	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	54	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	54	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	54	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	54	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	54	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	54	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	54	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	54	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	54	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	54	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	54	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	54	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	54	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	54	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	54	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	54	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	54	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	54	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	54	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	54	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	54	25	gate	gate	PROPN
easat-11385	54	26	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	54	27	3	3	NUM
easat-11385	54	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	55	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	55	2	number	number	NOUN
easat-11385	55	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	55	4	publications	publication	NOUN
easat-11385	55	5	related	relate	VERB
easat-11385	55	6	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	55	7	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	55	8	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	55	9	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	55	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	55	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	55	12	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	55	13	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	55	14	1996	1996	NUM
easat-11385	55	15	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	55	16	2003	2003	NUM
easat-11385	55	17	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	56	1	source	source	NOUN
easat-11385	56	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	56	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	56	4	author	author	NOUN
easat-11385	56	5	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	56	6	compiled	compile	VERB
easat-11385	56	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	56	8	results	result	NOUN
easat-11385	56	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	56	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	56	11	web	web	NOUN
easat-11385	56	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	56	13	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	56	14	search	search	NOUN
easat-11385	56	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	57	1	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	57	2	the	the	DET
easat-11385	57	3	early	early	ADJ
easat-11385	57	4	exploratory	exploratory	ADJ
easat-11385	57	5	phase	phase	NOUN
easat-11385	57	6	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	57	7	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	57	8	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	57	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	57	10	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	57	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	57	12	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	57	13	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	57	14	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	57	15	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	57	16	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	57	17	1996	1996	NUM
easat-11385	57	18	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	57	19	2009	2009	NUM
easat-11385	57	20	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	57	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	57	22	annual	annual	ADJ
easat-11385	57	23	paper	paper	NOUN
easat-11385	57	24	output	output	NOUN
easat-11385	57	25	remained	remain	VERB
easat-11385	57	26	limited	limited	ADJ
easat-11385	57	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	57	28	indicating	indicate	VERB
easat-11385	57	29	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	57	30	the	the	DET
easat-11385	57	31	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	57	32	was	be	AUX
easat-11385	57	33	still	still	ADV
easat-11385	57	34	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	57	35	its	its	PRON
easat-11385	57	36	nascent	nascent	ADJ
easat-11385	57	37	developmental	developmental	ADJ
easat-11385	57	38	stage	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	57	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	58	1	subsequently	subsequently	ADV
easat-11385	58	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	58	3	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	58	4	2016	2016	NUM
easat-11385	58	5	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	58	6	2023	2023	NUM
easat-11385	58	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	58	8	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	58	9	activity	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	58	10	gradually	gradually	ADV
easat-11385	58	11	entered	enter	VERB
easat-11385	58	12	a	a	DET
easat-11385	58	13	stable	stable	ADJ
easat-11385	58	14	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	58	15	trajectory	trajectory	NOUN
easat-11385	58	16	characterized	characterize	VERB
easat-11385	58	17	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	58	18	steadily	steadily	ADV
easat-11385	58	19	increasing	increase	VERB
easat-11385	58	20	publication	publication	NOUN
easat-11385	58	21	volumes	volume	NOUN
easat-11385	58	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	59	1	after	after	ADP
easat-11385	59	2	2018	2018	NUM
easat-11385	59	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	59	4	accompanying	accompany	VERB
easat-11385	59	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	59	6	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	59	7	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	59	8	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	59	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	59	10	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	59	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	59	12	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-11385	59	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	59	14	deep	deep	ADJ
easat-11385	59	15	adjustments	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	59	16	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	59	17	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	59	18	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	59	19	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	59	20	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	59	21	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	59	22	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	59	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	59	24	related	related	ADJ
easat-11385	59	25	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	59	26	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	59	27	exhibited	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	59	28	a	a	DET
easat-11385	59	29	booming	booming	ADJ
easat-11385	59	30	trend	trend	NOUN
easat-11385	59	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	60	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	60	2	annual	annual	ADJ
easat-11385	60	3	number	number	NOUN
easat-11385	60	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	60	5	published	publish	VERB
easat-11385	60	6	papers	paper	NOUN
easat-11385	60	7	rapidly	rapidly	ADV
easat-11385	60	8	increased	increase	VERB
easat-11385	60	9	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	60	10	34	34	NUM
easat-11385	60	11	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	60	12	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	60	13	2018	2018	NUM
easat-11385	60	14	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	60	15	102	102	NUM
easat-11385	60	16	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	60	17	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	60	18	2023	2023	NUM
easat-11385	60	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	60	20	highlighting	highlight	VERB
easat-11385	60	21	the	the	DET
easat-11385	60	22	growing	grow	VERB
easat-11385	60	23	academic	academic	ADJ
easat-11385	60	24	attractiveness	attractiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	60	25	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	60	26	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	60	27	the	the	DET
easat-11385	60	28	relationship	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	60	29	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	60	30	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	60	31	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	60	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	60	33	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	60	34	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	60	35	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	60	36	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	60	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	61	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	61	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	61	3	overall	overall	ADJ
easat-11385	61	4	assessment	assessment	NOUN
easat-11385	61	5	reveals	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	61	6	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	61	7	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	61	8	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	61	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	61	10	interrelationship	interrelationship	NOUN
easat-11385	61	11	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	61	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	61	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	61	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	61	15	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	61	16	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	61	17	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	61	18	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	61	19	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	61	20	relatively	relatively	ADV
easat-11385	61	21	scarce	scarce	ADJ
easat-11385	61	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	62	1	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	62	2	unexplored	unexplored	ADJ
easat-11385	62	3	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	62	4	gaps	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	62	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	62	6	potential	potential	ADJ
easat-11385	62	7	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	62	8	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-11385	62	9	persist	persist	VERB
easat-11385	62	10	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	62	11	this	this	DET
easat-11385	62	12	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	62	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	62	14	urgently	urgently	ADV
easat-11385	62	15	awaiting	await	VERB
easat-11385	62	16	further	further	ADJ
easat-11385	62	17	exploration	exploration	NOUN
easat-11385	62	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	62	19	expansion	expansion	NOUN
easat-11385	62	20	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	62	21	scholars	scholar	NOUN
easat-11385	62	22	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	62	23	disciplines	discipline	NOUN
easat-11385	62	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	63	1	566	566	NUM
easat-11385	63	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	63	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	63	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	63	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	63	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	63	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	63	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	63	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	63	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	63	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	63	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	63	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	64	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	64	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	64	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	64	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	64	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	64	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	64	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	64	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	64	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	64	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	64	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	64	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	64	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	64	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	64	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	64	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	64	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	64	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	64	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	64	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	64	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	64	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	64	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	64	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	64	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	64	26	3.4	3.4	NUM
easat-11385	64	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	65	1	towards	towards	ADP
easat-11385	65	2	a	a	DET
easat-11385	65	3	new	new	ADJ
easat-11385	65	4	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	65	5	model	model	NOUN
easat-11385	65	6	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	65	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	65	8	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	65	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	65	10	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	65	11	positioning	position	VERB
easat-11385	65	12	3.4.1	3.4.1	NUM
easat-11385	65	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	66	1	overview	overview	NOUN
easat-11385	66	2	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	66	3	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	66	4	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	66	5	table	table	NOUN
easat-11385	66	6	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	66	7	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	66	8	list	list	NOUN
easat-11385	66	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	66	10	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	66	11	theories	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	66	12	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	66	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	66	14	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	66	15	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	66	16	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	66	17	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	66	18	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	66	19	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	66	20	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	66	21	issues	issue	NOUN
easat-11385	66	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	67	1	order	order	NOUN
easat-11385	67	2	title	title	NOUN
easat-11385	67	3	theories	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	67	4	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	67	5	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	67	6	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	67	7	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	67	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	67	9	energy	energy	NOUN
easat-11385	67	10	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	67	11	related	relate	VERB
easat-11385	67	12	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
easat-11385	67	13	practices	practice	NOUN
easat-11385	67	14	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	1	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	68	2	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	68	3	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	68	4	survey	survey	NOUN
easat-11385	68	5	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	68	6	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	68	7	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	68	8	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	68	9	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	68	10	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	11	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	68	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	68	13	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	68	14	2	2	NUM
easat-11385	68	15	survey	survey	NOUN
easat-11385	68	16	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	68	17	the	the	DET
easat-11385	68	18	photovoltaic	photovoltaic	NOUN
easat-11385	68	19	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	68	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	68	21	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	68	22	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	68	23	germany	germany	PROPN
easat-11385	68	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	68	25	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	68	26	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	68	27	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	68	28	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	68	29	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	68	30	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	31	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	68	32	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	68	33	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	68	34	3	3	NUM
easat-11385	68	35	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	68	36	lifecycles	lifecycle	NOUN
easat-11385	68	37	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	68	38	cleantech	cleantech	NOUN
easat-11385	68	39	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	68	40	–	–	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	41	the	the	DET
easat-11385	68	42	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	68	43	development	development	PROPN
easat-11385	68	44	history	history	NOUN
easat-11385	68	45	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	68	46	solar	solar	ADJ
easat-11385	68	47	photovoltaics	photovoltaic	NOUN
easat-11385	68	48	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	68	49	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	68	50	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	68	51	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	52	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	68	53	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	68	54	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	68	55	4	4	NUM
easat-11385	68	56	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	68	57	gap	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	68	58	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	59	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	68	60	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	68	61	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	68	62	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	63	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	68	64	carbon	carbon	NOUN
easat-11385	68	65	intensity	intensity	NOUN
easat-11385	68	66	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	68	67	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	68	68	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	68	69	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	68	70	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	68	71	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	68	72	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	68	73	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	68	74	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	68	75	5	5	NUM
easat-11385	68	76	does	do	VERB
easat-11385	68	77	green	green	ADJ
easat-11385	68	78	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	68	79	foster	foster	VERB
easat-11385	68	80	green	green	ADJ
easat-11385	68	81	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	68	82	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	1	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	69	2	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	3	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	69	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	69	5	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-11385	69	6	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	69	7	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	69	8	renewable	renewable	ADJ
easat-11385	69	9	energy	energy	NOUN
easat-11385	69	10	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	69	11	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	69	12	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	69	13	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	14	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	15	6	6	NUM
easat-11385	69	16	tracing	trace	VERB
easat-11385	69	17	carbon	carbon	NOUN
easat-11385	69	18	footprints	footprint	NOUN
easat-11385	69	19	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	69	20	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	69	21	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	69	22	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	69	23	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	24	united	united	PROPN
easat-11385	69	25	kingdom	kingdom	PROPN
easat-11385	69	26	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	69	27	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	69	28	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	29	7	7	NUM
easat-11385	69	30	looking	look	VERB
easat-11385	69	31	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	69	32	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	69	33	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	69	34	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	35	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	36	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	69	37	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	69	38	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	69	39	services	service	NOUN
easat-11385	69	40	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	69	41	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	69	42	performance	performance	NOUN
easat-11385	69	43	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	69	44	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	69	45	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	46	8	8	NUM
easat-11385	69	47	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	48	entrepreneurial	entrepreneurial	ADJ
easat-11385	69	49	gains	gain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	50	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	69	51	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	69	52	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	69	53	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	69	54	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	55	new	new	ADJ
easat-11385	69	56	eu	eu	PROPN
easat-11385	69	57	member	member	PROPN
easat-11385	69	58	states	states	PROPN
easat-11385	69	59	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	69	60	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	69	61	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	62	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	69	63	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	69	64	ownership	ownership	NOUN
easat-11385	69	65	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	69	66	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	69	67	city	city	NOUN
easat-11385	69	68	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	69	69	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	70	unpacking	unpack	VERB
easat-11385	69	71	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	72	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
easat-11385	69	73	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	69	74	micro	micro	NOUN
easat-11385	69	75	-	-	NOUN
easat-11385	69	76	locations	location	NOUN
easat-11385	69	77	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	69	78	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	69	79	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	80	10	10	NUM
easat-11385	69	81	offshoring	offshoring	NOUN
easat-11385	69	82	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	83	job	job	NOUN
easat-11385	69	84	satisfaction	satisfaction	NOUN
easat-11385	69	85	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	86	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	69	87	job	job	NOUN
easat-11385	69	88	insecurity	insecurity	NOUN
easat-11385	69	89	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	69	90	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	69	91	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	92	11	11	NUM
easat-11385	69	93	factoryless	factoryless	ADJ
easat-11385	69	94	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	69	95	producers	producer	NOUN
easat-11385	69	96	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	69	97	japan	japan	PROPN
easat-11385	69	98	trade	trade	PROPN
easat-11385	69	99	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	69	100	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	101	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	69	102	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	69	103	’s	’s	PART
easat-11385	69	104	electrical	electrical	ADJ
easat-11385	69	105	equipment	equipment	NOUN
easat-11385	69	106	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	69	107	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	69	108	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	109	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	69	110	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	69	111	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	112	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	113	a	a	DET
easat-11385	69	114	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	69	115	income	income	NOUN
easat-11385	69	116	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	69	117	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	69	118	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	69	119	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	120	world	world	NOUN
easat-11385	69	121	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	69	122	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	123	output	output	NOUN
easat-11385	69	124	database	database	NOUN
easat-11385	69	125	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	126	wiod	wiod	NOUN
easat-11385	69	127	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	128	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	69	129	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	69	130	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	131	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	132	13	13	NUM
easat-11385	69	133	americana	americana	NOUN
easat-11385	69	134	without	without	ADP
easat-11385	69	135	america	america	PROPN
easat-11385	69	136	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	137	rhetorical	rhetorical	ADJ
easat-11385	69	138	geography	geography	NOUN
easat-11385	69	139	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	69	140	a	a	DET
easat-11385	69	141	source	source	NOUN
easat-11385	69	142	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	69	143	competitive	competitive	ADJ
easat-11385	69	144	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	69	145	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	69	146	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	69	147	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	148	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	149	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	69	150	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	69	151	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	152	14	14	NUM
easat-11385	69	153	chinese	chinese	PROPN
easat-11385	69	154	vs.	vs.	ADP
easat-11385	69	155	us	us	PROPN
easat-11385	69	156	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	69	157	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	69	158	an	an	DET
easat-11385	69	159	emerging	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	69	160	country	country	NOUN
easat-11385	69	161	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	162	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	163	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	69	164	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	69	165	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	69	166	openness	openness	NOUN
easat-11385	69	167	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	69	168	chile	chile	PROPN
easat-11385	69	169	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	69	170	trade	trade	PROPN
easat-11385	69	171	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	172	15	15	NUM
easat-11385	69	173	globalization	globalization	NOUN
easat-11385	69	174	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	69	175	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	69	176	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	69	177	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	69	178	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	179	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	69	180	outsourcing	outsourcing	NOUN
easat-11385	69	181	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	69	182	reshaping	reshape	VERB
easat-11385	69	183	an	an	DET
easat-11385	69	184	advanced	advanced	ADJ
easat-11385	69	185	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	69	186	area	area	NOUN
easat-11385	69	187	circulation	circulation	NOUN
easat-11385	69	188	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	69	189	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	190	16	16	NUM
easat-11385	69	191	organizing	organize	VERB
easat-11385	69	192	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	193	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	69	194	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	69	195	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	196	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	197	a	a	DET
easat-11385	69	198	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	69	199	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	69	200	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	69	201	test	test	NOUN
easat-11385	69	202	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	69	203	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	69	204	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	69	205	17	17	NUM
easat-11385	69	206	does	do	AUX
easat-11385	69	207	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	69	208	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	69	209	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	69	210	promote	promote	VERB
easat-11385	69	211	the	the	DET
easat-11385	69	212	adoption	adoption	NOUN
easat-11385	69	213	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	69	214	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	69	215	4.0	4.0	NUM
easat-11385	69	216	technologies	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	69	217	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	69	218	developing	develop	VERB
easat-11385	69	219	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	69	220	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	70	1	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	70	2	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	70	3	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	70	4	18	18	NUM
easat-11385	70	5	do	do	AUX
easat-11385	70	6	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	70	7	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	70	8	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	70	9	improve	improve	VERB
easat-11385	70	10	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	70	11	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	70	12	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	71	1	a	a	DET
easat-11385	71	2	long	long	ADJ
easat-11385	71	3	view	view	NOUN
easat-11385	71	4	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	71	5	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	71	6	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	71	7	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	71	8	19	19	NUM
easat-11385	71	9	does	do	AUX
easat-11385	71	10	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	71	11	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	71	12	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	71	13	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	71	14	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	71	15	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	71	16	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	71	17	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	71	18	positions	position	NOUN
easat-11385	71	19	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	1	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	72	2	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	72	3	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	72	4	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	72	5	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	72	6	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	7	20	20	NUM
easat-11385	72	8	functional	functional	ADJ
easat-11385	72	9	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	72	10	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	72	11	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	72	12	’s	’s	PART
easat-11385	72	13	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	72	14	processing	processing	NOUN
easat-11385	72	15	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	72	16	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	72	17	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	72	18	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	19	21	21	NUM
easat-11385	72	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	72	21	governance	governance	NOUN
easat-11385	72	22	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	72	23	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	72	24	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	72	25	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	72	26	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	27	an	an	DET
easat-11385	72	28	analytic	analytic	ADJ
easat-11385	72	29	framework	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	72	30	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	72	31	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	72	32	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	33	22	22	NUM
easat-11385	72	34	the	the	DET
easat-11385	72	35	governance	governance	NOUN
easat-11385	72	36	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	72	37	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	72	38	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	72	39	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	72	40	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	41	an	an	DET
easat-11385	72	42	analytic	analytic	ADJ
easat-11385	72	43	framework	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	72	44	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	72	45	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	72	46	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	47	23	23	NUM
easat-11385	72	48	quantifying	quantify	VERB
easat-11385	72	49	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	72	50	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	72	51	sharing	sharing	NOUN
easat-11385	72	52	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	72	53	the	the	DET
easat-11385	72	54	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	72	55	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	72	56	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	72	57	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	72	58	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	72	59	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	72	60	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	72	61	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	62	24	24	NUM
easat-11385	72	63	quantifying	quantify	VERB
easat-11385	72	64	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	72	65	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	72	66	sharing	sharing	NOUN
easat-11385	72	67	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	72	68	the	the	DET
easat-11385	72	69	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	72	70	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	72	71	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	72	72	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	72	73	trade	trade	VERB
easat-11385	72	74	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	72	75	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	76	25	25	NUM
easat-11385	72	77	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	72	78	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	72	79	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	72	80	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	81	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	72	82	sharing	sharing	NOUN
easat-11385	72	83	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	72	84	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	72	85	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	86	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	72	87	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	72	88	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	72	89	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	72	90	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	72	91	theory	theory	VERB
easat-11385	72	92	26	26	NUM
easat-11385	72	93	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	72	94	rivalries	rivalry	NOUN
easat-11385	72	95	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	96	corporate	corporate	ADJ
easat-11385	72	97	interests	interest	NOUN
easat-11385	72	98	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	99	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	72	100	germany	germany	PROPN
easat-11385	72	101	’s	’s	PART
easat-11385	72	102	‘	'	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	103	national	national	ADJ
easat-11385	72	104	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	72	105	strategy	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	72	106	2030	2030	NUM
easat-11385	72	107	’	'	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	108	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	72	109	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	72	110	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	111	27	27	NUM
easat-11385	72	112	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	72	113	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	72	114	african	african	ADJ
easat-11385	72	115	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	72	116	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	72	117	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	72	118	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	72	119	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	72	120	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	72	121	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	72	122	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	72	123	static	static	ADJ
easat-11385	72	124	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	72	125	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	72	126	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	72	127	circulation	circulation	NOUN
easat-11385	72	128	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	72	129	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	72	130	28	28	NUM
easat-11385	72	131	disconnecting	disconnect	VERB
easat-11385	72	132	labour	labour	NOUN
easat-11385	72	133	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	73	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	73	2	labour	labour	ADJ
easat-11385	73	3	process	process	NOUN
easat-11385	73	4	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	73	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	73	6	uk	uk	PROPN
easat-11385	73	7	fast	fast	ADJ
easat-11385	73	8	fashion	fashion	NOUN
easat-11385	73	9	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	73	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	73	11	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	73	12	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	73	13	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	73	14	567	567	NUM
easat-11385	73	15	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	73	16	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	73	17	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	73	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	73	19	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	73	20	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	73	21	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	73	22	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	73	23	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	73	24	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	73	25	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	73	26	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	74	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	74	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	74	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	74	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	74	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	74	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	74	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	74	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	74	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	74	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	74	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	74	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	74	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	74	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	74	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	74	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	74	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	74	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	74	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	74	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	74	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	74	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	74	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	74	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	74	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	74	26	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	74	27	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	74	28	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	74	29	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	74	30	29	29	NUM
easat-11385	74	31	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	74	32	developing	develop	VERB
easat-11385	74	33	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	74	34	gain	gain	VERB
easat-11385	74	35	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	74	36	defying	defy	VERB
easat-11385	74	37	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	74	38	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	74	39	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	75	1	distance	distance	NOUN
easat-11385	75	2	to	to	PART
easat-11385	75	3	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	75	4	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	75	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	75	6	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	75	7	diversification	diversification	NOUN
easat-11385	75	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	75	9	sophistication	sophistication	NOUN
easat-11385	75	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	75	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	75	12	the	the	DET
easat-11385	75	13	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	75	14	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	75	15	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	75	16	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	75	17	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	75	18	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	75	19	；	；	NOUN
easat-11385	75	20	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	75	21	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	75	22	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	75	23	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	75	24	30	30	NUM
easat-11385	75	25	chinese	chinese	PROPN
easat-11385	75	26	sme	sme	PROPN
easat-11385	75	27	development	development	PROPN
easat-11385	75	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	75	29	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	75	30	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	75	31	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	75	32	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	75	33	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	75	34	；	；	NOUN
easat-11385	75	35	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	75	36	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	75	37	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	75	38	31	31	NUM
easat-11385	75	39	opening	opening	NOUN
easat-11385	75	40	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	75	41	linking	link	VERB
easat-11385	75	42	up	up	ADP
easat-11385	75	43	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	75	44	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	75	45	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	75	46	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	75	47	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	75	48	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	75	49	productivity	productivity	NOUN
easat-11385	75	50	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	75	51	latin	latin	PROPN
easat-11385	75	52	america	america	PROPN
easat-11385	75	53	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	75	54	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	75	55	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	75	56	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	75	57	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	75	58	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	75	59	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	75	60	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	75	61	32	32	NUM
easat-11385	75	62	subcontracting	subcontracting	NOUN
easat-11385	75	63	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	75	64	the	the	DET
easat-11385	75	65	italian	italian	ADJ
easat-11385	75	66	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	75	67	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	76	1	labour	labour	ADJ
easat-11385	76	2	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	76	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	76	4	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	76	5	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	76	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	76	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	76	8	north	north	NOUN
easat-11385	76	9	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	76	10	south	south	NOUN
easat-11385	76	11	divide	divide	PROPN
easat-11385	76	12	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	76	13	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	76	14	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	76	15	33	33	NUM
easat-11385	76	16	offshore	offshore	ADV
easat-11385	76	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	76	18	re	re	NOUN
easat-11385	76	19	-	-	NOUN
easat-11385	76	20	shore	shore	ADJ
easat-11385	76	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	76	22	re	re	ADJ
easat-11385	76	23	-	-	NOUN
easat-11385	76	24	offshore	offshore	ADV
easat-11385	76	25	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	76	26	what	what	PRON
easat-11385	76	27	happened	happen	VERB
easat-11385	76	28	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	76	29	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	76	30	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	76	31	location	location	NOUN
easat-11385	76	32	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	76	33	2007	2007	NUM
easat-11385	76	34	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	76	35	2014	2014	NUM
easat-11385	76	36	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	77	1	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	77	2	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	77	3	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	77	4	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	77	5	34	34	NUM
easat-11385	77	6	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	77	7	globalising	globalise	VERB
easat-11385	77	8	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	77	9	regionalising	regionalise	VERB
easat-11385	77	10	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	77	11	reshoring	reshoring	ADJ
easat-11385	77	12	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	77	13	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	77	14	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	78	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	78	2	case	case	NOUN
easat-11385	78	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	78	4	japan	japan	PROPN
easat-11385	78	5	’s	’s	PART
easat-11385	78	6	semiconductor	semiconductor	NOUN
easat-11385	78	7	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	78	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	78	9	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	78	10	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	78	11	35	35	NUM
easat-11385	78	12	reshoring	reshore	VERB
easat-11385	78	13	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	78	14	small	small	ADJ
easat-11385	78	15	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	78	16	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	78	17	dual	dual	ADJ
easat-11385	78	18	sourcing	source	VERB
easat-11385	78	19	strategies	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	78	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	78	21	local	local	ADJ
easat-11385	78	22	subcontracting	subcontracting	NOUN
easat-11385	78	23	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	78	24	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	78	25	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	78	26	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	78	27	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	78	28	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	78	29	36	36	NUM
easat-11385	78	30	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	78	31	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	78	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	78	33	regionalisms	regionalism	NOUN
easat-11385	78	34	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	78	35	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	78	36	clothing	clothing	NOUN
easat-11385	78	37	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	78	38	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	78	39	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	78	40	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	78	41	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	78	42	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	78	43	37	37	NUM
easat-11385	78	44	the	the	DET
easat-11385	78	45	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	78	46	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	78	47	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	78	48	linkages	linkage	NOUN
easat-11385	78	49	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	78	50	the	the	DET
easat-11385	78	51	age	age	NOUN
easat-11385	78	52	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	78	53	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	78	54	4.0	4.0	NUM
easat-11385	78	55	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	78	56	a	a	DET
easat-11385	78	57	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
easat-11385	78	58	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	78	59	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	78	60	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	78	61	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	78	62	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	78	63	38	38	NUM
easat-11385	78	64	estimating	estimate	VERB
easat-11385	78	65	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	78	66	power	power	NOUN
easat-11385	78	67	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	78	68	the	the	DET
easat-11385	78	69	european	european	ADJ
easat-11385	78	70	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	78	71	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	78	72	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	78	73	2000	2000	NUM
easat-11385	78	74	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	78	75	2014	2014	NUM
easat-11385	78	76	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	78	77	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	78	78	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	78	79	39	39	NUM
easat-11385	78	80	a	a	DET
easat-11385	78	81	new	new	ADJ
easat-11385	78	82	era	era	NOUN
easat-11385	78	83	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	78	84	beginning	begin	VERB
easat-11385	78	85	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	78	86	central	central	ADJ
easat-11385	78	87	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	78	88	eastern	eastern	ADJ
easat-11385	78	89	europe	europe	PROPN
easat-11385	78	90	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	78	91	information	information	NOUN
easat-11385	78	92	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	78	93	communication	communication	NOUN
easat-11385	78	94	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	78	95	services	service	NOUN
easat-11385	78	96	exceed	exceed	VERB
easat-11385	78	97	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	78	98	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	78	99	the	the	DET
easat-11385	78	100	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	78	101	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	78	102	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	78	103	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	79	1	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	79	2	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	79	3	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	79	4	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	79	5	40	40	NUM
easat-11385	79	6	revisiting	revisit	VERB
easat-11385	79	7	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	79	8	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	79	9	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	79	10	to	to	PART
easat-11385	79	11	explain	explain	VERB
easat-11385	79	12	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	79	13	prospects	prospect	NOUN
easat-11385	79	14	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	79	15	business	business	NOUN
easat-11385	79	16	services	service	NOUN
easat-11385	79	17	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	79	18	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	79	19	chains	chain	VERB
easat-11385	79	20	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	79	21	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	79	22	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	79	23	theory	theory	VERB
easat-11385	79	24	41	41	NUM
easat-11385	79	25	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	79	26	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	79	27	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	79	28	exports	export	NOUN
easat-11385	79	29	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	79	30	u.s	u.s	PROPN
easat-11385	79	31	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	79	32	local	local	ADJ
easat-11385	79	33	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	79	34	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	79	35	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	79	36	does	do	AUX
easat-11385	79	37	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	79	38	really	really	ADV
easat-11385	79	39	matter	matter	VERB
easat-11385	79	40	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	1	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	80	2	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	80	3	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	80	4	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	80	5	42	42	NUM
easat-11385	80	6	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	7	slicing	slice	VERB
easat-11385	80	8	the	the	DET
easat-11385	80	9	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	80	10	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	80	11	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	12	internationally	internationally	ADV
easat-11385	80	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	14	empirical	empirical	ADJ
easat-11385	80	15	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	80	16	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	80	17	the	the	DET
easat-11385	80	18	offshoring	offshoring	NOUN
easat-11385	80	19	strategy	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	80	20	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	80	21	french	french	ADJ
easat-11385	80	22	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	80	23	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	80	24	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	80	25	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	80	26	43	43	NUM
easat-11385	80	27	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	80	28	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	80	29	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	80	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	80	31	u.s	u.s	PROPN
easat-11385	80	32	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	80	33	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	80	34	activity	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	80	35	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	80	36	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
easat-11385	80	37	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	80	38	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	80	39	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	80	40	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	80	41	44	44	NUM
easat-11385	80	42	the	the	DET
easat-11385	80	43	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	80	44	trap	trap	NOUN
easat-11385	80	45	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	80	46	late	late	ADJ
easat-11385	80	47	industrialisation	industrialisation	NOUN
easat-11385	80	48	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	49	local	local	ADJ
easat-11385	80	50	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	80	51	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	80	52	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	80	53	building	building	NOUN
easat-11385	80	54	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	80	55	ethiopia	ethiopia	PROPN
easat-11385	80	56	’s	’s	PART
easat-11385	80	57	apparel	apparel	PROPN
easat-11385	80	58	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	80	59	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	80	60	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	80	61	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	80	62	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	80	63	45	45	NUM
easat-11385	80	64	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	80	65	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	80	66	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	80	67	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	80	68	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	80	69	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	70	capital	capital	NOUN
easat-11385	80	71	formation	formation	NOUN
easat-11385	80	72	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	73	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	80	74	its	its	PRON
easat-11385	80	75	structure	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	80	76	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	80	77	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	80	78	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	80	79	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	80	80	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	80	81	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	80	82	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	80	83	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	80	84	46	46	NUM
easat-11385	80	85	employment	employment	NOUN
easat-11385	80	86	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	80	87	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	80	88	joining	join	VERB
easat-11385	80	89	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	80	90	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	80	91	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	80	92	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	93	does	do	VERB
easat-11385	80	94	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	80	95	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	80	96	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	80	97	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	80	98	matter	matter	NOUN
easat-11385	80	99	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	1	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	81	2	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	81	3	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	81	4	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	81	5	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	6	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	81	7	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	81	8	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	81	9	47	47	NUM
easat-11385	81	10	new	new	ADJ
easat-11385	81	11	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	81	12	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	81	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	81	14	position	position	NOUN
easat-11385	81	15	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	81	16	cee	cee	NOUN
easat-11385	81	17	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	81	18	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	81	19	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	81	20	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	81	21	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	81	22	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	23	functional	functional	ADJ
easat-11385	81	24	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	81	25	approach	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	81	26	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	81	27	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	81	28	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	81	29	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	81	30	48	48	NUM
easat-11385	81	31	shocks	shock	NOUN
easat-11385	81	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	33	resilience	resilience	NOUN
easat-11385	81	34	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	81	35	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	81	36	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	81	37	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	81	38	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	39	brexit	brexit	NOUN
easat-11385	81	40	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	81	41	the	the	DET
easat-11385	81	42	automotive	automotive	ADJ
easat-11385	81	43	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	81	44	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	81	45	two	two	NUM
easat-11385	81	46	midlands	midland	NOUN
easat-11385	81	47	regions	region	NOUN
easat-11385	81	48	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	81	49	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	81	50	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	81	51	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	81	52	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	81	53	digitalisation	digitalisation	NOUN
easat-11385	81	54	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	55	automation	automation	NOUN
easat-11385	81	56	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	57	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	81	58	upgrading	upgrade	VERB
easat-11385	81	59	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	81	60	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	81	61	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	81	62	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	81	63	–	–	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	64	factory	factory	NOUN
easat-11385	81	65	economy	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	81	66	actors	actor	NOUN
easat-11385	81	67	versus	versus	ADP
easat-11385	81	68	lead	lead	VERB
easat-11385	81	69	companies	company	NOUN
easat-11385	81	70	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	81	71	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	81	72	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	81	73	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	81	74	to	to	PART
easat-11385	81	75	address	address	VERB
easat-11385	81	76	the	the	DET
easat-11385	81	77	first	first	ADJ
easat-11385	81	78	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	81	79	question	question	NOUN
easat-11385	81	80	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	81	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	82	what	what	PRON
easat-11385	81	83	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	81	84	the	the	DET
easat-11385	81	85	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	81	86	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-11385	81	87	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	81	88	's	's	PART
easat-11385	81	89	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	81	90	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	81	91	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	92	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	81	93	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	81	94	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	81	95	they	they	PRON
easat-11385	81	96	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	81	97	systematically	systematically	ADV
easat-11385	81	98	measured	measure	VERB
easat-11385	81	99	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	81	100	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	82	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	82	2	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	82	3	analyzed	analyze	VERB
easat-11385	82	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	82	5	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	82	6	foundations	foundation	NOUN
easat-11385	82	7	underlying	underlie	VERB
easat-11385	82	8	the	the	DET
easat-11385	82	9	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	82	10	selected	select	VERB
easat-11385	82	11	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	82	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	83	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	83	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	83	3	revealed	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	83	4	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	83	5	nine	nine	NUM
easat-11385	83	6	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	83	7	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
easat-11385	83	8	involved	involve	VERB
easat-11385	83	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	83	10	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	83	11	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	83	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	83	13	among	among	ADP
easat-11385	83	14	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	83	15	four	four	NUM
easat-11385	83	16	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	83	17	specifically	specifically	ADV
easat-11385	83	18	focused	focus	VERB
easat-11385	83	19	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	83	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	83	21	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	83	22	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	83	23	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	83	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	83	25	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	83	26	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	83	27	illustrated	illustrate	VERB
easat-11385	83	28	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	83	29	table	table	NOUN
easat-11385	83	30	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	83	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	83	32	figure	figure	VERB
easat-11385	83	33	4	4	NUM
easat-11385	83	34	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	83	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	84	1	568	568	NUM
easat-11385	84	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	84	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	84	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	84	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	84	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	84	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	84	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	84	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	84	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	84	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	84	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	84	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	85	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	85	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	85	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	85	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	85	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	85	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	85	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	85	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	85	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	85	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	85	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	85	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	85	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	85	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	85	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	85	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	85	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	85	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	85	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	85	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	85	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	85	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	85	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	85	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	85	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	85	26	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	85	27	4	4	NUM
easat-11385	85	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	85	29	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	85	30	distribution	distribution	NOUN
easat-11385	85	31	map	map	NOUN
easat-11385	85	32	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	85	33	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	85	34	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	85	35	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	85	36	references	reference	NOUN
easat-11385	85	37	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	85	38	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	85	39	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	85	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	86	1	two	two	NUM
easat-11385	86	2	principal	principal	ADJ
easat-11385	86	3	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	86	4	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	86	5	exist	exist	VERB
easat-11385	86	6	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	86	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	86	8	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	86	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	86	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	86	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	86	12	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	86	13	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	86	14	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	86	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	86	16	indirect	indirect	ADJ
easat-11385	86	17	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	86	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	87	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	87	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	87	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	87	4	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	87	5	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	87	6	method	method	NOUN
easat-11385	87	7	faces	face	VERB
easat-11385	87	8	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	87	9	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	87	10	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	87	11	unified	unified	ADJ
easat-11385	87	12	calibration	calibration	NOUN
easat-11385	87	13	standards	standard	NOUN
easat-11385	87	14	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	87	15	a	a	DET
easat-11385	87	16	country	country	NOUN
easat-11385	87	17	's	's	PART
easat-11385	87	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	87	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	87	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	87	21	difficulties	difficulty	NOUN
easat-11385	87	22	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	87	23	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	87	24	collection	collection	NOUN
easat-11385	87	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	88	1	consequently	consequently	ADV
easat-11385	88	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	88	3	this	this	DET
easat-11385	88	4	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	88	5	carefully	carefully	ADV
easat-11385	88	6	examined	examine	VERB
easat-11385	88	7	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	88	8	employing	employ	VERB
easat-11385	88	9	indirect	indirect	ADJ
easat-11385	88	10	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	88	11	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	88	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	89	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	89	2	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	89	3	employing	employ	VERB
easat-11385	89	4	indirect	indirect	ADJ
easat-11385	89	5	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
easat-11385	89	6	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	89	7	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	89	8	upon	upon	SCONJ
easat-11385	89	9	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-11385	89	10	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	89	11	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	89	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	89	13	making	make	VERB
easat-11385	89	14	these	these	DET
easat-11385	89	15	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	89	16	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	89	17	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	89	18	practical	practical	ADJ
easat-11385	89	19	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	89	20	terms	term	NOUN
easat-11385	89	21	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	89	22	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	89	23	accessibility	accessibility	NOUN
easat-11385	89	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	90	2	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	90	3	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	90	4	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	90	5	considerable	considerable	ADJ
easat-11385	90	6	practical	practical	ADJ
easat-11385	90	7	utility	utility	NOUN
easat-11385	90	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	9	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	90	10	they	they	PRON
easat-11385	90	11	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	90	12	analyze	analyze	VERB
easat-11385	90	13	both	both	CCONJ
easat-11385	90	14	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	90	15	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	90	16	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	17	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	90	18	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	90	19	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	90	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	90	21	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	90	22	expenses	expense	NOUN
easat-11385	90	23	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	90	25	indirect	indirect	ADJ
easat-11385	90	26	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	90	27	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	28	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	90	29	information	information	NOUN
easat-11385	90	30	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	90	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	32	cultural	cultural	ADJ
easat-11385	90	33	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	90	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	90	36	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	90	37	frictions	friction	NOUN
easat-11385	90	38	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	90	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	91	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	91	2	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	91	3	foundations	foundation	NOUN
easat-11385	91	4	identified	identify	VERB
easat-11385	91	5	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	91	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	91	7	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	91	8	corpus	corpus	PROPN
easat-11385	91	9	encompass	encompass	VERB
easat-11385	91	10	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	91	11	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	91	12	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	91	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	92	1	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	92	2	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	92	3	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	92	4	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	92	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	92	6	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
easat-11385	92	7	lens	lens	NOUN
easat-11385	92	8	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	92	9	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-11385	92	10	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	92	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	92	12	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	92	13	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	92	14	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	92	15	'	'	PART
easat-11385	92	16	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	92	17	choices	choice	NOUN
easat-11385	92	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	92	19	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	92	20	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	92	21	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	92	22	decisions	decision	NOUN
easat-11385	92	23	[	[	X
easat-11385	92	24	6	6	NUM
easat-11385	92	25	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	92	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	93	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	93	2	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	93	3	model	model	NOUN
easat-11385	93	4	framework	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	93	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	93	6	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	93	7	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	93	8	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	93	9	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	93	10	anderson	anderson	PROPN
easat-11385	93	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	93	12	van	van	PROPN
easat-11385	93	13	wincoop	wincoop	NOUN
easat-11385	93	14	[	[	X
easat-11385	93	15	7	7	NUM
easat-11385	93	16	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	93	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	93	18	offers	offer	VERB
easat-11385	93	19	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-11385	93	20	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	93	21	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	93	22	estimating	estimate	VERB
easat-11385	93	23	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	93	24	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	93	25	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	93	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	94	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
easat-11385	94	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	94	3	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	94	4	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	94	5	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	94	6	clarifies	clarify	VERB
easat-11385	94	7	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	94	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	94	9	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	94	10	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	94	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	94	12	fragmentation	fragmentation	NOUN
easat-11385	94	13	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	94	14	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	94	15	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	94	16	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	94	17	borders	border	NOUN
easat-11385	94	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	95	1	gereffi	gereffi	PROPN
easat-11385	95	2	et	et	PROPN
easat-11385	95	3	al	al	PROPN
easat-11385	95	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	96	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	96	2	8	8	NUM
easat-11385	96	3	]	]	X
easat-11385	96	4	governance	governance	NOUN
easat-11385	96	5	framework	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	96	6	further	far	ADV
easat-11385	96	7	clarifies	clarify	VERB
easat-11385	96	8	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	96	9	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	96	10	coordination	coordination	NOUN
easat-11385	96	11	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	96	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	96	13	power	power	NOUN
easat-11385	96	14	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	96	15	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	96	16	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	96	17	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	96	18	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	96	19	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	96	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	96	21	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	96	22	to	to	PART
easat-11385	96	23	shape	shape	VERB
easat-11385	96	24	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	96	25	'	'	PART
easat-11385	96	26	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	96	27	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-11385	96	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	97	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	97	2	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	97	3	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	97	4	discussed	discuss	VERB
easat-11385	97	5	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	97	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	97	7	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	97	8	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	97	9	reveal	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	97	10	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	97	11	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	97	12	innovations	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	97	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	98	1	indirect	indirect	ADJ
easat-11385	98	2	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	98	3	techniques	technique	NOUN
easat-11385	98	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	98	5	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	98	6	those	those	PRON
easat-11385	98	7	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	98	8	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	98	9	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	98	10	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	98	11	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	98	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	98	13	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	98	14	gained	gain	VERB
easat-11385	98	15	prominence	prominence	NOUN
easat-11385	98	16	due	due	ADP
easat-11385	98	17	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	98	18	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	98	19	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-11385	98	20	to	to	PART
easat-11385	98	21	infer	infer	VERB
easat-11385	98	22	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	98	23	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	98	24	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	98	25	observable	observable	ADJ
easat-11385	98	26	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	98	27	flows	flow	NOUN
easat-11385	98	28	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	98	29	accounting	account	VERB
easat-11385	98	30	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	98	31	multilateral	multilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	98	32	resistance	resistance	NOUN
easat-11385	98	33	terms	term	NOUN
easat-11385	98	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	99	2	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	99	3	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	99	4	researchers	researcher	NOUN
easat-11385	99	5	to	to	PART
easat-11385	99	6	decompose	decompose	VERB
easat-11385	99	7	aggregate	aggregate	ADJ
easat-11385	99	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	99	9	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	99	10	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	99	11	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	99	12	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	13	related	relate	VERB
easat-11385	99	14	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	99	15	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	16	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	99	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	18	non	non	ADJ
easat-11385	99	19	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	99	20	tariff	tariff	ADJ
easat-11385	99	21	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	99	22	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	99	24	natural	natural	ADJ
easat-11385	99	25	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	99	26	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	27	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	99	28	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	99	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	30	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	99	31	distance	distance	NOUN
easat-11385	99	32	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	99	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	100	1	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	100	2	decomposition	decomposition	NOUN
easat-11385	100	3	proves	prove	VERB
easat-11385	100	4	essential	essential	ADJ
easat-11385	100	5	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	100	6	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	100	7	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	100	8	aimed	aim	VERB
easat-11385	100	9	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	100	10	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	100	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	100	12	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	100	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	100	14	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	100	15	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	100	16	'	'	PART
easat-11385	100	17	positions	position	NOUN
easat-11385	100	18	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	100	19	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	100	20	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	100	21	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	100	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	101	1	569	569	NUM
easat-11385	101	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	101	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	101	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	101	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	101	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	101	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	101	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	101	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	101	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	101	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	101	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	101	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	102	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	102	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	102	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	102	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	102	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	102	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	102	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	102	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	102	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	102	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	102	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	102	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	102	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	102	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	102	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	102	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	102	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	102	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	102	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	102	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	102	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	102	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	102	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	102	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	102	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	102	26	3.5	3.5	NUM
easat-11385	102	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	103	1	diversity	diversity	NOUN
easat-11385	103	2	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	103	3	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	103	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	103	5	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	103	6	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	103	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	103	8	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	103	9	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	103	10	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	103	11	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	103	12	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	103	13	employed	employ	VERB
easat-11385	103	14	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	103	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	103	16	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	103	17	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	103	18	reveals	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	103	19	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	103	20	diversity	diversity	NOUN
easat-11385	103	21	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	103	22	both	both	DET
easat-11385	103	23	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	103	24	techniques	technique	NOUN
easat-11385	103	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	103	26	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	103	27	sources	source	NOUN
easat-11385	103	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	103	29	reflecting	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	103	30	the	the	DET
easat-11385	103	31	multifaceted	multifaceted	ADJ
easat-11385	103	32	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	103	33	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	103	34	investigating	investigate	VERB
easat-11385	103	35	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	103	36	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	103	37	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	103	38	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	103	39	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	103	40	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	103	41	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	103	42	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	103	43	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	103	44	5	5	NUM
easat-11385	103	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	104	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	104	2	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	104	3	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	104	4	stems	stem	VERB
easat-11385	104	5	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	104	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	104	7	complexity	complexity	NOUN
easat-11385	104	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	104	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	104	10	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	104	11	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	104	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	104	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	104	14	varying	vary	VERB
easat-11385	104	15	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	104	16	objectives	objective	NOUN
easat-11385	104	17	pursued	pursue	VERB
easat-11385	104	18	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	104	19	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	104	20	scholars	scholar	NOUN
easat-11385	104	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	105	1	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-11385	105	2	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	105	3	dominate	dominate	VERB
easat-11385	105	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	105	5	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	105	6	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	105	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	105	8	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	105	9	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	105	10	model	model	NOUN
easat-11385	105	11	variations	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	105	12	representing	represent	VERB
easat-11385	105	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	105	14	most	most	ADV
easat-11385	105	15	frequently	frequently	ADV
easat-11385	105	16	employed	employ	VERB
easat-11385	105	17	framework	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	105	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	106	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	106	2	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	106	3	often	often	ADV
easat-11385	106	4	incorporate	incorporate	VERB
easat-11385	106	5	structural	structural	ADJ
easat-11385	106	6	specifications	specification	NOUN
easat-11385	106	7	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	106	8	account	account	VERB
easat-11385	106	9	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	106	10	multilateral	multilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	106	11	resistance	resistance	NOUN
easat-11385	106	12	terms	term	NOUN
easat-11385	106	13	owing	owe	VERB
easat-11385	106	14	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	106	15	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	106	16	strong	strong	ADJ
easat-11385	106	17	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	106	18	foundation	foundation	NOUN
easat-11385	106	19	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	106	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	106	21	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	106	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	106	23	practical	practical	ADJ
easat-11385	106	24	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-11385	106	25	to	to	PART
easat-11385	106	26	estimate	estimate	VERB
easat-11385	106	27	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	106	28	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	106	29	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	106	30	readily	readily	ADV
easat-11385	106	31	available	available	ADJ
easat-11385	106	32	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	106	33	flow	flow	NOUN
easat-11385	106	34	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	106	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	107	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	107	2	econometric	econometric	ADJ
easat-11385	107	3	techniques	technique	NOUN
easat-11385	107	4	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	107	5	considerable	considerable	ADJ
easat-11385	107	6	sophistication	sophistication	NOUN
easat-11385	107	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	107	8	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	107	9	panel	panel	NOUN
easat-11385	107	10	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	107	11	regression	regression	NOUN
easat-11385	107	12	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	107	13	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	107	14	fixed	fix	VERB
easat-11385	107	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	107	16	random	random	ADJ
easat-11385	107	17	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	107	18	specifications	specification	NOUN
easat-11385	107	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	107	20	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
easat-11385	107	21	variable	variable	ADJ
easat-11385	107	22	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	107	23	to	to	PART
easat-11385	107	24	address	address	VERB
easat-11385	107	25	endogeneity	endogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	107	26	concerns	concern	NOUN
easat-11385	107	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	107	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	107	29	difference	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	107	30	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	107	31	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	107	32	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	107	33	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	107	34	designs	design	NOUN
easat-11385	107	35	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	107	36	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	107	37	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	107	38	interventions	intervention	NOUN
easat-11385	107	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	108	1	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	108	2	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	108	3	output	output	NOUN
easat-11385	108	4	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	108	5	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	108	6	another	another	DET
easat-11385	108	7	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-11385	108	8	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	108	9	strand	strand	NOUN
easat-11385	108	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	108	11	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	108	12	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	108	13	measuring	measure	VERB
easat-11385	108	14	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	108	15	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	108	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	108	17	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	108	18	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	108	19	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	108	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	108	21	flows	flow	NOUN
easat-11385	108	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	1	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	109	2	predominantly	predominantly	ADV
easat-11385	109	3	use	use	VERB
easat-11385	109	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	109	5	world	world	NOUN
easat-11385	109	6	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	109	7	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	8	output	output	NOUN
easat-11385	109	9	database	database	NOUN
easat-11385	109	10	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	11	wiod	wiod	NOUN
easat-11385	109	12	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	13	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	109	14	the	the	DET
easat-11385	109	15	oecd	oecd	PROPN
easat-11385	109	16	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	109	17	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	109	18	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	109	19	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	109	20	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	21	tiva	tiva	PROPN
easat-11385	109	22	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	23	database	database	NOUN
easat-11385	109	24	to	to	PART
easat-11385	109	25	calculate	calculate	VERB
easat-11385	109	26	indicators	indicator	NOUN
easat-11385	109	27	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	109	28	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	109	29	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	109	30	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	109	31	indices	index	NOUN
easat-11385	109	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	109	33	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	109	34	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	35	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	109	36	content	content	NOUN
easat-11385	109	37	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	109	38	exports	export	NOUN
easat-11385	109	39	[	[	X
easat-11385	109	40	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	109	41	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	42	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	109	43	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	109	44	researchers	researcher	NOUN
easat-11385	109	45	to	to	PART
easat-11385	109	46	trace	trace	VERB
easat-11385	109	47	cross	cross	ADJ
easat-11385	109	48	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	109	49	border	border	ADJ
easat-11385	109	50	flows	flow	NOUN
easat-11385	109	51	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	109	52	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	109	53	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	109	54	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	110	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	110	2	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-11385	110	3	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	110	4	dominate	dominate	VERB
easat-11385	110	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	110	6	approximately	approximately	ADV
easat-11385	110	7	15	15	NUM
easat-11385	110	8	%	%	NOUN
easat-11385	110	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	110	10	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	110	11	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	110	12	employ	employ	VERB
easat-11385	110	13	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
easat-11385	110	14	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	110	15	mixed	mixed	ADJ
easat-11385	110	16	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	110	17	method	method	NOUN
easat-11385	110	18	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	110	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	110	20	providing	provide	VERB
easat-11385	110	21	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	110	22	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	110	23	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
easat-11385	110	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	111	1	case	case	NOUN
easat-11385	111	2	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	111	3	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
easat-11385	111	4	combine	combine	VERB
easat-11385	111	5	documentary	documentary	ADJ
easat-11385	111	6	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	111	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	111	8	stakeholder	stakeholder	NOUN
easat-11385	111	9	interviews	interview	NOUN
easat-11385	111	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	111	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	111	12	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	111	13	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	111	14	to	to	PART
easat-11385	111	15	provide	provide	VERB
easat-11385	111	16	a	a	DET
easat-11385	111	17	rich	rich	ADJ
easat-11385	111	18	contextual	contextual	ADJ
easat-11385	111	19	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	111	20	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	111	21	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	111	22	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	111	23	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	111	24	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	111	25	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	111	26	'	'	PART
easat-11385	111	27	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	111	28	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	111	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	112	1	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	112	2	case	case	NOUN
easat-11385	112	3	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	112	4	designs	design	NOUN
easat-11385	112	5	examine	examine	VERB
easat-11385	112	6	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	112	7	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	112	8	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	112	9	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	112	10	to	to	PART
easat-11385	112	11	identify	identify	VERB
easat-11385	112	12	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	112	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	112	14	variations	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	112	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	112	16	proving	prove	VERB
easat-11385	112	17	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	112	18	valuable	valuable	ADJ
easat-11385	112	19	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	112	20	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-11385	112	21	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	112	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	112	23	contextual	contextual	ADJ
easat-11385	112	24	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	112	25	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	112	26	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-11385	112	27	analyses	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	112	28	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	112	29	overlook	overlook	VERB
easat-11385	112	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	113	1	figure	figure	VERB
easat-11385	113	2	5	5	NUM
easat-11385	113	3	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	113	4	method	method	NOUN
easat-11385	113	5	distribution	distribution	NOUN
easat-11385	113	6	map	map	NOUN
easat-11385	113	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	113	8	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	113	9	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	113	10	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	113	11	references	reference	NOUN
easat-11385	113	12	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	113	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	113	14	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	113	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	114	1	570	570	NUM
easat-11385	114	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	114	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	114	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	114	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	114	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	114	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	114	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	114	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	114	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	114	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	114	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	114	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	115	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	115	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	115	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	115	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	115	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	115	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	115	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	115	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	115	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	115	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	115	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	115	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	115	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	115	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	115	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	115	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	115	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	115	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	115	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	115	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	115	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	115	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	115	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	115	24	learning	learning	PROPN
easat-11385	115	25	gate	gate	PROPN
easat-11385	115	26	data	data	PROPN
easat-11385	115	27	sources	source	NOUN
easat-11385	115	28	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	115	29	considerable	considerable	ADJ
easat-11385	115	30	diversity	diversity	NOUN
easat-11385	115	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	115	32	reflecting	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	115	33	the	the	DET
easat-11385	115	34	multidimensional	multidimensional	ADJ
easat-11385	115	35	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	115	36	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	115	37	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	115	38	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	115	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	116	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	116	2	flow	flow	NOUN
easat-11385	116	3	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	116	4	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	116	5	derived	derive	VERB
easat-11385	116	6	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	116	7	un	un	PROPN
easat-11385	116	8	comtrade	comtrade	PROPN
easat-11385	116	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	116	10	wto	wto	PROPN
easat-11385	116	11	statistical	statistical	ADJ
easat-11385	116	12	databases	database	NOUN
easat-11385	116	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	116	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	116	15	national	national	ADJ
easat-11385	116	16	customs	custom	NOUN
easat-11385	116	17	agencies	agency	NOUN
easat-11385	116	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	117	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	117	2	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	117	3	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	117	4	come	come	VERB
easat-11385	117	5	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	117	6	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	117	7	sources	source	NOUN
easat-11385	117	8	depending	depend	VERB
easat-11385	117	9	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	117	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	117	11	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	117	12	analyzed	analyze	VERB
easat-11385	117	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	117	14	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	117	15	wto	wto	PROPN
easat-11385	117	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	117	17	unctad	unctad	NOUN
easat-11385	117	18	databases	database	NOUN
easat-11385	117	19	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	117	20	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	117	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	117	22	shipping	shipping	NOUN
easat-11385	117	23	records	record	NOUN
easat-11385	117	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	117	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	117	26	c.i.f./f.o.b	c.i.f./f.o.b	NOUN
easat-11385	117	27	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	117	28	price	price	NOUN
easat-11385	117	29	differentials	differential	NOUN
easat-11385	117	30	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	117	31	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	117	32	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	117	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	117	34	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	117	35	world	world	NOUN
easat-11385	117	36	bank	bank	NOUN
easat-11385	117	37	indicators	indicator	NOUN
easat-11385	117	38	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	117	39	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	117	40	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	117	41	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	118	1	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	118	2	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-11385	118	3	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	118	4	employ	employ	VERB
easat-11385	118	5	panel	panel	NOUN
easat-11385	118	6	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	118	7	spanning	span	VERB
easat-11385	118	8	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	118	9	least	least	ADJ
easat-11385	118	10	ten	ten	NUM
easat-11385	118	11	years	year	NOUN
easat-11385	118	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	118	13	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	118	14	many	many	ADJ
easat-11385	118	15	focusing	focus	VERB
easat-11385	118	16	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	118	17	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	118	18	surrounding	surround	VERB
easat-11385	118	19	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	118	20	events	event	NOUN
easat-11385	118	21	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	118	22	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	118	23	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	118	24	's	's	PART
easat-11385	118	25	2001	2001	NUM
easat-11385	118	26	wto	wto	NOUN
easat-11385	118	27	accession	accession	NOUN
easat-11385	118	28	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	118	29	the	the	DET
easat-11385	118	30	2008	2008	NUM
easat-11385	118	31	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	118	32	2009	2009	NUM
easat-11385	118	33	financial	financial	ADJ
easat-11385	118	34	crisis	crisis	NOUN
easat-11385	118	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	118	36	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	118	37	recent	recent	ADJ
easat-11385	118	38	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	118	39	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	118	40	examine	examine	VERB
easat-11385	118	41	pandemic	pandemic	ADJ
easat-11385	118	42	impacts	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	118	43	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	119	1	notably	notably	ADV
easat-11385	119	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	119	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	119	4	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	119	5	scope	scope	NOUN
easat-11385	119	6	concentrates	concentrate	VERB
easat-11385	119	7	heavily	heavily	ADV
easat-11385	119	8	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	119	9	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	119	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	119	11	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	119	12	approximately	approximately	ADV
easat-11385	119	13	70	70	NUM
easat-11385	119	14	%	%	NOUN
easat-11385	119	15	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	119	16	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	119	17	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	119	18	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	119	19	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	119	20	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	119	21	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	119	22	sample	sample	NOUN
easat-11385	119	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	119	24	reflecting	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	119	25	both	both	DET
easat-11385	119	26	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	119	27	's	's	PART
easat-11385	119	28	central	central	ADJ
easat-11385	119	29	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	119	30	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	119	31	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	119	32	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	119	33	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	119	34	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	119	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	119	36	this	this	DET
easat-11385	119	37	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	119	38	's	's	PART
easat-11385	119	39	focus	focus	NOUN
easat-11385	119	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	120	1	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	120	2	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	120	3	receive	receive	VERB
easat-11385	120	4	predominant	predominant	ADJ
easat-11385	120	5	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	120	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	120	7	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	120	8	electronics	electronic	NOUN
easat-11385	120	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	120	10	electrical	electrical	ADJ
easat-11385	120	11	equipment	equipment	NOUN
easat-11385	120	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	120	13	textiles	textile	NOUN
easat-11385	120	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	120	15	apparel	apparel	NOUN
easat-11385	120	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	120	17	automotive	automotive	ADJ
easat-11385	120	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	120	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	120	20	machinery	machinery	NOUN
easat-11385	120	21	sectors	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	120	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	121	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	121	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	121	3	a	a	DET
easat-11385	121	4	notable	notable	ADJ
easat-11385	121	5	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	121	6	gap	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	121	7	emerges	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	121	8	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	121	9	service	service	NOUN
easat-11385	121	10	sectors	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	121	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	121	12	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	121	13	receive	receive	VERB
easat-11385	121	14	limited	limited	ADJ
easat-11385	121	15	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	121	16	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-11385	121	17	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	121	18	growing	grow	VERB
easat-11385	121	19	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	121	20	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	121	21	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	121	22	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	121	23	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	121	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	122	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	122	2	operationalization	operationalization	NOUN
easat-11385	122	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	122	4	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	122	5	constructs	construct	NOUN
easat-11385	122	6	exhibits	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	122	7	considerable	considerable	ADJ
easat-11385	122	8	variation	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	122	9	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	122	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	122	11	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	122	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	123	1	specifically	specifically	ADV
easat-11385	123	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	123	3	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	123	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	123	5	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	123	6	measured	measure	VERB
easat-11385	123	7	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	123	8	diverse	diverse	ADJ
easat-11385	123	9	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	123	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	123	11	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	123	12	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	123	13	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	123	14	model	model	NOUN
easat-11385	123	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	123	16	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	123	17	inference	inference	NOUN
easat-11385	123	18	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	123	19	aggregate	aggregate	ADJ
easat-11385	123	20	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	123	21	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	123	22	to	to	PART
easat-11385	123	23	focused	focus	VERB
easat-11385	123	24	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	123	25	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	123	26	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	123	27	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	123	28	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	123	29	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	123	30	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	123	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	123	32	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	123	33	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	123	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	123	35	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	123	36	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	123	37	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	123	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	124	1	an	an	DET
easat-11385	124	2	emerging	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	124	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	124	4	strand	strand	NOUN
easat-11385	124	5	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	124	6	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	124	7	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	124	8	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	124	9	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	124	10	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	124	11	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	124	12	terms	term	NOUN
easat-11385	124	13	[	[	X
easat-11385	124	14	10	10	NUM
easat-11385	124	15	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	124	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	124	17	recognizing	recognize	VERB
easat-11385	124	18	cumulative	cumulative	ADJ
easat-11385	124	19	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	124	20	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	124	21	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	124	22	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	124	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	125	1	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	125	2	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	125	3	employs	employ	VERB
easat-11385	125	4	various	various	ADJ
easat-11385	125	5	indicators	indicator	NOUN
easat-11385	125	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	125	7	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	125	8	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	125	9	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	125	10	indices	index	NOUN
easat-11385	125	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	125	12	upstreamness	upstreamness	NOUN
easat-11385	125	13	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	125	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	125	15	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	125	16	indices	index	NOUN
easat-11385	125	17	combining	combine	VERB
easat-11385	125	18	forward	forward	ADV
easat-11385	125	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	125	20	backward	backward	ADJ
easat-11385	125	21	linkages	linkage	NOUN
easat-11385	125	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	125	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	125	24	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	125	25	sophistication	sophistication	NOUN
easat-11385	125	26	metrics	metric	NOUN
easat-11385	125	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	126	1	approximately	approximately	ADV
easat-11385	126	2	25	25	NUM
easat-11385	126	3	%	%	NOUN
easat-11385	126	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	126	5	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	126	6	employ	employ	VERB
easat-11385	126	7	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	126	8	indicators	indicator	NOUN
easat-11385	126	9	to	to	PART
easat-11385	126	10	capture	capture	VERB
easat-11385	126	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	126	12	multidimensional	multidimensional	ADJ
easat-11385	126	13	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	126	14	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	126	15	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	126	16	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	126	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	126	18	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	126	19	this	this	DET
easat-11385	126	20	approach	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	126	21	introduces	introduce	VERB
easat-11385	126	22	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	126	23	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	126	24	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	126	25	conflicting	conflicting	ADJ
easat-11385	126	26	signals	signal	NOUN
easat-11385	126	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	127	1	beyond	beyond	ADP
easat-11385	127	2	this	this	PRON
easat-11385	127	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	127	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	127	5	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	127	6	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	127	7	reveals	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	127	8	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	127	9	persistent	persistent	ADJ
easat-11385	127	10	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	127	11	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	127	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	128	1	endogeneity	endogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	128	2	concerns	concern	NOUN
easat-11385	128	3	pervade	pervade	VERB
easat-11385	128	4	much	much	ADJ
easat-11385	128	5	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-11385	128	6	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	128	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	128	8	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	128	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	128	10	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	128	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	128	12	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	128	13	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	128	14	likely	likely	ADV
easat-11385	128	15	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	128	16	reciprocal	reciprocal	ADJ
easat-11385	128	17	causation	causation	NOUN
easat-11385	128	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	129	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	129	2	some	some	DET
easat-11385	129	3	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	129	4	employ	employ	VERB
easat-11385	129	5	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
easat-11385	129	6	variable	variable	ADJ
easat-11385	129	7	strategies	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	129	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	129	9	finding	find	VERB
easat-11385	129	10	valid	valid	ADJ
easat-11385	129	11	instruments	instrument	NOUN
easat-11385	129	12	proves	prove	VERB
easat-11385	129	13	challenging	challenging	ADJ
easat-11385	129	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	129	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	129	16	many	many	ADJ
easat-11385	129	17	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	129	18	should	should	AUX
easat-11385	129	19	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	129	20	interpreted	interpret	VERB
easat-11385	129	21	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	129	22	documenting	document	VERB
easat-11385	129	23	associations	association	NOUN
easat-11385	129	24	rather	rather	ADV
easat-11385	129	25	than	than	ADP
easat-11385	129	26	establishing	establish	VERB
easat-11385	129	27	causal	causal	ADJ
easat-11385	129	28	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	129	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	130	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
easat-11385	130	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	130	3	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	130	4	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	130	5	constrain	constrain	VERB
easat-11385	130	6	analyses	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	130	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	130	8	non	non	ADJ
easat-11385	130	9	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	130	10	tariff	tariff	ADJ
easat-11385	130	11	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	130	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	130	13	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	130	14	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	130	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	130	16	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	130	17	aggregation	aggregation	NOUN
easat-11385	130	18	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	130	19	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	130	20	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	130	21	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	130	22	variation	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	130	23	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	130	24	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	130	25	observations	observation	NOUN
easat-11385	130	26	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	130	27	mask	mask	VERB
easat-11385	130	28	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	130	29	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	130	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	131	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	131	2	static	static	ADJ
easat-11385	131	3	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	131	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	131	5	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	131	6	analyses	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	131	7	limits	limit	VERB
easat-11385	131	8	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	131	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	131	10	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	131	11	adjustment	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	131	12	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	131	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	131	14	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	131	15	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	131	16	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	131	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	131	18	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	131	19	involve	involve	VERB
easat-11385	131	20	inherently	inherently	ADV
easat-11385	131	21	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	131	22	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	131	23	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	131	24	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	131	25	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	131	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	131	27	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	131	28	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	131	29	unfold	unfold	NOUN
easat-11385	131	30	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	131	31	extended	extended	ADJ
easat-11385	131	32	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	131	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	132	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-11385	132	2	these	these	DET
easat-11385	132	3	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	132	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	132	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	132	6	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	132	7	diversity	diversity	NOUN
easat-11385	132	8	reflects	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	132	9	a	a	DET
easat-11385	132	10	maturing	mature	VERB
easat-11385	132	11	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	132	12	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	132	13	employing	employ	VERB
easat-11385	132	14	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	132	15	sophisticated	sophisticated	ADJ
easat-11385	132	16	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	132	17	techniques	technique	NOUN
easat-11385	132	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	133	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	133	2	combination	combination	NOUN
easat-11385	133	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	133	4	large	large	ADJ
easat-11385	133	5	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	133	6	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	133	7	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-11385	133	8	analyses	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	133	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	133	10	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	133	11	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	133	12	depth	depth	NOUN
easat-11385	133	13	qualitative	qualitative	NOUN
easat-11385	133	14	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	133	15	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	133	16	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	133	17	perspectives	perspective	NOUN
easat-11385	133	18	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	133	19	collectively	collectively	ADV
easat-11385	133	20	advance	advance	VERB
easat-11385	133	21	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	133	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	134	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	134	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	134	3	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	134	4	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	134	5	persist	persist	VERB
easat-11385	134	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	135	1	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	135	2	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	135	3	typically	typically	ADV
easat-11385	135	4	generate	generate	VERB
easat-11385	135	5	aggregate	aggregate	ADJ
easat-11385	135	6	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	135	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	135	8	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	135	9	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	135	10	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	135	11	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	135	12	mask	mask	VERB
easat-11385	135	13	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	135	14	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	135	15	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	135	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	135	17	product	product	NOUN
easat-11385	135	18	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	135	19	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	135	20	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	135	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	135	22	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	135	23	inputoutput	inputoutput	ADJ
easat-11385	135	24	databases	database	NOUN
easat-11385	135	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	135	26	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	135	27	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	135	28	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	135	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	135	30	aggregate	aggregate	ADJ
easat-11385	135	31	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	135	32	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	135	33	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	135	34	variation	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	135	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	135	36	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	135	37	limited	limit	VERB
easat-11385	135	38	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	135	39	coverage	coverage	NOUN
easat-11385	135	40	extending	extend	VERB
easat-11385	135	41	only	only	ADV
easat-11385	135	42	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	135	43	the	the	DET
easat-11385	135	44	early	early	ADJ
easat-11385	135	45	2020s	2020	NOUN
easat-11385	135	46	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	136	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	136	2	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	136	3	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	136	4	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	136	5	constraints	constraint	NOUN
easat-11385	136	6	suggest	suggest	VERB
easat-11385	136	7	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	136	8	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-11385	136	9	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	136	10	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	136	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	136	12	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	136	13	discussed	discuss	VERB
easat-11385	136	14	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	136	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	136	16	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	136	17	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	136	18	directions	direction	NOUN
easat-11385	136	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	137	1	3.6	3.6	NUM
easat-11385	137	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	137	3	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	137	4	influencing	influence	VERB
easat-11385	137	5	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	137	6	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	137	7	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	137	8	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	137	9	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	137	10	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	137	11	a	a	DET
easat-11385	137	12	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
easat-11385	137	13	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	137	14	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	137	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	137	16	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	137	17	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	137	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	137	19	this	this	DET
easat-11385	137	20	section	section	NOUN
easat-11385	137	21	combines	combine	VERB
easat-11385	137	22	the	the	DET
easat-11385	137	23	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	137	24	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	137	25	identified	identify	VERB
easat-11385	137	26	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	137	27	influencing	influence	VERB
easat-11385	137	28	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	137	29	'	'	PART
easat-11385	137	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	137	31	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	137	32	'	'	PART
easat-11385	137	33	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	137	34	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	137	35	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	137	36	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	137	37	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	137	38	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	137	39	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	137	40	particular	particular	ADJ
easat-11385	137	41	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	137	42	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	137	43	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	137	44	these	these	DET
easat-11385	137	45	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	137	46	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	137	47	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	137	48	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	137	49	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	137	50	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	138	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	138	2	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	138	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	138	4	reveals	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	138	5	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	138	6	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	138	7	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	138	8	emerges	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	138	9	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	138	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	138	11	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	138	12	interplay	interplay	NOUN
easat-11385	138	13	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	138	14	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	138	15	choices	choice	NOUN
easat-11385	138	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	138	17	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	138	18	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	138	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	138	20	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	138	21	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	138	22	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	138	23	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	138	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	138	25	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	138	26	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	138	27	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	138	28	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	138	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	138	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	138	31	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	138	32	environments	environment	NOUN
easat-11385	138	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	139	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	139	2	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	139	3	emerges	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	139	4	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	139	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	139	6	fundamental	fundamental	ADJ
easat-11385	139	7	determinant	determinant	NOUN
easat-11385	139	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	139	9	both	both	DET
easat-11385	139	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	139	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	139	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	139	13	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	139	14	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	139	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	140	1	first	first	ADV
easat-11385	140	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	140	3	tariff	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	140	4	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	140	5	directly	directly	ADV
easat-11385	140	6	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	140	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	140	8	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	140	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	140	10	importing	import	VERB
easat-11385	140	11	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	140	12	inputs	input	NOUN
easat-11385	140	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	140	14	exporting	export	VERB
easat-11385	140	15	final	final	ADJ
easat-11385	140	16	products	product	NOUN
easat-11385	140	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	140	18	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	140	19	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	140	20	documenting	document	VERB
easat-11385	140	21	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	140	22	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	140	23	's	's	PART
easat-11385	140	24	2001	2001	NUM
easat-11385	140	25	wto	wto	NOUN
easat-11385	140	26	accession	accession	NOUN
easat-11385	140	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	140	28	associated	associate	VERB
easat-11385	140	29	tariff	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	140	30	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	140	31	promoted	promote	VERB
easat-11385	140	32	571	571	NUM
easat-11385	140	33	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	140	34	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	140	35	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	140	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	140	37	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	140	38	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	140	39	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	140	40	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	140	41	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	140	42	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	140	43	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	140	44	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	141	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	141	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	141	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	141	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	141	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	141	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	141	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	141	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	141	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	141	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	141	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	141	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	141	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	141	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	141	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	141	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	141	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	141	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	141	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	141	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	141	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	141	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	142	1	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	142	2	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	142	3	gate	gate	VERB
easat-11385	142	4	deeper	deep	ADJ
easat-11385	142	5	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	142	6	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	142	7	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	143	1	second	second	ADJ
easat-11385	143	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	143	3	beyond	beyond	ADP
easat-11385	143	4	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	143	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	143	6	non	non	ADJ
easat-11385	143	7	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	143	8	tariff	tariff	ADJ
easat-11385	143	9	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	143	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	143	11	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	143	12	technical	technical	ADJ
easat-11385	143	13	regulations	regulation	NOUN
easat-11385	143	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	143	15	customs	custom	NOUN
easat-11385	143	16	procedures	procedure	NOUN
easat-11385	143	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	143	18	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	143	19	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	143	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	143	21	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	143	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	143	23	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	143	24	streamlining	streamline	VERB
easat-11385	143	25	these	these	DET
easat-11385	143	26	procedures	procedure	NOUN
easat-11385	143	27	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	143	28	improve	improve	VERB
easat-11385	143	29	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	143	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	144	1	third	third	ADJ
easat-11385	144	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	144	3	free	free	ADJ
easat-11385	144	4	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	144	5	agreements	agreement	NOUN
easat-11385	144	6	serve	serve	VERB
easat-11385	144	7	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	144	8	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	144	9	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	144	10	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	144	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	144	12	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	144	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	144	14	reshaping	reshape	VERB
easat-11385	144	15	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	144	16	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	144	17	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	144	18	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	144	19	tariff	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	144	20	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	144	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	144	22	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	144	23	cooperation	cooperation	NOUN
easat-11385	144	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	144	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	144	26	provisions	provision	NOUN
easat-11385	144	27	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	144	28	cross	cross	ADJ
easat-11385	144	29	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	144	30	border	border	ADJ
easat-11385	144	31	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	144	32	sharing	sharing	NOUN
easat-11385	144	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	145	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
easat-11385	145	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	145	3	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	145	4	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	145	5	also	also	ADV
easat-11385	145	6	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	145	7	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	145	8	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	145	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	145	10	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	145	11	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	145	12	subsidies	subsidy	NOUN
easat-11385	145	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	145	14	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	145	15	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	145	16	programs	program	NOUN
easat-11385	145	17	facilitating	facilitate	VERB
easat-11385	145	18	movement	movement	NOUN
easat-11385	145	19	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	145	20	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	145	21	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	145	22	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	145	23	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	145	24	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	145	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	145	26	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	145	27	poorly	poorly	ADV
easat-11385	145	28	designed	design	VERB
easat-11385	145	29	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	145	30	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	145	31	distort	distort	VERB
easat-11385	145	32	resource	resource	NOUN
easat-11385	145	33	allocation	allocation	NOUN
easat-11385	145	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	146	1	physical	physical	ADJ
easat-11385	146	2	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	146	3	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	146	4	critically	critically	ADV
easat-11385	146	5	determines	determine	VERB
easat-11385	146	6	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	146	7	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	146	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	146	9	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	146	10	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	146	11	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	146	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	147	1	notably	notably	ADV
easat-11385	147	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	147	3	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	147	4	's	's	PART
easat-11385	147	5	massive	massive	ADJ
easat-11385	147	6	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	147	7	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	147	8	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	147	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	147	10	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	147	11	port	port	NOUN
easat-11385	147	12	facilities	facility	NOUN
easat-11385	147	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	147	14	road	road	NOUN
easat-11385	147	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	147	16	rail	rail	NOUN
easat-11385	147	17	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	147	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	147	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	147	20	air	air	NOUN
easat-11385	147	21	cargo	cargo	NOUN
easat-11385	147	22	capacity	capacity	NOUN
easat-11385	147	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	147	24	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	147	25	reduced	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	147	26	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	147	27	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	147	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	147	29	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	147	30	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	147	31	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
easat-11385	147	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	148	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
easat-11385	148	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	148	3	information	information	NOUN
easat-11385	148	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	148	5	communication	communication	NOUN
easat-11385	148	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	148	7	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	148	8	plays	play	VERB
easat-11385	148	9	an	an	DET
easat-11385	148	10	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	148	11	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	148	12	role	role	NOUN
easat-11385	148	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	148	14	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	148	15	improved	improved	ADJ
easat-11385	148	16	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
easat-11385	148	17	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	148	18	information	information	NOUN
easat-11385	148	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	148	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	148	21	coordination	coordination	NOUN
easat-11385	148	22	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	148	23	essential	essential	ADJ
easat-11385	148	24	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	148	25	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	148	26	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	148	27	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	148	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	149	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
easat-11385	149	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	149	3	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	149	4	location	location	NOUN
easat-11385	149	5	relative	relative	ADJ
easat-11385	149	6	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	149	7	major	major	ADJ
easat-11385	149	8	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	149	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	149	10	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	149	11	centers	center	NOUN
easat-11385	149	12	affects	affect	VERB
easat-11385	149	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	149	14	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	149	15	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	149	16	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	149	17	channels	channel	NOUN
easat-11385	149	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	149	19	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	149	20	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	149	21	's	's	PART
easat-11385	149	22	coastal	coastal	ADJ
easat-11385	149	23	location	location	NOUN
easat-11385	149	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	149	25	proximity	proximity	NOUN
easat-11385	149	26	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	149	27	east	east	ADJ
easat-11385	149	28	asian	asian	ADJ
easat-11385	149	29	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	149	30	facilitating	facilitate	VERB
easat-11385	149	31	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	149	32	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	149	33	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	149	34	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	149	35	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	149	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	149	37	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	149	38	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	149	39	initial	initial	ADJ
easat-11385	149	40	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	149	41	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	149	42	phases	phase	NOUN
easat-11385	149	43	when	when	SCONJ
easat-11385	149	44	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	149	45	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	149	46	represented	represent	VERB
easat-11385	149	47	larger	large	ADJ
easat-11385	149	48	shares	share	NOUN
easat-11385	149	49	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	149	50	total	total	ADJ
easat-11385	149	51	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	149	52	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	149	53	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	150	1	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	150	2	the	the	DET
easat-11385	150	3	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	150	4	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	150	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	150	6	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	150	7	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	150	8	shape	shape	VERB
easat-11385	150	9	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	150	10	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	150	11	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	150	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	151	1	size	size	NOUN
easat-11385	151	2	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	151	3	influences	influence	VERB
easat-11385	151	4	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	151	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	151	6	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	151	7	larger	large	ADJ
easat-11385	151	8	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	151	9	possessing	possess	VERB
easat-11385	151	10	greater	great	ADJ
easat-11385	151	11	resources	resource	NOUN
easat-11385	151	12	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	151	13	overcoming	overcome	VERB
easat-11385	151	14	fixed	fix	VERB
easat-11385	151	15	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	151	16	associated	associate	VERB
easat-11385	151	17	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	151	18	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	151	19	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	151	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	151	21	achieving	achieve	VERB
easat-11385	151	22	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	151	23	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	151	24	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	151	25	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	151	26	managing	manage	VERB
easat-11385	151	27	operations	operation	NOUN
easat-11385	151	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	152	1	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	152	2	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	152	3	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	152	4	absorptive	absorptive	ADJ
easat-11385	152	5	capacity	capacity	NOUN
easat-11385	152	6	crucially	crucially	ADV
easat-11385	152	7	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	152	8	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	152	9	'	'	PART
easat-11385	152	10	abilities	ability	NOUN
easat-11385	152	11	to	to	PART
easat-11385	152	12	undertake	undertake	VERB
easat-11385	152	13	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	152	14	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	152	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	152	16	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	152	17	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	152	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	152	19	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	152	20	stronger	strong	ADJ
easat-11385	152	21	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	152	22	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	152	23	more	more	ADJ
easat-11385	152	24	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	152	25	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	152	26	tasks	task	NOUN
easat-11385	152	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	152	28	potential	potential	ADJ
easat-11385	152	29	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	152	30	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	152	31	design	design	NOUN
easat-11385	152	32	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	152	33	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	152	34	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	152	35	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	152	36	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	152	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	153	1	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	153	2	experience	experience	NOUN
easat-11385	153	3	generates	generate	VERB
easat-11385	153	4	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	153	5	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	153	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	153	7	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	153	8	accumulated	accumulate	VERB
easat-11385	153	9	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	153	10	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	153	11	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-11385	153	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	153	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	153	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	153	15	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	153	16	progression	progression	NOUN
easat-11385	153	17	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	153	18	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	153	19	sophisticated	sophisticated	ADJ
easat-11385	153	20	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	153	21	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	153	22	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	153	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	154	1	ownership	ownership	NOUN
easat-11385	154	2	structure	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	154	3	matters	matter	VERB
easat-11385	154	4	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	154	5	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	154	6	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	154	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	154	8	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	154	9	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	154	10	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	154	11	invested	invest	VERB
easat-11385	154	12	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	154	13	historically	historically	ADV
easat-11385	154	14	serving	serve	VERB
easat-11385	154	15	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	154	16	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	154	17	conduits	conduit	NOUN
easat-11385	154	18	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	154	19	bring	bring	VERB
easat-11385	154	20	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	154	21	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	154	22	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	154	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	154	24	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	154	25	technologies	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	154	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	154	27	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	154	28	indigenous	indigenous	ADJ
easat-11385	154	29	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	154	30	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	154	31	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	154	32	participate	participate	VERB
easat-11385	154	33	independently	independently	ADV
easat-11385	154	34	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	154	35	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	154	36	develop	develop	VERB
easat-11385	154	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	155	1	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	155	2	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	155	3	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	155	4	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	155	5	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	155	6	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	155	7	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	155	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	156	1	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	156	2	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	156	3	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	156	4	product	product	NOUN
easat-11385	156	5	modularity	modularity	NOUN
easat-11385	156	6	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	156	7	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	156	8	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	156	9	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	156	10	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	156	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	156	12	extensive	extensive	ADJ
easat-11385	156	13	cross	cross	ADJ
easat-11385	156	14	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	156	15	border	border	ADJ
easat-11385	156	16	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	156	17	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	156	18	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	156	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	156	20	exemplified	exemplify	VERB
easat-11385	156	21	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	156	22	electronics	electronic	NOUN
easat-11385	156	23	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	156	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	156	25	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	156	26	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	156	27	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	156	28	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	156	29	separated	separate	VERB
easat-11385	156	30	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	156	31	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	156	32	locations	location	NOUN
easat-11385	156	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	157	1	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	157	2	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	157	3	shape	shape	VERB
easat-11385	157	4	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	157	5	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	157	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	157	7	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	157	8	capital	capital	NOUN
easat-11385	157	9	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	157	10	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	157	11	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	157	12	exhibiting	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	157	13	less	less	ADJ
easat-11385	157	14	fragmentation	fragmentation	NOUN
easat-11385	157	15	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	157	16	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	157	17	efficient	efficient	ADJ
easat-11385	157	18	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	157	19	smaller	small	ADJ
easat-11385	157	20	scales	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	157	21	show	show	VERB
easat-11385	157	22	more	more	ADJ
easat-11385	157	23	dispersed	disperse	VERB
easat-11385	157	24	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	157	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	158	1	product	product	NOUN
easat-11385	158	2	cycle	cycle	NOUN
easat-11385	158	3	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	158	4	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	158	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	158	6	feasibility	feasibility	NOUN
easat-11385	158	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	158	8	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	158	9	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	158	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	158	11	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	158	12	mature	mature	ADJ
easat-11385	158	13	products	product	NOUN
easat-11385	158	14	offering	offer	VERB
easat-11385	158	15	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	158	16	accessible	accessible	ADJ
easat-11385	158	17	entry	entry	NOUN
easat-11385	158	18	points	point	NOUN
easat-11385	158	19	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	158	20	developing	develop	VERB
easat-11385	158	21	country	country	NOUN
easat-11385	158	22	manufacturers	manufacturer	NOUN
easat-11385	158	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	159	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	159	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	159	3	this	this	DET
easat-11385	159	4	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	159	5	highlights	highlight	NOUN
easat-11385	159	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	159	7	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	159	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	159	9	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	159	10	strategies	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	159	11	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	159	12	translating	translate	VERB
easat-11385	159	13	initial	initial	ADJ
easat-11385	159	14	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	159	15	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	159	16	sustained	sustained	ADJ
easat-11385	159	17	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	159	18	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	159	19	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	159	20	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	159	21	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	159	22	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	159	23	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	159	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	160	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	160	2	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	160	3	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-11385	160	4	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	160	5	affects	affect	VERB
easat-11385	160	6	both	both	DET
easat-11385	160	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	160	8	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	160	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	160	10	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	160	11	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	160	12	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	160	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	161	1	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-11385	161	2	legal	legal	ADJ
easat-11385	161	3	systems	system	NOUN
easat-11385	161	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	161	5	contract	contract	NOUN
easat-11385	161	6	enforcement	enforcement	NOUN
easat-11385	161	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	161	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	161	9	intellectual	intellectual	ADJ
easat-11385	161	10	property	property	NOUN
easat-11385	161	11	protection	protection	NOUN
easat-11385	161	12	reduce	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	161	13	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	161	14	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	161	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	161	16	increase	increase	VERB
easat-11385	161	17	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	161	18	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	161	19	'	'	PART
easat-11385	161	20	willingness	willingness	NOUN
easat-11385	161	21	to	to	PART
easat-11385	161	22	engage	engage	VERB
easat-11385	161	23	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	161	24	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	161	25	suppliers	supplier	NOUN
easat-11385	161	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	161	27	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	161	28	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	161	29	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	161	30	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	161	31	's	's	PART
easat-11385	161	32	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	161	33	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-11385	161	34	facilitating	facilitate	VERB
easat-11385	161	35	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	161	36	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	161	37	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	161	38	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	161	39	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	161	40	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	161	41	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	162	1	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	162	2	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	162	3	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	162	4	administrative	administrative	ADJ
easat-11385	162	5	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
easat-11385	162	6	directly	directly	ADV
easat-11385	162	7	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	162	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	162	9	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	162	10	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	162	11	border	border	NOUN
easat-11385	162	12	procedures	procedure	NOUN
easat-11385	162	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	162	14	compliance	compliance	NOUN
easat-11385	162	15	burdens	burden	NOUN
easat-11385	162	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	162	17	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	162	18	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	162	19	's	's	PART
easat-11385	162	20	administrative	administrative	ADJ
easat-11385	162	21	reforms	reform	NOUN
easat-11385	162	22	meaningfully	meaningfully	ADV
easat-11385	162	23	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	162	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	162	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	163	1	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	163	2	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	163	3	institutions	institution	NOUN
easat-11385	163	4	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	163	5	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	163	6	'	'	PART
easat-11385	163	7	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-11385	163	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	163	9	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	163	10	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	163	11	laborintensive	laborintensive	ADJ
easat-11385	163	12	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	163	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	163	14	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	163	15	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	163	16	's	's	PART
easat-11385	163	17	historically	historically	ADV
easat-11385	163	18	flexible	flexible	ADJ
easat-11385	163	19	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	163	20	facilitating	facilitate	VERB
easat-11385	163	21	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	163	22	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	163	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	163	24	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	163	25	recent	recent	ADJ
easat-11385	163	26	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	163	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	163	28	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	163	29	rising	rise	VERB
easat-11385	163	30	wages	wage	NOUN
easat-11385	163	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	163	32	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	163	33	reshaping	reshape	VERB
easat-11385	163	34	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	163	35	advantages	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	163	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	163	37	inducing	induce	VERB
easat-11385	163	38	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	163	39	adjustments	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	163	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	164	1	environmental	environmental	ADJ
easat-11385	164	2	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	164	3	social	social	ADJ
easat-11385	164	4	regulations	regulation	NOUN
easat-11385	164	5	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	164	6	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	164	7	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	164	8	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	164	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	164	10	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	164	11	stringent	stringent	ADJ
easat-11385	164	12	regulations	regulation	NOUN
easat-11385	164	13	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	164	14	excluding	exclude	VERB
easat-11385	164	15	some	some	DET
easat-11385	164	16	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	164	17	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	164	18	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	164	19	compliant	compliant	ADJ
easat-11385	164	20	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	164	21	to	to	PART
easat-11385	164	22	access	access	VERB
easat-11385	164	23	premium	premium	ADJ
easat-11385	164	24	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	164	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	165	1	572	572	NUM
easat-11385	165	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	165	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	165	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	165	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	165	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	165	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	165	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	165	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	165	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	165	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	165	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	165	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	166	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	166	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	166	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	166	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	166	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	166	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	166	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	166	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	166	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	166	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	166	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	166	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	166	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	166	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	166	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	166	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	166	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	166	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	166	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	166	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	166	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	166	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	166	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	166	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	166	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	166	26	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	166	27	brief	brief	NOUN
easat-11385	167	1	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	167	2	the	the	DET
easat-11385	167	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	167	4	reveals	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	167	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	167	6	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	167	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	167	8	multidimensional	multidimensional	ADJ
easat-11385	167	9	landscape	landscape	NOUN
easat-11385	167	10	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	167	11	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	167	12	choices	choice	NOUN
easat-11385	167	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	167	14	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	167	15	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	167	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	167	17	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	167	18	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	167	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	167	20	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	167	21	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	167	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	167	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	167	24	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	167	25	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	167	26	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	167	27	to	to	PART
easat-11385	167	28	shape	shape	VERB
easat-11385	167	29	positions	position	NOUN
easat-11385	167	30	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	167	31	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	167	32	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	167	33	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	167	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	168	1	importantly	importantly	ADV
easat-11385	168	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	168	3	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	168	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	168	5	emerge	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	168	6	not	not	PART
easat-11385	168	7	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	168	8	exogenous	exogenous	ADJ
easat-11385	168	9	parameters	parameter	NOUN
easat-11385	168	10	but	but	CCONJ
easat-11385	168	11	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	168	12	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
easat-11385	168	13	influenced	influence	VERB
easat-11385	168	14	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	168	15	these	these	DET
easat-11385	168	16	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	168	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	168	18	creating	create	VERB
easat-11385	168	19	intricate	intricate	ADJ
easat-11385	168	20	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-11385	168	21	loops	loop	NOUN
easat-11385	168	22	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	168	23	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	168	24	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	168	25	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	168	26	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	168	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	168	28	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	168	29	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	168	30	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
easat-11385	168	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	169	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	169	2	complexity	complexity	NOUN
easat-11385	169	3	emphasizes	emphasize	VERB
easat-11385	169	4	both	both	CCONJ
easat-11385	169	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	169	6	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	169	7	facing	face	VERB
easat-11385	169	8	policymakers	policymaker	NOUN
easat-11385	169	9	seeking	seek	VERB
easat-11385	169	10	to	to	PART
easat-11385	169	11	improve	improve	VERB
easat-11385	169	12	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	169	13	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	169	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	169	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	169	16	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	169	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	169	18	coordinated	coordinated	ADJ
easat-11385	169	19	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	169	20	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	169	21	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	169	22	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	169	23	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
easat-11385	169	24	rather	rather	ADV
easat-11385	169	25	than	than	ADP
easat-11385	169	26	focusing	focus	VERB
easat-11385	169	27	narrowly	narrowly	ADV
easat-11385	169	28	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	169	29	any	any	DET
easat-11385	169	30	single	single	ADJ
easat-11385	169	31	factor	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	169	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	170	1	3.7	3.7	NUM
easat-11385	170	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	171	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	171	2	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	171	3	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	171	4	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	171	5	's	's	PART
easat-11385	171	6	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	171	7	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	171	8	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	171	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	171	10	synthesis	synthesis	NOUN
easat-11385	171	11	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	171	12	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	171	13	this	this	DET
easat-11385	171	14	section	section	NOUN
easat-11385	171	15	combines	combine	VERB
easat-11385	171	16	the	the	DET
easat-11385	171	17	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	171	18	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	171	19	's	's	PART
easat-11385	171	20	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	171	21	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	171	22	the	the	DET
easat-11385	171	23	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	171	24	relationship	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	171	25	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	171	26	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	171	27	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	171	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	171	29	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	171	30	's	's	PART
easat-11385	171	31	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	171	32	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	171	33	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	171	34	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	171	35	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	171	36	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	171	37	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	171	38	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	171	39	directly	directly	ADV
easat-11385	171	40	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	171	41	the	the	DET
easat-11385	171	42	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	171	43	's	's	PART
easat-11385	171	44	third	third	ADJ
easat-11385	171	45	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	171	46	question	question	NOUN
easat-11385	171	47	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	172	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	172	2	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	172	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	172	4	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	172	5	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	172	6	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	172	7	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	172	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	172	9	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	172	10	influence	influence	PROPN
easat-11385	172	11	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	172	12	's	's	PART
easat-11385	172	13	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	172	14	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	172	15	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	172	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	172	17	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	172	18	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	172	19	vary	vary	VERB
easat-11385	172	20	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	172	21	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	172	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	172	23	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	172	24	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	172	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	172	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	172	27	types	type	NOUN
easat-11385	172	28	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	172	29	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	172	30	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	172	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	173	1	specifically	specifically	ADV
easat-11385	173	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	173	3	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	173	4	employing	employ	VERB
easat-11385	173	5	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	173	6	model	model	NOUN
easat-11385	173	7	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	173	8	find	find	VERB
easat-11385	173	9	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	173	10	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	173	11	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	173	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	173	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	173	14	reduce	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	173	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	173	16	volumes	volume	NOUN
easat-11385	173	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	173	18	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	173	19	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	173	20	parts	part	NOUN
easat-11385	173	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	173	22	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	173	23	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	173	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	173	25	characterizing	characterize	VERB
easat-11385	173	26	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	173	27	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	173	28	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	173	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	173	30	directly	directly	ADV
easat-11385	173	31	constraining	constrain	VERB
easat-11385	173	32	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	173	33	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	173	34	extent	extent	NOUN
easat-11385	173	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	173	36	depth	depth	NOUN
easat-11385	173	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	174	1	representative	representative	ADJ
easat-11385	174	2	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	174	3	suggest	suggest	VERB
easat-11385	174	4	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	174	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	174	6	10	10	NUM
easat-11385	174	7	%	%	NOUN
easat-11385	174	8	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	174	9	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	174	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	174	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	174	12	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	174	13	associated	associate	VERB
easat-11385	174	14	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	174	15	15	15	NUM
easat-11385	174	16	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	174	17	25	25	NUM
easat-11385	174	18	%	%	NOUN
easat-11385	174	19	increases	increase	NOUN
easat-11385	174	20	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	174	21	parts	part	NOUN
easat-11385	174	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	174	23	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	174	24	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	174	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	174	26	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	174	27	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	174	28	larger	large	ADJ
easat-11385	174	29	than	than	ADP
easat-11385	174	30	those	those	PRON
easat-11385	174	31	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	174	32	final	final	ADJ
easat-11385	174	33	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	174	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	174	35	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	174	36	reflects	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	174	37	the	the	DET
easat-11385	174	38	cumulative	cumulative	ADJ
easat-11385	174	39	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	174	40	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	174	41	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	174	42	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	174	43	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	174	44	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	174	45	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	174	46	cross	cross	VERB
easat-11385	174	47	borders	border	NOUN
easat-11385	174	48	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	174	49	times	time	NOUN
easat-11385	174	50	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	175	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
easat-11385	175	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	175	3	beyond	beyond	ADP
easat-11385	175	4	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	175	5	extent	extent	NOUN
easat-11385	175	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	175	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	175	8	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	175	9	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	175	10	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	175	11	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	175	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	175	13	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	175	14	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	175	15	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	175	16	pushing	push	VERB
easat-11385	175	17	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	175	18	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	175	19	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	175	20	requiring	require	VERB
easat-11385	175	21	less	less	ADV
easat-11385	175	22	frequent	frequent	ADJ
easat-11385	175	23	cross	cross	ADJ
easat-11385	175	24	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	175	25	border	border	ADJ
easat-11385	175	26	interaction	interaction	NOUN
easat-11385	175	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	175	28	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	175	29	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	175	30	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	175	31	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	175	32	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	175	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	175	34	coordination	coordination	NOUN
easat-11385	175	35	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	175	36	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	175	37	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	175	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	176	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	176	2	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	176	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	176	4	documents	document	NOUN
easat-11385	176	5	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	176	6	sectoral	sectoral	ADJ
easat-11385	176	7	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	176	8	reflecting	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	176	9	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-11385	176	10	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	176	11	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	176	12	'	'	PART
easat-11385	176	13	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	176	14	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	176	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	176	16	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	176	17	organization	organization	NOUN
easat-11385	176	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	176	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	176	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	176	21	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	176	22	sensitivity	sensitivity	NOUN
easat-11385	176	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	177	1	electronics	electronic	NOUN
easat-11385	177	2	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	177	3	electrical	electrical	ADJ
easat-11385	177	4	equipment	equipment	NOUN
easat-11385	177	5	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	177	6	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	177	7	sensitivity	sensitivity	NOUN
easat-11385	177	8	due	due	ADJ
easat-11385	177	9	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	177	10	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	177	11	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	177	12	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	177	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	177	14	timesensitive	timesensitive	ADJ
easat-11385	177	15	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	177	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	177	17	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	177	18	small	small	ADJ
easat-11385	177	19	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	177	20	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	177	21	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	177	22	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	177	23	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	177	24	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	177	25	depth	depth	NOUN
easat-11385	177	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	178	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	178	2	's	's	PART
easat-11385	178	3	position	position	NOUN
easat-11385	178	4	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	178	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	178	6	central	central	ADJ
easat-11385	178	7	assembly	assembly	NOUN
easat-11385	178	8	hub	hub	NOUN
easat-11385	178	9	reflects	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	178	10	both	both	PRON
easat-11385	178	11	absolute	absolute	ADJ
easat-11385	178	12	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	178	13	advantages	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	178	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	178	15	cumulative	cumulative	ADJ
easat-11385	178	16	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	178	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	178	18	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	178	19	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	178	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	178	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	178	22	facilitation	facilitation	NOUN
easat-11385	178	23	reforms	reform	NOUN
easat-11385	178	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	178	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	178	26	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	178	27	agreements	agreement	NOUN
easat-11385	178	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	179	1	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	179	2	contrast	contrast	NOUN
easat-11385	179	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	179	4	textiles	textile	NOUN
easat-11385	179	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	179	6	apparel	apparel	NOUN
easat-11385	179	7	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	179	8	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	179	9	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	179	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	179	11	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	179	12	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	179	13	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	179	14	differentials	differential	NOUN
easat-11385	179	15	often	often	ADV
easat-11385	179	16	dominating	dominate	VERB
easat-11385	179	17	location	location	NOUN
easat-11385	179	18	decisions	decision	NOUN
easat-11385	179	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	179	20	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	179	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	179	22	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	179	23	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	179	24	the	the	DET
easat-11385	179	25	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-11385	179	26	to	to	PART
easat-11385	179	27	serve	serve	VERB
easat-11385	179	28	distant	distant	ADJ
easat-11385	179	29	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	179	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	179	31	participate	participate	VERB
easat-11385	179	32	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	179	33	fast	fast	ADJ
easat-11385	179	34	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	179	35	fashion	fashion	NOUN
easat-11385	179	36	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	179	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	180	1	rising	rise	VERB
easat-11385	180	2	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	180	3	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	180	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	180	5	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	180	6	induced	induce	VERB
easat-11385	180	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	180	8	relocation	relocation	NOUN
easat-11385	180	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	180	10	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	180	11	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	180	12	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	180	13	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	180	14	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	180	15	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	180	16	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	180	17	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	180	18	focus	focus	VERB
easat-11385	180	19	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	180	20	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	180	21	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	180	22	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	180	23	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	180	24	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	180	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	180	26	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	180	27	design	design	NOUN
easat-11385	180	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	180	29	advanced	advanced	ADJ
easat-11385	180	30	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	180	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	181	1	similarly	similarly	ADV
easat-11385	181	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	181	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	181	4	automotive	automotive	ADJ
easat-11385	181	5	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	181	6	shows	show	VERB
easat-11385	181	7	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	181	8	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	181	9	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	181	10	due	due	ADP
easat-11385	181	11	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	181	12	just	just	ADV
easat-11385	181	13	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	181	14	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	181	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	181	16	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	181	17	requirements	requirement	NOUN
easat-11385	181	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	181	19	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	181	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	181	21	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	181	22	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	181	23	influencing	influence	VERB
easat-11385	181	24	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	181	25	organization	organization	NOUN
easat-11385	181	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	181	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	181	28	suppliers	supplier	NOUN
easat-11385	181	29	typically	typically	ADV
easat-11385	181	30	located	locate	VERB
easat-11385	181	31	near	near	ADP
easat-11385	181	32	assembly	assembly	NOUN
easat-11385	181	33	facilities	facility	NOUN
easat-11385	181	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	182	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	182	2	's	's	PART
easat-11385	182	3	automotive	automotive	ADJ
easat-11385	182	4	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	182	5	evolved	evolve	VERB
easat-11385	182	6	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	182	7	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	182	8	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	182	9	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	182	10	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	182	11	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	182	12	sophisticated	sophisticated	ADJ
easat-11385	182	13	parts	part	NOUN
easat-11385	182	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	182	15	complete	complete	ADJ
easat-11385	182	16	vehicle	vehicle	NOUN
easat-11385	182	17	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	182	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	182	19	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	182	20	bulky	bulky	ADJ
easat-11385	182	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	182	22	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	182	23	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	182	24	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	182	25	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	182	26	facing	face	VERB
easat-11385	182	27	binding	bind	VERB
easat-11385	182	28	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	182	29	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	182	30	constraints	constraint	NOUN
easat-11385	182	31	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	182	32	encourage	encourage	VERB
easat-11385	182	33	local	local	ADJ
easat-11385	182	34	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	182	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	1	machinery	machinery	NOUN
easat-11385	183	2	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	183	3	encompasses	encompass	VERB
easat-11385	183	4	diverse	diverse	ADJ
easat-11385	183	5	subsectors	subsector	NOUN
easat-11385	183	6	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	183	7	varying	vary	VERB
easat-11385	183	8	sensitivities	sensitivity	NOUN
easat-11385	183	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	10	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	183	11	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	183	12	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	13	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	183	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	15	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	183	16	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	17	weight	weight	NOUN
easat-11385	183	18	products	product	NOUN
easat-11385	183	19	trading	trade	VERB
easat-11385	183	20	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	183	21	readily	readily	ADV
easat-11385	183	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	23	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	183	24	heavy	heavy	ADJ
easat-11385	183	25	equipment	equipment	NOUN
easat-11385	183	26	faces	face	VERB
easat-11385	183	27	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	183	28	binding	binding	ADJ
easat-11385	183	29	constraints	constraint	NOUN
easat-11385	183	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	31	thereby	thereby	ADV
easat-11385	183	32	illustrating	illustrate	VERB
easat-11385	183	33	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	183	34	product	product	NOUN
easat-11385	183	35	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	183	36	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	183	37	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	183	38	create	create	VERB
easat-11385	183	39	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	183	40	variation	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	183	41	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	183	42	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	183	43	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	183	44	sensitivity	sensitivity	NOUN
easat-11385	183	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	184	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	184	2	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	184	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	184	4	reveals	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	184	5	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	184	6	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	184	7	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	184	8	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	184	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	184	10	relationship	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	184	11	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	184	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	184	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	184	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	184	15	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	184	16	's	's	PART
easat-11385	184	17	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	184	18	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	184	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	185	1	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	185	2	the	the	DET
easat-11385	185	3	1990s	1990	NOUN
easat-11385	185	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	185	5	early	early	ADJ
easat-11385	185	6	2000s	2000s	NUM
easat-11385	185	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	185	8	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	185	9	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	185	10	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	185	11	accelerated	accelerate	VERB
easat-11385	185	12	dramatically	dramatically	ADV
easat-11385	185	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	185	14	driven	drive	VERB
easat-11385	185	15	partly	partly	ADV
easat-11385	185	16	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	185	17	declining	decline	VERB
easat-11385	185	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	185	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	185	20	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	185	21	multilateral	multilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	185	22	liberalization	liberalization	NOUN
easat-11385	185	23	culminating	culminate	VERB
easat-11385	185	24	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	185	25	wto	wto	PROPN
easat-11385	185	26	accession	accession	NOUN
easat-11385	185	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	185	28	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	185	29	reforms	reform	NOUN
easat-11385	185	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	186	1	subsequently	subsequently	ADV
easat-11385	186	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	186	3	since	since	SCONJ
easat-11385	186	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	186	5	mid-2000s	mid-2000s	PROPN
easat-11385	186	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	186	7	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	186	8	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	186	9	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	186	10	emerged	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	186	11	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	186	12	rising	rise	VERB
easat-11385	186	13	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	186	14	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	186	15	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	186	16	altered	alter	VERB
easat-11385	186	17	competitive	competitive	ADJ
easat-11385	186	18	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	186	19	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	186	20	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	186	21	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	186	22	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	186	23	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	186	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	186	25	inducing	induce	VERB
easat-11385	186	26	adjustments	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	186	27	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	186	28	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	186	29	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	186	30	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	186	31	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	186	32	relocating	relocate	VERB
easat-11385	186	33	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	186	34	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	186	35	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	186	36	focused	focus	VERB
easat-11385	186	37	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	186	38	more	more	ADJ
easat-11385	186	39	capitaland	capitaland	NOUN
easat-11385	186	40	skill	skill	NOUN
easat-11385	186	41	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	186	42	intensive	intensive	ADJ
easat-11385	186	43	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	186	44	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	187	1	notably	notably	ADV
easat-11385	187	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	187	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	187	4	2008	2008	NUM
easat-11385	187	5	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	187	6	2009	2009	NUM
easat-11385	187	7	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	187	8	financial	financial	ADJ
easat-11385	187	9	crisis	crisis	NOUN
easat-11385	187	10	served	serve	VERB
easat-11385	187	11	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	187	12	an	an	DET
easat-11385	187	13	inflection	inflection	NOUN
easat-11385	187	14	point	point	NOUN
easat-11385	187	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	187	16	triggering	trigger	VERB
easat-11385	187	17	renewed	renew	VERB
easat-11385	187	18	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	187	19	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	187	20	resilience	resilience	NOUN
easat-11385	187	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	187	22	accelerated	accelerate	VERB
easat-11385	187	23	573	573	NUM
easat-11385	187	24	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	187	25	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	187	26	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	187	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	187	28	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	187	29	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	187	30	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	187	31	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	187	32	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	187	33	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	187	34	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	187	35	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	188	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	188	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	188	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	188	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	188	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	188	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	188	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	188	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	188	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	188	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	188	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	188	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	188	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	188	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	188	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	188	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	188	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	188	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	188	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	188	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	188	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	188	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	188	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	188	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	188	25	gate	gate	PROPN
easat-11385	188	26	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	188	27	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	188	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	189	1	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	189	2	recently	recently	ADV
easat-11385	189	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	189	4	rising	rise	VERB
easat-11385	189	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	189	6	tensions	tension	NOUN
easat-11385	189	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	189	8	the	the	DET
easat-11385	189	9	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
easat-11385	189	10	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN
easat-11385	189	11	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	189	12	highlighted	highlight	VERB
easat-11385	189	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	189	14	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	189	15	considerations	consideration	NOUN
easat-11385	189	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	189	17	vulnerabilities	vulnerability	NOUN
easat-11385	189	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	189	19	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	189	20	supply	supply	NOUN
easat-11385	189	21	disruptions	disruption	NOUN
easat-11385	189	22	revealing	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	189	23	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	189	24	temporary	temporary	ADJ
easat-11385	189	25	spikes	spike	NOUN
easat-11385	189	26	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	189	27	severely	severely	ADV
easat-11385	189	28	disrupt	disrupt	VERB
easat-11385	189	29	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	189	30	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	189	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	189	32	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	189	33	inducing	induce	VERB
easat-11385	189	34	restructuring	restructuring	NOUN
easat-11385	189	35	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	189	36	greater	great	ADJ
easat-11385	189	37	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	189	38	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	189	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	190	1	drawing	draw	VERB
easat-11385	190	2	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	190	3	these	these	DET
easat-11385	190	4	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	190	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	190	6	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	190	7	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	190	8	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	190	9	emerge	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	190	10	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	190	11	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	190	12	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	190	13	's	's	PART
easat-11385	190	14	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	190	15	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	190	16	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	190	17	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	191	1	continued	continue	VERB
easat-11385	191	2	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	191	3	facilitation	facilitation	NOUN
easat-11385	191	4	reforms	reform	NOUN
easat-11385	191	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	191	6	streamlining	streamline	VERB
easat-11385	191	7	customs	custom	NOUN
easat-11385	191	8	procedures	procedure	NOUN
easat-11385	191	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	191	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	191	11	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	191	12	administrative	administrative	ADJ
easat-11385	191	13	burdens	burden	NOUN
easat-11385	191	14	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	191	15	meaningfully	meaningfully	ADV
easat-11385	191	16	reduce	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	191	17	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	191	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	191	19	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	191	20	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	191	21	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	191	22	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	191	23	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ
easat-11385	191	24	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	191	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	191	26	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	191	27	further	further	ADJ
easat-11385	191	28	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	191	29	possible	possible	ADJ
easat-11385	191	30	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	191	31	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	191	32	transparency	transparency	NOUN
easat-11385	191	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	191	34	interagency	interagency	NOUN
easat-11385	191	35	coordination	coordination	NOUN
easat-11385	191	36	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	192	1	sustained	sustain	VERB
easat-11385	192	2	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	192	3	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	192	4	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	192	5	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	192	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	192	7	ict	ict	PROPN
easat-11385	192	8	continues	continue	VERB
easat-11385	192	9	to	to	PART
easat-11385	192	10	offer	offer	VERB
easat-11385	192	11	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	192	12	returns	return	NOUN
easat-11385	192	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	192	14	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	192	15	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	192	16	bottlenecks	bottleneck	NOUN
easat-11385	192	17	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	192	18	inland	inland	ADJ
easat-11385	192	19	regions	region	NOUN
easat-11385	192	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	192	21	intermodal	intermodal	NOUN
easat-11385	192	22	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
easat-11385	192	23	facilitating	facilitate	VERB
easat-11385	192	24	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	192	25	geographically	geographically	ADV
easat-11385	192	26	dispersed	disperse	VERB
easat-11385	192	27	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	192	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	193	1	strategic	strategic	ADJ
easat-11385	193	2	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	193	3	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	193	4	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	193	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	193	6	agreements	agreement	NOUN
easat-11385	193	7	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	193	8	another	another	DET
easat-11385	193	9	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	193	10	avenue	avenue	NOUN
easat-11385	193	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	193	12	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	193	13	deeper	deep	ADJ
easat-11385	193	14	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	193	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	193	16	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	193	17	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	193	18	harmonization	harmonization	NOUN
easat-11385	193	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	193	20	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	193	21	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	193	22	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	193	23	non	non	ADJ
easat-11385	193	24	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	193	25	tariff	tariff	ADJ
easat-11385	193	26	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	193	27	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	193	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	194	1	recognizing	recognize	VERB
easat-11385	194	2	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	194	3	sectoral	sectoral	ADJ
easat-11385	194	4	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	194	5	suggests	suggest	VERB
easat-11385	194	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	194	7	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	194	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	194	9	differentiated	differentiated	ADJ
easat-11385	194	10	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	194	11	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	194	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	194	13	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	194	14	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	194	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	194	16	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ
easat-11385	194	17	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	194	18	benefiting	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	194	19	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	194	20	logistics	logistic	NOUN
easat-11385	194	21	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
easat-11385	194	22	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	194	23	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	194	24	sectors	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	194	25	facing	face	VERB
easat-11385	194	26	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	194	27	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	194	28	compliance	compliance	NOUN
easat-11385	194	29	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	194	30	benefit	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	194	31	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	194	32	harmonization	harmonization	NOUN
easat-11385	194	33	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	194	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	195	1	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	195	2	rising	rise	VERB
easat-11385	195	3	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	195	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	195	5	erode	erode	VERB
easat-11385	195	6	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	195	7	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	195	8	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	195	9	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	195	10	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	195	11	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	195	12	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	195	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	195	14	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	195	15	support	support	NOUN
easat-11385	195	16	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	195	17	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	195	18	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	195	19	becomes	become	VERB
easat-11385	195	20	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	195	21	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	195	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	195	23	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	195	24	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	195	25	support	support	NOUN
easat-11385	195	26	should	should	AUX
easat-11385	195	27	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	195	28	rather	rather	ADV
easat-11385	195	29	than	than	ADP
easat-11385	195	30	distort	distort	VERB
easat-11385	195	31	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	195	32	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	195	33	driven	drive	VERB
easat-11385	195	34	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	195	35	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	195	36	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	195	37	genuine	genuine	ADJ
easat-11385	195	38	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	195	39	failures	failure	NOUN
easat-11385	195	40	rather	rather	ADV
easat-11385	195	41	than	than	ADP
easat-11385	195	42	predetermining	predetermine	VERB
easat-11385	195	43	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	195	44	structure	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	195	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	196	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	196	2	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	196	3	also	also	ADV
easat-11385	196	4	highlights	highlight	VERB
easat-11385	196	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	196	6	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	196	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	196	8	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	196	9	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	196	10	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	196	11	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	196	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	196	13	whereby	whereby	SCONJ
easat-11385	196	14	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	196	15	internal	internal	ADJ
easat-11385	196	16	logistics	logistic	NOUN
easat-11385	196	17	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	196	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	196	19	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	196	20	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	196	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	196	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	196	23	information	information	NOUN
easat-11385	196	24	asymmetries	asymmetry	NOUN
easat-11385	196	25	enhances	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	196	26	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	196	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	196	28	enables	enable	VERB
easat-11385	196	29	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	196	30	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-11385	196	31	gvc	gvc	NOUN
easat-11385	196	32	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	196	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	196	34	suggesting	suggest	VERB
easat-11385	196	35	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	196	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	196	37	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	196	38	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	196	39	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	196	40	should	should	AUX
easat-11385	196	41	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	196	42	viewed	view	VERB
easat-11385	196	43	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	196	44	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	196	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	197	1	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	197	2	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
easat-11385	197	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	197	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	197	5	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	197	6	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	197	7	collectively	collectively	ADV
easat-11385	197	8	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	197	9	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	197	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	197	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	197	12	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	197	13	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	197	14	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	197	15	's	's	PART
easat-11385	197	16	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	197	17	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	197	18	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	197	19	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	197	20	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	197	21	channels	channel	NOUN
easat-11385	197	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	197	23	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	197	24	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	197	25	varying	vary	VERB
easat-11385	197	26	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	197	27	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	197	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	197	29	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	197	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	197	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	197	32	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	197	33	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	197	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	198	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	198	2	relationship	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	198	3	proves	prove	VERB
easat-11385	198	4	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	198	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	198	6	multifaceted	multifaceted	ADJ
easat-11385	198	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	198	8	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-11385	198	9	not	not	PART
easat-11385	198	10	only	only	ADJ
easat-11385	198	11	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	198	12	extent	extent	NOUN
easat-11385	198	13	but	but	CCONJ
easat-11385	198	14	also	also	ADV
easat-11385	198	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	198	16	activity	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	198	17	types	type	NOUN
easat-11385	198	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	198	19	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	198	20	possibilities	possibility	NOUN
easat-11385	198	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	199	1	looking	look	VERB
easat-11385	199	2	forward	forward	ADV
easat-11385	199	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	199	4	continued	continue	VERB
easat-11385	199	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	199	6	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	199	7	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	199	8	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	199	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	199	10	combined	combine	VERB
easat-11385	199	11	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	199	12	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	199	13	supporting	support	VERB
easat-11385	199	14	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	199	15	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	199	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	199	17	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	199	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	199	19	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	199	20	promote	promote	VERB
easat-11385	199	21	a	a	DET
easat-11385	199	22	transition	transition	NOUN
easat-11385	199	23	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	199	24	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	199	25	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	199	26	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	199	27	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	199	28	positions	position	NOUN
easat-11385	199	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	200	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	200	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	200	3	this	this	DET
easat-11385	200	4	transition	transition	NOUN
easat-11385	200	5	requires	require	VERB
easat-11385	200	6	sustained	sustain	VERB
easat-11385	200	7	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	200	8	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	200	9	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	200	10	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	200	11	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	200	12	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
easat-11385	200	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	200	14	recognizing	recognize	VERB
easat-11385	200	15	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	200	16	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	200	17	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	200	18	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	200	19	alone	alone	ADV
easat-11385	200	20	proves	prove	VERB
easat-11385	200	21	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
easat-11385	200	22	without	without	ADP
easat-11385	200	23	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	200	24	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	200	25	building	build	VERB
easat-11385	200	26	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	200	27	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	200	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	200	29	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	200	30	competencies	competency	NOUN
easat-11385	200	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	200	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	200	33	human	human	ADJ
easat-11385	200	34	capital	capital	NOUN
easat-11385	200	35	underpinning	underpin	VERB
easat-11385	200	36	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
easat-11385	200	37	competitive	competitive	ADJ
easat-11385	200	38	advantage	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	200	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	201	1	finally	finally	ADV
easat-11385	201	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	201	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	201	4	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	201	5	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	201	6	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	201	7	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	201	8	success	success	NOUN
easat-11385	201	9	requires	require	VERB
easat-11385	201	10	adapting	adapt	VERB
easat-11385	201	11	strategies	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	201	12	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	201	13	changing	change	VERB
easat-11385	201	14	circumstances	circumstance	NOUN
easat-11385	201	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	201	16	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	201	17	rising	rise	VERB
easat-11385	201	18	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	201	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	201	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	201	21	evolving	evolve	VERB
easat-11385	201	22	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	201	23	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	201	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	201	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	201	26	shifting	shift	VERB
easat-11385	201	27	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	201	28	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	201	29	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	201	30	political	political	ADJ
easat-11385	201	31	conditions	condition	NOUN
easat-11385	201	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	202	1	3.8	3.8	NUM
easat-11385	202	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	202	3	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	202	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	202	5	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	202	6	hotspot	hotspot	NOUN
easat-11385	202	7	topics	topic	NOUN
easat-11385	202	8	to	to	PART
easat-11385	202	9	address	address	VERB
easat-11385	202	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	202	11	third	third	ADJ
easat-11385	202	12	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	202	13	question	question	NOUN
easat-11385	202	14	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	202	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	202	16	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	202	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	202	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	202	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	202	20	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	202	21	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	202	22	's	's	PART
easat-11385	202	23	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	202	24	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	202	25	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	202	26	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	202	27	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	202	28	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	202	29	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	202	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	202	31	this	this	DET
easat-11385	202	32	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	202	33	analyzed	analyze	VERB
easat-11385	202	34	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	202	35	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	202	36	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	202	37	the	the	DET
easat-11385	202	38	perspective	perspective	NOUN
easat-11385	202	39	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	202	40	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	202	41	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	202	42	impacts	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	202	43	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	202	44	systematically	systematically	ADV
easat-11385	202	45	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	202	46	the	the	DET
easat-11385	202	47	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	202	48	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	202	49	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	202	50	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	202	51	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	202	52	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	202	53	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	202	54	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	202	55	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	202	56	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	202	57	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	203	1	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	203	2	arranging	arrange	VERB
easat-11385	203	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	203	4	most	most	ADV
easat-11385	203	5	frequently	frequently	ADV
easat-11385	203	6	appearing	appear	VERB
easat-11385	203	7	keywords	keyword	NOUN
easat-11385	203	8	chronologically	chronologically	ADV
easat-11385	203	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	203	10	this	this	DET
easat-11385	203	11	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	203	12	traces	trace	VERB
easat-11385	203	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	203	14	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	203	15	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	203	16	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	203	17	hotspots	hotspot	NOUN
easat-11385	203	18	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	203	19	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	203	20	shown	show	VERB
easat-11385	203	21	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	203	22	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	203	23	6	6	NUM
easat-11385	203	24	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	203	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	204	1	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	204	2	focal	focal	ADJ
easat-11385	204	3	points	point	NOUN
easat-11385	204	4	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	204	5	undergone	undergo	VERB
easat-11385	204	6	five	five	NUM
easat-11385	204	7	distinct	distinct	ADJ
easat-11385	204	8	evolutionary	evolutionary	ADJ
easat-11385	204	9	phases	phase	NOUN
easat-11385	204	10	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	204	11	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	204	12	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	204	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	204	14	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	204	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	204	16	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	204	17	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	204	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	204	19	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	204	20	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	204	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	204	22	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	204	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	204	24	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	204	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	204	26	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	204	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	204	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	204	29	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	204	30	dispersion	dispersion	NOUN
easat-11385	204	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	204	32	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	204	33	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	204	34	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	204	35	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	204	36	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	204	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	205	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	205	2	phases	phase	NOUN
easat-11385	205	3	converge	converge	VERB
easat-11385	205	4	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	205	5	three	three	NUM
easat-11385	205	6	principal	principal	ADJ
easat-11385	205	7	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	205	8	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	205	9	capturing	capture	VERB
easat-11385	205	10	structural	structural	ADJ
easat-11385	205	11	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	205	12	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	205	13	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	205	14	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	205	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	205	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	205	17	transformational	transformational	ADJ
easat-11385	205	18	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	205	19	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	205	20	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	205	21	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	205	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	205	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	205	24	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	205	25	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	205	26	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	205	27	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	205	28	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	205	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	206	1	each	each	DET
easat-11385	206	2	dimension	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	206	3	captures	capture	VERB
easat-11385	206	4	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	206	5	channels	channel	NOUN
easat-11385	206	6	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	206	7	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	206	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	206	9	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	206	10	variations	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	206	11	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	206	12	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	206	13	'	'	PART
easat-11385	206	14	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	206	15	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	206	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	206	17	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	206	18	strategies	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	206	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	206	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	206	21	upgrading	upgrade	VERB
easat-11385	206	22	trajectories	trajectory	NOUN
easat-11385	206	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	207	1	574	574	NUM
easat-11385	207	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	207	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	207	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	207	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	207	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	207	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	207	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	207	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	207	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	207	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	207	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	207	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	208	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	208	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	208	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	208	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	208	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	208	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	208	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	208	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	208	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	208	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	208	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	208	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	208	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	208	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	208	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	208	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	208	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	208	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	208	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	208	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	208	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	208	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	208	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	208	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	208	25	gate	gate	PROPN
easat-11385	208	26	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-11385	208	27	6	6	NUM
easat-11385	208	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	209	1	up	up	ADP
easat-11385	209	2	bar	bar	NOUN
easat-11385	209	3	graph	graph	NOUN
easat-11385	209	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	209	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	209	6	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	209	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	209	8	hotspot	hotspot	ADJ
easat-11385	209	9	topics	topic	NOUN
easat-11385	209	10	related	relate	VERB
easat-11385	209	11	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	209	12	the	the	DET
easat-11385	209	13	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	209	14	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	209	15	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	209	16	references	reference	NOUN
easat-11385	209	17	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	210	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	210	2	earliest	early	ADJ
easat-11385	210	3	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	210	4	focuses	focus	VERB
easat-11385	210	5	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	210	6	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	210	7	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	210	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	210	9	reflecting	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	210	10	scholarly	scholarly	ADJ
easat-11385	210	11	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	210	12	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	210	13	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	210	14	government	government	NOUN
easat-11385	210	15	interventions	intervention	NOUN
easat-11385	210	16	shape	shape	VERB
easat-11385	210	17	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	210	18	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	210	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	210	20	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	210	21	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	210	22	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	210	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	210	24	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	210	25	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	210	26	tariff	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	210	27	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	210	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	210	29	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	210	30	promotion	promotion	NOUN
easat-11385	210	31	programs	program	NOUN
easat-11385	210	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	210	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	210	34	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	210	35	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	210	36	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	210	37	support	support	NOUN
easat-11385	210	38	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	210	39	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	210	40	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	210	41	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	210	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	211	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	211	2	's	's	PART
easat-11385	211	3	strategic	strategic	ADJ
easat-11385	211	4	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	211	5	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	211	6	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	211	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	211	8	reform	reform	NOUN
easat-11385	211	9	era	era	NOUN
easat-11385	211	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	211	11	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	211	12	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	211	13	processing	processing	NOUN
easat-11385	211	14	zones	zone	NOUN
easat-11385	211	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	211	16	preferential	preferential	ADJ
easat-11385	211	17	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	211	18	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	211	19	foreigninvested	foreigninveste	VERB
easat-11385	211	20	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	211	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	211	22	effectively	effectively	ADV
easat-11385	211	23	reduced	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	211	24	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	211	25	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	211	26	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	211	27	participating	participate	VERB
easat-11385	211	28	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	211	29	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	211	30	promoted	promote	VERB
easat-11385	211	31	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	211	32	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	211	33	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	211	34	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	211	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	211	36	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	211	37	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	211	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	212	1	subsequently	subsequently	ADV
easat-11385	212	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	212	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	212	4	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	212	5	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	212	6	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	212	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	212	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	212	9	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	212	10	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	212	11	reflects	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	212	12	recognition	recognition	NOUN
easat-11385	212	13	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	212	14	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	212	15	choices	choice	NOUN
easat-11385	212	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	212	17	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	212	18	processing	process	VERB
easat-11385	212	19	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	212	20	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
easat-11385	212	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	212	22	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	212	23	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	212	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	212	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	212	26	contractual	contractual	ADJ
easat-11385	212	27	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	212	28	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	212	29	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	212	30	buyers	buyer	NOUN
easat-11385	212	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	212	32	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
easat-11385	212	33	mediate	mediate	VERB
easat-11385	212	34	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	212	35	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	212	36	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	212	37	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	212	38	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	212	39	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	212	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	213	1	processing	processing	NOUN
easat-11385	213	2	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	213	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	213	4	involving	involve	VERB
easat-11385	213	5	duty	duty	NOUN
easat-11385	213	6	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	213	7	free	free	ADJ
easat-11385	213	8	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	213	9	imports	import	NOUN
easat-11385	213	10	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	213	11	processing	processing	NOUN
easat-11385	213	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	213	13	re	re	NOUN
easat-11385	213	14	-	-	NOUN
easat-11385	213	15	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	213	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	213	17	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	213	18	reduces	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	213	19	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-11385	213	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	213	21	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	213	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	213	23	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	213	24	historically	historically	ADV
easat-11385	213	25	constituted	constitute	VERB
easat-11385	213	26	a	a	DET
easat-11385	213	27	dominant	dominant	ADJ
easat-11385	213	28	mode	mode	NOUN
easat-11385	213	29	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	213	30	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	213	31	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	213	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	213	33	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	213	34	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	213	35	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	213	36	to	to	PART
easat-11385	213	37	participate	participate	VERB
easat-11385	213	38	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	213	39	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	213	40	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	213	41	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	213	42	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-11385	213	43	initially	initially	ADV
easat-11385	213	44	limited	limit	VERB
easat-11385	213	45	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	213	46	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	213	47	facilitating	facilitate	VERB
easat-11385	213	48	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
easat-11385	213	49	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	213	50	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	213	51	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	213	52	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	213	53	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	214	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	214	2	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	214	3	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	214	4	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	214	5	these	these	DET
easat-11385	214	6	structural	structural	ADJ
easat-11385	214	7	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
easat-11385	214	8	have	have	VERB
easat-11385	214	9	powerful	powerful	ADJ
easat-11385	214	10	multiplicative	multiplicative	ADJ
easat-11385	214	11	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	214	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	215	1	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	215	2	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	215	3	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	215	4	import	import	NOUN
easat-11385	215	5	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	215	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	215	7	processing	process	VERB
easat-11385	215	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	215	9	regimes	regime	NOUN
easat-11385	215	10	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	215	11	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	215	12	to	to	PART
easat-11385	215	13	access	access	VERB
easat-11385	215	14	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	215	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	215	16	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	215	17	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	215	18	more	more	ADJ
easat-11385	215	19	specialized	specialized	ADJ
easat-11385	215	20	inputs	input	NOUN
easat-11385	215	21	than	than	SCONJ
easat-11385	215	22	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	215	23	available	available	ADJ
easat-11385	215	24	domestically	domestically	ADV
easat-11385	215	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	215	26	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	215	27	product	product	NOUN
easat-11385	215	28	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	215	29	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	215	30	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	215	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	216	1	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
easat-11385	216	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	216	3	reduced	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	216	4	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	216	5	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	216	6	expand	expand	VERB
easat-11385	216	7	accessible	accessible	ADJ
easat-11385	216	8	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	216	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	216	10	increasing	increase	VERB
easat-11385	216	11	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	216	12	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	216	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	216	14	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	216	15	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	216	16	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	216	17	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	216	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	217	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	217	2	interactions	interaction	NOUN
easat-11385	217	3	create	create	VERB
easat-11385	217	4	positive	positive	ADJ
easat-11385	217	5	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-11385	217	6	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	217	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	217	8	accelerating	accelerate	VERB
easat-11385	217	9	gvc	gvc	NOUN
easat-11385	217	10	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	217	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	217	12	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	217	13	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	217	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	217	15	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	217	16	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	217	17	benefiting	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	217	18	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	217	19	reduced	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	217	20	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	217	21	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	217	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	217	23	producing	produce	VERB
easat-11385	217	24	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	217	25	competitive	competitive	ADJ
easat-11385	217	26	products	product	NOUN
easat-11385	217	27	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	217	28	justify	justify	VERB
easat-11385	217	29	further	further	ADJ
easat-11385	217	30	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	217	31	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	217	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	217	33	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-11385	217	34	expansion	expansion	NOUN
easat-11385	217	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	218	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	218	2	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	218	3	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	218	4	a	a	DET
easat-11385	218	5	focus	focus	NOUN
easat-11385	218	6	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	218	7	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	218	8	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	218	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	218	10	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	218	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	218	12	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	218	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	218	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	218	15	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	218	16	reflects	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	218	17	a	a	DET
easat-11385	218	18	growing	grow	VERB
easat-11385	218	19	recognition	recognition	NOUN
easat-11385	218	20	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	218	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	218	22	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	218	23	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	218	24	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	218	25	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	218	26	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	218	27	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	218	28	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	218	29	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	218	30	determining	determine	VERB
easat-11385	218	31	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	218	32	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	218	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	219	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	219	2	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	219	3	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	219	4	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	219	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	219	6	feasibility	feasibility	NOUN
easat-11385	219	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	219	8	attractiveness	attractiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	219	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	219	10	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	219	11	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	219	12	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	219	13	positions	position	NOUN
easat-11385	219	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	219	15	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	219	16	'	'	PART
easat-11385	219	17	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	219	18	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	219	19	ultimately	ultimately	ADV
easat-11385	219	20	determine	determine	VERB
easat-11385	219	21	which	which	DET
easat-11385	219	22	positions	position	NOUN
easat-11385	219	23	they	they	PRON
easat-11385	219	24	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	219	25	effectively	effectively	ADV
easat-11385	219	26	occupy	occupy	VERB
easat-11385	219	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	220	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	220	2	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	220	3	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	220	4	expand	expand	VERB
easat-11385	220	5	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	220	6	'	'	PART
easat-11385	220	7	access	access	NOUN
easat-11385	220	8	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	220	9	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	220	10	technologies	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	220	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	220	12	both	both	PRON
easat-11385	220	13	embodied	embody	VERB
easat-11385	220	14	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	220	15	imported	import	VERB
easat-11385	220	16	capital	capital	NOUN
easat-11385	220	17	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	220	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	220	19	disembodied	disembody	VERB
easat-11385	220	20	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	220	21	increased	increase	VERB
easat-11385	220	22	interaction	interaction	NOUN
easat-11385	220	23	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	220	24	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	220	25	buyers	buyer	NOUN
easat-11385	220	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	220	27	competitors	competitor	NOUN
easat-11385	220	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	220	29	thereby	thereby	ADV
easat-11385	220	30	improving	improve	VERB
easat-11385	220	31	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	220	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	220	33	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	220	34	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	220	35	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	220	36	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	220	37	progression	progression	NOUN
easat-11385	220	38	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	220	39	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	220	40	sophisticated	sophisticated	ADJ
easat-11385	220	41	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	220	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	221	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	221	2	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	221	3	also	also	ADV
easat-11385	221	4	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	221	5	returns	return	NOUN
easat-11385	221	6	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	221	7	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	221	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	221	9	upgrading	upgrade	VERB
easat-11385	221	10	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	221	11	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	221	12	575	575	NUM
easat-11385	221	13	edelweiss	edelweiss	NOUN
easat-11385	221	14	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	221	15	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	221	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	221	17	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	221	18	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	221	19	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	221	20	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	221	21	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	221	22	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	221	23	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	221	24	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	222	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	222	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	222	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	222	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	222	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	222	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	222	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	222	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	222	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	222	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	222	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	222	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	222	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	222	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	222	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	222	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	222	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	222	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	222	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	222	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	222	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	222	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	222	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	222	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	222	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	222	26	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	222	27	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	222	28	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	222	29	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	222	30	expand	expand	VERB
easat-11385	222	31	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	222	32	access	access	NOUN
easat-11385	222	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	222	34	increase	increase	VERB
easat-11385	222	35	the	the	DET
easat-11385	222	36	returns	return	NOUN
easat-11385	222	37	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	222	38	upgrading	upgrade	VERB
easat-11385	222	39	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	222	40	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	222	41	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	222	42	triggering	trigger	VERB
easat-11385	222	43	increased	increase	VERB
easat-11385	222	44	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	222	45	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	222	46	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	223	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	223	2	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	223	3	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	223	4	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	223	5	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	223	6	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	223	7	manufacturers	manufacturer	NOUN
easat-11385	223	8	'	'	PART
easat-11385	223	9	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	223	10	trajectories	trajectory	NOUN
easat-11385	223	11	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	223	12	been	be	AUX
easat-11385	223	13	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	223	14	influenced	influence	VERB
easat-11385	223	15	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	223	16	evolving	evolve	VERB
easat-11385	223	17	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	223	18	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	223	19	conditions	condition	NOUN
easat-11385	223	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	223	21	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	223	22	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	223	23	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	223	24	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	223	25	associated	associate	VERB
easat-11385	223	26	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	223	27	accelerated	accelerate	VERB
easat-11385	223	28	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	223	29	catch	catch	NOUN
easat-11385	223	30	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	223	31	up	up	NOUN
easat-11385	223	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	224	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
easat-11385	224	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	224	3	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	224	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	224	5	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	224	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	224	7	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	224	8	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	224	9	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	224	10	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	224	11	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	224	12	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	224	13	occurs	occur	VERB
easat-11385	224	14	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	224	15	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	224	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	224	17	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	224	18	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	224	19	increase	increase	VERB
easat-11385	224	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	224	21	relative	relative	ADJ
easat-11385	224	22	attractiveness	attractiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	224	23	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	224	24	fdi	fdi	ADJ
easat-11385	224	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	224	26	local	local	ADJ
easat-11385	224	27	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	224	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	224	29	bringing	bring	VERB
easat-11385	224	30	associated	associated	ADJ
easat-11385	224	31	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	224	32	transfer	transfer	NOUN
easat-11385	224	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	224	34	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	224	35	spillovers	spillover	NOUN
easat-11385	224	36	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	224	37	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	224	38	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	224	39	contributed	contribute	VERB
easat-11385	224	40	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	224	41	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	224	42	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	224	43	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	224	44	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	224	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	225	1	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	225	2	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	225	3	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	225	4	constitutes	constitute	VERB
easat-11385	225	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	225	6	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	225	7	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	225	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	225	9	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	225	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	225	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	225	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	225	13	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	225	14	exhibiting	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	225	15	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	225	16	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	225	17	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	225	18	either	either	DET
easat-11385	225	19	substitutes	substitute	NOUN
easat-11385	225	20	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	225	21	complements	complement	NOUN
easat-11385	225	22	depending	depend	VERB
easat-11385	225	23	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	225	24	fdi	fdi	ADJ
easat-11385	225	25	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	225	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	225	27	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	225	28	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	225	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	226	1	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	226	2	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	226	3	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	226	4	seeking	seek	VERB
easat-11385	226	5	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	226	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	226	7	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	226	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	226	9	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	226	10	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	226	11	incentivize	incentivize	VERB
easat-11385	226	12	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	226	13	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	226	14	to	to	PART
easat-11385	226	15	establish	establish	VERB
easat-11385	226	16	local	local	ADJ
easat-11385	226	17	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	226	18	facilities	facility	NOUN
easat-11385	226	19	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	226	20	substitutes	substitute	NOUN
easat-11385	226	21	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	226	22	exports	export	NOUN
easat-11385	226	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	226	24	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	226	25	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	226	26	attracting	attract	VERB
easat-11385	226	27	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	226	28	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	226	29	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	226	30	seeking	seek	VERB
easat-11385	226	31	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	226	32	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	226	33	its	its	PRON
easat-11385	226	34	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	226	35	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	226	36	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	226	37	grown	grow	VERB
easat-11385	226	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	227	1	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	227	2	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
easat-11385	227	3	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	227	4	seeking	seek	VERB
easat-11385	227	5	fdi	fdi	PROPN
easat-11385	227	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	227	7	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	227	8	aims	aim	VERB
easat-11385	227	9	to	to	PART
easat-11385	227	10	exploit	exploit	VERB
easat-11385	227	11	factor	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	227	12	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	227	13	advantages	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	227	14	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	227	15	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	227	16	serving	serve	VERB
easat-11385	227	17	other	other	ADJ
easat-11385	227	18	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	227	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	227	20	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	227	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	227	22	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	227	23	promote	promote	VERB
easat-11385	227	24	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	227	25	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	227	26	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	227	27	involve	involve	VERB
easat-11385	227	28	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	227	29	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	227	30	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	227	31	both	both	DET
easat-11385	227	32	inputs	input	NOUN
easat-11385	227	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	227	34	outputs	output	NOUN
easat-11385	227	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	228	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	228	2	's	's	PART
easat-11385	228	3	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	228	4	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	228	5	boom	boom	NOUN
easat-11385	228	6	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	228	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	228	8	1990s	1990	NOUN
easat-11385	228	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	228	10	2000s	2000	NOUN
easat-11385	228	11	occurred	occur	VERB
easat-11385	228	12	contemporaneously	contemporaneously	ADV
easat-11385	228	13	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	228	14	declining	decline	VERB
easat-11385	228	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	228	16	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	228	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	228	18	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
easat-11385	228	19	transforming	transform	VERB
easat-11385	228	20	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	228	21	's	's	PART
easat-11385	228	22	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	228	23	landscape	landscape	NOUN
easat-11385	228	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	228	25	establishing	establish	VERB
easat-11385	228	26	the	the	DET
easat-11385	228	27	country	country	NOUN
easat-11385	228	28	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	228	29	a	a	DET
easat-11385	228	30	central	central	ADJ
easat-11385	228	31	node	node	NOUN
easat-11385	228	32	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	228	33	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	228	34	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	228	35	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	228	36	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	229	1	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	229	2	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	229	3	served	serve	VERB
easat-11385	229	4	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	229	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	229	6	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	229	7	channel	channel	NOUN
easat-11385	229	8	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	229	9	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	229	10	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	229	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	229	12	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	229	13	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	229	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	229	15	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	229	16	foreigninvested	foreigninveste	VERB
easat-11385	229	17	enterprises	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	229	18	bringing	bring	VERB
easat-11385	229	19	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	229	20	technologies	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	229	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	229	22	management	management	NOUN
easat-11385	229	23	practices	practice	NOUN
easat-11385	229	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	229	25	quality	quality	NOUN
easat-11385	229	26	standards	standard	NOUN
easat-11385	229	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	229	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	229	29	connections	connection	NOUN
easat-11385	229	30	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	229	31	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	229	32	buyer	buyer	NOUN
easat-11385	229	33	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	229	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	229	35	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	229	36	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	229	37	spillovers	spillover	NOUN
easat-11385	229	38	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	229	39	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	229	40	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	229	41	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	229	42	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	229	43	contributed	contribute	VERB
easat-11385	229	44	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	229	45	broader	broad	ADJ
easat-11385	229	46	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	229	47	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	229	48	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	230	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	230	2	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	230	3	dimension	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	230	4	captures	capture	VERB
easat-11385	230	5	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	230	6	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	230	7	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	230	8	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	230	9	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	230	10	agglomeration	agglomeration	NOUN
easat-11385	230	11	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	230	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	230	13	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	230	14	considerations	consideration	NOUN
easat-11385	230	15	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	230	16	shaping	shape	VERB
easat-11385	230	17	the	the	DET
easat-11385	230	18	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	230	19	organization	organization	NOUN
easat-11385	230	20	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	230	21	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	230	22	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	230	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	231	1	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	231	2	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	231	3	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	231	4	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	231	5	greater	great	ADJ
easat-11385	231	6	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	231	7	fragmentation	fragmentation	NOUN
easat-11385	231	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	231	9	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	231	10	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	231	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	231	12	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	231	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	231	14	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	231	15	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	231	16	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	231	17	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	231	18	relative	relative	ADJ
easat-11385	231	19	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	231	20	coordination	coordination	NOUN
easat-11385	231	21	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	231	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	231	23	agglomeration	agglomeration	NOUN
easat-11385	231	24	benefits	benefit	NOUN
easat-11385	231	25	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	231	26	favor	favor	VERB
easat-11385	231	27	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	231	28	geographically	geographically	ADV
easat-11385	231	29	concentrated	concentrate	VERB
easat-11385	231	30	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	231	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	232	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	232	2	's	's	PART
easat-11385	232	3	coastal	coastal	ADJ
easat-11385	232	4	regions	region	NOUN
easat-11385	232	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	232	6	benefiting	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	232	7	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	232	8	both	both	CCONJ
easat-11385	232	9	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	232	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	232	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	232	12	due	due	ADJ
easat-11385	232	13	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	232	14	port	port	NOUN
easat-11385	232	15	access	access	NOUN
easat-11385	232	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	232	17	supporting	support	VERB
easat-11385	232	18	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	232	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	232	20	agglomeration	agglomeration	NOUN
easat-11385	232	21	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	232	22	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	232	23	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	232	24	clustering	clustering	NOUN
easat-11385	232	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	232	26	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	232	27	attracted	attract	VERB
easat-11385	232	28	disproportionate	disproportionate	ADJ
easat-11385	232	29	shares	share	NOUN
easat-11385	232	30	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	232	31	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	232	32	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	232	33	oriented	orient	VERB
easat-11385	232	34	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	232	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	232	36	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	232	37	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	232	38	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	232	39	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	232	40	interior	interior	ADJ
easat-11385	232	41	regions	region	NOUN
easat-11385	232	42	face	face	VERB
easat-11385	232	43	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	232	44	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-11385	232	45	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	232	46	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	232	47	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	233	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	233	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	233	3	recent	recent	ADJ
easat-11385	233	4	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	233	5	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	233	6	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	233	7	partially	partially	ADV
easat-11385	233	8	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	233	9	these	these	DET
easat-11385	233	10	disadvantages	disadvantage	NOUN
easat-11385	233	11	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	234	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	234	2	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	234	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	234	4	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	234	5	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	234	6	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	234	7	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	234	8	influence	influence	PROPN
easat-11385	234	9	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	234	10	's	's	PART
easat-11385	234	11	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	234	12	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	234	13	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	234	14	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	234	15	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	234	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	234	17	interconnected	interconnected	ADJ
easat-11385	234	18	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	234	19	operating	operate	VERB
easat-11385	234	20	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	234	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	234	22	regimes	regime	NOUN
easat-11385	234	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	234	24	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	234	25	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
easat-11385	234	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	234	27	interactions	interaction	NOUN
easat-11385	234	28	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	234	29	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	234	30	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	234	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	234	32	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	234	33	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	234	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	234	35	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	234	36	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	234	37	decisions	decision	NOUN
easat-11385	234	38	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	234	39	associated	associated	ADJ
easat-11385	234	40	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	234	41	transfers	transfer	NOUN
easat-11385	234	42	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	234	43	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	234	44	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	234	45	organization	organization	NOUN
easat-11385	234	46	determined	determine	VERB
easat-11385	234	47	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	234	48	interactions	interaction	NOUN
easat-11385	234	49	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	234	50	agglomeration	agglomeration	NOUN
easat-11385	234	51	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	234	52	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	235	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	235	2	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	235	3	do	do	AUX
easat-11385	235	4	not	not	PART
easat-11385	235	5	operate	operate	VERB
easat-11385	235	6	independently	independently	ADV
easat-11385	235	7	but	but	CCONJ
easat-11385	235	8	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	235	9	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	235	10	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	235	11	ways	way	NOUN
easat-11385	235	12	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	235	13	increase	increase	VERB
easat-11385	235	14	individual	individual	ADJ
easat-11385	235	15	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	235	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	235	17	create	create	VERB
easat-11385	235	18	emergent	emergent	ADJ
easat-11385	235	19	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	235	20	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	236	1	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	236	2	instance	instance	NOUN
easat-11385	236	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	236	4	processing	process	VERB
easat-11385	236	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	236	6	regimes	regime	NOUN
easat-11385	236	7	promote	promote	VERB
easat-11385	236	8	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	236	9	inflows	inflow	NOUN
easat-11385	236	10	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	236	11	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	236	12	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-11385	236	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	236	14	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	236	15	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	236	16	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	236	17	investors	investor	NOUN
easat-11385	236	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	236	19	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	236	20	fdi	fdi	NOUN
easat-11385	236	21	brings	bring	VERB
easat-11385	236	22	technologies	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	236	23	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-11385	236	24	movement	movement	NOUN
easat-11385	236	25	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	236	26	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	236	27	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	236	28	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	236	29	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	236	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	237	1	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	237	2	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	237	3	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	237	4	expand	expand	VERB
easat-11385	237	5	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	237	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	237	7	increasing	increase	VERB
easat-11385	237	8	returns	return	NOUN
easat-11385	237	9	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	237	10	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	237	11	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	237	12	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	237	13	intensifying	intensify	VERB
easat-11385	237	14	competitive	competitive	ADJ
easat-11385	237	15	pressures	pressure	NOUN
easat-11385	237	16	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	237	17	compel	compel	VERB
easat-11385	237	18	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	237	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	238	1	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-11385	238	2	these	these	DET
easat-11385	238	3	interactions	interaction	NOUN
easat-11385	238	4	proves	prove	VERB
easat-11385	238	5	essential	essential	ADJ
easat-11385	238	6	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	238	7	formulating	formulate	VERB
easat-11385	238	8	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-11385	238	9	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	238	10	to	to	PART
easat-11385	238	11	improve	improve	VERB
easat-11385	238	12	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	238	13	's	's	PART
easat-11385	238	14	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	238	15	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	238	16	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	238	17	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	238	18	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	238	19	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	238	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	238	21	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	238	22	interventions	intervention	NOUN
easat-11385	238	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	239	1	3.9	3.9	NUM
easat-11385	239	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	239	3	directions	direction	NOUN
easat-11385	239	4	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	239	5	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	239	6	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	239	7	this	this	DET
easat-11385	239	8	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	239	9	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	239	10	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	239	11	centers	center	NOUN
easat-11385	239	12	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	239	13	two	two	NUM
easat-11385	239	14	core	core	ADJ
easat-11385	239	15	conceptual	conceptual	ADJ
easat-11385	239	16	elements	element	NOUN
easat-11385	239	17	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	239	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	239	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	239	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	239	21	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	239	22	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	239	23	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	239	24	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	239	25	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	239	26	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	239	27	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	239	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	240	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
easat-11385	240	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	240	3	this	this	DET
easat-11385	240	4	article	article	NOUN
easat-11385	240	5	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	240	6	primarily	primarily	ADV
easat-11385	240	7	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	240	8	the	the	DET
easat-11385	240	9	general	general	ADJ
easat-11385	240	10	theory	theory	NOUN
easat-11385	240	11	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	240	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	240	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	240	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	240	15	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	240	16	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
easat-11385	240	17	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	240	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	240	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	240	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	240	21	the	the	DET
easat-11385	240	22	influences	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	240	23	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	240	24	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	240	25	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	240	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	240	27	the	the	DET
easat-11385	240	28	concept	concept	NOUN
easat-11385	240	29	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	240	30	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	240	31	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	240	32	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	240	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	240	34	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	240	35	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	240	36	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	240	37	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	240	38	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	240	39	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	240	40	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	240	41	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	240	42	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	240	43	the	the	DET
easat-11385	240	44	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	240	45	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	240	46	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	240	47	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	240	48	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	240	49	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	240	50	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	240	51	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	240	52	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	240	53	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	240	54	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	241	1	576	576	NUM
easat-11385	241	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	241	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	241	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	241	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	241	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	241	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	241	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	241	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	241	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	241	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	241	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	241	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	242	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	242	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	242	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	242	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	242	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	242	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	242	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	242	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	242	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	242	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	242	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	242	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	242	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	242	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	242	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	242	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	242	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	242	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	242	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	242	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	242	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	242	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	242	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	242	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	242	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	242	26	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	242	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	242	28	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	242	29	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	242	30	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	242	31	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	242	32	these	these	DET
easat-11385	242	33	concepts	concept	NOUN
easat-11385	242	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	243	1	clear	clear	ADJ
easat-11385	243	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	243	3	universally	universally	ADV
easat-11385	243	4	accepted	accept	VERB
easat-11385	243	5	definitions	definition	NOUN
easat-11385	243	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	243	7	scientifically	scientifically	ADV
easat-11385	243	8	confirmed	confirm	VERB
easat-11385	243	9	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	243	10	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	243	11	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	243	12	both	both	DET
easat-11385	243	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	243	14	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	243	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	243	16	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	243	17	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	243	18	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	243	19	subjects	subject	NOUN
easat-11385	243	20	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	243	21	ongoing	ongoing	ADJ
easat-11385	243	22	scholarly	scholarly	ADJ
easat-11385	243	23	debate	debate	NOUN
easat-11385	243	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	244	1	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	244	2	careful	careful	ADJ
easat-11385	244	3	examination	examination	NOUN
easat-11385	244	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	244	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	244	6	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	244	7	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	244	8	comprising	comprise	VERB
easat-11385	244	9	this	this	DET
easat-11385	244	10	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	244	11	's	's	PART
easat-11385	244	12	corpus	corpus	NOUN
easat-11385	244	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	244	14	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	244	15	areas	area	NOUN
easat-11385	244	16	emerge	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	244	17	where	where	SCONJ
easat-11385	244	18	prior	prior	ADJ
easat-11385	244	19	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	244	20	exhibits	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	244	21	room	room	NOUN
easat-11385	244	22	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	244	23	expansion	expansion	NOUN
easat-11385	244	24	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	244	25	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	244	26	improvement	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	244	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	245	1	3.10	3.10	NUM
easat-11385	245	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	245	3	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	245	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	245	5	sectoral	sectoral	ADJ
easat-11385	245	6	scope	scope	NOUN
easat-11385	245	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	245	8	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	245	9	exhibits	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	245	10	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	245	11	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	245	12	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	245	13	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	245	14	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	245	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	245	16	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	245	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	245	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	245	19	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	245	20	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	245	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	245	22	raising	raise	VERB
easat-11385	245	23	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	245	24	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	245	25	the	the	DET
easat-11385	245	26	generalizability	generalizability	NOUN
easat-11385	245	27	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	245	28	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	245	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	246	2	receives	receive	VERB
easat-11385	246	3	extensive	extensive	ADJ
easat-11385	246	4	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	246	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	6	consistent	consistent	ADJ
easat-11385	246	7	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	246	8	its	its	PRON
easat-11385	246	9	central	central	ADJ
easat-11385	246	10	role	role	NOUN
easat-11385	246	11	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	246	12	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	246	13	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	246	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	15	but	but	CCONJ
easat-11385	246	16	this	this	DET
easat-11385	246	17	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	246	18	means	mean	VERB
easat-11385	246	19	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	246	20	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	246	21	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	246	22	reflect	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	246	23	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	246	24	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	25	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	246	26	circumstances	circumstance	NOUN
easat-11385	246	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	28	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	246	29	its	its	PRON
easat-11385	246	30	combination	combination	NOUN
easat-11385	246	31	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	246	32	a	a	DET
easat-11385	246	33	large	large	ADJ
easat-11385	246	34	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	246	35	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	246	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	37	initially	initially	ADV
easat-11385	246	38	low	low	ADJ
easat-11385	246	39	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	246	40	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	246	41	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	42	strong	strong	ADJ
easat-11385	246	43	state	state	NOUN
easat-11385	246	44	capacity	capacity	NOUN
easat-11385	246	45	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	246	46	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	246	47	strategic	strategic	ADJ
easat-11385	246	48	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	246	49	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	246	50	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	246	51	not	not	PART
easat-11385	246	52	characterize	characterize	VERB
easat-11385	246	53	other	other	ADJ
easat-11385	246	54	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	246	55	seeking	seek	VERB
easat-11385	246	56	to	to	PART
easat-11385	246	57	improve	improve	VERB
easat-11385	246	58	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	246	59	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	246	60	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	246	61	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	246	62	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	246	63	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	246	64	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	247	1	similarly	similarly	ADV
easat-11385	247	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	247	3	certain	certain	ADJ
easat-11385	247	4	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	247	5	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	247	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	247	7	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	247	8	electronics	electronic	NOUN
easat-11385	247	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	247	10	textiles	textile	NOUN
easat-11385	247	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	247	12	apparel	apparel	NOUN
easat-11385	247	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	247	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	247	15	automotive	automotive	ADJ
easat-11385	247	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	247	17	receive	receive	VERB
easat-11385	247	18	disproportionate	disproportionate	ADJ
easat-11385	247	19	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	247	20	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	247	21	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	247	22	others	other	NOUN
easat-11385	247	23	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	247	24	understudied	understudied	ADJ
easat-11385	247	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	248	1	service	service	NOUN
easat-11385	248	2	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	248	3	'	'	PART
easat-11385	248	4	roles	role	NOUN
easat-11385	248	5	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	248	6	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	248	7	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	248	8	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	248	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	248	10	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-11385	248	11	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	248	12	growing	grow	VERB
easat-11385	248	13	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	248	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	248	15	receive	receive	VERB
easat-11385	248	16	limited	limited	ADJ
easat-11385	248	17	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	248	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	249	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	249	2	sectoral	sectoral	ADJ
easat-11385	249	3	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	249	4	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	249	5	limit	limit	VERB
easat-11385	249	6	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	249	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	249	8	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	249	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	249	10	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	249	11	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	249	12	vary	vary	VERB
easat-11385	249	13	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	249	14	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	249	15	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	249	16	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	249	17	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	249	18	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	249	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	249	20	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	249	21	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	249	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	249	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	249	24	governance	governance	NOUN
easat-11385	249	25	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	249	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	250	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	250	2	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	250	3	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	250	4	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	250	5	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	250	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	250	7	sectoral	sectoral	ADJ
easat-11385	250	8	contexts	contexts	NOUN
easat-11385	250	9	limits	limit	VERB
easat-11385	250	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	250	11	generalizability	generalizability	NOUN
easat-11385	250	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	250	13	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	250	14	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	251	1	whether	whether	SCONJ
easat-11385	251	2	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	251	3	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	251	4	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	251	5	's	's	PART
easat-11385	251	6	experience	experience	NOUN
easat-11385	251	7	apply	apply	VERB
easat-11385	251	8	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	251	9	other	other	ADJ
easat-11385	251	10	developing	develop	VERB
easat-11385	251	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	251	12	emerging	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	251	13	economies	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	251	14	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	251	15	uncertain	uncertain	ADJ
easat-11385	251	16	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	252	1	similarly	similarly	ADV
easat-11385	252	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	252	3	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	252	4	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	252	5	heavily	heavily	ADV
easat-11385	252	6	studied	study	VERB
easat-11385	252	7	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	252	8	sectors	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	252	9	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	252	10	not	not	PART
easat-11385	252	11	transfer	transfer	VERB
easat-11385	252	12	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	252	13	other	other	ADJ
easat-11385	252	14	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	252	15	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	252	16	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	252	17	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	252	18	service	service	NOUN
easat-11385	252	19	sectors	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	252	20	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	252	21	incorporated	incorporate	VERB
easat-11385	252	22	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	252	23	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	252	24	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	252	25	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	252	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	253	1	3.11	3.11	NUM
easat-11385	253	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	253	3	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	253	4	coverage	coverage	NOUN
easat-11385	253	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	253	6	emerging	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	253	7	issues	issue	NOUN
easat-11385	253	8	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	253	9	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	253	10	warrants	warrant	NOUN
easat-11385	253	11	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-11385	253	12	consideration	consideration	NOUN
easat-11385	253	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	254	1	much	much	ADJ
easat-11385	254	2	influential	influential	ADJ
easat-11385	254	3	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	254	4	examines	examine	VERB
easat-11385	254	5	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	254	6	's	's	PART
easat-11385	254	7	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	254	8	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	254	9	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	254	10	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	254	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	254	12	1990s	1990	NOUN
easat-11385	254	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	254	14	2000s	2000	NOUN
easat-11385	254	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	254	16	a	a	DET
easat-11385	254	17	period	period	NOUN
easat-11385	254	18	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	254	19	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	254	20	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-11385	254	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	254	22	liberalization	liberalization	NOUN
easat-11385	254	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	254	24	dramatic	dramatic	ADJ
easat-11385	254	25	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	254	26	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	254	27	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	254	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	255	1	whether	whether	SCONJ
easat-11385	255	2	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	255	3	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	255	4	this	this	DET
easat-11385	255	5	exceptional	exceptional	ADJ
easat-11385	255	6	period	period	NOUN
easat-11385	255	7	apply	apply	VERB
easat-11385	255	8	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	255	9	contexts	context	NOUN
easat-11385	255	10	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	255	11	more	more	ADJ
easat-11385	255	12	moderate	moderate	ADJ
easat-11385	255	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	255	14	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	255	15	change	change	NOUN
easat-11385	255	16	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	255	17	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	255	18	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	255	19	integrating	integrate	VERB
easat-11385	255	20	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	255	21	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	255	22	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	255	23	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	255	24	under	under	ADP
easat-11385	255	25	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	255	26	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	255	27	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	255	28	conditions	condition	NOUN
easat-11385	255	29	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	255	30	uncertain	uncertain	ADJ
easat-11385	255	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	256	1	a	a	DET
easat-11385	256	2	persistent	persistent	ADJ
easat-11385	256	3	challenge	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	256	4	confronting	confront	VERB
easat-11385	256	5	researchers	researcher	NOUN
easat-11385	256	6	concerns	concern	VERB
easat-11385	256	7	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	256	8	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	256	9	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	256	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	257	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	257	2	inputoutput	inputoutput	ADJ
easat-11385	257	3	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	257	4	necessary	necessary	ADJ
easat-11385	257	5	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	257	6	measuring	measure	VERB
easat-11385	257	7	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	257	8	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	257	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	257	10	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	257	11	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	257	12	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	257	13	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	257	14	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	257	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	257	16	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	257	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	257	18	databases	database	NOUN
easat-11385	257	19	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	257	20	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	257	21	wiod	wiod	NOUN
easat-11385	257	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	257	23	oecd	oecd	PROPN
easat-11385	257	24	tiva	tiva	PROPN
easat-11385	257	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	257	26	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	257	27	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	257	28	persist	persist	VERB
easat-11385	257	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	258	1	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	258	2	coverage	coverage	NOUN
easat-11385	258	3	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	258	4	limited	limited	ADJ
easat-11385	258	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	258	6	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	258	7	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	258	8	multi	multi	ADJ
easat-11385	258	9	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	258	10	country	country	ADJ
easat-11385	258	11	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	258	12	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	258	13	output	output	NOUN
easat-11385	258	14	databases	database	NOUN
easat-11385	258	15	extending	extend	VERB
easat-11385	258	16	only	only	ADV
easat-11385	258	17	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	258	18	the	the	DET
easat-11385	258	19	early	early	ADJ
easat-11385	258	20	2020s	2020	NOUN
easat-11385	258	21	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	258	22	the	the	DET
easat-11385	258	23	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	258	24	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	258	25	this	this	DET
easat-11385	258	26	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	258	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	258	28	limiting	limit	VERB
easat-11385	258	29	the	the	DET
easat-11385	258	30	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-11385	258	31	to	to	PART
easat-11385	258	32	examine	examine	VERB
easat-11385	258	33	very	very	ADV
easat-11385	258	34	recent	recent	ADJ
easat-11385	258	35	developments	development	NOUN
easat-11385	258	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	258	37	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	258	38	pandemic	pandemic	ADJ
easat-11385	258	39	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	258	40	related	relate	VERB
easat-11385	258	41	disruptions	disruption	NOUN
easat-11385	258	42	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	258	43	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
easat-11385	258	44	adjustments	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	258	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	259	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	259	2	inability	inability	NOUN
easat-11385	259	3	to	to	PART
easat-11385	259	4	examine	examine	VERB
easat-11385	259	5	very	very	ADV
easat-11385	259	6	recent	recent	ADJ
easat-11385	259	7	developments	development	NOUN
easat-11385	259	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	259	9	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	259	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	259	11	impacts	impact	NOUN
easat-11385	259	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	259	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	259	14	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
easat-11385	259	15	pandemic	pandemic	NOUN
easat-11385	259	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	259	17	supply	supply	NOUN
easat-11385	259	18	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	259	19	disruptions	disruption	NOUN
easat-11385	259	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	259	21	geopolitical	geopolitical	ADJ
easat-11385	259	22	tensions	tension	NOUN
easat-11385	259	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	259	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	259	25	the	the	DET
easat-11385	259	26	evolving	evolve	VERB
easat-11385	259	27	digital	digital	ADJ
easat-11385	259	28	economy	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	259	29	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	259	30	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	259	31	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	259	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	259	33	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	259	34	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	259	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	259	36	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	259	37	a	a	DET
easat-11385	259	38	critical	critical	ADJ
easat-11385	259	39	gap	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	259	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	260	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	260	2	emerging	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	260	3	issues	issue	NOUN
easat-11385	260	4	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	260	5	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
easat-11385	260	6	reshape	reshape	VERB
easat-11385	260	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	260	8	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	260	9	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	260	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	260	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	260	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	260	13	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	260	14	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	260	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	260	16	yet	yet	ADV
easat-11385	260	17	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	260	18	largely	largely	ADV
easat-11385	260	19	outside	outside	ADP
easat-11385	260	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	260	21	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	260	22	scope	scope	NOUN
easat-11385	260	23	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	260	24	available	available	ADJ
easat-11385	260	25	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	260	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	260	27	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	260	28	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	260	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	261	1	3.12	3.12	NUM
easat-11385	261	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	261	3	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	261	4	innovations	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	261	5	needed	need	VERB
easat-11385	261	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	261	7	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	261	8	exhibits	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	261	9	a	a	DET
easat-11385	261	10	relatively	relatively	ADV
easat-11385	261	11	concentrated	concentrated	ADJ
easat-11385	261	12	use	use	NOUN
easat-11385	261	13	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	261	14	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	261	15	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	261	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	261	17	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	261	18	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	261	19	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	261	20	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	261	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	261	22	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	261	23	estimation	estimation	NOUN
easat-11385	261	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	261	25	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	261	26	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	261	27	output	output	NOUN
easat-11385	261	28	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	261	29	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	261	30	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	261	31	measurement	measurement	PROPN
easat-11385	261	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	262	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	262	2	these	these	DET
easat-11385	262	3	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	262	4	offer	offer	VERB
easat-11385	262	5	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	262	6	advantages	advantage	NOUN
easat-11385	262	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	262	8	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	262	9	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	262	10	grounding	grounding	NOUN
easat-11385	262	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	262	12	practical	practical	ADJ
easat-11385	262	13	executability	executability	NOUN
easat-11385	262	14	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	262	15	available	available	ADJ
easat-11385	262	16	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	262	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	262	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	262	19	comparability	comparability	NOUN
easat-11385	262	20	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	262	21	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	262	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	262	23	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	262	24	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	262	25	reliance	reliance	NOUN
easat-11385	262	26	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	262	27	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	262	28	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	262	29	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	262	30	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	262	31	limit	limit	VERB
easat-11385	262	32	the	the	DET
easat-11385	262	33	range	range	NOUN
easat-11385	262	34	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	262	35	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	262	36	addressed	address	VERB
easat-11385	262	37	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	262	38	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	262	39	generated	generate	VERB
easat-11385	262	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	263	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	263	2	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	263	3	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	263	4	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	263	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	263	6	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	263	7	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	263	8	concentration	concentration	NOUN
easat-11385	263	9	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	264	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	264	2	indirect	indirect	ADJ
easat-11385	264	3	estimation	estimation	NOUN
easat-11385	264	4	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	264	5	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	264	6	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	264	7	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	264	8	models	model	NOUN
easat-11385	264	9	dominate	dominate	VERB
easat-11385	264	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	264	11	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	264	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	264	13	these	these	DET
easat-11385	264	14	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	264	15	typically	typically	ADV
easat-11385	264	16	generate	generate	VERB
easat-11385	264	17	aggregate	aggregate	ADJ
easat-11385	264	18	577	577	NUM
easat-11385	264	19	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	264	20	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	264	21	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	264	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	264	23	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	264	24	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	264	25	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	264	26	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	264	27	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	264	28	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	264	29	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	264	30	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	265	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	265	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	265	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	265	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	265	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	265	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	265	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	265	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	265	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	265	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	265	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	265	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	265	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	265	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	265	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	265	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	265	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	265	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	265	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	265	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	265	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	265	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	266	1	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	266	2	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	266	3	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	266	4	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	266	5	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	266	6	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	266	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	266	8	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	266	9	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	266	10	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	266	11	mask	mask	VERB
easat-11385	266	12	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	266	13	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	266	14	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	266	15	products	product	NOUN
easat-11385	266	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	266	17	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	266	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	266	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	266	20	transaction	transaction	NOUN
easat-11385	266	21	types	type	NOUN
easat-11385	266	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	267	1	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	267	2	detailed	detailed	ADJ
easat-11385	267	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	267	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	267	5	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	267	6	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	267	7	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	267	8	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	267	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	267	10	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	267	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	267	12	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	267	13	example	example	NOUN
easat-11385	267	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	267	15	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	267	16	customs	custom	NOUN
easat-11385	267	17	clearance	clearance	NOUN
easat-11385	267	18	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	267	19	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	267	20	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	267	21	compliance	compliance	NOUN
easat-11385	267	22	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	267	23	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	267	24	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	267	25	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	267	26	'	'	PART
easat-11385	267	27	gvc	gvc	NOUN
easat-11385	267	28	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	267	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	267	30	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	267	31	yield	yield	VERB
easat-11385	267	32	more	more	ADJ
easat-11385	267	33	actionable	actionable	ADJ
easat-11385	267	34	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	267	35	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	267	36	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	1	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
easat-11385	268	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	3	consistently	consistently	ADV
easat-11385	268	4	measured	measure	VERB
easat-11385	268	5	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	268	6	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	268	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	268	8	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	268	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	10	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	268	11	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	268	12	non	non	ADJ
easat-11385	268	13	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	268	14	tariff	tariff	ADJ
easat-11385	268	15	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-11385	268	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	17	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	268	18	compliance	compliance	NOUN
easat-11385	268	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	268	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	268	22	various	various	ADJ
easat-11385	268	23	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	24	behind	behind	ADP
easat-11385	268	25	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	26	the	the	DET
easat-11385	268	27	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	28	border	border	NOUN
easat-11385	268	29	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	30	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	268	31	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	268	32	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	268	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	268	34	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	268	35	difficult	difficult	ADJ
easat-11385	268	36	to	to	PART
easat-11385	268	37	obtain	obtain	VERB
easat-11385	268	38	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	268	39	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	268	40	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	268	41	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	268	42	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	268	43	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	269	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	269	2	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	269	3	limitation	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	269	4	constrains	constrain	VERB
easat-11385	269	5	empirical	empirical	ADJ
easat-11385	269	6	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	269	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	269	8	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	269	9	contribute	contribute	VERB
easat-11385	269	10	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	269	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	269	12	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	269	13	's	's	PART
easat-11385	269	14	heavy	heavy	ADJ
easat-11385	269	15	reliance	reliance	NOUN
easat-11385	269	16	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	269	17	indirect	indirect	ADJ
easat-11385	269	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	269	19	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	269	20	inference	inference	NOUN
easat-11385	269	21	methods	method	NOUN
easat-11385	269	22	based	base	VERB
easat-11385	269	23	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	269	24	gravity	gravity	NOUN
easat-11385	269	25	model	model	NOUN
easat-11385	269	26	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	269	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	270	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	270	2	index	index	NOUN
easat-11385	270	3	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	270	4	employed	employ	VERB
easat-11385	270	5	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	270	6	measuring	measure	VERB
easat-11385	270	7	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	270	8	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	270	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	270	10	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	270	11	providing	provide	VERB
easat-11385	270	12	valuable	valuable	ADJ
easat-11385	270	13	summary	summary	NOUN
easat-11385	270	14	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	270	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	270	16	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	270	17	oversimplify	oversimplify	VERB
easat-11385	270	18	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-11385	270	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	270	20	multidimensional	multidimensional	ADJ
easat-11385	270	21	concepts	concept	NOUN
easat-11385	270	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	271	1	a	a	DET
easat-11385	271	2	country	country	NOUN
easat-11385	271	3	's	's	PART
easat-11385	271	4	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	271	5	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	271	6	's	's	PART
easat-11385	271	7	position	position	NOUN
easat-11385	271	8	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	271	9	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	271	10	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	271	11	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	271	12	encompasses	encompass	VERB
easat-11385	271	13	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	271	14	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	271	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	271	16	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	271	17	the	the	DET
easat-11385	271	18	extent	extent	NOUN
easat-11385	271	19	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	271	20	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	271	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	271	22	the	the	DET
easat-11385	271	23	types	type	NOUN
easat-11385	271	24	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	271	25	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	271	26	performed	perform	VERB
easat-11385	271	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	271	28	the	the	DET
easat-11385	271	29	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	271	30	captured	capture	VERB
easat-11385	271	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	271	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	271	33	the	the	DET
easat-11385	271	34	governance	governance	NOUN
easat-11385	271	35	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	271	36	characterizing	characterize	VERB
easat-11385	271	37	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	271	38	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	271	39	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	271	40	lead	lead	NOUN
easat-11385	271	41	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	271	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	272	1	single	single	ADJ
easat-11385	272	2	summary	summary	NOUN
easat-11385	272	3	indices	indice	VERB
easat-11385	272	4	inevitably	inevitably	ADV
easat-11385	272	5	capture	capture	VERB
easat-11385	272	6	only	only	ADV
easat-11385	272	7	some	some	DET
easat-11385	272	8	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	272	9	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	272	10	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	272	11	missing	miss	VERB
easat-11385	272	12	others	other	NOUN
easat-11385	272	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	273	1	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	273	2	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	273	3	might	might	AUX
easat-11385	273	4	benefit	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	273	5	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	273	6	employing	employ	VERB
easat-11385	273	7	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-11385	273	8	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	273	9	indicators	indicator	NOUN
easat-11385	273	10	to	to	PART
easat-11385	273	11	capture	capture	VERB
easat-11385	273	12	this	this	DET
easat-11385	273	13	multidimensionality	multidimensionality	NOUN
easat-11385	273	14	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	273	15	comprehensively	comprehensively	ADV
easat-11385	273	16	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	274	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	274	2	input	input	NOUN
easat-11385	274	3	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	274	4	output	output	NOUN
easat-11385	274	5	databases	database	NOUN
easat-11385	274	6	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	274	7	improved	improve	VERB
easat-11385	274	8	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	274	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	274	10	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	274	11	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	274	12	persist	persist	VERB
easat-11385	274	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	275	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	275	2	databases	database	NOUN
easat-11385	275	3	aggregate	aggregate	VERB
easat-11385	275	4	detailed	detailed	ADJ
easat-11385	275	5	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	275	6	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	275	7	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	275	8	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	275	9	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	275	10	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	275	11	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	275	12	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	275	13	observations	observation	NOUN
easat-11385	275	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	275	15	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	275	16	obscuring	obscure	VERB
easat-11385	275	17	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	275	18	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	275	19	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	275	20	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	275	21	variation	variation	NOUN
easat-11385	275	22	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	275	23	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	275	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	275	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	275	26	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	275	27	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	275	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	276	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	276	2	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	276	3	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	276	4	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
easat-11385	276	5	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	276	6	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	276	7	better	well	ADV
easat-11385	276	8	capture	capture	VERB
easat-11385	276	9	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	276	10	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	276	11	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	276	12	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	276	13	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	276	14	maintaining	maintain	VERB
easat-11385	276	15	cross	cross	ADJ
easat-11385	276	16	-	-	ADJ
easat-11385	276	17	country	country	ADJ
easat-11385	276	18	comparability	comparability	NOUN
easat-11385	276	19	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	276	20	an	an	DET
easat-11385	276	21	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	276	22	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	276	23	frontier	frontier	NOUN
easat-11385	276	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	277	1	3.13	3.13	NUM
easat-11385	277	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	277	3	needed	need	VERB
easat-11385	277	4	underexplored	underexplored	ADJ
easat-11385	277	5	topics	topic	NOUN
easat-11385	277	6	a	a	DET
easat-11385	277	7	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	277	8	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	277	9	finding	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	277	10	concerns	concern	NOUN
easat-11385	277	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	277	12	asymmetric	asymmetric	ADJ
easat-11385	277	13	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	277	14	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	277	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	277	16	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	277	17	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	277	18	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	277	19	types	type	NOUN
easat-11385	277	20	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	277	21	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	277	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	278	1	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	278	2	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	278	3	document	document	NOUN
easat-11385	278	4	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	278	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	278	6	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	278	7	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	278	8	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	278	9	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	278	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	278	11	final	final	ADJ
easat-11385	278	12	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	278	13	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	278	14	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	278	15	's	's	PART
easat-11385	278	16	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	278	17	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	278	18	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	278	19	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	278	20	opposite	opposite	ADJ
easat-11385	278	21	directions	direction	NOUN
easat-11385	278	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	279	1	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	279	2	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	279	3	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	279	4	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	279	5	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	279	6	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	279	7	discourage	discourage	VERB
easat-11385	279	8	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	279	9	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	279	10	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	279	11	increasing	increase	VERB
easat-11385	279	12	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	279	13	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	279	14	imported	import	VERB
easat-11385	279	15	inputs	input	NOUN
easat-11385	279	16	necessary	necessary	ADJ
easat-11385	279	17	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	279	18	fragmented	fragmented	ADJ
easat-11385	279	19	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	279	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	279	21	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	279	22	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	279	23	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	279	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	279	25	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	279	26	final	final	ADJ
easat-11385	279	27	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	279	28	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	279	29	encourage	encourage	VERB
easat-11385	279	30	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	279	31	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	279	32	to	to	PART
easat-11385	279	33	undertake	undertake	VERB
easat-11385	279	34	local	local	ADJ
easat-11385	279	35	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	279	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	279	37	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	279	38	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	279	39	fdi	fdi	PROPN
easat-11385	279	40	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	279	41	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	279	42	benefiting	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	279	43	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	279	44	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	279	45	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	279	46	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	279	47	increased	increase	VERB
easat-11385	279	48	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	279	49	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	279	50	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	279	51	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	279	52	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	279	53	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	280	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	280	2	asymmetry	asymmetry	NOUN
easat-11385	280	3	has	have	VERB
easat-11385	280	4	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	280	5	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	280	6	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	280	7	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	280	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	280	9	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	280	10	but	but	CCONJ
easat-11385	280	11	remains	remains	AUX
easat-11385	280	12	inadequately	inadequately	ADV
easat-11385	280	13	explored	explore	VERB
easat-11385	280	14	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	281	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	281	2	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	281	3	generating	generate	VERB
easat-11385	281	4	these	these	DET
easat-11385	281	5	differential	differential	ADJ
easat-11385	281	6	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	281	7	require	require	VERB
easat-11385	281	8	further	further	ADJ
easat-11385	281	9	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	281	10	elaboration	elaboration	NOUN
easat-11385	281	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	281	12	empirical	empirical	ADJ
easat-11385	281	13	examination	examination	NOUN
easat-11385	281	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	281	15	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	281	16	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	281	17	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	281	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	281	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	281	20	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	281	21	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	281	22	product	product	NOUN
easat-11385	281	23	categories	category	NOUN
easat-11385	281	24	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	281	25	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	281	26	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	281	27	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	281	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	281	29	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	281	30	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	281	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	281	32	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	281	33	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	281	34	environments	environment	NOUN
easat-11385	281	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	282	1	service	service	NOUN
easat-11385	282	2	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	282	3	'	'	PART
easat-11385	282	4	roles	role	NOUN
easat-11385	282	5	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	282	6	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	282	7	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	282	8	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	282	9	receive	receive	VERB
easat-11385	282	10	limited	limited	ADJ
easat-11385	282	11	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	282	12	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-11385	282	13	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	282	14	growing	grow	VERB
easat-11385	282	15	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	282	16	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	283	1	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	283	2	services	service	NOUN
easat-11385	283	3	become	become	VERB
easat-11385	283	4	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	283	5	integral	integral	ADJ
easat-11385	283	6	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	283	7	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	283	8	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	283	9	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	283	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	283	11	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	283	12	tradable	tradable	ADJ
easat-11385	283	13	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	283	14	digitalization	digitalization	NOUN
easat-11385	283	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	283	16	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-11385	283	17	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	283	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	283	19	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	283	20	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	283	21	service	service	NOUN
easat-11385	283	22	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	283	23	'	'	PART
easat-11385	283	24	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	283	25	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	283	26	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	283	27	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	283	28	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	283	29	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	283	30	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	283	31	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	283	32	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	283	33	a	a	DET
easat-11385	283	34	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-11385	283	35	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	283	36	gap	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	283	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	284	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	284	2	the	the	DET
easat-11385	284	3	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	284	4	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	284	5	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	284	6	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	284	7	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	284	8	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	284	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	284	10	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	284	11	'	'	PART
easat-11385	284	12	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	284	13	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	284	14	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	284	15	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	284	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	284	17	translating	translate	VERB
easat-11385	284	18	these	these	DET
easat-11385	284	19	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	284	20	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	284	21	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	284	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	284	23	actionable	actionable	ADJ
easat-11385	284	24	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	284	25	prescriptions	prescription	NOUN
easat-11385	284	26	remains	remains	AUX
easat-11385	284	27	challenging	challenge	VERB
easat-11385	284	28	due	due	ADP
easat-11385	284	29	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	284	30	the	the	DET
easat-11385	284	31	complexity	complexity	NOUN
easat-11385	284	32	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	284	33	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	284	34	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	284	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	284	36	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	284	37	encompass	encompass	VERB
easat-11385	284	38	numerous	numerous	ADJ
easat-11385	284	39	distinct	distinct	ADJ
easat-11385	284	40	components	component	NOUN
easat-11385	284	41	requiring	require	VERB
easat-11385	284	42	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	284	43	interventions	intervention	NOUN
easat-11385	284	44	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	285	1	optimal	optimal	ADJ
easat-11385	285	2	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	285	3	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	285	4	likely	likely	ADV
easat-11385	285	5	vary	vary	VERB
easat-11385	285	6	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	285	7	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	285	8	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	285	9	depending	depend	VERB
easat-11385	285	10	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	285	11	current	current	ADJ
easat-11385	285	12	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	285	13	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	285	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	285	15	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	285	16	structure	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	285	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	285	18	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	285	19	capacity	capacity	NOUN
easat-11385	285	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	285	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	285	22	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	285	23	objectives	objective	NOUN
easat-11385	285	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	286	1	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	286	2	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
easat-11385	286	3	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	286	4	initial	initial	ADJ
easat-11385	286	5	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	286	6	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	286	7	differ	differ	VERB
easat-11385	286	8	considerably	considerably	ADV
easat-11385	286	9	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	286	10	those	those	PRON
easat-11385	286	11	needed	need	VERB
easat-11385	286	12	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	286	13	upgrading	upgrade	VERB
easat-11385	286	14	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	286	15	established	establish	VERB
easat-11385	286	16	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	286	17	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	286	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	287	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
easat-11385	287	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	287	3	potential	potential	ADJ
easat-11385	287	4	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	287	5	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	287	6	offs	off	NOUN
easat-11385	287	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	287	8	unintended	unintended	ADJ
easat-11385	287	9	consequences	consequence	NOUN
easat-11385	287	10	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	287	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	287	12	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	287	13	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	287	14	policies	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	287	15	require	require	VERB
easat-11385	287	16	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	287	17	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	287	18	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	287	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	287	20	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	287	21	regulations	regulation	NOUN
easat-11385	287	22	increasing	increase	VERB
easat-11385	287	23	compliance	compliance	NOUN
easat-11385	287	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	287	25	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	287	26	serve	serve	VERB
easat-11385	287	27	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	287	28	social	social	ADJ
easat-11385	287	29	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	287	30	environmental	environmental	ADJ
easat-11385	287	31	objectives	objective	NOUN
easat-11385	287	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	288	1	it	it	PRON
easat-11385	288	2	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	288	3	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	288	4	to	to	PART
easat-11385	288	5	understand	understand	VERB
easat-11385	288	6	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	288	7	to	to	PART
easat-11385	288	8	achieve	achieve	VERB
easat-11385	288	9	legitimate	legitimate	ADJ
easat-11385	288	10	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	288	11	objectives	objective	NOUN
easat-11385	288	12	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	288	13	minimizing	minimize	VERB
easat-11385	288	14	unnecessary	unnecessary	ADJ
easat-11385	288	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	288	16	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	288	17	burdens	burden	NOUN
easat-11385	288	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	289	1	578	578	NUM
easat-11385	289	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	289	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	289	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	289	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	289	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	289	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	289	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	289	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	289	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	289	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	289	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	289	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	290	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	290	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	290	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	290	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	290	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	290	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	290	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	290	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	290	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	290	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	290	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	290	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	290	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	290	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	290	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	290	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	290	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	290	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	290	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	290	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	290	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	290	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	290	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	290	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	290	25	gate	gate	PROPN
easat-11385	290	26	3.14	3.14	NUM
easat-11385	290	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	291	1	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	291	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	291	3	requirements	requirement	NOUN
easat-11385	291	4	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	291	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	291	6	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	291	7	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	291	8	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	291	9	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	291	10	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	291	11	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	291	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	291	13	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	291	14	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	291	15	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	291	16	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	291	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	291	18	the	the	DET
easat-11385	291	19	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	291	20	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	291	21	the	the	DET
easat-11385	291	22	precise	precise	ADJ
easat-11385	291	23	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	291	24	mediating	mediate	VERB
easat-11385	291	25	these	these	DET
easat-11385	291	26	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	291	27	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	291	28	incomplete	incomplete	ADJ
easat-11385	291	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	292	1	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	292	2	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	292	3	establish	establish	VERB
easat-11385	292	4	correlational	correlational	ADJ
easat-11385	292	5	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	292	6	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	292	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	292	8	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	292	9	measures	measure	NOUN
easat-11385	292	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	292	11	gvc	gvc	NOUN
easat-11385	292	12	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	292	13	indicators	indicator	NOUN
easat-11385	292	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	292	15	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	292	16	causal	causal	ADJ
easat-11385	292	17	identification	identification	NOUN
easat-11385	292	18	receiving	receive	VERB
easat-11385	292	19	less	less	ADJ
easat-11385	292	20	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	292	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	293	1	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	293	2	rigorous	rigorous	ADJ
easat-11385	293	3	causal	causal	ADJ
easat-11385	293	4	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	293	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	293	6	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	293	7	exploiting	exploit	VERB
easat-11385	293	8	natural	natural	ADJ
easat-11385	293	9	experiments	experiment	NOUN
easat-11385	293	10	created	create	VERB
easat-11385	293	11	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	293	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	293	13	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	293	14	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	293	15	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	293	16	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	293	17	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	293	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	293	19	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	293	20	strengthen	strengthen	VERB
easat-11385	293	21	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	293	22	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	293	23	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	293	24	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	293	25	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	293	26	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	293	27	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	293	28	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	293	29	decisions	decision	NOUN
easat-11385	293	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	293	31	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	293	32	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
easat-11385	293	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	294	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
easat-11385	294	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	294	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	294	4	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	294	5	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	294	6	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	294	7	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	294	8	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	294	9	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	294	10	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	294	11	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	294	12	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	294	13	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	294	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	294	15	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	294	16	trajectories	trajectory	NOUN
easat-11385	294	17	deserve	deserve	VERB
easat-11385	294	18	deeper	deep	ADJ
easat-11385	294	19	investigation	investigation	NOUN
easat-11385	294	20	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	295	1	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	295	2	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	295	3	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	295	4	employ	employ	VERB
easat-11385	295	5	static	static	ADJ
easat-11385	295	6	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	295	7	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	295	8	static	static	ADJ
easat-11385	295	9	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	295	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	295	11	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	295	12	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	295	13	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	295	14	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	295	15	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	295	16	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	295	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	295	18	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	295	19	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	295	20	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	295	21	points	point	NOUN
easat-11385	295	22	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	295	23	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	295	24	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	295	25	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	295	26	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	295	27	discrete	discrete	ADJ
easat-11385	295	28	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	295	29	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	295	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	296	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	296	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	296	3	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	296	4	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	296	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	296	6	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	296	7	involve	involve	VERB
easat-11385	296	8	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	296	9	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	296	10	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	296	11	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	296	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	296	13	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	296	14	accumulation	accumulation	NOUN
easat-11385	296	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	296	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	296	17	relationship	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	296	18	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	296	19	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	296	20	unfold	unfold	VERB
easat-11385	296	21	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	296	22	extended	extended	ADJ
easat-11385	296	23	periods	period	NOUN
easat-11385	296	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	297	1	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-11385	297	2	these	these	DET
easat-11385	297	3	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	297	4	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	297	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	297	6	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	297	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	297	8	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	297	9	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	297	10	them	they	PRON
easat-11385	297	11	requires	require	VERB
easat-11385	297	12	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	297	13	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	297	14	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
easat-11385	297	15	incorporating	incorporate	VERB
easat-11385	297	16	temporal	temporal	ADJ
easat-11385	297	17	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	297	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	297	19	adjustment	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	297	20	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	297	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	298	1	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	298	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	298	3	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	298	4	examine	examine	VERB
easat-11385	298	5	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	298	6	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	298	7	as	as	ADP
easat-11385	298	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	298	9	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	298	10	long	long	ADV
easat-11385	298	11	does	do	AUX
easat-11385	298	12	it	it	PRON
easat-11385	298	13	take	take	VERB
easat-11385	298	14	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	298	15	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	298	16	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	298	17	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	298	18	to	to	PART
easat-11385	298	19	translate	translate	VERB
easat-11385	298	20	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	298	21	measurable	measurable	ADJ
easat-11385	298	22	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	298	23	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	298	24	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	298	25	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	298	26	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	299	1	what	what	PRON
easat-11385	299	2	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	299	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	299	4	adjustment	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	299	5	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	299	6	associated	associate	VERB
easat-11385	299	7	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	299	8	repositioning	reposition	VERB
easat-11385	299	9	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	299	10	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	299	11	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	299	12	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	299	13	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	300	1	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	300	2	do	do	AUX
easat-11385	300	3	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	300	4	'	'	PART
easat-11385	300	5	prior	prior	ADJ
easat-11385	300	6	experiences	experience	NOUN
easat-11385	300	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	300	8	accumulated	accumulate	VERB
easat-11385	300	9	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	300	10	mediate	mediate	VERB
easat-11385	300	11	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	300	12	responses	response	NOUN
easat-11385	300	13	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	300	14	trade	trade	VERB
easat-11385	300	15	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	300	16	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	300	17	?	?	PUNCT
easat-11385	301	1	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	301	2	these	these	DET
easat-11385	301	3	questions	question	NOUN
easat-11385	301	4	requires	require	VERB
easat-11385	301	5	longitudinal	longitudinal	ADJ
easat-11385	301	6	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	301	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	301	8	analytical	analytical	ADJ
easat-11385	301	9	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	301	10	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	301	11	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	301	12	capture	capture	VERB
easat-11385	301	13	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	301	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	301	15	adjustment	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	301	16	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	301	17	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	301	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	302	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-11385	302	2	these	these	DET
easat-11385	302	3	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	302	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	302	5	gaps	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	302	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	302	7	the	the	DET
easat-11385	302	8	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	302	9	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	302	10	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	302	11	valuable	valuable	ADJ
easat-11385	302	12	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	302	13	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	302	14	the	the	DET
easat-11385	302	15	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	302	16	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	302	17	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	302	18	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	302	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	302	20	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	302	21	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	302	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	302	23	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	302	24	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	302	25	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	302	26	's	's	PART
easat-11385	302	27	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	302	28	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	302	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	303	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	303	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	303	3	presented	present	VERB
easat-11385	303	4	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	303	5	this	this	DET
easat-11385	303	6	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	303	7	establishes	establish	VERB
easat-11385	303	8	a	a	DET
easat-11385	303	9	foundation	foundation	NOUN
easat-11385	303	10	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	303	11	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	303	12	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	303	13	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	303	14	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	303	15	address	address	VERB
easat-11385	303	16	identified	identify	VERB
easat-11385	303	17	gaps	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	303	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	303	19	extend	extend	VERB
easat-11385	303	20	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	303	21	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	303	22	these	these	DET
easat-11385	303	23	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	303	24	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	303	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	304	1	4	4	X
easat-11385	304	2	.	.	X
easat-11385	304	3	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
easat-11385	304	4	4.1	4.1	NUM
easat-11385	304	5	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	305	1	summary	summary	NOUN
easat-11385	305	2	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	305	3	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	305	4	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	305	5	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	305	6	examination	examination	NOUN
easat-11385	305	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	305	8	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	305	9	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	305	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	305	11	this	this	DET
easat-11385	305	12	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	305	13	outlines	outline	VERB
easat-11385	305	14	the	the	DET
easat-11385	305	15	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	305	16	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	305	17	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	305	18	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	305	19	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	305	20	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	305	21	's	's	PART
easat-11385	305	22	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	305	23	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	305	24	the	the	DET
easat-11385	305	25	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	305	26	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	305	27	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	305	28	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	305	29	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	305	30	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	305	31	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	305	32	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	305	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	305	34	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	305	35	simultaneously	simultaneously	ADV
easat-11385	305	36	tracing	trace	VERB
easat-11385	305	37	the	the	DET
easat-11385	305	38	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	305	39	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	305	40	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	305	41	hotspots	hotspot	NOUN
easat-11385	305	42	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	305	43	identifying	identify	VERB
easat-11385	305	44	major	major	ADJ
easat-11385	305	45	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	305	46	areas	area	NOUN
easat-11385	305	47	investigated	investigate	VERB
easat-11385	305	48	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	305	49	scholars	scholar	NOUN
easat-11385	305	50	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	305	51	1999	1999	NUM
easat-11385	305	52	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	305	53	2023	2023	NUM
easat-11385	305	54	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	306	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	306	2	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
easat-11385	306	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	306	4	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	306	5	49	49	NUM
easat-11385	306	6	carefully	carefully	ADV
easat-11385	306	7	selected	select	VERB
easat-11385	306	8	peer	peer	NOUN
easat-11385	306	9	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	306	10	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	306	11	articles	article	NOUN
easat-11385	306	12	reveals	reveal	VERB
easat-11385	306	13	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	306	14	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	306	15	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	306	16	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	306	17	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	306	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	306	19	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	306	20	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	306	21	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	306	22	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	306	23	undergone	undergo	VERB
easat-11385	306	24	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	306	25	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	306	26	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	306	27	the	the	DET
easat-11385	306	28	past	past	ADJ
easat-11385	306	29	two	two	NUM
easat-11385	306	30	decades	decade	NOUN
easat-11385	306	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	1	early	early	ADJ
easat-11385	307	2	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	307	3	focused	focus	VERB
easat-11385	307	4	primarily	primarily	ADV
easat-11385	307	5	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	307	6	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	307	7	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	307	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	307	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	307	10	regime	regime	NOUN
easat-11385	307	11	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	307	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	13	subsequently	subsequently	ADV
easat-11385	307	14	broadening	broaden	VERB
easat-11385	307	15	to	to	PART
easat-11385	307	16	encompass	encompass	VERB
easat-11385	307	17	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	307	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	307	19	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	307	20	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	307	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	22	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	307	23	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	307	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	307	25	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	307	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	27	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	307	28	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	307	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	307	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	32	most	most	ADV
easat-11385	307	33	recently	recently	ADV
easat-11385	307	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	35	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	307	36	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	307	37	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	307	38	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	307	39	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	307	40	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	307	41	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	307	42	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	307	43	considerations	consideration	NOUN
easat-11385	307	44	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	308	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	308	2	evolutionary	evolutionary	ADJ
easat-11385	308	3	trajectory	trajectory	NOUN
easat-11385	308	4	reflects	reflect	VERB
easat-11385	308	5	both	both	CCONJ
easat-11385	308	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	308	7	maturation	maturation	NOUN
easat-11385	308	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	308	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	308	10	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	308	11	field	field	NOUN
easat-11385	308	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	308	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	308	14	changing	change	VERB
easat-11385	308	15	realities	reality	NOUN
easat-11385	308	16	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	308	17	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	308	18	's	's	PART
easat-11385	308	19	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	308	20	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	308	21	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	308	22	it	it	PRON
easat-11385	308	23	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	308	24	progressed	progress	VERB
easat-11385	308	25	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	308	26	initial	initial	ADJ
easat-11385	308	27	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	308	28	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	308	29	toward	toward	ADP
easat-11385	308	30	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	308	31	sophisticated	sophisticated	ADJ
easat-11385	308	32	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	308	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	308	34	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	308	35	aspirations	aspiration	NOUN
easat-11385	308	36	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	1	according	accord	VERB
easat-11385	309	2	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	309	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	309	4	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	309	5	results	result	NOUN
easat-11385	309	6	presented	present	VERB
easat-11385	309	7	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	309	8	this	this	DET
easat-11385	309	9	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	309	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	11	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	309	12	an	an	DET
easat-11385	309	13	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	309	14	perspective	perspective	NOUN
easat-11385	309	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	16	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	309	17	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	309	18	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	309	19	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	309	20	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	309	21	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	309	22	issues	issue	NOUN
easat-11385	309	23	concentrates	concentrate	VERB
easat-11385	309	24	primarily	primarily	ADV
easat-11385	309	25	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	309	26	five	five	NUM
easat-11385	309	27	domains	domain	NOUN
easat-11385	309	28	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	29	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	30	1	1	X
easat-11385	309	31	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	32	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	309	33	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	309	34	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	309	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	36	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	309	37	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	309	38	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	309	39	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	309	40	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	309	41	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	309	42	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	43	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	309	44	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	309	45	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	309	46	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	47	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	48	2	2	X
easat-11385	309	49	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	50	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	309	51	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	52	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	309	53	modes	mode	NOUN
easat-11385	309	54	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	55	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	309	56	processing	process	VERB
easat-11385	309	57	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	309	58	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
easat-11385	309	59	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	60	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	309	61	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	309	62	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	309	63	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	309	64	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	65	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	66	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	309	67	forms	form	NOUN
easat-11385	309	68	mediating	mediate	VERB
easat-11385	309	69	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	309	70	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	309	71	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	72	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	73	3	3	X
easat-11385	309	74	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	75	enterprise	enterprise	NOUN
easat-11385	309	76	capacity	capacity	NOUN
easat-11385	309	77	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	78	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	309	79	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	80	encompassing	encompass	VERB
easat-11385	309	81	both	both	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	82	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	309	83	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	309	84	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	85	absorptive	absorptive	ADJ
easat-11385	309	86	capacity	capacity	NOUN
easat-11385	309	87	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	309	88	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	309	89	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	309	90	to	to	PART
easat-11385	309	91	undertake	undertake	VERB
easat-11385	309	92	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	309	93	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	94	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	309	95	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	309	96	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	309	97	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	309	98	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	99	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	100	4	4	X
easat-11385	309	101	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	102	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	309	103	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	104	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	309	105	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	309	106	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	107	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	309	108	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	309	109	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	309	110	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	309	111	occurs	occur	VERB
easat-11385	309	112	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	309	113	gvcs	gvcs	NOUN
easat-11385	309	114	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	115	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	309	116	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	309	117	affects	affect	VERB
easat-11385	309	118	upgrading	upgrade	VERB
easat-11385	309	119	possibilities	possibility	NOUN
easat-11385	309	120	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	121	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	122	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	123	5	5	X
easat-11385	309	124	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	125	spatial	spatial	ADJ
easat-11385	309	126	dispersion	dispersion	NOUN
easat-11385	309	127	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	128	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	309	129	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	130	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	309	131	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	309	132	stages	stage	NOUN
easat-11385	309	133	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	134	examining	examine	VERB
easat-11385	309	135	the	the	DET
easat-11385	309	136	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	309	137	organization	organization	NOUN
easat-11385	309	138	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	309	139	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	309	140	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	141	the	the	DET
easat-11385	309	142	distribution	distribution	NOUN
easat-11385	309	143	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	309	144	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	309	145	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	309	146	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	309	147	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	309	148	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	309	149	locations	location	NOUN
easat-11385	309	150	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	309	151	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	309	152	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	310	1	579	579	NUM
easat-11385	310	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	310	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	310	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	310	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	310	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	310	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	310	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	310	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	310	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	310	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	310	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	310	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	311	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	311	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	311	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	311	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	311	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	311	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	311	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	311	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	311	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	311	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	311	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	311	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	311	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	311	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	311	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	311	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	311	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	311	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	311	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	311	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	311	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	311	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	311	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	311	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	311	25	gate	gate	VERB
easat-11385	311	26	4.2	4.2	NUM
easat-11385	311	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	312	1	contributions	contribution	NOUN
easat-11385	312	2	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	312	3	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	312	4	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	312	5	compared	compare	VERB
easat-11385	312	6	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	312	7	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	312	8	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	312	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	312	10	the	the	DET
easat-11385	312	11	potential	potential	ADJ
easat-11385	312	12	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	312	13	gaps	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	312	14	identified	identify	VERB
easat-11385	312	15	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	312	16	this	this	DET
easat-11385	312	17	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	312	18	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	312	19	are	be	AUX
easat-11385	312	20	shown	show	VERB
easat-11385	312	21	primarily	primarily	ADV
easat-11385	312	22	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	312	23	the	the	DET
easat-11385	312	24	following	follow	VERB
easat-11385	312	25	aspects	aspect	NOUN
easat-11385	312	26	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	312	27	first	first	ADV
easat-11385	312	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	312	29	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	312	30	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	312	31	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	312	32	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	312	33	not	not	PART
easat-11385	312	34	systematically	systematically	ADV
easat-11385	312	35	distinguished	distinguish	VERB
easat-11385	312	36	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	312	37	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	312	38	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	312	39	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	312	40	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	312	41	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	312	42	final	final	ADJ
easat-11385	312	43	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	312	44	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	312	45	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	312	46	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	312	47	analyzing	analyze	VERB
easat-11385	312	48	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	312	49	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	312	50	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	312	51	's	's	PART
easat-11385	312	52	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	312	53	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	312	54	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	312	55	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	312	56	division	division	NOUN
easat-11385	312	57	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	312	58	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	312	59	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	312	60	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	313	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	313	2	distinction	distinction	NOUN
easat-11385	313	3	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	313	4	a	a	DET
easat-11385	313	5	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-11385	313	6	gap	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	313	7	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	313	8	the	the	DET
easat-11385	313	9	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	313	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	314	1	subsequent	subsequent	ADJ
easat-11385	314	2	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	314	3	building	building	NOUN
easat-11385	314	4	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	314	5	this	this	DET
easat-11385	314	6	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	314	7	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	314	8	further	far	ADV
easat-11385	314	9	examine	examine	VERB
easat-11385	314	10	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	314	11	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	314	12	types	type	NOUN
easat-11385	314	13	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	314	14	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	314	15	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	314	16	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	314	17	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	314	18	's	's	PART
easat-11385	314	19	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	314	20	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	314	21	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	314	22	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	314	23	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	314	24	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	314	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	314	26	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	314	27	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	314	28	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	314	29	different	different	ADJ
easat-11385	314	30	trading	trading	NOUN
easat-11385	314	31	partners	partner	NOUN
easat-11385	314	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	314	33	investigating	investigate	VERB
easat-11385	314	34	both	both	CCONJ
easat-11385	314	35	the	the	DET
easat-11385	314	36	differential	differential	ADJ
easat-11385	314	37	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	314	38	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	314	39	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	314	40	underlying	underlie	VERB
easat-11385	314	41	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	314	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	315	1	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	315	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	315	3	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	315	4	provide	provide	VERB
easat-11385	315	5	a	a	DET
easat-11385	315	6	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	315	7	detailed	detailed	ADJ
easat-11385	315	8	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	315	9	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	315	10	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	315	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	315	12	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	315	13	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	315	14	strategies	strategy	NOUN
easat-11385	315	15	should	should	AUX
easat-11385	315	16	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	315	17	adapted	adapt	VERB
easat-11385	315	18	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	315	19	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	315	20	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	315	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	315	22	trading	trading	NOUN
easat-11385	315	23	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	315	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	316	1	second	second	ADJ
easat-11385	316	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	316	3	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	316	4	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	316	5	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	316	6	measurement	measurement	NOUN
easat-11385	316	7	methodologies	methodology	NOUN
easat-11385	316	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	316	9	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	316	10	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	316	11	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	316	12	limited	limited	ADJ
easat-11385	316	13	differentiation	differentiation	NOUN
easat-11385	316	14	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	316	15	manufacturing	manufacture	VERB
easat-11385	316	16	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	316	17	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	316	18	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	316	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	316	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	316	21	partner	partner	NOUN
easat-11385	316	22	type	type	NOUN
easat-11385	316	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	316	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	316	25	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-11385	316	26	versus	versus	ADP
easat-11385	316	27	final	final	ADJ
easat-11385	316	28	goods	good	NOUN
easat-11385	316	29	distinctions	distinction	NOUN
easat-11385	316	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	317	1	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	317	2	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	317	3	extending	extend	VERB
easat-11385	317	4	this	this	DET
easat-11385	317	5	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	317	6	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	317	7	systematically	systematically	ADV
easat-11385	317	8	categorize	categorize	VERB
easat-11385	317	9	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	317	10	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	317	11	data	datum	NOUN
easat-11385	317	12	according	accord	VERB
easat-11385	317	13	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	317	14	these	these	DET
easat-11385	317	15	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	317	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	317	17	analyzing	analyze	VERB
easat-11385	317	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	317	19	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	317	20	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	317	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	317	22	elasticities	elasticity	NOUN
easat-11385	317	23	across	across	ADP
easat-11385	317	24	categories	category	NOUN
easat-11385	317	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	318	1	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	318	2	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	318	3	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	318	4	identify	identify	VERB
easat-11385	318	5	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	318	6	sectors	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	318	7	exhibiting	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	318	8	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	318	9	dependence	dependence	NOUN
easat-11385	318	10	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	318	11	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	318	12	inputs	input	NOUN
easat-11385	318	13	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	318	14	export	export	NOUN
easat-11385	318	15	markets	market	NOUN
easat-11385	318	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	318	17	thereby	thereby	ADV
easat-11385	318	18	providing	provide	VERB
easat-11385	318	19	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	318	20	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
easat-11385	318	21	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	318	22	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	318	23	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	318	24	's	's	PART
easat-11385	318	25	supply	supply	NOUN
easat-11385	318	26	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	318	27	resilience	resilience	NOUN
easat-11385	318	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	318	29	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	318	30	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	318	31	security	security	NOUN
easat-11385	318	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	318	33	issues	issue	NOUN
easat-11385	318	34	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	318	35	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	318	36	gained	gain	VERB
easat-11385	318	37	salience	salience	NOUN
easat-11385	318	38	considering	consider	VERB
easat-11385	318	39	recent	recent	ADJ
easat-11385	318	40	supply	supply	NOUN
easat-11385	318	41	disruptions	disruption	NOUN
easat-11385	318	42	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	318	43	geopolitical	geopolitical	ADJ
easat-11385	318	44	tensions	tension	NOUN
easat-11385	318	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	319	1	third	third	ADJ
easat-11385	319	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	319	3	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	319	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	319	5	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	319	6	provides	provide	VERB
easat-11385	319	7	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	319	8	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	319	9	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	319	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	319	11	costs	cost	VERB
easat-11385	319	12	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	319	13	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	319	14	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	319	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	319	16	a	a	DET
easat-11385	319	17	mechanistic	mechanistic	ADJ
easat-11385	319	18	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	319	19	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	319	20	incomplete	incomplete	ADJ
easat-11385	319	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	320	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	320	2	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	320	3	consolidates	consolidate	VERB
easat-11385	320	4	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	320	5	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	320	6	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	320	7	three	three	NUM
easat-11385	320	8	principal	principal	ADJ
easat-11385	320	9	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	320	10	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	320	11	structural	structural	ADJ
easat-11385	320	12	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	320	13	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	320	14	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	320	15	regimes	regime	NOUN
easat-11385	320	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	320	17	organizational	organizational	ADJ
easat-11385	320	18	arrangements	arrangement	NOUN
easat-11385	320	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	320	20	transformational	transformational	ADJ
easat-11385	320	21	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	320	22	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	320	23	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	320	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	320	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	320	26	innovation	innovation	NOUN
easat-11385	320	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	320	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	320	29	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	320	30	mediated	mediate	VERB
easat-11385	320	31	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	320	32	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-11385	320	33	direct	direct	ADJ
easat-11385	320	34	investment	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	320	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	321	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	321	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	321	3	a	a	DET
easat-11385	321	4	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	321	5	detailed	detailed	ADJ
easat-11385	321	6	investigation	investigation	NOUN
easat-11385	321	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	321	8	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	321	9	these	these	DET
easat-11385	321	10	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	321	11	operate	operate	VERB
easat-11385	321	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	321	13	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	321	14	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	321	15	an	an	DET
easat-11385	321	16	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	321	17	avenue	avenue	NOUN
easat-11385	321	18	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	321	19	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	321	20	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	321	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	322	1	fourth	fourth	ADJ
easat-11385	322	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	322	3	this	this	DET
easat-11385	322	4	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	322	5	highlights	highlight	VERB
easat-11385	322	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	322	7	need	need	NOUN
easat-11385	322	8	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	322	9	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	322	10	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	322	11	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	322	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	322	13	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	322	14	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	322	15	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	322	16	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	322	17	influence	influence	NOUN
easat-11385	322	18	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	322	19	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	322	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	322	21	upgrading	upgrade	VERB
easat-11385	322	22	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	322	23	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	322	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	323	1	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	323	2	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	323	3	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	323	4	employs	employ	VERB
easat-11385	323	5	static	static	ADJ
easat-11385	323	6	or	or	CCONJ
easat-11385	323	7	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	323	8	static	static	ADJ
easat-11385	323	9	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	323	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	323	11	potentially	potentially	ADV
easat-11385	323	12	missing	miss	VERB
easat-11385	323	13	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	323	14	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	323	15	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	323	16	adjustment	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	323	17	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
easat-11385	323	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	323	19	path	path	NOUN
easat-11385	323	20	dependencies	dependency	NOUN
easat-11385	323	21	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	323	22	characterize	characterize	VERB
easat-11385	323	23	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	323	24	'	'	PART
easat-11385	323	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	323	26	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	323	27	'	'	PART
easat-11385	323	28	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	323	29	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	323	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	324	1	4.3	4.3	NUM
easat-11385	324	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	324	3	practical	practical	ADJ
easat-11385	324	4	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	324	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	324	6	consolidation	consolidation	NOUN
easat-11385	324	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	324	8	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	324	9	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	324	10	yields	yield	VERB
easat-11385	324	11	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	324	12	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	324	13	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	324	14	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	324	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	325	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	325	2	consistent	consistent	ADJ
easat-11385	325	3	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	325	4	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	325	5	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	325	6	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	325	7	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-11385	325	8	affect	affect	VERB
easat-11385	325	9	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	325	10	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	325	11	emphasizes	emphasize	VERB
easat-11385	325	12	the	the	DET
easat-11385	325	13	importance	importance	NOUN
easat-11385	325	14	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	325	15	continued	continue	VERB
easat-11385	325	16	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	325	17	facilitation	facilitation	NOUN
easat-11385	325	18	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	325	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	325	20	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	325	21	streamlining	streamline	VERB
easat-11385	325	22	customs	custom	NOUN
easat-11385	325	23	procedures	procedure	NOUN
easat-11385	325	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	325	25	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	325	26	administrative	administrative	ADJ
easat-11385	325	27	burdens	burden	NOUN
easat-11385	325	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	325	29	improving	improve	VERB
easat-11385	325	30	border	border	NOUN
easat-11385	325	31	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
easat-11385	325	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	325	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	325	34	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	325	35	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	325	36	transparency	transparency	NOUN
easat-11385	325	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	326	1	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	326	2	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	326	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	326	4	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	326	5	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	326	6	progress	progress	NOUN
easat-11385	326	7	has	have	AUX
easat-11385	326	8	been	be	AUX
easat-11385	326	9	achieved	achieve	VERB
easat-11385	326	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	326	11	further	further	ADJ
easat-11385	326	12	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	326	13	remain	remain	VERB
easat-11385	326	14	possible	possible	ADJ
easat-11385	326	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	326	16	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	326	17	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	326	18	interagency	interagency	NOUN
easat-11385	326	19	coordination	coordination	NOUN
easat-11385	326	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	326	21	services	service	NOUN
easat-11385	326	22	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	326	23	facilitation	facilitation	NOUN
easat-11385	326	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	327	1	sustained	sustain	VERB
easat-11385	327	2	transportation	transportation	NOUN
easat-11385	327	3	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	327	4	ict	ict	PROPN
easat-11385	327	5	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	327	6	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	327	7	continue	continue	VERB
easat-11385	327	8	to	to	PART
easat-11385	327	9	offer	offer	VERB
easat-11385	327	10	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	327	11	returns	return	NOUN
easat-11385	327	12	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	327	13	reducing	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	327	14	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	327	15	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	327	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	327	17	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	327	18	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	327	19	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	327	20	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	327	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	327	22	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	327	23	addressing	address	VERB
easat-11385	327	24	remaining	remain	VERB
easat-11385	327	25	bottlenecks	bottleneck	NOUN
easat-11385	327	26	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	327	27	inland	inland	ADJ
easat-11385	327	28	regions	region	NOUN
easat-11385	327	29	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	327	30	intermodal	intermodal	NOUN
easat-11385	327	31	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
easat-11385	327	32	facilitating	facilitate	VERB
easat-11385	327	33	more	more	ADV
easat-11385	327	34	geographically	geographically	ADV
easat-11385	327	35	dispersed	disperse	VERB
easat-11385	327	36	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	327	37	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	327	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	328	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	328	2	substantial	substantial	ADJ
easat-11385	328	3	sectoral	sectoral	ADJ
easat-11385	328	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	328	5	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	328	6	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	328	7	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	328	8	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
easat-11385	328	9	documented	document	VERB
easat-11385	328	10	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	328	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	328	12	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	328	13	suggests	suggest	VERB
easat-11385	328	14	the	the	DET
easat-11385	328	15	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	328	16	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	328	17	differentiated	differentiated	ADJ
easat-11385	328	18	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	328	19	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	328	20	adapted	adapt	VERB
easat-11385	328	21	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	328	22	specific	specific	ADJ
easat-11385	328	23	industry	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	328	24	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
easat-11385	328	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	328	26	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	328	27	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	328	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	328	29	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	328	30	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	328	31	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	328	32	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ
easat-11385	328	33	industries	industry	NOUN
easat-11385	328	34	benefiting	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	328	35	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	328	36	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	328	37	logistics	logistic	NOUN
easat-11385	328	38	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
easat-11385	328	39	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	328	40	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	328	41	sectors	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	328	42	facing	face	VERB
easat-11385	328	43	high	high	ADJ
easat-11385	328	44	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	328	45	compliance	compliance	NOUN
easat-11385	328	46	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	328	47	benefit	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	328	48	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	328	49	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	328	50	harmonization	harmonization	NOUN
easat-11385	328	51	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	328	52	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	329	1	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	329	2	rising	rise	VERB
easat-11385	329	3	domestic	domestic	ADJ
easat-11385	329	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	329	5	erode	erode	VERB
easat-11385	329	6	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	329	7	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	329	8	lower	low	ADJ
easat-11385	329	9	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	329	10	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	329	11	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	329	12	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	329	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	329	14	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	329	15	support	support	NOUN
easat-11385	329	16	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	329	17	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	329	18	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	329	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	329	20	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	329	21	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	329	22	becomes	become	VERB
easat-11385	329	23	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	329	24	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	329	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	329	26	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	329	27	such	such	ADJ
easat-11385	329	28	support	support	NOUN
easat-11385	329	29	should	should	AUX
easat-11385	329	30	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	329	31	rather	rather	ADV
easat-11385	329	32	than	than	ADP
easat-11385	329	33	distort	distort	VERB
easat-11385	329	34	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	329	35	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	329	36	driven	drive	VERB
easat-11385	329	37	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	329	38	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	329	39	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	329	40	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	329	41	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	329	42	'	'	PART
easat-11385	329	43	absorptive	absorptive	ADJ
easat-11385	329	44	capacity	capacity	NOUN
easat-11385	329	45	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	329	46	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	329	47	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	329	48	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	330	1	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	330	2	's	's	PART
easat-11385	330	3	strategic	strategic	ADJ
easat-11385	330	4	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	330	5	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	330	6	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	330	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	330	8	agreements	agreement	NOUN
easat-11385	330	9	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	330	10	reduce	reduce	VERB
easat-11385	330	11	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	330	12	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	330	13	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	330	14	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	330	15	partners	partner	NOUN
easat-11385	330	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	330	17	improve	improve	VERB
easat-11385	330	18	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	330	19	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	330	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	330	21	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	330	22	deeper	deep	ADJ
easat-11385	330	23	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	330	24	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	330	25	regulatory	regulatory	ADJ
easat-11385	330	26	harmonization	harmonization	NOUN
easat-11385	330	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	330	28	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	330	29	facilitation	facilitation	NOUN
easat-11385	330	30	cooperation	cooperation	NOUN
easat-11385	330	31	beyond	beyond	ADP
easat-11385	330	32	tariff	tariff	NOUN
easat-11385	330	33	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	330	34	yielding	yield	VERB
easat-11385	330	35	additional	additional	ADJ
easat-11385	330	36	benefits	benefit	NOUN
easat-11385	330	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	331	1	580	580	NUM
easat-11385	331	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	331	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	331	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	331	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	331	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	331	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	331	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	331	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	331	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	331	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	331	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	331	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	332	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	332	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	332	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	332	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	332	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	332	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	332	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	332	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	332	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	332	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	332	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	332	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	332	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	332	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	332	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	332	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	332	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	332	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	332	24	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-11385	332	25	gate	gate	VERB
easat-11385	332	26	this	this	DET
easat-11385	332	27	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	332	28	literature	literature	PROPN
easat-11385	332	29	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	332	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	31	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	332	32	providing	provide	VERB
easat-11385	332	33	a	a	DET
easat-11385	332	34	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
easat-11385	332	35	synthesis	synthesis	NOUN
easat-11385	332	36	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	332	37	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	332	38	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	332	39	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	40	exhibits	exhibit	VERB
easat-11385	332	41	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	332	42	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-11385	332	43	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	332	44	suggesting	suggest	VERB
easat-11385	332	45	directions	direction	NOUN
easat-11385	332	46	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	332	47	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	332	48	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	332	49	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	333	1	while	while	SCONJ
easat-11385	333	2	the	the	DET
easat-11385	333	3	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	333	4	appropriately	appropriately	ADV
easat-11385	333	5	focuses	focus	VERB
easat-11385	333	6	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	333	7	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	333	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	333	9	a	a	DET
easat-11385	333	10	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-11385	333	11	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	333	12	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	333	13	other	other	ADJ
easat-11385	333	14	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	333	15	'	'	PART
easat-11385	333	16	experiences	experience	NOUN
easat-11385	333	17	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	333	18	provide	provide	VERB
easat-11385	333	19	valuable	valuable	ADJ
easat-11385	333	20	insights	insight	NOUN
easat-11385	333	21	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	333	22	the	the	DET
easat-11385	333	23	generalizability	generalizability	NOUN
easat-11385	333	24	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	333	25	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	333	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	333	27	the	the	DET
easat-11385	333	28	contextual	contextual	ADJ
easat-11385	333	29	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	333	30	shaping	shape	VERB
easat-11385	333	31	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	333	32	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	333	33	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	333	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	334	1	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	334	2	updates	update	NOUN
easat-11385	334	3	incorporating	incorporate	VERB
easat-11385	334	4	emerging	emerge	VERB
easat-11385	334	5	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	334	6	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	334	7	pandemic	pandemic	ADJ
easat-11385	334	8	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	334	9	related	relate	VERB
easat-11385	334	10	disruptions	disruption	NOUN
easat-11385	334	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	334	12	evolving	evolve	VERB
easat-11385	334	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	334	14	tensions	tension	NOUN
easat-11385	334	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	334	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	334	17	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	334	18	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	334	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	334	20	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	334	21	digitalization	digitalization	NOUN
easat-11385	334	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	334	23	automation	automation	NOUN
easat-11385	334	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	334	25	will	will	AUX
easat-11385	334	26	be	be	AUX
easat-11385	334	27	valuable	valuable	ADJ
easat-11385	334	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	334	29	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	334	30	these	these	DET
easat-11385	334	31	developments	development	NOUN
easat-11385	334	32	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	334	33	fundamentally	fundamentally	ADV
easat-11385	334	34	alter	alter	VERB
easat-11385	334	35	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	334	36	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	334	37	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	334	38	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	334	39	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	334	40	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	334	41	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	334	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	335	1	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	335	2	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	335	3	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	335	4	benefit	benefit	VERB
easat-11385	335	5	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	335	6	greater	great	ADJ
easat-11385	335	7	methodological	methodological	ADJ
easat-11385	335	8	diversity	diversity	NOUN
easat-11385	335	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	335	10	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	335	11	more	more	ADJ
easat-11385	335	12	firm	firm	ADJ
easat-11385	335	13	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	335	14	level	level	NOUN
easat-11385	335	15	empirical	empirical	ADJ
easat-11385	335	16	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	335	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	335	18	natural	natural	ADJ
easat-11385	335	19	experiments	experiment	NOUN
easat-11385	335	20	exploiting	exploit	VERB
easat-11385	335	21	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	335	22	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	335	23	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	335	24	causal	causal	ADJ
easat-11385	335	25	identification	identification	NOUN
easat-11385	335	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	335	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	335	28	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
easat-11385	335	29	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	335	30	providing	provide	VERB
easat-11385	335	31	rich	rich	ADJ
easat-11385	335	32	contextual	contextual	ADJ
easat-11385	335	33	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	335	34	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	335	35	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	335	36	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	336	1	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	336	2	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	336	3	topics	topic	NOUN
easat-11385	336	4	warrant	warrant	VERB
easat-11385	336	5	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	336	6	investigation	investigation	NOUN
easat-11385	336	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	336	8	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	336	9	services	service	NOUN
easat-11385	336	10	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	336	11	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	336	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	336	13	their	their	PRON
easat-11385	336	14	effects	effect	NOUN
easat-11385	336	15	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	336	16	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	336	17	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	336	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	336	19	environmental	environmental	ADJ
easat-11385	336	20	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
easat-11385	336	21	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	336	22	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	336	23	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	336	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	336	25	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	336	26	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	336	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	336	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	336	29	labor	labor	NOUN
easat-11385	336	30	market	market	NOUN
easat-11385	336	31	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	336	32	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	336	33	changing	change	VERB
easat-11385	336	34	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	336	35	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	336	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	336	37	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	336	38	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	336	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	337	1	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	337	2	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	337	3	explicitly	explicitly	ADV
easat-11385	337	4	modeling	model	VERB
easat-11385	337	5	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
easat-11385	337	6	adjustment	adjustment	NOUN
easat-11385	337	7	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	337	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	337	9	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	337	10	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	337	11	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	337	12	learn	learn	VERB
easat-11385	337	13	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	337	14	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	337	15	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	337	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	337	17	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	337	18	capabilities	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	337	19	accumulate	accumulate	VERB
easat-11385	337	20	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	337	21	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	337	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	337	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	337	24	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	337	25	these	these	DET
easat-11385	337	26	processes	process	NOUN
easat-11385	337	27	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	337	28	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	337	29	changing	change	VERB
easat-11385	337	30	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	337	31	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	337	32	conditions	condition	NOUN
easat-11385	337	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	337	34	could	could	AUX
easat-11385	337	35	substantially	substantially	ADV
easat-11385	337	36	advance	advance	VERB
easat-11385	337	37	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	337	38	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	337	39	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	337	40	most	most	ADJ
easat-11385	337	41	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	337	42	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	337	43	employs	employ	VERB
easat-11385	337	44	static	static	ADJ
easat-11385	337	45	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	337	46	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	337	47	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	337	48	inadequately	inadequately	ADV
easat-11385	337	49	capture	capture	VERB
easat-11385	337	50	the	the	DET
easat-11385	337	51	evolutionary	evolutionary	ADJ
easat-11385	337	52	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	337	53	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	337	54	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	337	55	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	337	56	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	337	57	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	337	58	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	338	1	4.4	4.4	NUM
easat-11385	338	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	339	1	concluding	conclude	VERB
easat-11385	339	2	remarks	remark	NOUN
easat-11385	339	3	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	339	4	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	339	5	play	play	VERB
easat-11385	339	6	a	a	DET
easat-11385	339	7	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-11385	339	8	role	role	NOUN
easat-11385	339	9	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	339	10	shaping	shape	VERB
easat-11385	339	11	countries	country	NOUN
easat-11385	339	12	'	'	PART
easat-11385	339	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	339	14	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	339	15	'	'	PART
easat-11385	339	16	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	339	17	within	within	ADP
easat-11385	339	18	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	339	19	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	339	20	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	339	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	339	22	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	339	23	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-11385	339	24	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	339	25	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	339	26	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	339	27	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	339	28	's	's	PART
easat-11385	339	29	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	339	30	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	339	31	given	give	VERB
easat-11385	339	32	its	its	PRON
easat-11385	339	33	central	central	ADJ
easat-11385	339	34	role	role	NOUN
easat-11385	339	35	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	339	36	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	339	37	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	339	38	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	339	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	340	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	340	2	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	340	3	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	340	4	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	340	5	consolidates	consolidate	VERB
easat-11385	340	6	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	340	7	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	340	8	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	340	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	340	10	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	340	11	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	340	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	340	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	340	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	340	15	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	340	16	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	340	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	340	18	identifying	identify	VERB
easat-11385	340	19	key	key	ADJ
easat-11385	340	20	mechanisms	mechanism	NOUN
easat-11385	340	21	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	340	22	which	which	PRON
easat-11385	340	23	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	340	24	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	340	25	operate	operate	VERB
easat-11385	340	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	340	27	documenting	document	VERB
easat-11385	340	28	the	the	DET
easat-11385	340	29	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-11385	340	30	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	340	31	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	340	32	focus	focus	NOUN
easat-11385	340	33	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	340	34	time	time	NOUN
easat-11385	340	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	340	36	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	340	37	highlighting	highlight	VERB
easat-11385	340	38	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	340	39	gaps	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	340	40	warranting	warrant	VERB
easat-11385	340	41	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	340	42	investigation	investigation	NOUN
easat-11385	340	43	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	341	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	341	2	reviewed	review	VERB
easat-11385	341	3	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-11385	341	4	consistently	consistently	ADV
easat-11385	341	5	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
easat-11385	341	6	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	341	7	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	341	8	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	341	9	reductions	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	341	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	341	11	achieved	achieve	VERB
easat-11385	341	12	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	341	13	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	341	14	reforms	reform	NOUN
easat-11385	341	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	341	16	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
easat-11385	341	17	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-11385	341	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	341	19	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	341	20	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	341	21	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	341	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	341	23	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	341	24	promoted	promote	VERB
easat-11385	341	25	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	341	26	's	's	PART
easat-11385	341	27	dramatic	dramatic	ADJ
easat-11385	341	28	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	341	29	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	341	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	341	31	deep	deep	ADJ
easat-11385	341	32	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-11385	341	33	into	into	ADP
easat-11385	341	34	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	341	35	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	341	36	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	341	37	over	over	ADP
easat-11385	341	38	the	the	DET
easat-11385	341	39	past	past	ADJ
easat-11385	341	40	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	341	41	decades	decade	NOUN
easat-11385	341	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	342	1	however	however	ADV
easat-11385	342	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	342	3	the	the	DET
easat-11385	342	4	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	342	5	also	also	ADV
easat-11385	342	6	suggests	suggest	VERB
easat-11385	342	7	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	342	8	sustaining	sustain	VERB
easat-11385	342	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	342	10	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	342	11	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	342	12	's	's	PART
easat-11385	342	13	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	342	14	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	342	15	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-11385	342	16	requires	require	VERB
easat-11385	342	17	not	not	PART
easat-11385	342	18	merely	merely	ADV
easat-11385	342	19	further	further	ADJ
easat-11385	342	20	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	342	21	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	342	22	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	342	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	342	24	though	though	SCONJ
easat-11385	342	25	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	342	26	remains	remain	VERB
easat-11385	342	27	valuable	valuable	ADJ
easat-11385	342	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	342	29	but	but	CCONJ
easat-11385	342	30	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	342	31	investments	investment	NOUN
easat-11385	342	32	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	342	33	capability	capability	NOUN
easat-11385	342	34	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	342	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	342	36	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	342	37	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	342	38	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	342	39	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	342	40	institutional	institutional	ADJ
easat-11385	342	41	strengthening	strengthening	NOUN
easat-11385	342	42	that	that	PRON
easat-11385	342	43	enable	enable	VERB
easat-11385	342	44	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-11385	342	45	manufacturers	manufacturer	NOUN
easat-11385	342	46	to	to	PART
easat-11385	342	47	compete	compete	VERB
easat-11385	342	48	effectively	effectively	ADV
easat-11385	342	49	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	342	50	higher	high	ADJ
easat-11385	342	51	valueadded	valueadded	ADJ
easat-11385	342	52	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-11385	342	53	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	343	1	looking	look	VERB
easat-11385	343	2	forward	forward	ADV
easat-11385	343	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	343	4	several	several	ADJ
easat-11385	343	5	trends	trend	NOUN
easat-11385	343	6	will	will	AUX
easat-11385	343	7	likely	likely	ADV
easat-11385	343	8	reshape	reshape	VERB
easat-11385	343	9	the	the	DET
easat-11385	343	10	relationships	relationship	NOUN
easat-11385	343	11	between	between	ADP
easat-11385	343	12	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	343	13	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	343	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	343	15	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	343	16	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	343	17	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	344	1	technological	technological	ADJ
easat-11385	344	2	changes	change	NOUN
easat-11385	344	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	344	4	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	344	5	digitalization	digitalization	NOUN
easat-11385	344	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	344	7	automation	automation	NOUN
easat-11385	344	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	344	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	344	10	additive	additive	ADJ
easat-11385	344	11	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	344	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	344	13	may	may	AUX
easat-11385	344	14	alter	alter	VERB
easat-11385	344	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	344	16	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	344	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	344	18	geographic	geographic	ADJ
easat-11385	344	19	dispersion	dispersion	NOUN
easat-11385	344	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	344	21	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	344	22	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	344	23	organization	organization	NOUN
easat-11385	344	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	345	1	evolving	evolve	VERB
easat-11385	345	2	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	345	3	environments	environment	NOUN
easat-11385	345	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	345	5	comprising	comprise	VERB
easat-11385	345	6	renewed	renew	VERB
easat-11385	345	7	attention	attention	NOUN
easat-11385	345	8	to	to	AUX
easat-11385	345	9	supply	supply	VERB
easat-11385	345	10	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	345	11	resilience	resilience	NOUN
easat-11385	345	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	345	13	sustainability	sustainability	NOUN
easat-11385	345	14	considerations	consideration	NOUN
easat-11385	345	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	345	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	345	17	shifting	shift	VERB
easat-11385	345	18	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	345	19	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	345	20	orientations	orientation	NOUN
easat-11385	345	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	345	22	will	will	AUX
easat-11385	345	23	influence	influence	VERB
easat-11385	345	24	both	both	DET
easat-11385	345	25	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	345	26	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	345	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	345	28	the	the	DET
easat-11385	345	29	strategic	strategic	ADJ
easat-11385	345	30	considerations	consideration	NOUN
easat-11385	345	31	shaping	shape	VERB
easat-11385	345	32	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	345	33	participation	participation	NOUN
easat-11385	345	34	decisions	decision	NOUN
easat-11385	345	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	346	1	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-11385	346	2	how	how	SCONJ
easat-11385	346	3	these	these	DET
easat-11385	346	4	evolving	evolve	VERB
easat-11385	346	5	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-11385	346	6	interact	interact	VERB
easat-11385	346	7	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	346	8	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-11385	346	9	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	346	10	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	346	11	determinants	determinant	NOUN
easat-11385	346	12	to	to	PART
easat-11385	346	13	shape	shape	VERB
easat-11385	346	14	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	346	15	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	346	16	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	346	17	structures	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	346	18	represents	represent	VERB
easat-11385	346	19	an	an	DET
easat-11385	346	20	important	important	ADJ
easat-11385	346	21	challenge	challenge	NOUN
easat-11385	346	22	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	346	23	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	346	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	346	25	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	346	26	alike	alike	ADV
easat-11385	346	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	347	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	347	2	review	review	NOUN
easat-11385	347	3	contributes	contribute	VERB
easat-11385	347	4	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	347	5	the	the	DET
easat-11385	347	6	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	347	7	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	347	8	providing	provide	VERB
easat-11385	347	9	a	a	DET
easat-11385	347	10	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
easat-11385	347	11	synthesis	synthesis	NOUN
easat-11385	347	12	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	347	13	existing	exist	VERB
easat-11385	347	14	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	347	15	regarding	regard	VERB
easat-11385	347	16	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	347	17	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	347	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	347	19	gvc	gvc	PROPN
easat-11385	347	20	positioning	positioning	NOUN
easat-11385	347	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	347	22	with	with	ADP
easat-11385	347	23	particular	particular	ADJ
easat-11385	347	24	focus	focus	NOUN
easat-11385	347	25	on	on	ADP
easat-11385	347	26	china	china	PROPN
easat-11385	347	27	's	's	PART
easat-11385	347	28	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	347	29	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	347	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	348	1	the	the	DET
easat-11385	348	2	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-11385	348	3	approach	approach	NOUN
easat-11385	348	4	employed	employ	VERB
easat-11385	348	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	348	6	including	include	VERB
easat-11385	348	7	rigorous	rigorous	ADJ
easat-11385	348	8	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	348	9	screening	screening	NOUN
easat-11385	348	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	348	11	scientometric	scientometric	ADJ
easat-11385	348	12	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-11385	348	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	348	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	348	15	thematic	thematic	ADJ
easat-11385	348	16	synthesis	synthesis	NOUN
easat-11385	348	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	348	18	enables	enable	VERB
easat-11385	348	19	the	the	DET
easat-11385	348	20	identification	identification	NOUN
easat-11385	348	21	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	348	22	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	348	23	patterns	pattern	NOUN
easat-11385	348	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	348	25	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-11385	348	26	gaps	gap	NOUN
easat-11385	348	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	348	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	348	29	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-11385	348	30	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	348	31	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	348	32	investigation	investigation	NOUN
easat-11385	348	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	349	1	these	these	DET
easat-11385	349	2	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-11385	349	3	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	349	4	frameworks	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	349	5	can	can	AUX
easat-11385	349	6	inform	inform	VERB
easat-11385	349	7	both	both	DET
easat-11385	349	8	future	future	ADJ
easat-11385	349	9	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	349	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	349	11	advancing	advance	VERB
easat-11385	349	12	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-11385	349	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	349	14	empirical	empirical	ADJ
easat-11385	349	15	understanding	understanding	NOUN
easat-11385	349	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	349	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	349	18	policy	policy	NOUN
easat-11385	349	19	efforts	effort	NOUN
easat-11385	349	20	aimed	aim	VERB
easat-11385	349	21	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	349	22	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-11385	349	23	manufacturing	manufacturing	NOUN
easat-11385	349	24	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
easat-11385	349	25	through	through	ADP
easat-11385	349	26	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	349	27	cost	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	349	28	reduction	reduction	NOUN
easat-11385	349	29	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	349	30	complementary	complementary	ADJ
easat-11385	349	31	interventions	intervention	NOUN
easat-11385	349	32	supporting	support	VERB
easat-11385	349	33	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	349	34	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	349	35	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	349	36	sustainable	sustainable	ADJ
easat-11385	349	37	development	development	NOUN
easat-11385	349	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	350	1	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	350	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-11385	350	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-11385	350	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-11385	350	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	350	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-11385	350	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-11385	350	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	350	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-11385	350	10	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	350	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-11385	350	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	350	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	351	1	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	351	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	351	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	351	5	12	12	NUM
easat-11385	351	6	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	7	560	560	NUM
easat-11385	351	8	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	351	9	581	581	NUM
easat-11385	351	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	11	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	351	12	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-11385	351	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	14	10.55214/2576	10.55214/2576	NUM
easat-11385	351	15	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	351	16	8484.v9i12.11385	8484.v9i12.11385	NOUN
easat-11385	351	17	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	351	18	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	351	19	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	351	20	the	the	DET
easat-11385	351	21	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	351	22	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-11385	351	24	learning	learn	VERB
easat-11385	351	25	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-11385	351	26	transparency	transparency	NOUN
easat-11385	351	27	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	28	the	the	DET
easat-11385	351	29	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	351	30	confirm	confirm	VERB
easat-11385	351	31	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	351	32	the	the	DET
easat-11385	351	33	manuscript	manuscript	NOUN
easat-11385	351	34	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	351	35	an	an	DET
easat-11385	351	36	honest	honest	ADJ
easat-11385	351	37	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	38	accurate	accurate	ADJ
easat-11385	351	39	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	40	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	351	41	transparent	transparent	ADJ
easat-11385	351	42	account	account	NOUN
easat-11385	351	43	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	351	44	the	the	DET
easat-11385	351	45	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	351	46	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	47	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	351	48	no	no	DET
easat-11385	351	49	vital	vital	ADJ
easat-11385	351	50	features	feature	NOUN
easat-11385	351	51	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	351	52	the	the	DET
easat-11385	351	53	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	351	54	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	351	55	been	be	AUX
easat-11385	351	56	omitted	omit	VERB
easat-11385	351	57	;	;	PUNCT
easat-11385	351	58	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	351	59	that	that	SCONJ
easat-11385	351	60	any	any	DET
easat-11385	351	61	discrepancies	discrepancy	NOUN
easat-11385	351	62	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	351	63	the	the	DET
easat-11385	351	64	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	351	65	as	as	SCONJ
easat-11385	351	66	planned	plan	VERB
easat-11385	351	67	have	have	AUX
easat-11385	351	68	been	be	AUX
easat-11385	351	69	explained	explain	VERB
easat-11385	351	70	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	352	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	352	2	study	study	NOUN
easat-11385	352	3	followed	follow	VERB
easat-11385	352	4	all	all	DET
easat-11385	352	5	ethical	ethical	ADJ
easat-11385	352	6	practices	practice	NOUN
easat-11385	352	7	during	during	ADP
easat-11385	352	8	writing	writing	NOUN
easat-11385	352	9	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	353	1	copyright	copyright	NOUN
easat-11385	353	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	353	3	©	©	PROPN
easat-11385	353	4	2025	2025	NUM
easat-11385	353	5	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	353	6	the	the	DET
easat-11385	353	7	authors	author	NOUN
easat-11385	353	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	354	1	this	this	DET
easat-11385	354	2	article	article	NOUN
easat-11385	354	3	is	be	AUX
easat-11385	354	4	an	an	DET
easat-11385	354	5	open	open	ADJ
easat-11385	354	6	-	-	PUNCT
easat-11385	354	7	access	access	NOUN
easat-11385	354	8	article	article	NOUN
easat-11385	354	9	distributed	distribute	VERB
easat-11385	354	10	under	under	ADP
easat-11385	354	11	the	the	DET
easat-11385	354	12	terms	term	NOUN
easat-11385	354	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	354	14	conditions	condition	NOUN
easat-11385	354	15	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	354	16	the	the	DET
easat-11385	354	17	creative	creative	ADJ
easat-11385	354	18	commons	common	NOUN
easat-11385	354	19	attribution	attribution	NOUN
easat-11385	354	20	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	354	21	cc	cc	NOUN
easat-11385	354	22	by	by	ADP
easat-11385	354	23	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	354	24	license	license	NOUN
easat-11385	354	25	(	(	PUNCT
easat-11385	354	26	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	PROPN
easat-11385	354	27	)	)	PUNCT
easat-11385	354	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	355	1	references	reference	NOUN
easat-11385	355	2	[	[	X
easat-11385	355	3	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	355	4	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	355	5	r.	r.	PROPN
easat-11385	355	6	e.	e.	PROPN
easat-11385	355	7	baldwin	baldwin	PROPN
easat-11385	355	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	355	9	a.	a.	NOUN
easat-11385	355	10	venables	venables	PROPN
easat-11385	355	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	355	12	relocating	relocate	VERB
easat-11385	355	13	the	the	DET
easat-11385	355	14	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	355	15	chain	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	355	16	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	355	17	offshoring	offshoring	NOUN
easat-11385	355	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	355	19	agglomeration	agglomeration	NOUN
easat-11385	355	20	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	355	21	the	the	DET
easat-11385	355	22	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	355	23	economy	economy	NOUN
easat-11385	355	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	356	1	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
easat-11385	356	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	356	3	ma	ma	PROPN
easat-11385	356	4	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	356	5	national	national	PROPN
easat-11385	356	6	bureau	bureau	PROPN
easat-11385	356	7	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	356	8	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	356	9	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	356	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	356	11	2010	2010	NUM
easat-11385	356	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	357	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	357	2	2	2	X
easat-11385	357	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	357	4	d.	d.	PROPN
easat-11385	357	5	hummels	hummels	PROPN
easat-11385	357	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	357	7	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-11385	357	8	ishii	ishii	PROPN
easat-11385	357	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	357	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	357	11	k.-m	k.-m	PROPN
easat-11385	357	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	358	1	yi	yi	PROPN
easat-11385	358	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	358	3	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	358	4	the	the	DET
easat-11385	358	5	nature	nature	NOUN
easat-11385	358	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	358	7	growth	growth	NOUN
easat-11385	358	8	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	358	9	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	358	10	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	358	11	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	358	12	world	world	NOUN
easat-11385	358	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	358	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	358	15	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	358	16	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-11385	358	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	358	18	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	358	19	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	358	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	358	21	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	358	22	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	359	1	54	54	NUM
easat-11385	359	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	359	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	359	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	359	5	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	359	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	359	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-11385	359	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	360	1	75	75	NUM
easat-11385	360	2	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	360	3	96	96	NUM
easat-11385	360	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	360	5	2001	2001	NUM
easat-11385	360	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	361	1	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00093-3	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00093-3	PROPN
easat-11385	362	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	362	2	3	3	X
easat-11385	362	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	362	4	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-11385	362	5	mclaren	mclaren	PROPN
easat-11385	362	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	362	7	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	362	8	globalization	globalization	NOUN
easat-11385	362	9	”	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	362	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	362	11	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	362	12	structure	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	362	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	362	14	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	362	15	american	american	PROPN
easat-11385	362	16	economic	economic	PROPN
easat-11385	362	17	review	review	PROPN
easat-11385	362	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	362	19	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	362	20	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	363	1	90	90	NUM
easat-11385	363	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	363	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	363	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	363	5	5	5	NUM
easat-11385	363	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	363	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-11385	363	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	364	1	1239	1239	NUM
easat-11385	364	2	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	364	3	1254	1254	NUM
easat-11385	364	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	364	5	2000	2000	NUM
easat-11385	364	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	365	1	https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1239	https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1239	NOUN
easat-11385	366	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	366	2	4	4	NUM
easat-11385	366	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	4	b.	b.	PROPN
easat-11385	366	5	bridgman	bridgman	PROPN
easat-11385	366	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	7	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	8	the	the	DET
easat-11385	366	9	rise	rise	NOUN
easat-11385	366	10	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	366	11	vertical	vertical	ADJ
easat-11385	366	12	specialization	specialization	NOUN
easat-11385	366	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	366	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	15	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	16	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-11385	366	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	366	18	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	366	19	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	366	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	21	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	366	22	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	366	23	86	86	NUM
easat-11385	366	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	25	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	366	26	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	366	27	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	366	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	366	29	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-11385	366	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	367	1	133	133	NUM
easat-11385	367	2	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	367	3	140	140	NUM
easat-11385	367	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	367	5	2012	2012	NUM
easat-11385	367	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	1	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.08.016	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.08.016	PROPN
easat-11385	368	2	[	[	X
easat-11385	368	3	5	5	NUM
easat-11385	368	4	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	5	a.	a.	NOUN
easat-11385	368	6	amighini	amighini	NOUN
easat-11385	368	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	8	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	9	from	from	ADP
easat-11385	368	10	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	368	11	to	to	ADP
easat-11385	368	12	regional	regional	ADJ
easat-11385	368	13	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	368	14	networks	network	NOUN
easat-11385	368	15	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	368	16	the	the	DET
easat-11385	368	17	telecom	telecom	NOUN
easat-11385	368	18	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	368	19	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	20	implications	implication	NOUN
easat-11385	368	21	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	368	22	industrial	industrial	ADJ
easat-11385	368	23	upgrading	upgrading	NOUN
easat-11385	368	24	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	368	25	east	east	PROPN
easat-11385	368	26	asia	asia	PROPN
easat-11385	368	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	28	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	29	european	european	ADJ
easat-11385	368	30	journal	journal	PROPN
easat-11385	368	31	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	368	32	east	east	PROPN
easat-11385	368	33	asian	asian	ADJ
easat-11385	368	34	studies	study	NOUN
easat-11385	368	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	368	36	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	368	37	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	369	1	4	4	NUM
easat-11385	369	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	369	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	369	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	369	5	1	1	NUM
easat-11385	369	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	369	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-11385	369	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	370	1	115	115	NUM
easat-11385	370	2	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	370	3	141	141	NUM
easat-11385	370	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	370	5	2005	2005	NUM
easat-11385	370	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	371	2	6	6	NUM
easat-11385	371	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	4	p.	p.	NOUN
easat-11385	371	5	antràs	antràs	PROPN
easat-11385	371	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	7	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	8	firms	firm	NOUN
easat-11385	371	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	10	contracts	contract	NOUN
easat-11385	371	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	371	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	371	14	structure	structure	NOUN
easat-11385	371	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	16	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	17	the	the	DET
easat-11385	371	18	quarterly	quarterly	ADJ
easat-11385	371	19	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-11385	371	20	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	371	21	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	371	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	23	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	371	24	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	371	25	118	118	NUM
easat-11385	371	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	27	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	371	28	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	371	29	4	4	NUM
easat-11385	371	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	371	31	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-11385	371	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	372	1	1375	1375	NUM
easat-11385	372	2	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	372	3	1418	1418	NUM
easat-11385	372	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	372	5	2003	2003	NUM
easat-11385	372	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	373	1	https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552829	https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552829	X
easat-11385	374	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	374	2	7	7	X
easat-11385	374	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	374	4	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-11385	374	5	e.	e.	PROPN
easat-11385	374	6	anderson	anderson	PROPN
easat-11385	374	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	374	8	e.	e.	PROPN
easat-11385	374	9	van	van	PROPN
easat-11385	374	10	wincoop	wincoop	NOUN
easat-11385	374	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	374	12	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	374	13	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	374	14	costs	cost	NOUN
easat-11385	374	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	374	16	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	374	17	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-11385	374	18	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	374	19	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	374	20	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-11385	374	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	374	22	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	374	23	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	375	1	42	42	NUM
easat-11385	375	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	375	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	375	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	375	5	3	3	NUM
easat-11385	375	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	375	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-11385	375	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	376	1	691	691	NUM
easat-11385	376	2	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	376	3	751	751	NUM
easat-11385	376	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	376	5	2004	2004	NUM
easat-11385	376	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	377	1	https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051042177649	https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051042177649	NOUN
easat-11385	378	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	378	2	8	8	NUM
easat-11385	378	3	]	]	X
easat-11385	378	4	g.	g.	PROPN
easat-11385	378	5	gereffi	gereffi	PROPN
easat-11385	378	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	7	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-11385	378	8	humphrey	humphrey	PROPN
easat-11385	378	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	378	11	t.	t.	NOUN
easat-11385	378	12	sturgeon	sturgeon	NOUN
easat-11385	378	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	14	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	15	the	the	DET
easat-11385	378	16	governance	governance	NOUN
easat-11385	378	17	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	378	18	global	global	ADJ
easat-11385	378	19	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	378	20	chains	chain	NOUN
easat-11385	378	21	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	22	an	an	DET
easat-11385	378	23	analytic	analytic	ADJ
easat-11385	378	24	framework	framework	NOUN
easat-11385	378	25	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	27	working	working	NOUN
easat-11385	378	28	paper	paper	NOUN
easat-11385	378	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	30	0969	0969	NUM
easat-11385	378	31	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	378	32	2290	2290	NUM
easat-11385	378	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	378	34	2005	2005	NUM
easat-11385	378	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	379	2	9	9	NUM
easat-11385	379	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	4	z.	z.	PROPN
easat-11385	379	5	wang	wang	PROPN
easat-11385	379	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	7	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-11385	379	8	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-11385	379	9	wei	wei	PROPN
easat-11385	379	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	379	12	k.	k.	PROPN
easat-11385	379	13	zhu	zhu	PROPN
easat-11385	379	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	15	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	16	quantifying	quantify	VERB
easat-11385	379	17	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	379	18	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	379	19	sharing	sharing	NOUN
easat-11385	379	20	at	at	ADP
easat-11385	379	21	the	the	DET
easat-11385	379	22	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
easat-11385	379	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	379	24	sector	sector	NOUN
easat-11385	379	25	levels	level	NOUN
easat-11385	379	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	27	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	28	national	national	ADJ
easat-11385	379	29	bureau	bureau	NOUN
easat-11385	379	30	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	379	31	economic	economic	ADJ
easat-11385	379	32	research	research	NOUN
easat-11385	379	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	379	34	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	379	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	380	1	w19677	w19677	PROPN
easat-11385	380	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	380	3	2013	2013	NUM
easat-11385	380	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	1	[	[	X
easat-11385	381	2	10	10	NUM
easat-11385	381	3	]	]	X
easat-11385	381	4	r.	r.	PROPN
easat-11385	381	5	c.	c.	PROPN
easat-11385	381	6	johnson	johnson	PROPN
easat-11385	381	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	381	8	g.	g.	PROPN
easat-11385	381	9	noguera	noguera	PROPN
easat-11385	381	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	11	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	12	accounting	account	VERB
easat-11385	381	13	for	for	ADP
easat-11385	381	14	intermediates	intermediate	NOUN
easat-11385	381	15	:	:	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	16	production	production	NOUN
easat-11385	381	17	sharing	sharing	NOUN
easat-11385	381	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-11385	381	19	trade	trade	NOUN
easat-11385	381	20	in	in	ADP
easat-11385	381	21	value	value	NOUN
easat-11385	381	22	added	add	VERB
easat-11385	381	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	24	"	"	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	25	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-11385	381	26	of	of	ADP
easat-11385	381	27	international	international	ADJ
easat-11385	381	28	economics	economic	NOUN
easat-11385	381	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	30	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-11385	381	31	.	.	PROPN
easat-11385	381	32	86	86	NUM
easat-11385	381	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	34	no	no	INTJ
easat-11385	381	35	.	.	NOUN
easat-11385	381	36	2	2	NUM
easat-11385	381	37	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	381	38	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-11385	381	39	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	382	1	224	224	NUM
easat-11385	382	2	-	-	SYM
easat-11385	382	3	236	236	NUM
easat-11385	382	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-11385	382	5	2012	2012	NUM
easat-11385	382	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-11385	383	1	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.10.003	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.10.003	NUM
easat-11385	383	2	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	PROPN
easat-11385	383	3	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00093-3	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(00)00093-3	PROPN
easat-11385	383	4	https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1239	https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1239	PROPN
easat-11385	383	5	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.08.016	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.08.016	PROPN
easat-11385	383	6	https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552829	https://doi.org/10.1162/003355303322552829	PUNCT
easat-11385	383	7	https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051042177649	https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051042177649	NOUN
easat-11385	383	8	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.10.003	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.10.003	X