id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
easat-5286	1	1	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	1	2	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	1	3	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	1	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	1	5	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	1	6	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	1	7	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	1	8	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	1	9	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	1	10	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	1	11	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	1	12	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	2	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	2	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	2	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	2	5	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	2	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	7	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	2	8	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	2	9	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	2	10	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	2	11	publisher	publisher	NOUN
easat-5286	2	12	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	13	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	2	14	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	2	15	doi	doi	PROPN
easat-5286	2	16	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	17	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	2	18	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	2	19	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	2	20	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	2	21	the	the	DET
easat-5286	2	22	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	2	23	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	24	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	2	25	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	2	26	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	2	27	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	2	28	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	2	29	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	2	30	the	the	DET
easat-5286	2	31	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	2	32	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	33	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	2	34	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	2	35	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	2	36	history	history	NOUN
easat-5286	2	37	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	38	received	receive	VERB
easat-5286	2	39	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	40	7	7	NUM
easat-5286	2	41	january	january	NOUN
easat-5286	2	42	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	2	43	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	44	revised	revise	VERB
easat-5286	2	45	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	46	19	19	NUM
easat-5286	2	47	february	february	NOUN
easat-5286	2	48	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	2	49	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	50	accepted	accept	VERB
easat-5286	2	51	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	52	20	20	NUM
easat-5286	2	53	february	february	NOUN
easat-5286	2	54	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	2	55	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	56	published	publish	VERB
easat-5286	2	57	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	58	8	8	NUM
easat-5286	2	59	march	march	NOUN
easat-5286	2	60	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	2	61	*	*	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	62	correspondence	correspondence	NOUN
easat-5286	2	63	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	64	504373747@qq.com	504373747@qq.com	NUM
easat-5286	2	65	the	the	DET
easat-5286	2	66	use	use	NOUN
easat-5286	2	67	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	2	68	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	2	69	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	2	70	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	71	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	2	72	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	2	73	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	2	74	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	2	75	to	to	PART
easat-5286	2	76	enhance	enhance	VERB
easat-5286	2	77	the	the	DET
easat-5286	2	78	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	2	79	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	2	80	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	2	81	among	among	ADP
easat-5286	2	82	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	2	83	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	2	84	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	3	1	li	li	PROPN
easat-5286	4	1	chen1	chen1	PROPN
easat-5286	4	2	*	*	PROPN
easat-5286	4	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	4	suwaree	suwaree	PROPN
easat-5286	4	5	yordchim2	yordchim2	PROPN
easat-5286	4	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	7	suphat	suphat	NOUN
easat-5286	4	8	sukamolson3	sukamolson3	ADJ
easat-5286	4	9	1linguistics	1linguistics	NUM
easat-5286	4	10	program	program	NOUN
easat-5286	4	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	12	graduate	graduate	NOUN
easat-5286	4	13	school	school	NOUN
easat-5286	4	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	15	suan	suan	PROPN
easat-5286	4	16	sunandha	sunandha	PROPN
easat-5286	4	17	rajabhat	rajabhat	PROPN
easat-5286	4	18	university	university	PROPN
easat-5286	4	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	20	bangkok	bangkok	PROPN
easat-5286	4	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	22	thailand	thailand	PROPN
easat-5286	4	23	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	24	504373747@qq.com	504373747@qq.com	NUM
easat-5286	4	25	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	26	l.c	l.c	PROPN
easat-5286	4	27	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	4	28	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	4	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	5	1	2graduate	2graduate	NUM
easat-5286	5	2	school	school	NOUN
easat-5286	5	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	5	4	suan	suan	PROPN
easat-5286	5	5	sunandha	sunandha	PROPN
easat-5286	5	6	rajabhat	rajabhat	PROPN
easat-5286	5	7	university	university	PROPN
easat-5286	5	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	5	9	thailand	thailand	PROPN
easat-5286	5	10	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	5	11	suwaree.yo@ssru.ac.th	suwaree.yo@ssru.ac.th	PROPN
easat-5286	5	12	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	5	13	s.y	s.y	PROPN
easat-5286	5	14	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	5	15	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	5	16	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	6	1	3international	3international	NUM
easat-5286	6	2	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	6	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	6	4	maejo	maejo	PROPN
easat-5286	6	5	university	university	PROPN
easat-5286	6	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	6	7	chiang	chiang	PROPN
easat-5286	6	8	mai	mai	PROPN
easat-5286	6	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	6	10	thailand	thailand	PROPN
easat-5286	6	11	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	6	12	ssuphatz@gmail.com	ssuphatz@gmail.com	X
easat-5286	6	13	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	6	14	s.s	s.s	PROPN
easat-5286	6	15	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	6	16	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	6	17	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	7	1	abstract	abstract	ADV
easat-5286	7	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	7	3	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	7	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	7	5	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-5286	7	6	advancement	advancement	NOUN
easat-5286	7	7	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	7	8	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	7	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	7	10	mobile	mobile	NOUN
easat-5286	7	11	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	7	12	assisted	assist	VERB
easat-5286	7	13	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	7	14	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	7	15	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	7	16	mall	mall	NOUN
easat-5286	7	17	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	7	18	has	have	AUX
easat-5286	7	19	emerged	emerge	VERB
easat-5286	7	20	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	7	21	a	a	DET
easat-5286	7	22	powerful	powerful	ADJ
easat-5286	7	23	tool	tool	NOUN
easat-5286	7	24	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	7	25	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-5286	7	26	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	7	27	'	'	PART
easat-5286	7	28	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	7	29	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	7	30	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	7	31	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	7	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	8	1	this	this	DET
easat-5286	8	2	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	8	3	explores	explore	VERB
easat-5286	8	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	8	5	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
easat-5286	8	6	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	8	7	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	8	8	the	the	DET
easat-5286	8	9	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	8	10	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	8	11	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	8	12	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	8	13	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	8	14	a	a	DET
easat-5286	8	15	digital	digital	ADJ
easat-5286	8	16	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	8	17	platform	platform	NOUN
easat-5286	8	18	to	to	PART
easat-5286	8	19	improve	improve	VERB
easat-5286	8	20	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	8	21	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	8	22	'	'	PART
easat-5286	8	23	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	8	24	speaking	speaking	NOUN
easat-5286	8	25	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	8	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	9	1	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	9	2	integrating	integrate	VERB
easat-5286	9	3	interactive	interactive	ADJ
easat-5286	9	4	exercises	exercise	NOUN
easat-5286	9	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	9	6	ai	ai	ADJ
easat-5286	9	7	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	9	8	driven	drive	VERB
easat-5286	9	9	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN
easat-5286	9	10	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-5286	9	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	9	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	9	13	real	real	ADJ
easat-5286	9	14	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	9	15	time	time	NOUN
easat-5286	9	16	communication	communication	NOUN
easat-5286	9	17	features	feature	NOUN
easat-5286	9	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	9	19	the	the	DET
easat-5286	9	20	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	9	21	provides	provide	VERB
easat-5286	9	22	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	9	23	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	9	24	a	a	DET
easat-5286	9	25	flexible	flexible	ADJ
easat-5286	9	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	9	27	immersive	immersive	ADJ
easat-5286	9	28	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	9	29	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	9	30	experience	experience	NOUN
easat-5286	9	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	10	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	10	2	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	10	3	examines	examine	VERB
easat-5286	10	4	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	10	5	'	'	PART
easat-5286	10	6	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	10	7	performance	performance	NOUN
easat-5286	10	8	before	before	ADV
easat-5286	10	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	10	10	after	after	ADP
easat-5286	10	11	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	10	12	the	the	DET
easat-5286	10	13	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	10	14	through	through	ADP
easat-5286	10	15	a	a	DET
easat-5286	10	16	mixed	mixed	ADJ
easat-5286	10	17	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	10	18	methods	method	NOUN
easat-5286	10	19	approach	approach	NOUN
easat-5286	10	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	10	21	incorporating	incorporate	VERB
easat-5286	10	22	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-5286	10	23	assessments	assessment	NOUN
easat-5286	10	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	10	25	qualitative	qualitative	ADJ
easat-5286	10	26	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-5286	10	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	11	1	findings	finding	NOUN
easat-5286	11	2	indicate	indicate	VERB
easat-5286	11	3	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	11	4	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	11	5	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
easat-5286	11	6	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-5286	11	7	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-5286	11	8	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	11	9	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	11	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	11	11	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	11	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	11	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	11	14	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	11	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	12	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	12	2	results	result	NOUN
easat-5286	12	3	suggest	suggest	VERB
easat-5286	12	4	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	12	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	12	6	apps	app	NOUN
easat-5286	12	7	like	like	ADP
easat-5286	12	8	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	12	9	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	12	10	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	12	11	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	12	12	be	be	AUX
easat-5286	12	13	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-5286	12	14	tools	tool	NOUN
easat-5286	12	15	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	12	16	improving	improve	VERB
easat-5286	12	17	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	12	18	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	12	19	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	12	20	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	12	21	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	12	22	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	12	23	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	12	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	13	1	keywords	keyword	NOUN
easat-5286	13	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	13	3	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	13	4	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	13	5	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	13	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	13	7	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	13	8	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	13	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	13	10	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	13	11	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	13	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	14	1	1	1	X
easat-5286	14	2	.	.	X
easat-5286	14	3	introduction	introduction	NOUN
easat-5286	14	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	14	5	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-5286	14	6	advancement	advancement	NOUN
easat-5286	14	7	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	14	8	information	information	NOUN
easat-5286	14	9	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	14	10	has	have	AUX
easat-5286	14	11	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-5286	14	12	impacted	impact	VERB
easat-5286	14	13	various	various	ADJ
easat-5286	14	14	aspects	aspect	NOUN
easat-5286	14	15	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	14	16	life	life	NOUN
easat-5286	14	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	14	18	including	include	VERB
easat-5286	14	19	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	14	20	[	[	X
easat-5286	14	21	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	14	22	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	14	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	15	1	information	information	NOUN
easat-5286	15	2	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	15	3	provides	provide	VERB
easat-5286	15	4	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-5286	15	5	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	15	6	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	15	7	anytime	anytime	ADV
easat-5286	15	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	15	9	anywhere	anywhere	ADV
easat-5286	15	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	15	11	breaking	break	VERB
easat-5286	15	12	the	the	DET
easat-5286	15	13	barriers	barrier	NOUN
easat-5286	15	14	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	15	15	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	15	16	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	15	17	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	15	18	based	base	VERB
easat-5286	15	19	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	15	20	[	[	X
easat-5286	15	21	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	15	22	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	15	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	16	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	16	2	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-5286	16	3	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	16	4	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	16	5	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	16	6	enables	enable	VERB
easat-5286	16	7	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	16	8	to	to	PART
easat-5286	16	9	interact	interact	VERB
easat-5286	16	10	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	16	11	real	real	ADJ
easat-5286	16	12	time	time	NOUN
easat-5286	16	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	16	14	access	access	VERB
easat-5286	16	15	vast	vast	ADJ
easat-5286	16	16	educational	educational	ADJ
easat-5286	16	17	resources	resource	NOUN
easat-5286	16	18	[	[	X
easat-5286	16	19	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	16	20	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	16	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	17	1	various	various	ADJ
easat-5286	17	2	apps	app	NOUN
easat-5286	17	3	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	17	4	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	17	5	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	17	6	transformed	transform	VERB
easat-5286	17	7	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	17	8	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	17	9	methods	method	NOUN
easat-5286	17	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	17	11	making	make	VERB
easat-5286	17	12	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	17	13	more	more	ADV
easat-5286	17	14	accessible	accessible	ADJ
easat-5286	17	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	17	16	interactive	interactive	ADJ
easat-5286	17	17	[	[	X
easat-5286	17	18	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	17	19	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	17	20	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	18	1	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	18	2	the	the	DET
easat-5286	18	3	rapid	rapid	ADJ
easat-5286	18	4	development	development	NOUN
easat-5286	18	5	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	18	6	information	information	NOUN
easat-5286	18	7	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	18	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	18	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	18	10	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-5286	18	11	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	18	12	digital	digital	ADJ
easat-5286	18	13	platforms	platform	NOUN
easat-5286	18	14	into	into	ADP
easat-5286	18	15	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	18	16	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	18	17	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	18	18	has	have	AUX
easat-5286	18	19	become	become	VERB
easat-5286	18	20	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
easat-5286	18	21	essential	essential	ADJ
easat-5286	18	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	18	23	allowing	allow	VERB
easat-5286	18	24	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	18	25	to	to	PART
easat-5286	18	26	access	access	VERB
easat-5286	18	27	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	18	28	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	18	29	resources	resource	NOUN
easat-5286	18	30	at	at	ADP
easat-5286	18	31	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	18	32	convenience	convenience	NOUN
easat-5286	19	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	19	2	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	19	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	19	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	20	1	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	20	2	methods	method	NOUN
easat-5286	20	3	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	20	4	teaching	teach	VERB
easat-5286	20	5	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	20	6	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	20	7	china	china	PROPN
easat-5286	20	8	often	often	ADV
easat-5286	20	9	prioritize	prioritize	VERB
easat-5286	20	10	reading	reading	NOUN
easat-5286	20	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	20	12	writing	writing	NOUN
easat-5286	20	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	20	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	20	15	grammar	grammar	NOUN
easat-5286	20	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	20	17	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	20	18	limited	limited	ADJ
easat-5286	20	19	focus	focus	NOUN
easat-5286	20	20	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	20	21	spoken	spoken	ADJ
easat-5286	20	22	communication	communication	NOUN
easat-5286	20	23	[	[	X
easat-5286	20	24	6	6	NUM
easat-5286	20	25	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	20	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	21	1	consequently	consequently	ADV
easat-5286	21	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	21	3	many	many	ADJ
easat-5286	21	4	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	21	5	graduate	graduate	VERB
easat-5286	21	6	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	21	7	strong	strong	ADJ
easat-5286	21	8	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
easat-5286	21	9	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-5286	21	10	but	but	CCONJ
easat-5286	21	11	lack	lack	VERB
easat-5286	21	12	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	21	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	21	14	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	21	15	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	21	16	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	21	17	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	21	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	21	19	which	which	PRON
easat-5286	21	20	hinders	hinder	VERB
easat-5286	21	21	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	21	22	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	21	23	to	to	PART
easat-5286	21	24	engage	engage	VERB
easat-5286	21	25	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	21	26	international	international	ADJ
easat-5286	21	27	communication	communication	NOUN
easat-5286	21	28	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	21	29	professional	professional	ADJ
easat-5286	21	30	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-5286	21	31	[	[	X
easat-5286	21	32	7	7	NUM
easat-5286	21	33	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	21	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	22	1	many	many	ADJ
easat-5286	22	2	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	22	3	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	22	4	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	22	5	struggle	struggle	VERB
easat-5286	22	6	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	22	7	oral	oral	ADJ
easat-5286	22	8	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	22	9	due	due	ADP
easat-5286	22	10	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	22	11	various	various	ADJ
easat-5286	22	12	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	22	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	22	14	such	such	ADJ
easat-5286	22	15	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	22	16	lack	lack	NOUN
easat-5286	22	17	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	22	18	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	22	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	22	20	the	the	DET
easat-5286	22	21	absence	absence	NOUN
easat-5286	22	22	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	22	23	a	a	DET
easat-5286	22	24	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	22	25	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-5286	22	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	22	27	or	or	CCONJ
easat-5286	22	28	the	the	DET
easat-5286	22	29	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-5286	22	30	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	22	31	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	22	32	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	22	33	methods	method	NOUN
easat-5286	22	34	[	[	X
easat-5286	22	35	8	8	NUM
easat-5286	22	36	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	22	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	23	1	thus	thus	ADV
easat-5286	23	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	23	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	23	4	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
easat-5286	23	5	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	23	6	teaching	teach	VERB
easat-5286	23	7	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	23	8	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	23	9	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	23	10	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	23	11	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	23	12	universities	university	NOUN
easat-5286	23	13	has	have	AUX
easat-5286	23	14	become	become	VERB
easat-5286	23	15	a	a	DET
easat-5286	23	16	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-5286	23	17	component	component	NOUN
easat-5286	23	18	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	23	19	higher	high	ADJ
easat-5286	23	20	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	23	21	[	[	X
easat-5286	23	22	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	23	23	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	23	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	24	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	24	2	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	24	3	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	24	4	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	24	5	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	24	6	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	24	7	a	a	DET
easat-5286	24	8	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	24	9	application	application	NOUN
easat-5286	24	10	designed	design	VERB
easat-5286	24	11	for	for	SCONJ
easat-5286	24	12	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	24	13	to	to	PART
easat-5286	24	14	practice	practice	VERB
easat-5286	24	15	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	24	16	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	24	17	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	25	1	traditionally	traditionally	ADV
easat-5286	25	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	25	3	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	25	4	universities	university	NOUN
easat-5286	25	5	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	25	6	implemented	implement	VERB
easat-5286	25	7	various	various	ADJ
easat-5286	25	8	approaches	approach	NOUN
easat-5286	25	9	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	25	10	teaching	teach	VERB
easat-5286	25	11	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	25	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	25	13	yet	yet	CCONJ
easat-5286	25	14	a	a	DET
easat-5286	25	15	persistent	persistent	ADJ
easat-5286	25	16	challenge	challenge	NOUN
easat-5286	25	17	remains	remain	VERB
easat-5286	25	18	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	25	19	developing	develop	VERB
easat-5286	25	20	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	25	21	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	25	22	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	25	23	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	25	24	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	25	25	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	26	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	26	2	10	10	NUM
easat-5286	26	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	26	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	27	1	nowadays	nowadays	ADV
easat-5286	27	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	27	3	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	27	4	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	27	5	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	27	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	27	7	one	one	NUM
easat-5286	27	8	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	27	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	27	10	most	most	ADV
easat-5286	27	11	promising	promising	ADJ
easat-5286	27	12	applications	application	NOUN
easat-5286	27	13	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	27	14	this	this	DET
easat-5286	27	15	field	field	NOUN
easat-5286	27	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	27	17	provides	provide	VERB
easat-5286	27	18	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	27	19	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	27	20	interactive	interactive	ADJ
easat-5286	27	21	727	727	NUM
easat-5286	27	22	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	27	23	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	27	24	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	27	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	27	26	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	27	27	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	27	28	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	27	29	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	27	30	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	27	31	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	27	32	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	27	33	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	28	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	28	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	28	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	28	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	29	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	29	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	3	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	29	4	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	29	5	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	29	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	7	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	29	8	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-5286	29	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	10	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	29	11	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	29	12	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	29	13	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	29	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	29	15	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	29	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	29	18	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	29	19	gate	gate	PROPN
easat-5286	29	20	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	29	21	exercises	exercise	NOUN
easat-5286	29	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	23	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN
easat-5286	29	24	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-5286	29	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	26	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	29	27	real	real	ADJ
easat-5286	29	28	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	29	time	time	NOUN
easat-5286	29	30	conversation	conversation	NOUN
easat-5286	29	31	practice	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	29	32	[	[	X
easat-5286	29	33	11	11	NUM
easat-5286	29	34	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	29	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	30	1	this	this	DET
easat-5286	30	2	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	30	3	presents	present	VERB
easat-5286	30	4	a	a	DET
easat-5286	30	5	potential	potential	ADJ
easat-5286	30	6	solution	solution	NOUN
easat-5286	30	7	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	30	8	offering	offer	VERB
easat-5286	30	9	an	an	DET
easat-5286	30	10	interactive	interactive	ADJ
easat-5286	30	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	30	12	self	self	NOUN
easat-5286	30	13	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	30	14	paced	pace	VERB
easat-5286	30	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	30	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	30	17	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-5286	30	18	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	30	19	driven	drive	VERB
easat-5286	30	20	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	30	21	experience	experience	NOUN
easat-5286	30	22	to	to	PART
easat-5286	30	23	improve	improve	VERB
easat-5286	30	24	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	30	25	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	30	26	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	30	27	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	30	28	among	among	ADP
easat-5286	30	29	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	30	30	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	30	31	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	30	32	[	[	X
easat-5286	30	33	12	12	NUM
easat-5286	30	34	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	30	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	31	1	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-5286	31	2	how	how	SCONJ
easat-5286	31	3	this	this	DET
easat-5286	31	4	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	31	5	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	31	6	be	be	AUX
easat-5286	31	7	integrated	integrate	VERB
easat-5286	31	8	into	into	ADP
easat-5286	31	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	31	10	existing	exist	VERB
easat-5286	31	11	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	31	12	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	31	13	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
easat-5286	31	14	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	31	15	essential	essential	ADJ
easat-5286	31	16	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	31	17	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-5286	31	18	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	31	19	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	31	20	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	31	21	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	31	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	31	23	preparing	prepare	VERB
easat-5286	31	24	them	they	PRON
easat-5286	31	25	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	31	26	global	global	ADJ
easat-5286	31	27	communication	communication	NOUN
easat-5286	31	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	31	29	ultimately	ultimately	ADV
easat-5286	31	30	helping	help	VERB
easat-5286	31	31	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	31	32	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	31	33	develop	develop	VERB
easat-5286	31	34	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	31	35	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	31	36	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	31	37	[	[	X
easat-5286	31	38	13	13	NUM
easat-5286	31	39	]	]	SYM
easat-5286	31	40	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	32	1	1.2	1.2	NUM
easat-5286	32	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	32	3	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	32	4	questions	question	NOUN
easat-5286	32	5	1.what	1.what	NUM
easat-5286	32	6	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	32	7	the	the	DET
easat-5286	32	8	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	32	9	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-5286	32	10	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	32	11	'	'	PART
easat-5286	32	12	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	32	13	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	32	14	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	32	15	?	?	PUNCT
easat-5286	33	1	2.what	2.what	NUM
easat-5286	33	2	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	33	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	33	4	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	33	5	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	33	6	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	33	7	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	33	8	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	33	9	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	33	10	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	33	11	to	to	PART
easat-5286	33	12	improve	improve	VERB
easat-5286	33	13	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	33	14	'	'	PART
easat-5286	33	15	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	33	16	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	33	17	?	?	PUNCT
easat-5286	34	1	1.3	1.3	NUM
easat-5286	34	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	35	1	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	35	2	objectives	objective	NOUN
easat-5286	35	3	1.to	1.to	NUM
easat-5286	35	4	analyze	analyze	VERB
easat-5286	35	5	the	the	DET
easat-5286	35	6	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	35	7	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-5286	35	8	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	35	9	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	35	10	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	35	11	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	35	12	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	35	13	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	35	14	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	35	15	china	china	PROPN
easat-5286	35	16	2.to	2.to	NUM
easat-5286	35	17	assess	assess	VERB
easat-5286	35	18	the	the	DET
easat-5286	35	19	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	35	20	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	35	21	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	35	22	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	35	23	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	35	24	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	35	25	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	35	26	to	to	PART
easat-5286	35	27	improve	improve	VERB
easat-5286	35	28	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	35	29	'	'	PART
easat-5286	35	30	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	35	31	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	35	32	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	35	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	35	34	lierature	lierature	PROPN
easat-5286	35	35	review	review	VERB
easat-5286	35	36	2.1	2.1	NUM
easat-5286	35	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	36	1	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	36	2	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	36	3	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	36	4	ml	ml	NOUN
easat-5286	36	5	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	36	6	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	36	7	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	36	8	has	have	AUX
easat-5286	36	9	gained	gain	VERB
easat-5286	36	10	prominence	prominence	NOUN
easat-5286	36	11	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	36	12	an	an	DET
easat-5286	36	13	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-5286	36	14	method	method	NOUN
easat-5286	36	15	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	36	16	integrating	integrate	VERB
easat-5286	36	17	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	36	18	into	into	ADP
easat-5286	36	19	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	36	20	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	36	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	37	1	according	accord	VERB
easat-5286	37	2	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	37	3	kukulska	kukulska	ADJ
easat-5286	37	4	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	37	5	hulme	hulme	PROPN
easat-5286	37	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	37	7	shield	shield	VERB
easat-5286	37	8	[	[	X
easat-5286	37	9	14	14	NUM
easat-5286	37	10	]	]	X
easat-5286	37	11	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	37	12	applications	application	NOUN
easat-5286	37	13	provide	provide	VERB
easat-5286	37	14	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	37	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	37	16	accessibility	accessibility	NOUN
easat-5286	37	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	37	18	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	37	19	personalized	personalized	ADJ
easat-5286	37	20	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	37	21	experiences	experience	NOUN
easat-5286	37	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	37	23	enabling	enable	VERB
easat-5286	37	24	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	37	25	to	to	PART
easat-5286	37	26	practice	practice	VERB
easat-5286	37	27	speaking	speaking	NOUN
easat-5286	37	28	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	37	29	outside	outside	ADP
easat-5286	37	30	the	the	DET
easat-5286	37	31	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	37	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	38	1	this	this	DET
easat-5286	38	2	integration	integration	NOUN
easat-5286	38	3	enables	enable	VERB
easat-5286	38	4	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	38	5	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	38	6	to	to	PART
easat-5286	38	7	transcend	transcend	VERB
easat-5286	38	8	the	the	DET
easat-5286	38	9	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-5286	38	10	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	38	11	time	time	NOUN
easat-5286	38	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	38	13	location	location	NOUN
easat-5286	38	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	38	15	enhencing	enhence	VERB
easat-5286	38	16	the	the	DET
easat-5286	38	17	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	38	18	autonomous	autonomous	ADJ
easat-5286	38	19	learning	learning	PROPN
easat-5286	38	20	wang	wang	PROPN
easat-5286	38	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	38	22	et	et	PROPN
easat-5286	38	23	al	al	PROPN
easat-5286	38	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	39	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	39	2	15	15	NUM
easat-5286	39	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	39	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	40	1	ferdousi	ferdousi	PROPN
easat-5286	41	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	41	2	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	41	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	41	4	described	describe	VERB
easat-5286	41	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	41	6	devices	device	NOUN
easat-5286	41	7	which	which	PRON
easat-5286	41	8	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	41	9	be	be	AUX
easat-5286	41	10	installed	instal	VERB
easat-5286	41	11	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	41	12	various	various	ADJ
easat-5286	41	13	devices	device	NOUN
easat-5286	41	14	such	such	ADJ
easat-5286	41	15	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	41	16	laptops	laptop	NOUN
easat-5286	41	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	41	18	e	e	NOUN
easat-5286	41	19	-	-	NOUN
easat-5286	41	20	readers	reader	NOUN
easat-5286	41	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	41	22	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN
easat-5286	41	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	41	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	41	25	others	other	NOUN
easat-5286	41	26	si	si	X
easat-5286	41	27	more	more	ADV
easat-5286	41	28	convenient	convenient	ADJ
easat-5286	41	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	42	1	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	42	2	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	42	3	xu	xu	PROPN
easat-5286	42	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	42	5	li	li	PROPN
easat-5286	43	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	43	2	17	17	NUM
easat-5286	43	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	43	4	found	find	VERB
easat-5286	43	5	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	43	6	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	43	7	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	43	8	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	43	9	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	43	10	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	43	11	application	application	NOUN
easat-5286	43	12	demonstrated	demonstrate	VERB
easat-5286	43	13	improved	improved	ADJ
easat-5286	43	14	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN
easat-5286	43	15	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	43	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	43	17	greater	great	ADJ
easat-5286	43	18	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	43	19	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	43	20	compared	compare	VERB
easat-5286	43	21	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	43	22	those	those	PRON
easat-5286	43	23	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	43	24	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	43	25	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	43	26	settings	setting	NOUN
easat-5286	43	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	44	1	2.2	2.2	NUM
easat-5286	44	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	45	1	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	45	2	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	45	3	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	45	4	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	45	5	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	45	6	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	45	7	a	a	DET
easat-5286	45	8	crucial	crucial	ADJ
easat-5286	45	9	skill	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	45	10	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	45	11	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	45	12	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
easat-5286	45	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	45	14	often	often	ADV
easat-5286	45	15	regarded	regard	VERB
easat-5286	45	16	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	45	17	the	the	DET
easat-5286	45	18	most	most	ADV
easat-5286	45	19	challenging	challenging	ADJ
easat-5286	45	20	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	45	21	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	45	22	to	to	PART
easat-5286	45	23	master	master	VERB
easat-5286	45	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	46	1	according	accord	VERB
easat-5286	46	2	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	46	3	brown	brown	NOUN
easat-5286	46	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	46	5	abeywickrama	abeywickrama	NOUN
easat-5286	46	6	[	[	X
easat-5286	46	7	18	18	NUM
easat-5286	46	8	]	]	X
easat-5286	46	9	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	46	10	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	46	11	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	46	12	essential	essential	ADJ
easat-5286	46	13	for	for	SCONJ
easat-5286	46	14	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	46	15	to	to	PART
easat-5286	46	16	express	express	VERB
easat-5286	46	17	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	46	18	thoughts	thought	NOUN
easat-5286	46	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	46	20	engage	engage	VERB
easat-5286	46	21	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	46	22	meaningful	meaningful	ADJ
easat-5286	46	23	conversations	conversation	NOUN
easat-5286	46	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	46	25	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	46	26	achieve	achieve	VERB
easat-5286	46	27	communicative	communicative	ADJ
easat-5286	46	28	competence	competence	NOUN
easat-5286	46	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	47	1	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	47	2	china	china	PROPN
easat-5286	47	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	47	4	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	47	5	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	47	6	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	47	7	has	have	AUX
easat-5286	47	8	traditionally	traditionally	ADV
easat-5286	47	9	focused	focus	VERB
easat-5286	47	10	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	47	11	reading	reading	NOUN
easat-5286	47	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	47	13	writing	writing	NOUN
easat-5286	47	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	47	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	47	16	grammar	grammar	NOUN
easat-5286	47	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	47	18	often	often	ADV
easat-5286	47	19	at	at	ADP
easat-5286	47	20	the	the	DET
easat-5286	47	21	expense	expense	NOUN
easat-5286	47	22	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	47	23	developing	develop	VERB
easat-5286	47	24	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	47	25	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	47	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	48	1	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	48	2	a	a	DET
easat-5286	48	3	result	result	NOUN
easat-5286	48	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	48	5	some	some	DET
easat-5286	48	6	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	48	7	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	48	8	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	48	9	often	often	ADV
easat-5286	48	10	exhibit	exhibit	VERB
easat-5286	48	11	a	a	DET
easat-5286	48	12	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-5286	48	13	gap	gap	NOUN
easat-5286	48	14	between	between	ADP
easat-5286	48	15	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	48	16	written	write	VERB
easat-5286	48	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	48	18	oral	oral	ADJ
easat-5286	48	19	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	48	20	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	48	21	[	[	X
easat-5286	48	22	19	19	NUM
easat-5286	48	23	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	48	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	49	1	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	49	2	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	49	3	jin	jin	NOUN
easat-5286	49	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	49	5	cortazzi	cortazzi	NOUN
easat-5286	49	6	[	[	X
easat-5286	49	7	20	20	NUM
easat-5286	49	8	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	49	9	indicates	indicate	VERB
easat-5286	49	10	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	49	11	although	although	SCONJ
easat-5286	49	12	many	many	ADJ
easat-5286	49	13	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	49	14	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	49	15	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	49	16	read	read	VERB
easat-5286	49	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	49	18	write	write	VERB
easat-5286	49	19	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	49	20	at	at	ADP
easat-5286	49	21	an	an	DET
easat-5286	49	22	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
easat-5286	49	23	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	49	24	advanced	advanced	ADJ
easat-5286	49	25	level	level	NOUN
easat-5286	49	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	49	27	they	they	PRON
easat-5286	49	28	struggle	struggle	VERB
easat-5286	49	29	to	to	PART
easat-5286	49	30	communicate	communicate	VERB
easat-5286	49	31	effectively	effectively	ADV
easat-5286	49	32	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	49	33	spoken	spoken	ADJ
easat-5286	49	34	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	49	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	50	1	wen	wen	PROPN
easat-5286	50	2	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	50	3	clément	clément	NOUN
easat-5286	51	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	51	2	21	21	NUM
easat-5286	51	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	51	4	argue	argue	VERB
easat-5286	51	5	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	51	6	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	51	7	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	51	8	china	china	PROPN
easat-5286	51	9	tend	tend	VERB
easat-5286	51	10	to	to	PART
easat-5286	51	11	avoid	avoid	VERB
easat-5286	51	12	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	51	13	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	51	14	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	51	15	due	due	ADP
easat-5286	51	16	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	51	17	a	a	DET
easat-5286	51	18	combination	combination	NOUN
easat-5286	51	19	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	51	20	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	51	21	anxiety	anxiety	NOUN
easat-5286	51	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	51	23	lack	lack	NOUN
easat-5286	51	24	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	51	25	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	51	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	51	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	51	28	a	a	DET
easat-5286	51	29	strong	strong	ADJ
easat-5286	51	30	focus	focus	NOUN
easat-5286	51	31	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	51	32	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	51	33	over	over	ADP
easat-5286	51	34	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	51	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	52	1	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	52	2	addition	addition	NOUN
easat-5286	52	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	52	4	zheng	zheng	PROPN
easat-5286	52	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	52	6	davison	davison	PROPN
easat-5286	52	7	[	[	X
easat-5286	52	8	22	22	NUM
easat-5286	52	9	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	52	10	points	point	VERB
easat-5286	52	11	out	out	ADP
easat-5286	52	12	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	52	13	the	the	DET
easat-5286	52	14	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	52	15	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-5286	52	16	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	52	17	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	52	18	universities	university	NOUN
easat-5286	52	19	often	often	ADV
easat-5286	52	20	lacks	lack	VERB
easat-5286	52	21	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-5286	52	22	for	for	SCONJ
easat-5286	52	23	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	52	24	to	to	PART
easat-5286	52	25	engage	engage	VERB
easat-5286	52	26	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	52	27	meaningful	meaningful	ADJ
easat-5286	52	28	communication	communication	NOUN
easat-5286	52	29	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	52	30	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	52	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	52	32	limiting	limit	VERB
easat-5286	52	33	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	52	34	exposure	exposure	NOUN
easat-5286	52	35	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	52	36	real	real	ADJ
easat-5286	52	37	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	52	38	world	world	NOUN
easat-5286	52	39	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	52	40	use	use	NOUN
easat-5286	52	41	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
easat-5286	53	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	3	zhou	zhou	PROPN
easat-5286	53	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	53	5	li	li	PROPN
easat-5286	53	6	[	[	X
easat-5286	53	7	23	23	NUM
easat-5286	53	8	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	9	suggest	suggest	VERB
easat-5286	53	10	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	53	11	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	53	12	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	53	13	methods	method	NOUN
easat-5286	53	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	15	such	such	ADJ
easat-5286	53	16	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	53	17	the	the	DET
easat-5286	53	18	grammar	grammar	NOUN
easat-5286	53	19	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	20	translation	translation	NOUN
easat-5286	53	21	method	method	NOUN
easat-5286	53	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	53	23	teacher	teacher	NOUN
easat-5286	53	24	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	25	centered	center	VERB
easat-5286	53	26	instruction	instruction	NOUN
easat-5286	53	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	28	fail	fail	VERB
easat-5286	53	29	to	to	PART
easat-5286	53	30	provide	provide	VERB
easat-5286	53	31	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	53	32	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	53	33	the	the	DET
easat-5286	53	34	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	53	35	needed	need	VERB
easat-5286	53	36	to	to	PART
easat-5286	53	37	participate	participate	VERB
easat-5286	53	38	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	53	39	communicative	communicative	ADJ
easat-5286	53	40	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	53	41	activities	activity	NOUN
easat-5286	53	42	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	53	43	thus	thus	ADV
easat-5286	53	44	limiting	limit	VERB
easat-5286	53	45	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	53	46	oral	oral	ADJ
easat-5286	53	47	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	53	48	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	54	1	2.3	2.3	NUM
easat-5286	54	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	55	1	potential	potential	ADJ
easat-5286	55	2	benifits	benifit	NOUN
easat-5286	55	3	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	55	4	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	55	5	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	55	6	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	55	7	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	55	8	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	55	9	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	55	10	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	55	11	applications	application	NOUN
easat-5286	55	12	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	55	13	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-5286	55	14	transformed	transform	VERB
easat-5286	55	15	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	55	16	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	55	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	55	18	particularly	particularly	ADV
easat-5286	55	19	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	55	20	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	55	21	speaking	speaking	NOUN
easat-5286	55	22	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	55	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	56	1	researchers	researcher	NOUN
easat-5286	56	2	emphasize	emphasize	VERB
easat-5286	56	3	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	56	4	mobile	mobile	NOUN
easat-5286	56	5	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	56	6	assisted	assist	VERB
easat-5286	56	7	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	56	8	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	56	9	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	56	10	mall	mall	NOUN
easat-5286	56	11	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	56	12	enhances	enhance	VERB
easat-5286	56	13	accessibility	accessibility	NOUN
easat-5286	56	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	56	15	engagement	engagement	NOUN
easat-5286	56	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	56	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	56	18	personalized	personalized	ADJ
easat-5286	56	19	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	56	20	experiences	experience	NOUN
easat-5286	56	21	[	[	X
easat-5286	56	22	14	14	NUM
easat-5286	56	23	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	56	24	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	57	1	these	these	DET
easat-5286	57	2	applications	application	NOUN
easat-5286	57	3	provide	provide	VERB
easat-5286	57	4	728	728	NUM
easat-5286	57	5	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	57	6	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	57	7	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	57	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	57	9	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	57	10	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	57	11	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	57	12	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	57	13	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	57	14	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	57	15	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	57	16	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	58	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	58	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	58	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	58	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	59	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	59	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	59	3	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	59	4	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	59	5	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	59	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	59	7	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	59	8	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-5286	59	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	59	10	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	59	11	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	59	12	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	59	13	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	59	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	59	15	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	59	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	59	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	59	18	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	59	19	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	59	20	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	59	21	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	59	22	flexible	flexible	ADJ
easat-5286	59	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	59	24	interactive	interactive	ADJ
easat-5286	59	25	ways	way	NOUN
easat-5286	59	26	to	to	PART
easat-5286	59	27	practice	practice	VERB
easat-5286	59	28	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	59	29	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	59	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	59	31	overcoming	overcome	VERB
easat-5286	59	32	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	59	33	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	59	34	limitations	limitation	NOUN
easat-5286	59	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	60	1	according	accord	VERB
easat-5286	60	2	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	60	3	liu	liu	PROPN
easat-5286	60	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	60	5	he	he	PRON
easat-5286	60	6	[	[	X
easat-5286	60	7	24	24	NUM
easat-5286	60	8	]	]	X
easat-5286	60	9	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	60	10	applications	application	NOUN
easat-5286	60	11	enable	enable	VERB
easat-5286	60	12	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	60	13	to	to	PART
easat-5286	60	14	engage	engage	VERB
easat-5286	60	15	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	60	16	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	60	17	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	60	18	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	60	19	practice	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	60	20	beyond	beyond	ADP
easat-5286	60	21	the	the	DET
easat-5286	60	22	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	60	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	60	24	ensuring	ensure	VERB
easat-5286	60	25	continuous	continuous	ADJ
easat-5286	60	26	exposure	exposure	NOUN
easat-5286	60	27	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	60	28	the	the	DET
easat-5286	60	29	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	60	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	61	1	studies	study	NOUN
easat-5286	61	2	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	61	3	ferdousi	ferdousi	PROPN
easat-5286	61	4	[	[	X
easat-5286	61	5	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	61	6	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	61	7	suggest	suggest	VERB
easat-5286	61	8	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	61	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	61	10	above	above	ADJ
easat-5286	61	11	features	feature	NOUN
easat-5286	61	12	improve	improve	VERB
easat-5286	61	13	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	61	14	'	'	PART
easat-5286	61	15	motivation	motivation	NOUN
easat-5286	61	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	61	17	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	61	18	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	61	19	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	61	20	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	61	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	62	1	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	62	2	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	62	3	apps	app	NOUN
easat-5286	62	4	use	use	VERB
easat-5286	62	5	adaptive	adaptive	ADJ
easat-5286	62	6	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	62	7	technologies	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	62	8	to	to	PART
easat-5286	62	9	tailor	tailor	VERB
easat-5286	62	10	lessons	lesson	NOUN
easat-5286	62	11	based	base	VERB
easat-5286	62	12	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	62	13	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	62	14	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	62	15	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	62	16	levels	level	NOUN
easat-5286	62	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	62	18	progress	progress	NOUN
easat-5286	62	19	[	[	X
easat-5286	62	20	25	25	NUM
easat-5286	62	21	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	62	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	63	1	2.4	2.4	NUM
easat-5286	63	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	63	3	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-5286	63	4	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	63	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	63	6	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	63	7	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	63	8	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	63	9	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	63	10	despite	despite	SCONJ
easat-5286	63	11	the	the	DET
easat-5286	63	12	numerous	numerous	ADJ
easat-5286	63	13	benefits	benefit	NOUN
easat-5286	63	14	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	63	15	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	63	16	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	63	17	applications	application	NOUN
easat-5286	63	18	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	63	19	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	63	20	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	63	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	63	22	several	several	ADJ
easat-5286	63	23	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-5286	63	24	hinder	hinder	VERB
easat-5286	63	25	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	63	26	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	63	27	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	63	28	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
easat-5286	63	29	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	64	1	one	one	NUM
easat-5286	64	2	major	major	ADJ
easat-5286	64	3	challenge	challenge	NOUN
easat-5286	64	4	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	64	5	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	64	6	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	64	7	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	64	8	the	the	DET
easat-5286	64	9	dependence	dependence	NOUN
easat-5286	64	10	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	64	11	stable	stable	ADJ
easat-5286	64	12	internet	internet	NOUN
easat-5286	64	13	connectivity	connectivity	NOUN
easat-5286	64	14	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	65	1	according	accord	VERB
easat-5286	65	2	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	65	3	traxler	traxler	NOUN
easat-5286	65	4	[	[	X
easat-5286	65	5	25	25	NUM
easat-5286	65	6	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	65	7	inconsistent	inconsistent	ADJ
easat-5286	65	8	network	network	NOUN
easat-5286	65	9	access	access	NOUN
easat-5286	65	10	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	65	11	hinder	hinder	VERB
easat-5286	65	12	such	such	ADJ
easat-5286	65	13	kind	kind	NOUN
easat-5286	65	14	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	65	15	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	65	16	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	66	1	ferdousi	ferdousi	PROPN
easat-5286	67	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	67	2	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	67	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	67	4	insists	insist	VERB
easat-5286	67	5	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	67	6	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	67	7	devices	device	NOUN
easat-5286	67	8	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	67	9	often	often	ADV
easat-5286	67	10	associated	associate	VERB
easat-5286	67	11	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	67	12	social	social	ADJ
easat-5286	67	13	media	medium	NOUN
easat-5286	67	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	67	15	gaming	gaming	NOUN
easat-5286	67	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	67	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	67	18	entertainment	entertainment	NOUN
easat-5286	67	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	67	20	which	which	PRON
easat-5286	67	21	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	67	22	lead	lead	VERB
easat-5286	67	23	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	67	24	distractions	distraction	NOUN
easat-5286	67	25	during	during	ADP
easat-5286	67	26	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	67	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	68	1	3.research	3.research	NUM
easat-5286	68	2	methodology	methodology	NOUN
easat-5286	68	3	3.1	3.1	NUM
easat-5286	68	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	69	1	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	69	2	design	design	NOUN
easat-5286	69	3	this	this	DET
easat-5286	69	4	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	69	5	aims	aim	VERB
easat-5286	69	6	to	to	PART
easat-5286	69	7	analyze	analyze	VERB
easat-5286	69	8	the	the	DET
easat-5286	69	9	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	69	10	influencing	influence	VERB
easat-5286	69	11	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	69	12	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	69	13	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	69	14	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	69	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	69	16	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	69	17	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	69	18	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	69	19	china	china	PROPN
easat-5286	69	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	69	21	assess	assess	VERB
easat-5286	69	22	the	the	DET
easat-5286	69	23	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
easat-5286	69	24	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	69	25	the	the	DET
easat-5286	69	26	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	69	27	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	69	28	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	69	29	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	69	30	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	69	31	improving	improve	VERB
easat-5286	69	32	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	69	33	spoken	spoken	ADJ
easat-5286	69	34	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	69	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	70	1	a	a	DET
easat-5286	70	2	quantitative	quantitative	ADJ
easat-5286	70	3	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	70	4	approach	approach	NOUN
easat-5286	70	5	will	will	AUX
easat-5286	70	6	be	be	AUX
easat-5286	70	7	used	use	VERB
easat-5286	70	8	to	to	PART
easat-5286	70	9	identify	identify	VERB
easat-5286	70	10	three	three	NUM
easat-5286	70	11	key	key	ADJ
easat-5286	70	12	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	70	13	—	—	PUNCT
easat-5286	70	14	psychological	psychological	ADJ
easat-5286	70	15	motivation	motivation	NOUN
easat-5286	70	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	70	17	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	70	18	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-5286	70	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	70	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	70	21	personal	personal	ADJ
easat-5286	70	22	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ
easat-5286	70	23	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	70	24	—	—	PUNCT
easat-5286	70	25	that	that	DET
easat-5286	70	26	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-5286	70	27	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	70	28	'	'	PART
easat-5286	70	29	speaking	speaking	NOUN
easat-5286	70	30	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	70	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	71	1	additionally	additionally	ADV
easat-5286	71	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	71	3	a	a	DET
easat-5286	71	4	pre	pre	NOUN
easat-5286	71	5	-	-	NOUN
easat-5286	71	6	test	test	ADJ
easat-5286	71	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	71	8	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	71	9	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	71	10	test	test	ADJ
easat-5286	71	11	comparison	comparison	NOUN
easat-5286	71	12	will	will	AUX
easat-5286	71	13	be	be	AUX
easat-5286	71	14	conducted	conduct	VERB
easat-5286	71	15	to	to	PART
easat-5286	71	16	measure	measure	VERB
easat-5286	71	17	the	the	DET
easat-5286	71	18	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	71	19	’s	’s	PART
easat-5286	71	20	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
easat-5286	71	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	72	1	to	to	PART
easat-5286	72	2	ensure	ensure	VERB
easat-5286	72	3	a	a	DET
easat-5286	72	4	structured	structured	ADJ
easat-5286	72	5	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-5286	72	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	72	7	the	the	DET
easat-5286	72	8	researchers	researcher	NOUN
easat-5286	72	9	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	72	10	formulated	formulate	VERB
easat-5286	72	11	a	a	DET
easat-5286	72	12	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
easat-5286	72	13	to	to	PART
easat-5286	72	14	compare	compare	VERB
easat-5286	72	15	responses	response	NOUN
easat-5286	72	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	72	17	evaluate	evaluate	VERB
easat-5286	72	18	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-5286	72	19	between	between	ADP
easat-5286	72	20	different	different	ADJ
easat-5286	72	21	groups	group	NOUN
easat-5286	72	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	73	1	3.2	3.2	NUM
easat-5286	73	2	.research	.research	NUM
easat-5286	73	3	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
easat-5286	73	4	ha	ha	INTJ
easat-5286	73	5	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	73	6	the	the	DET
easat-5286	73	7	posttest	postt	ADJ
easat-5286	73	8	score	score	NOUN
easat-5286	73	9	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	73	10	the	the	DET
easat-5286	73	11	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	73	12	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	73	13	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	73	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	73	15	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	73	16	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	73	17	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	73	18	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-5286	73	19	higher	high	ADJ
easat-5286	73	20	than	than	ADP
easat-5286	73	21	that	that	PRON
easat-5286	73	22	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	73	23	the	the	DET
easat-5286	73	24	pretest	pret	ADJ
easat-5286	73	25	score	score	NOUN
easat-5286	73	26	at	at	ADP
easat-5286	73	27	p	p	NOUN
easat-5286	73	28	=	=	NOUN
easat-5286	73	29	0.05	0.05	NUM
easat-5286	73	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	74	1	ho	ho	PROPN
easat-5286	74	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	74	3	after	after	ADP
easat-5286	74	4	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	74	5	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	74	6	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	74	7	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	74	8	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	74	9	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	74	10	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	74	11	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	74	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	74	13	the	the	DET
easat-5286	74	14	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	74	15	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	74	16	not	not	PART
easat-5286	74	17	satisfied	satisfied	ADJ
easat-5286	74	18	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	74	19	at	at	ADP
easat-5286	74	20	p	p	NOUN
easat-5286	74	21	=	=	NOUN
easat-5286	74	22	0.05	0.05	NUM
easat-5286	74	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	75	1	3.3	3.3	NUM
easat-5286	75	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	76	1	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	76	2	participants	participant	NOUN
easat-5286	76	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	76	4	population	population	NOUN
easat-5286	76	5	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	76	6	this	this	DET
easat-5286	76	7	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	76	8	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	76	9	415	415	NUM
easat-5286	76	10	fresh	fresh	ADJ
easat-5286	76	11	undergraduate	undergraduate	NOUN
easat-5286	76	12	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	76	13	who	who	PRON
easat-5286	76	14	enrolled	enrol	VERB
easat-5286	76	15	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	76	16	mechenial	mechenial	ADJ
easat-5286	76	17	engineering	engineering	NOUN
easat-5286	76	18	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	76	19	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	76	20	liaoning	liaoning	PROPN
easat-5286	76	21	institute	institute	PROPN
easat-5286	76	22	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	76	23	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	76	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	76	25	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	76	26	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	76	27	china	china	PROPN
easat-5286	76	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	77	1	according	accord	VERB
easat-5286	77	2	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	77	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	77	4	calculation	calculation	NOUN
easat-5286	77	5	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	77	6	krejcie	krejcie	NOUN
easat-5286	77	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	77	8	morgan	morgan	PROPN
easat-5286	77	9	[	[	X
easat-5286	77	10	26	26	NUM
easat-5286	77	11	]	]	SYM
easat-5286	77	12	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	77	13	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	77	14	among	among	ADP
easat-5286	77	15	the	the	DET
easat-5286	77	16	above	above	ADJ
easat-5286	77	17	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	77	18	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	77	19	selected	select	VERB
easat-5286	77	20	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	77	21	samples	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	77	22	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	77	23	means	mean	NOUN
easat-5286	77	24	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	77	25	a	a	DET
easat-5286	77	26	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-5286	77	27	random	random	ADJ
easat-5286	77	28	sample	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	77	29	technique	technique	NOUN
easat-5286	77	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	78	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	78	2	sample	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	78	3	size	size	NOUN
easat-5286	78	4	caculator	caculator	NOUN
easat-5286	78	5	shows	show	VERB
easat-5286	78	6	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	78	7	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	78	8	level	level	NOUN
easat-5286	78	9	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	78	10	95	95	NUM
easat-5286	78	11	%	%	NOUN
easat-5286	78	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	78	13	margin	margin	NOUN
easat-5286	78	14	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	78	15	error	error	NOUN
easat-5286	78	16	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	78	17	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	78	18	%	%	NOUN
easat-5286	78	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	78	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	78	21	the	the	DET
easat-5286	78	22	population	population	NOUN
easat-5286	78	23	proportion	proportion	NOUN
easat-5286	78	24	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	78	25	70	70	NUM
easat-5286	78	26	%	%	NOUN
easat-5286	78	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	79	1	all	all	PRON
easat-5286	79	2	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	79	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	79	4	participants	participant	NOUN
easat-5286	79	5	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	79	6	learned	learn	VERB
easat-5286	79	7	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	79	8	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	79	9	more	more	ADJ
easat-5286	79	10	than	than	ADP
easat-5286	79	11	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	79	12	years	year	NOUN
easat-5286	79	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	79	14	they	they	PRON
easat-5286	79	15	share	share	VERB
easat-5286	79	16	the	the	DET
easat-5286	79	17	common	common	ADJ
easat-5286	79	18	goal	goal	NOUN
easat-5286	79	19	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	79	20	improving	improve	VERB
easat-5286	79	21	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	79	22	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	79	23	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	79	24	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	79	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	79	26	but	but	CCONJ
easat-5286	79	27	none	none	NOUN
easat-5286	79	28	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	79	29	them	they	PRON
easat-5286	79	30	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	79	31	previously	previously	ADV
easat-5286	79	32	used	use	VERB
easat-5286	79	33	the	the	DET
easat-5286	79	34	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	79	35	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	79	36	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	79	37	app.the	app.the	DET
easat-5286	79	38	process	process	NOUN
easat-5286	79	39	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	79	40	the	the	DET
easat-5286	79	41	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	79	42	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	79	43	conducted	conduct	VERB
easat-5286	79	44	over	over	ADP
easat-5286	79	45	a	a	DET
easat-5286	79	46	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	79	47	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	79	48	week	week	NOUN
easat-5286	79	49	academic	academic	ADJ
easat-5286	79	50	semester	semester	NOUN
easat-5286	79	51	729	729	NUM
easat-5286	79	52	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	79	53	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	79	54	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	79	55	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	79	56	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	79	57	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	79	58	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	79	59	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	79	60	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	79	61	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	79	62	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	79	63	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	80	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	80	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	80	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	80	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	81	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	81	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	3	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	81	4	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	81	5	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	81	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	7	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	81	8	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-5286	81	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	10	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	81	11	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	81	12	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	81	13	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	81	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	81	15	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	81	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	81	18	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	81	19	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	81	20	figure	figure	NOUN
easat-5286	81	21	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	81	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	23	sample	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	81	24	size	size	NOUN
easat-5286	81	25	selection	selection	NOUN
easat-5286	81	26	3.4	3.4	NUM
easat-5286	81	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	28	data	datum	NOUN
easat-5286	81	29	collection	collection	NOUN
easat-5286	81	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	81	31	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-5286	81	32	after	after	ADP
easat-5286	81	33	designing	design	VERB
easat-5286	81	34	the	the	DET
easat-5286	81	35	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
easat-5286	81	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	37	participants	participant	NOUN
easat-5286	81	38	were	be	AUX
easat-5286	81	39	asked	ask	VERB
easat-5286	81	40	about	about	ADP
easat-5286	81	41	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	81	42	perceptions	perception	NOUN
easat-5286	81	43	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	81	44	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	81	45	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-5286	81	46	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	81	47	'	'	PART
easat-5286	81	48	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	81	49	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	81	50	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	81	51	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	81	52	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	82	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	82	2	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
easat-5286	82	3	focused	focus	VERB
easat-5286	82	4	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	82	5	three	three	NUM
easat-5286	82	6	key	key	ADJ
easat-5286	82	7	variables	variable	NOUN
easat-5286	82	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	82	9	psychological	psychological	ADJ
easat-5286	82	10	motivation	motivation	NOUN
easat-5286	82	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	82	12	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	82	13	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-5286	82	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	82	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	82	16	personal	personal	ADJ
easat-5286	82	17	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ
easat-5286	82	18	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	82	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	1	it	it	PRON
easat-5286	83	2	used	use	VERB
easat-5286	83	3	a	a	DET
easat-5286	83	4	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	83	5	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	6	point	point	NOUN
easat-5286	83	7	likert	likert	ADJ
easat-5286	83	8	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-5286	83	9	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	10	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	83	11	=	=	PRON
easat-5286	83	12	strongly	strongly	ADV
easat-5286	83	13	agree	agree	VERB
easat-5286	83	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	15	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	83	16	=	=	NOUN
easat-5286	83	17	agree	agree	NOUN
easat-5286	83	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	19	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	83	20	=	=	SYM
easat-5286	83	21	neutral	neutral	ADJ
easat-5286	83	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	23	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	83	24	=	=	NOUN
easat-5286	83	25	disagree	disagree	NOUN
easat-5286	83	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	27	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	83	28	=	=	NUM
easat-5286	83	29	strongly	strongly	ADV
easat-5286	83	30	disagree	disagree	VERB
easat-5286	83	31	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	83	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	84	1	data	datum	NOUN
easat-5286	84	2	were	be	AUX
easat-5286	84	3	collected	collect	VERB
easat-5286	84	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	84	5	analyzed	analyze	VERB
easat-5286	84	6	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	84	7	spss	spss	PROPN
easat-5286	84	8	version	version	NOUN
easat-5286	84	9	26	26	NUM
easat-5286	84	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	85	1	descriptive	descriptive	ADJ
easat-5286	85	2	statistics	statistic	NOUN
easat-5286	85	3	were	be	AUX
easat-5286	85	4	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	85	5	to	to	PART
easat-5286	85	6	address	address	VERB
easat-5286	85	7	the	the	DET
easat-5286	85	8	first	first	ADJ
easat-5286	85	9	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	85	10	question	question	NOUN
easat-5286	85	11	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	86	1	one	one	NUM
easat-5286	86	2	large	large	ADJ
easat-5286	86	3	class	class	NOUN
easat-5286	86	4	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	86	5	60	60	NUM
easat-5286	86	6	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	86	7	was	be	AUX
easat-5286	86	8	selected	select	VERB
easat-5286	86	9	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	86	10	the	the	DET
easat-5286	86	11	experimental	experimental	ADJ
easat-5286	86	12	group	group	NOUN
easat-5286	86	13	to	to	PART
easat-5286	86	14	complete	complete	VERB
easat-5286	86	15	a	a	DET
easat-5286	86	16	pre	pre	NOUN
easat-5286	86	17	-	-	NOUN
easat-5286	86	18	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	86	19	at	at	ADP
easat-5286	86	20	the	the	DET
easat-5286	86	21	beginning	beginning	NOUN
easat-5286	86	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	86	23	a	a	DET
easat-5286	86	24	post	post	NOUN
easat-5286	86	25	-	-	NOUN
easat-5286	86	26	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	86	27	after	after	ADP
easat-5286	86	28	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	86	29	weeks	week	NOUN
easat-5286	86	30	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	86	31	a	a	DET
easat-5286	86	32	topic	topic	NOUN
easat-5286	86	33	discussion	discussion	NOUN
easat-5286	86	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	87	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	87	2	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	87	3	was	be	AUX
easat-5286	87	4	evaluated	evaluate	VERB
easat-5286	87	5	based	base	VERB
easat-5286	87	6	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	87	7	cet	cet	PROPN
easat-5286	87	8	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	87	9	set4	set4	PROPN
easat-5286	87	10	standards	standard	NOUN
easat-5286	87	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	87	12	assessing	assess	VERB
easat-5286	87	13	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	87	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	87	15	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	87	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	87	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	87	18	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	87	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	87	20	with	with	SCONJ
easat-5286	87	21	each	each	DET
easat-5286	87	22	category	category	NOUN
easat-5286	87	23	scored	score	VERB
easat-5286	87	24	out	out	ADP
easat-5286	87	25	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	87	26	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	87	27	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	87	28	a	a	DET
easat-5286	87	29	total	total	NOUN
easat-5286	87	30	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	87	31	15	15	NUM
easat-5286	87	32	points	point	NOUN
easat-5286	87	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	88	1	to	to	PART
easat-5286	88	2	ensure	ensure	VERB
easat-5286	88	3	reliability	reliability	NOUN
easat-5286	88	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	88	5	three	three	NUM
easat-5286	88	6	teachers	teacher	NOUN
easat-5286	88	7	independently	independently	ADV
easat-5286	88	8	scored	score	VERB
easat-5286	88	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	88	10	tests	test	NOUN
easat-5286	88	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	88	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	88	13	the	the	DET
easat-5286	88	14	average	average	ADJ
easat-5286	88	15	score	score	NOUN
easat-5286	88	16	was	be	AUX
easat-5286	88	17	used	use	VERB
easat-5286	88	18	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	88	19	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-5286	88	20	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	89	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	89	2	pre	pre	NOUN
easat-5286	89	3	-	-	NOUN
easat-5286	89	4	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	89	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	89	6	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	89	7	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	89	8	test	test	ADJ
easat-5286	89	9	results	result	NOUN
easat-5286	89	10	were	be	AUX
easat-5286	89	11	compared	compare	VERB
easat-5286	89	12	to	to	PART
easat-5286	89	13	measure	measure	VERB
easat-5286	89	14	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	89	15	'	'	PART
easat-5286	89	16	progress	progress	NOUN
easat-5286	89	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	89	18	answer	answer	VERB
easat-5286	89	19	the	the	DET
easat-5286	89	20	second	second	ADJ
easat-5286	89	21	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	89	22	question	question	NOUN
easat-5286	89	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	90	1	4	4	X
easat-5286	90	2	.	.	X
easat-5286	90	3	results	result	VERB
easat-5286	90	4	4.1	4.1	NUM
easat-5286	90	5	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	91	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	91	2	questionaire	questionaire	NOUN
easat-5286	91	3	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	91	4	affecting	affect	VERB
easat-5286	91	5	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	91	6	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-5286	91	7	the	the	DET
easat-5286	91	8	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
easat-5286	91	9	includes	include	VERB
easat-5286	91	10	three	three	NUM
easat-5286	91	11	variables	variable	NOUN
easat-5286	91	12	which	which	PRON
easat-5286	91	13	focus	focus	VERB
easat-5286	91	14	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	91	15	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	91	16	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	91	17	psychological	psychological	ADJ
easat-5286	91	18	motivation	motivation	NOUN
easat-5286	91	19	factors(pmf	factors(pmf	NOUN
easat-5286	91	20	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	91	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	91	22	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	91	23	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-5286	91	24	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	91	25	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	91	26	lef)and	lef)and	VERB
easat-5286	91	27	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	91	28	personal	personal	ADJ
easat-5286	91	29	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ
easat-5286	91	30	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	91	31	factors(pld).a	factors(pld).a	X
easat-5286	91	32	ll	ll	NOUN
easat-5286	91	33	variables	variable	NOUN
easat-5286	91	34	have	have	VERB
easat-5286	91	35	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	91	36	valid	valid	ADJ
easat-5286	91	37	response	response	NOUN
easat-5286	91	38	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	92	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	92	2	questionnaire	questionnaire	NOUN
easat-5286	92	3	used	use	VERB
easat-5286	92	4	a	a	DET
easat-5286	92	5	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	92	6	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	92	7	point	point	NOUN
easat-5286	92	8	likert	likert	ADJ
easat-5286	92	9	scale	scale	NOUN
easat-5286	92	10	ranging	range	VERB
easat-5286	92	11	from	from	ADP
easat-5286	92	12	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	92	13	=	=	PRON
easat-5286	92	14	strongly	strongly	ADV
easat-5286	92	15	agree	agree	ADJ
easat-5286	92	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	92	17	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	92	18	=	=	NUM
easat-5286	92	19	agree	agree	ADJ
easat-5286	92	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	92	21	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	92	22	=	=	SYM
easat-5286	92	23	neutral	neutral	ADJ
easat-5286	92	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	92	25	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	92	26	=	=	NUM
easat-5286	92	27	disagree	disagree	VERB
easat-5286	92	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	92	29	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	92	30	=	=	NUM
easat-5286	92	31	strongly	strongly	ADV
easat-5286	92	32	disagree	disagree	VERB
easat-5286	92	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	93	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	93	2	above	above	ADJ
easat-5286	93	3	table	table	NOUN
easat-5286	93	4	shows	show	VERB
easat-5286	93	5	moderate	moderate	ADJ
easat-5286	93	6	agreement	agreement	NOUN
easat-5286	93	7	across	across	ADP
easat-5286	93	8	all	all	DET
easat-5286	93	9	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	93	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	93	11	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	93	12	means	mean	NOUN
easat-5286	93	13	ranging	range	VERB
easat-5286	93	14	from	from	ADP
easat-5286	93	15	3.2	3.2	NUM
easat-5286	93	16	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	93	17	3.8	3.8	NUM
easat-5286	93	18	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	93	19	moderate	moderate	ADJ
easat-5286	93	20	variability	variability	NOUN
easat-5286	93	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	93	22	as	as	SCONJ
easat-5286	93	23	indicated	indicate	VERB
easat-5286	93	24	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	93	25	standard	standard	ADJ
easat-5286	93	26	deviations	deviation	NOUN
easat-5286	93	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	93	28	meaning	mean	VERB
easat-5286	93	29	responses	response	NOUN
easat-5286	93	30	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	93	31	not	not	PART
easat-5286	93	32	highly	highly	ADV
easat-5286	93	33	dispersed	disperse	VERB
easat-5286	93	34	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	93	35	percentile	percentile	ADJ
easat-5286	93	36	values	value	NOUN
easat-5286	93	37	confirm	confirm	VERB
easat-5286	93	38	consistency	consistency	NOUN
easat-5286	93	39	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	93	40	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	93	41	50	50	NUM
easat-5286	93	42	%	%	NOUN
easat-5286	93	43	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	93	44	responses	response	NOUN
easat-5286	93	45	clustering	cluster	VERB
easat-5286	93	46	around	around	ADP
easat-5286	93	47	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	93	48	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	94	1	730	730	NUM
easat-5286	94	2	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	94	3	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	94	4	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	94	5	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	94	6	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	94	7	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	94	8	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	94	9	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	94	10	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	94	11	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	94	12	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	94	13	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	95	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	95	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	95	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	95	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	96	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	96	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	96	3	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	96	4	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	96	5	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	96	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	96	7	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	96	8	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-5286	96	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	96	10	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	96	11	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	96	12	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	96	13	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	96	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	96	15	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	96	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	96	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	96	18	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	96	19	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	96	20	table	table	NOUN
easat-5286	96	21	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	96	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	96	23	questionaire	questionaire	NOUN
easat-5286	96	24	statistics	statistic	NOUN
easat-5286	96	25	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	97	1	variables	variable	NOUN
easat-5286	97	2	psychological	psychological	ADJ
easat-5286	97	3	motivation	motivation	NOUN
easat-5286	97	4	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	97	5	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	97	6	pmf	pmf	NOUN
easat-5286	97	7	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	97	8	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	97	9	environment	environment	NOUN
easat-5286	97	10	factors(lef	factors(lef	NOUN
easat-5286	97	11	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	97	12	personal	personal	ADJ
easat-5286	97	13	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ
easat-5286	97	14	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	97	15	factors(pld	factors(pld	PROPN
easat-5286	97	16	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	97	17	pmf	pmf	NOUN
easat-5286	97	18	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	97	19	pmf	pmf	PROPN
easat-5286	97	20	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	97	21	pmf	pmf	NOUN
easat-5286	97	22	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	97	23	pmf	pmf	PROPN
easat-5286	97	24	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	97	25	pmf	pmf	NOUN
easat-5286	97	26	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	97	27	pmf	pmf	PROPN
easat-5286	97	28	6	6	NUM
easat-5286	97	29	pmf	pmf	NOUN
easat-5286	97	30	7	7	NUM
easat-5286	97	31	lef	lef	VERB
easat-5286	97	32	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	97	33	lef	lef	NOUN
easat-5286	97	34	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	97	35	lef	lef	NOUN
easat-5286	97	36	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	97	37	lef	lef	NOUN
easat-5286	97	38	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	97	39	lef	lef	NOUN
easat-5286	97	40	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	97	41	lef	lef	NOUN
easat-5286	97	42	6	6	NUM
easat-5286	97	43	lef	lef	NOUN
easat-5286	97	44	7	7	NUM
easat-5286	97	45	pld	pld	NOUN
easat-5286	97	46	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	97	47	pld	pld	NOUN
easat-5286	97	48	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	97	49	pld	pld	NOUN
easat-5286	97	50	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	97	51	pld	pld	NOUN
easat-5286	97	52	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	97	53	pld	pld	NOUN
easat-5286	97	54	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	97	55	pld	pld	NOUN
easat-5286	97	56	6	6	NUM
easat-5286	97	57	pld7	pld7	NOUN
easat-5286	97	58	n	n	NOUN
easat-5286	97	59	valid	valid	VERB
easat-5286	97	60	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	61	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	62	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	63	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	64	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	65	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	66	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	67	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	68	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	69	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	70	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	71	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	72	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	73	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	74	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	75	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	76	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	77	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	78	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	79	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	80	200	200	NUM
easat-5286	97	81	mean	mean	NOUN
easat-5286	97	82	3.52	3.52	NUM
easat-5286	97	83	3.45	3.45	NUM
easat-5286	97	84	3.52	3.52	NUM
easat-5286	97	85	3.41	3.41	NUM
easat-5286	97	86	3.2	3.2	NUM
easat-5286	97	87	3.57	3.57	NUM
easat-5286	97	88	3.49	3.49	NUM
easat-5286	97	89	3.63	3.63	NUM
easat-5286	97	90	3.72	3.72	NUM
easat-5286	97	91	3.75	3.75	NUM
easat-5286	97	92	3.81	3.81	NUM
easat-5286	97	93	3.66	3.66	NUM
easat-5286	97	94	3.74	3.74	NUM
easat-5286	97	95	3.57	3.57	NUM
easat-5286	97	96	3.45	3.45	NUM
easat-5286	97	97	3.52	3.52	NUM
easat-5286	97	98	3.47	3.47	NUM
easat-5286	97	99	3.36	3.36	NUM
easat-5286	97	100	3.34	3.34	NUM
easat-5286	97	101	3.36	3.36	NUM
easat-5286	97	102	3.36	3.36	NUM
easat-5286	97	103	std	std	NOUN
easat-5286	97	104	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	98	1	deviation	deviation	NOUN
easat-5286	98	2	1.107	1.107	NUM
easat-5286	98	3	1.138	1.138	NUM
easat-5286	98	4	1.186	1.186	NUM
easat-5286	98	5	1.076	1.076	NUM
easat-5286	98	6	0.96	0.96	NUM
easat-5286	98	7	1.059	1.059	NUM
easat-5286	98	8	1.056	1.056	NUM
easat-5286	98	9	1.009	1.009	NUM
easat-5286	98	10	0.932	0.932	NUM
easat-5286	98	11	1.001	1.001	NUM
easat-5286	98	12	0.986	0.986	NUM
easat-5286	98	13	0.995	0.995	NUM
easat-5286	98	14	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	98	15	1.054	1.054	NUM
easat-5286	98	16	1.031	1.031	NUM
easat-5286	98	17	0.951	0.951	NUM
easat-5286	98	18	0.992	0.992	NUM
easat-5286	98	19	1.041	1.041	NUM
easat-5286	98	20	0.948	0.948	NUM
easat-5286	98	21	1.066	1.066	NUM
easat-5286	98	22	1.023	1.023	NUM
easat-5286	98	23	percentiles	percentile	NOUN
easat-5286	98	24	25	25	NUM
easat-5286	98	25	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	26	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	27	2.25	2.25	NUM
easat-5286	98	28	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	29	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	30	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	31	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	32	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	33	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	34	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	35	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	36	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	37	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	38	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	39	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	40	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	41	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	42	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	43	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	44	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	45	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	46	50	50	NUM
easat-5286	98	47	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	48	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	49	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	50	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	51	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	52	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	53	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	54	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	55	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	56	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	57	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	58	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	59	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	60	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	61	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	62	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	63	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	64	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	65	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	66	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	67	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	98	68	75	75	NUM
easat-5286	98	69	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	70	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	71	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	72	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	73	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	74	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	75	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	76	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	77	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	78	4.75	4.75	NUM
easat-5286	98	79	5	5	NUM
easat-5286	98	80	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	81	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	82	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	83	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	84	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	85	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	86	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	87	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	88	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	89	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	98	90	731	731	NUM
easat-5286	98	91	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	98	92	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	98	93	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	98	94	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	98	95	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	98	96	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	98	97	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	98	98	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	98	99	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	98	100	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	98	101	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	98	102	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	99	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	99	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	99	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	99	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	100	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	100	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	100	3	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	100	4	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	100	5	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	100	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	100	7	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	100	8	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-5286	100	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	100	10	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	100	11	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	100	12	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	100	13	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	100	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	100	15	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	100	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	100	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	100	18	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	100	19	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	100	20	4.2	4.2	NUM
easat-5286	100	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	101	1	pre	pre	VERB
easat-5286	101	2	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	101	3	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	101	4	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	101	5	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	101	6	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	101	7	tes	tes	ADJ
easat-5286	101	8	statistics	statistic	NOUN
easat-5286	101	9	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-5286	101	10	table	table	NOUN
easat-5286	101	11	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	101	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	102	1	mean	mean	VERB
easat-5286	102	2	score	score	NOUN
easat-5286	102	3	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	102	4	standard	standard	ADJ
easat-5286	102	5	deviation	deviation	NOUN
easat-5286	102	6	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	102	7	sd	sd	NOUN
easat-5286	102	8	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	102	9	analysis	analysis	NOUN
easat-5286	102	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	1	category	category	NOUN
easat-5286	103	2	pre	pre	NOUN
easat-5286	103	3	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	103	4	test	test	ADJ
easat-5286	103	5	mean	mean	ADJ
easat-5286	103	6	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	103	7	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	103	8	test	test	ADJ
easat-5286	103	9	mean	mean	ADJ
easat-5286	103	10	pre	pre	ADJ
easat-5286	103	11	-	-	NOUN
easat-5286	103	12	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	103	13	sd	sd	ADP
easat-5286	103	14	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	103	15	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	103	16	test	t	ADJ
easat-5286	103	17	sd	sd	NOUN
easat-5286	103	18	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	103	19	2.27	2.27	NUM
easat-5286	103	20	3.43	3.43	NUM
easat-5286	103	21	0.482	0.482	NUM
easat-5286	103	22	0.647	0.647	NUM
easat-5286	103	23	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	103	24	1.85	1.85	NUM
easat-5286	103	25	2.75	2.75	NUM
easat-5286	103	26	0.481	0.481	NUM
easat-5286	103	27	0.571	0.571	NUM
easat-5286	103	28	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	103	29	2.23	2.23	NUM
easat-5286	103	30	2.57	2.57	NUM
easat-5286	103	31	0.673	0.673	NUM
easat-5286	103	32	0.647	0.647	NUM
easat-5286	103	33	total	total	ADJ
easat-5286	103	34	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	35	sum	sum	NOUN
easat-5286	103	36	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	37	6.35	6.35	NUM
easat-5286	103	38	8.75	8.75	NUM
easat-5286	103	39	1.233	1.233	NUM
easat-5286	103	40	1.323	1.323	NUM
easat-5286	103	41	from	from	ADP
easat-5286	103	42	the	the	DET
easat-5286	103	43	table	table	NOUN
easat-5286	103	44	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	45	we	we	PRON
easat-5286	103	46	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	103	47	see	see	VERB
easat-5286	103	48	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	49	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	103	50	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	103	51	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	103	52	improved	improve	VERB
easat-5286	103	53	the	the	DET
easat-5286	103	54	most	most	ADJ
easat-5286	103	55	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	56	showing	show	VERB
easat-5286	103	57	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	103	58	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	103	59	became	become	VERB
easat-5286	103	60	clearer	clear	ADJ
easat-5286	103	61	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	103	62	more	more	ADV
easat-5286	103	63	logical	logical	ADJ
easat-5286	103	64	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	103	65	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	103	66	speech	speech	NOUN
easat-5286	103	67	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	68	total	total	ADJ
easat-5286	103	69	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	103	70	performance	performance	NOUN
easat-5286	103	71	improved	improve	VERB
easat-5286	103	72	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	103	73	2.4	2.4	NUM
easat-5286	103	74	points	point	NOUN
easat-5286	103	75	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	103	76	confirming	confirm	VERB
easat-5286	103	77	the	the	DET
easat-5286	103	78	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
easat-5286	103	79	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	103	80	the	the	DET
easat-5286	103	81	intervention	intervention	NOUN
easat-5286	104	1	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	104	2	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	104	3	showed	show	VERB
easat-5286	104	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	104	5	smallest	small	ADJ
easat-5286	104	6	gain	gain	NOUN
easat-5286	104	7	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	104	8	+0.34	+0.34	NOUN
easat-5286	104	9	points	point	NOUN
easat-5286	104	10	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	104	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	104	12	suggesting	suggest	VERB
easat-5286	104	13	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	104	14	still	still	ADV
easat-5286	104	15	struggle	struggle	VERB
easat-5286	104	16	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	104	17	adapting	adapt	VERB
easat-5286	104	18	their	their	PRON
easat-5286	104	19	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	104	20	style	style	NOUN
easat-5286	104	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	105	1	so	so	ADV
easat-5286	105	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	105	3	we	we	PRON
easat-5286	105	4	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	105	5	see	see	VERB
easat-5286	105	6	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	105	7	the	the	DET
easat-5286	105	8	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	105	9	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	105	10	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	105	11	mobile	mobile	NOUN
easat-5286	105	12	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	105	13	had	have	VERB
easat-5286	105	14	a	a	DET
easat-5286	105	15	strong	strong	ADJ
easat-5286	105	16	positive	positive	ADJ
easat-5286	105	17	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-5286	105	18	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	105	19	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	105	20	'	'	PART
easat-5286	105	21	speaking	speaking	NOUN
easat-5286	105	22	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	105	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	106	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	106	2	results	result	NOUN
easat-5286	106	3	show	show	VERB
easat-5286	106	4	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-5286	106	5	improvement	improvement	NOUN
easat-5286	106	6	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	106	7	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	106	8	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	106	9	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	106	10	abilities	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	106	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	106	12	confirming	confirm	VERB
easat-5286	106	13	the	the	DET
easat-5286	106	14	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
easat-5286	106	15	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	106	16	the	the	DET
easat-5286	106	17	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	106	18	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	106	19	enhancing	enhance	VERB
easat-5286	106	20	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	106	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	106	22	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	106	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	106	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	106	25	overall	overall	ADJ
easat-5286	106	26	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	106	27	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	107	1	table	table	NOUN
easat-5286	107	2	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	107	3	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	107	4	paired	pair	VERB
easat-5286	107	5	samples	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	107	6	t	t	NOUN
easat-5286	107	7	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	107	8	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	107	9	results	result	NOUN
easat-5286	107	10	category	category	NOUN
easat-5286	107	11	t	t	NOUN
easat-5286	107	12	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	107	13	value	value	NOUN
easat-5286	107	14	df	df	NOUN
easat-5286	107	15	p	p	NOUN
easat-5286	107	16	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	107	17	value	value	NOUN
easat-5286	107	18	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	107	19	sig	sig	NOUN
easat-5286	107	20	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	107	21	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	108	1	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	108	2	13.041	13.041	NUM
easat-5286	108	3	59	59	NUM
easat-5286	108	4	.001	.001	NUM
easat-5286	108	5	*	*	PUNCT
easat-5286	109	1	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	109	2	10.23	10.23	NUM
easat-5286	109	3	59	59	NUM
easat-5286	109	4	.001	.001	NUM
easat-5286	109	5	*	*	PUNCT
easat-5286	109	6	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	109	7	5.065	5.065	NUM
easat-5286	109	8	59	59	NUM
easat-5286	109	9	.001	.001	NUM
easat-5286	109	10	*	*	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	1	total	total	ADJ
easat-5286	110	2	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	3	sum	sum	NOUN
easat-5286	110	4	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	5	13.715	13.715	NUM
easat-5286	110	6	59	59	NUM
easat-5286	110	7	.001	.001	NUM
easat-5286	110	8	*	*	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	110	10	above	above	ADJ
easat-5286	110	11	table	table	NOUN
easat-5286	110	12	shows	show	VERB
easat-5286	110	13	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	110	14	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	15	all	all	DET
easat-5286	110	16	p	p	NOUN
easat-5286	110	17	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	18	values	value	NOUN
easat-5286	110	19	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	110	20	0.001	0.001	NUM
easat-5286	110	21	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	22	<	<	NOUN
easat-5286	110	23	0.005	0.005	NUM
easat-5286	110	24	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	26	confirming	confirm	VERB
easat-5286	110	27	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	110	28	the	the	DET
easat-5286	110	29	improvements	improvement	NOUN
easat-5286	110	30	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	110	31	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	110	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	33	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	110	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	35	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	110	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	110	37	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	110	38	total	total	ADJ
easat-5286	110	39	speaking	speaking	NOUN
easat-5286	110	40	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	110	41	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	110	42	statistically	statistically	ADV
easat-5286	110	43	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-5286	110	44	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	111	2	highest	high	ADJ
easat-5286	111	3	improvement	improvement	NOUN
easat-5286	111	4	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	111	5	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	111	6	overall	overall	ADJ
easat-5286	111	7	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	111	8	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	111	9	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	10	t	t	NOUN
easat-5286	111	11	=	=	SYM
easat-5286	111	12	13.715	13.715	NUM
easat-5286	111	13	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	15	followed	follow	VERB
easat-5286	111	16	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	111	17	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	111	18	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	19	t	t	NOUN
easat-5286	111	20	=	=	SYM
easat-5286	111	21	13.041	13.041	NUM
easat-5286	111	22	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	23	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	111	24	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	111	25	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	26	t	t	NOUN
easat-5286	111	27	=	=	SYM
easat-5286	111	28	10.230	10.230	NUM
easat-5286	111	29	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	30	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	31	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	111	32	has	have	VERB
easat-5286	111	33	the	the	DET
easat-5286	111	34	lowest	low	ADJ
easat-5286	111	35	t	t	NOUN
easat-5286	111	36	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	37	value	value	NOUN
easat-5286	111	38	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	39	5.065	5.065	NUM
easat-5286	111	40	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	41	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	111	42	meaning	mean	VERB
easat-5286	111	43	it	it	PRON
easat-5286	111	44	improved	improve	VERB
easat-5286	111	45	the	the	DET
easat-5286	111	46	least	least	ADV
easat-5286	111	47	compared	compare	VERB
easat-5286	111	48	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	111	49	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	111	50	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	111	51	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	111	52	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	112	1	this	this	PRON
easat-5286	112	2	suggests	suggest	VERB
easat-5286	112	3	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	112	4	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	112	5	still	still	ADV
easat-5286	112	6	struggle	struggle	VERB
easat-5286	112	7	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	112	8	adaptability	adaptability	NOUN
easat-5286	112	9	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	112	10	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	112	11	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	112	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	112	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	112	14	additional	additional	ADJ
easat-5286	112	15	practice	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	112	16	may	may	AUX
easat-5286	112	17	be	be	AUX
easat-5286	112	18	needed	need	VERB
easat-5286	112	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	113	1	table	table	NOUN
easat-5286	113	2	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	113	3	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	113	4	paied	paie	VERB
easat-5286	113	5	samples	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	113	6	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	113	7	sizes	size	NOUN
easat-5286	113	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	114	1	paired	pair	VERB
easat-5286	114	2	samples	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	114	3	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	114	4	sizes	size	NOUN
easat-5286	114	5	standardizera	standardizera	NOUN
easat-5286	114	6	point	point	NOUN
easat-5286	114	7	estimate	estimate	VERB
easat-5286	114	8	95	95	NUM
easat-5286	114	9	%	%	NOUN
easat-5286	114	10	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	114	11	interval	interval	NOUN
easat-5286	114	12	lower	low	ADJ
easat-5286	114	13	upper	upper	ADJ
easat-5286	114	14	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	114	15	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	114	16	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	114	17	test	test	ADJ
easat-5286	114	18	pre	pre	ADJ
easat-5286	114	19	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	114	20	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	114	21	cohen	cohen	NOUN
easat-5286	114	22	's	's	PART
easat-5286	114	23	d	d	ADP
easat-5286	114	24	0.693	0.693	NUM
easat-5286	114	25	1.684	1.684	NUM
easat-5286	114	26	1.286	1.286	NUM
easat-5286	114	27	2.075	2.075	NUM
easat-5286	114	28	hedges	hedge	NOUN
easat-5286	114	29	'	'	PART
easat-5286	114	30	correction	correction	NOUN
easat-5286	114	31	0.697	0.697	NUM
easat-5286	114	32	1.673	1.673	NUM
easat-5286	114	33	1.277	1.277	NUM
easat-5286	114	34	2.062	2.062	NUM
easat-5286	114	35	coherence	coherence	NOUN
easat-5286	114	36	post	post	NOUN
easat-5286	114	37	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	114	38	pre	pre	X
easat-5286	114	39	test	test	PROPN
easat-5286	114	40	cohen	cohen	PROPN
easat-5286	114	41	's	's	PART
easat-5286	114	42	d	d	NUM
easat-5286	114	43	0.681	0.681	NUM
easat-5286	114	44	1.321	1.321	NUM
easat-5286	114	45	0.970	0.970	NUM
easat-5286	114	46	1.665	1.665	NUM
easat-5286	114	47	hedges	hedge	NOUN
easat-5286	114	48	'	'	PART
easat-5286	114	49	correction	correction	NOUN
easat-5286	114	50	0.686	0.686	NUM
easat-5286	114	51	1.312	1.312	NUM
easat-5286	114	52	0.964	0.964	NUM
easat-5286	114	53	1.654	1.654	NUM
easat-5286	114	54	flexibility	flexibility	NOUN
easat-5286	114	55	post	post	NOUN
easat-5286	114	56	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	114	57	pre	pre	X
easat-5286	114	58	test	test	PROPN
easat-5286	114	59	cohen	cohen	PROPN
easat-5286	114	60	's	's	PART
easat-5286	114	61	d	d	NOUN
easat-5286	114	62	0.510	0.510	NUM
easat-5286	114	63	0.654	0.654	NUM
easat-5286	114	64	0.372	0.372	NUM
easat-5286	114	65	0.931	0.931	NUM
easat-5286	114	66	hedges	hedge	NOUN
easat-5286	114	67	'	'	PART
easat-5286	114	68	correction	correction	NOUN
easat-5286	114	69	0.513	0.513	NUM
easat-5286	114	70	0.650	0.650	NUM
easat-5286	114	71	0.370	0.370	NUM
easat-5286	114	72	0.925	0.925	NUM
easat-5286	114	73	sum	sum	NOUN
easat-5286	114	74	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	114	75	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	114	76	test	test	ADJ
easat-5286	114	77	pre	pre	ADJ
easat-5286	114	78	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	114	79	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	114	80	cohen	cohen	NOUN
easat-5286	114	81	's	's	PART
easat-5286	114	82	d	d	NUM
easat-5286	114	83	1.355	1.355	NUM
easat-5286	114	84	1.771	1.771	NUM
easat-5286	114	85	1.361	1.361	NUM
easat-5286	114	86	2.174	2.174	NUM
easat-5286	114	87	hedges	hedge	NOUN
easat-5286	114	88	'	'	PART
easat-5286	114	89	correction	correction	NOUN
easat-5286	114	90	1.364	1.364	NUM
easat-5286	114	91	1.759	1.759	NUM
easat-5286	114	92	1.352	1.352	NUM
easat-5286	114	93	2.161	2.161	NUM
easat-5286	114	94	note	note	NOUN
easat-5286	114	95	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	114	96	a.	a.	NOUN
easat-5286	114	97	the	the	DET
easat-5286	114	98	denominator	denominator	NOUN
easat-5286	114	99	used	use	VERB
easat-5286	114	100	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	114	101	estimating	estimate	VERB
easat-5286	114	102	the	the	DET
easat-5286	114	103	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	114	104	sizes	size	NOUN
easat-5286	114	105	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	115	1	cohen	cohen	PROPN
easat-5286	115	2	's	's	PART
easat-5286	115	3	d	d	NOUN
easat-5286	115	4	uses	use	VERB
easat-5286	115	5	the	the	DET
easat-5286	115	6	sample	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	115	7	standard	standard	ADJ
easat-5286	115	8	deviation	deviation	NOUN
easat-5286	115	9	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	115	10	the	the	DET
easat-5286	115	11	mean	mean	ADJ
easat-5286	115	12	difference	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	115	13	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	116	1	hedges	hedges	PROPN
easat-5286	116	2	'	'	PART
easat-5286	116	3	correction	correction	NOUN
easat-5286	116	4	uses	use	VERB
easat-5286	116	5	the	the	DET
easat-5286	116	6	sample	sample	NOUN
easat-5286	116	7	standard	standard	ADJ
easat-5286	116	8	deviation	deviation	NOUN
easat-5286	116	9	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	116	10	the	the	DET
easat-5286	116	11	mean	mean	ADJ
easat-5286	116	12	difference	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	116	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	116	14	plus	plus	CCONJ
easat-5286	116	15	a	a	DET
easat-5286	116	16	correction	correction	NOUN
easat-5286	116	17	factor	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	116	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	117	1	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	117	2	size	size	NOUN
easat-5286	117	3	measures	measure	VERB
easat-5286	117	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	117	5	strength	strength	NOUN
easat-5286	117	6	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	117	7	the	the	DET
easat-5286	117	8	difference	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	117	9	between	between	ADP
easat-5286	117	10	pre	pre	NOUN
easat-5286	117	11	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	117	12	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	117	13	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	117	14	post	post	ADJ
easat-5286	117	15	-	-	ADJ
easat-5286	117	16	test	test	NOUN
easat-5286	117	17	scores	score	NOUN
easat-5286	117	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	118	1	it	it	PRON
easat-5286	118	2	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	118	3	calculated	calculate	VERB
easat-5286	118	4	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	118	5	cohen	cohen	PROPN
easat-5286	118	6	’s	’s	PART
easat-5286	118	7	d	d	PROPN
easat-5286	118	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	118	9	hedges	hedge	NOUN
easat-5286	118	10	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	118	11	correction	correction	NOUN
easat-5286	118	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	118	13	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	118	14	95	95	NUM
easat-5286	118	15	%	%	NOUN
easat-5286	118	16	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	118	17	intervals	interval	NOUN
easat-5286	118	18	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	118	19	cis	cis	NOUN
easat-5286	118	20	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	118	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	1	we	we	PRON
easat-5286	119	2	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	119	3	see	see	VERB
easat-5286	119	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	119	5	flency	flency	NOUN
easat-5286	119	6	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	119	7	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	119	8	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	119	9	had	have	VERB
easat-5286	119	10	the	the	DET
easat-5286	119	11	strongest	strong	ADJ
easat-5286	119	12	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-5286	119	13	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	119	14	overall	overall	ADJ
easat-5286	119	15	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	119	16	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	119	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	18	the	the	DET
easat-5286	119	19	total	total	ADJ
easat-5286	119	20	score	score	NOUN
easat-5286	119	21	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	22	1.355	1.355	NUM
easat-5286	119	23	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	24	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	119	25	significant	significant	ADJ
easat-5286	119	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	27	followed	follow	VERB
easat-5286	119	28	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	119	29	accuracy(0.693	accuracy(0.693	NOUN
easat-5286	119	30	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	119	32	coherence(0.681	coherence(0.681	NOUN
easat-5286	119	33	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	34	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	119	35	the	the	DET
easat-5286	119	36	flexibility(0.510	flexibility(0.510	PROPN
easat-5286	119	37	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	38	732	732	NUM
easat-5286	119	39	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	119	40	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	119	41	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	119	42	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	119	43	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	119	44	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	119	45	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	119	46	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	119	47	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	119	48	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	119	49	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	119	50	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	120	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	120	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	120	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	120	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	121	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	121	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	121	3	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	121	4	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	121	5	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	121	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	121	7	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	121	8	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-5286	121	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	121	10	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	121	11	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	121	12	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	121	13	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	121	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	121	15	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	121	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	121	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	121	18	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	121	19	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	121	20	showed	show	VERB
easat-5286	121	21	moderate	moderate	ADJ
easat-5286	121	22	improvement	improvement	NOUN
easat-5286	121	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	121	24	suggesting	suggest	VERB
easat-5286	121	25	it	it	PRON
easat-5286	121	26	may	may	AUX
easat-5286	121	27	need	need	VERB
easat-5286	121	28	further	further	ADJ
easat-5286	121	29	reinforcement	reinforcement	NOUN
easat-5286	121	30	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	122	1	overall	overall	ADV
easat-5286	122	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	122	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	122	4	results	result	NOUN
easat-5286	122	5	provide	provide	VERB
easat-5286	122	6	strong	strong	ADJ
easat-5286	122	7	evidence	evidence	NOUN
easat-5286	122	8	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	122	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	122	10	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	122	11	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	122	12	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	122	13	mobile	mobile	NOUN
easat-5286	122	14	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	122	15	significantly	significantly	ADV
easat-5286	122	16	enhanced	enhance	VERB
easat-5286	122	17	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	122	18	'	'	PART
easat-5286	122	19	englishspeaking	englishspeake	VERB
easat-5286	122	20	skills	skill	NOUN
easat-5286	122	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	123	1	5	5	X
easat-5286	123	2	.	.	X
easat-5286	123	3	discussion	discussion	NOUN
easat-5286	123	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	123	5	results	result	NOUN
easat-5286	123	6	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	123	7	this	this	DET
easat-5286	123	8	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	123	9	are	be	AUX
easat-5286	123	10	consistent	consistent	ADJ
easat-5286	123	11	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	123	12	the	the	DET
easat-5286	123	13	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
easat-5286	123	14	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	124	1	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-5286	124	2	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	124	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	124	4	as	as	SCONJ
easat-5286	124	5	identified	identify	VERB
easat-5286	124	6	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	124	7	previous	previous	ADJ
easat-5286	124	8	studies	study	NOUN
easat-5286	124	9	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	124	10	this	this	DET
easat-5286	124	11	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	124	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	124	13	indeed	indeed	ADV
easat-5286	124	14	affect	affect	VERB
easat-5286	124	15	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	124	16	'	'	PART
easat-5286	124	17	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	124	18	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	124	19	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	124	20	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	125	1	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	125	2	the	the	DET
easat-5286	125	3	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	125	4	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	125	5	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	125	6	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	125	7	provides	provide	VERB
easat-5286	125	8	a	a	DET
easat-5286	125	9	new	new	ADJ
easat-5286	125	10	way	way	NOUN
easat-5286	125	11	to	to	PART
easat-5286	125	12	address	address	VERB
easat-5286	125	13	some	some	PRON
easat-5286	125	14	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	125	15	the	the	DET
easat-5286	125	16	problems	problem	NOUN
easat-5286	125	17	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	125	18	traditional	traditional	ADJ
easat-5286	125	19	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	125	20	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	125	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	126	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	126	2	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	126	3	's	's	PART
easat-5286	126	4	features	feature	NOUN
easat-5286	126	5	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	126	6	create	create	VERB
easat-5286	126	7	more	more	ADJ
easat-5286	126	8	practice	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	126	9	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-5286	126	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	126	11	offer	offer	VERB
easat-5286	126	12	instant	instant	ADJ
easat-5286	126	13	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-5286	126	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	126	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	126	16	help	help	VERB
easat-5286	126	17	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	126	18	build	build	VERB
easat-5286	126	19	confidence	confidence	NOUN
easat-5286	126	20	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	126	21	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	126	22	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	127	1	however	however	ADV
easat-5286	127	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	127	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	127	4	problems	problem	NOUN
easat-5286	127	5	reported	report	VERB
easat-5286	127	6	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	127	7	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	127	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	127	9	like	like	ADP
easat-5286	127	10	network	network	NOUN
easat-5286	127	11	issues	issue	NOUN
easat-5286	127	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	127	13	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
easat-5286	127	14	deep	deep	ADJ
easat-5286	127	15	level	level	NOUN
easat-5286	127	16	guidance	guidance	NOUN
easat-5286	127	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	127	18	also	also	ADV
easat-5286	127	19	need	need	VERB
easat-5286	127	20	to	to	PART
easat-5286	127	21	be	be	AUX
easat-5286	127	22	considered	consider	VERB
easat-5286	127	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	128	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	128	2	instability	instability	NOUN
easat-5286	128	3	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	128	4	the	the	DET
easat-5286	128	5	network	network	NOUN
easat-5286	128	6	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	128	7	disrupt	disrupt	VERB
easat-5286	128	8	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	128	9	'	'	PART
easat-5286	128	10	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	128	11	processes	process	NOUN
easat-5286	128	12	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	128	13	reduce	reduce	VERB
easat-5286	128	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	128	15	effectiveness	effectiveness	NOUN
easat-5286	128	16	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	128	17	the	the	DET
easat-5286	128	18	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	128	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	129	1	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	129	2	the	the	DET
easat-5286	129	3	lack	lack	NOUN
easat-5286	129	4	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	129	5	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	129	6	depth	depth	NOUN
easat-5286	129	7	guidance	guidance	NOUN
easat-5286	129	8	may	may	AUX
easat-5286	129	9	limit	limit	VERB
easat-5286	129	10	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	129	11	'	'	PART
easat-5286	129	12	development	development	NOUN
easat-5286	129	13	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	129	14	dealing	deal	VERB
easat-5286	129	15	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	129	16	high	high	ADJ
easat-5286	129	17	level	level	NOUN
easat-5286	129	18	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	129	19	tasks	task	NOUN
easat-5286	129	20	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	130	1	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
easat-5286	130	2	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	130	3	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
easat-5286	130	4	6	6	NUM
easat-5286	130	5	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	130	6	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
easat-5286	130	7	multiple	multiple	ADJ
easat-5286	130	8	factors	factor	NOUN
easat-5286	130	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	130	10	including	include	VERB
easat-5286	130	11	psychological	psychological	ADJ
easat-5286	130	12	aspects	aspect	NOUN
easat-5286	130	13	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	130	14	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	130	15	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
easat-5286	130	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	130	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	130	18	practice	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	130	19	frequency	frequency	NOUN
easat-5286	130	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	130	21	have	have	VERB
easat-5286	130	22	an	an	DET
easat-5286	130	23	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-5286	130	24	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	130	25	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	130	26	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	130	27	'	'	PART
easat-5286	130	28	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	130	29	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	130	30	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	130	31	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	131	1	the	the	DET
easat-5286	131	2	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	131	3	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	131	4	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	131	5	app	app	PROPN
easat-5286	131	6	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	131	7	an	an	DET
easat-5286	131	8	effective	effective	ADJ
easat-5286	131	9	tool	tool	NOUN
easat-5286	131	10	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	131	11	improving	improve	VERB
easat-5286	131	12	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	131	13	'	'	PART
easat-5286	131	14	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	131	15	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	131	16	ability	ability	NOUN
easat-5286	131	17	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	132	1	it	it	PRON
easat-5286	132	2	can	can	AUX
easat-5286	132	3	enhance	enhance	VERB
easat-5286	132	4	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	132	5	'	'	PART
easat-5286	132	6	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	132	7	motivation	motivation	NOUN
easat-5286	132	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	132	9	provide	provide	VERB
easat-5286	132	10	more	more	ADJ
easat-5286	132	11	practice	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	132	12	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
easat-5286	132	13	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	132	14	instant	instant	ADJ
easat-5286	132	15	feedback	feedback	NOUN
easat-5286	132	16	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	133	1	there	there	PRON
easat-5286	133	2	are	be	VERB
easat-5286	133	3	still	still	ADV
easat-5286	133	4	some	some	DET
easat-5286	133	5	problems	problem	NOUN
easat-5286	133	6	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	133	7	using	use	VERB
easat-5286	133	8	the	the	DET
easat-5286	133	9	app	app	NOUN
easat-5286	133	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	133	11	such	such	ADJ
easat-5286	133	12	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	133	13	network	network	NOUN
easat-5286	133	14	instability	instability	NOUN
easat-5286	133	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	133	16	insufficient	insufficient	ADJ
easat-5286	133	17	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	133	18	depth	depth	NOUN
easat-5286	133	19	guidance	guidance	NOUN
easat-5286	133	20	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	133	21	complex	complex	ADJ
easat-5286	133	22	topics	topic	NOUN
easat-5286	133	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	134	1	transparency	transparency	NOUN
easat-5286	134	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	134	3	the	the	DET
easat-5286	134	4	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	134	5	confirm	confirm	VERB
easat-5286	134	6	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	134	7	the	the	DET
easat-5286	134	8	manuscript	manuscript	NOUN
easat-5286	134	9	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	134	10	an	an	DET
easat-5286	134	11	honest	honest	ADJ
easat-5286	134	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	134	13	accurate	accurate	ADJ
easat-5286	134	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	134	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	134	16	transparent	transparent	ADJ
easat-5286	134	17	account	account	NOUN
easat-5286	134	18	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	134	19	the	the	DET
easat-5286	134	20	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	134	21	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	134	22	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	134	23	no	no	DET
easat-5286	134	24	vital	vital	ADJ
easat-5286	134	25	features	feature	NOUN
easat-5286	134	26	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	134	27	the	the	DET
easat-5286	134	28	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	134	29	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	134	30	been	be	AUX
easat-5286	134	31	omitted	omit	VERB
easat-5286	134	32	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	134	33	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	134	34	that	that	SCONJ
easat-5286	134	35	any	any	DET
easat-5286	134	36	discrepancies	discrepancy	NOUN
easat-5286	134	37	from	from	ADP
easat-5286	134	38	the	the	DET
easat-5286	134	39	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	134	40	as	as	SCONJ
easat-5286	134	41	planned	plan	VERB
easat-5286	134	42	have	have	AUX
easat-5286	134	43	been	be	AUX
easat-5286	134	44	explained	explain	VERB
easat-5286	134	45	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	135	1	this	this	DET
easat-5286	135	2	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	135	3	followed	follow	VERB
easat-5286	135	4	all	all	DET
easat-5286	135	5	ethical	ethical	ADJ
easat-5286	135	6	practices	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	135	7	during	during	ADP
easat-5286	135	8	writing	writing	NOUN
easat-5286	135	9	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	136	1	copyright	copyright	NOUN
easat-5286	136	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	136	3	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	136	4	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	136	5	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	136	6	the	the	DET
easat-5286	136	7	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	136	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	137	1	this	this	DET
easat-5286	137	2	open	open	ADJ
easat-5286	137	3	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	137	4	access	access	NOUN
easat-5286	137	5	article	article	NOUN
easat-5286	137	6	is	be	AUX
easat-5286	137	7	distributed	distribute	VERB
easat-5286	137	8	under	under	ADP
easat-5286	137	9	the	the	DET
easat-5286	137	10	terms	term	NOUN
easat-5286	137	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	137	12	conditions	condition	NOUN
easat-5286	137	13	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	137	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	137	15	creative	creative	ADJ
easat-5286	137	16	commons	common	NOUN
easat-5286	137	17	attribution	attribution	NOUN
easat-5286	137	18	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	137	19	cc	cc	NOUN
easat-5286	137	20	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	137	21	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	137	22	license	license	NOUN
easat-5286	137	23	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	137	24	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	PROPN
easat-5286	137	25	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	137	26	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	138	1	references	reference	NOUN
easat-5286	138	2	[	[	X
easat-5286	138	3	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	138	4	]	]	X
easat-5286	138	5	r.	r.	PROPN
easat-5286	138	6	blake	blake	PROPN
easat-5286	138	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	138	8	brave	brave	ADJ
easat-5286	138	9	new	new	ADJ
easat-5286	138	10	digital	digital	ADJ
easat-5286	138	11	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	138	12	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	138	13	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	138	14	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	138	15	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-5286	138	16	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	138	17	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	138	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	138	19	2nd	2nd	PROPN
easat-5286	138	20	ed	ed	NOUN
easat-5286	138	21	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	139	1	washington	washington	PROPN
easat-5286	139	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	139	3	d.c	d.c	PROPN
easat-5286	139	4	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	139	5	georgetown	georgetown	PROPN
easat-5286	139	6	university	university	PROPN
easat-5286	139	7	press	press	NOUN
easat-5286	139	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	139	9	2013	2013	NUM
easat-5286	139	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	140	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	140	2	2	2	X
easat-5286	140	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	140	4	d.	d.	PROPN
easat-5286	140	5	nunan	nunan	PROPN
easat-5286	140	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	140	7	second	second	ADJ
easat-5286	140	8	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	140	9	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	140	10	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	140	11	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	140	12	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	141	1	boston	boston	PROPN
easat-5286	141	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	141	3	ma	ma	PROPN
easat-5286	141	4	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	141	5	heinle	heinle	PROPN
easat-5286	141	6	&	&	CCONJ
easat-5286	141	7	heinle	heinle	PROPN
easat-5286	141	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	141	9	1999	1999	NUM
easat-5286	141	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	142	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	142	2	3	3	X
easat-5286	142	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	142	4	m.	m.	NOUN
easat-5286	142	5	kang	kang	PROPN
easat-5286	142	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	142	7	w.	w.	PROPN
easat-5286	142	8	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	142	9	shin	shin	PROPN
easat-5286	142	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	142	11	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	142	12	the	the	DET
easat-5286	142	13	use	use	NOUN
easat-5286	142	14	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	142	15	a	a	DET
easat-5286	142	16	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	142	17	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	142	18	management	management	NOUN
easat-5286	142	19	system	system	NOUN
easat-5286	142	20	at	at	ADP
easat-5286	142	21	an	an	DET
easat-5286	142	22	online	online	ADJ
easat-5286	142	23	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	142	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	142	25	its	its	PRON
easat-5286	142	26	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	142	27	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	142	28	learning	learn	VERB
easat-5286	142	29	satisfaction	satisfaction	NOUN
easat-5286	142	30	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	142	31	achievement	achievement	NOUN
easat-5286	142	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	142	33	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	142	34	the	the	DET
easat-5286	142	35	international	international	ADJ
easat-5286	142	36	review	review	NOUN
easat-5286	142	37	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	142	38	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	142	39	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	142	40	open	open	ADJ
easat-5286	142	41	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	142	42	distributed	distributed	ADJ
easat-5286	142	43	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	142	44	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	142	45	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	142	46	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	143	1	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	143	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	143	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	143	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	143	5	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	143	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	143	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	143	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	144	1	110–130	110–130	NUM
easat-5286	144	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	144	3	2015	2015	NUM
easat-5286	144	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	145	2	4	4	X
easat-5286	145	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	4	x.	x.	NOUN
easat-5286	145	5	yingxin	yingxin	PROPN
easat-5286	145	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	7	c.	c.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	8	k.	k.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	9	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	10	singh	singh	PROPN
easat-5286	145	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	12	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	13	k.	k.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	14	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	15	c.	c.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	16	singh	singh	PROPN
easat-5286	145	17	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	18	r.	r.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	19	p.	p.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	20	bailey	bailey	PROPN
easat-5286	145	21	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	145	23	k.	k.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	24	arivayagan	arivayagan	PROPN
easat-5286	145	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	26	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	27	the	the	DET
easat-5286	145	28	digital	digital	ADJ
easat-5286	145	29	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	145	30	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	31	systematic	systematic	ADJ
easat-5286	145	32	review	review	NOUN
easat-5286	145	33	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	145	34	the	the	DET
easat-5286	145	35	use	use	NOUN
easat-5286	145	36	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	145	37	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	145	38	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	145	39	a	a	DET
easat-5286	145	40	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-5286	145	41	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	145	42	(	(	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	43	efl	efl	PROPN
easat-5286	145	44	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	45	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	145	46	teaching	teach	VERB
easat-5286	145	47	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	145	48	collaborative	collaborative	ADJ
easat-5286	145	49	online	online	ADJ
easat-5286	145	50	settings	setting	NOUN
easat-5286	145	51	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	52	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	53	international	international	ADJ
easat-5286	145	54	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	145	55	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	145	56	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	145	57	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	58	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	145	59	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	145	60	educational	educational	ADJ
easat-5286	145	61	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	145	62	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	63	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	145	64	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	145	65	23	23	NUM
easat-5286	145	66	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	67	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	145	68	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	145	69	10	10	NUM
easat-5286	145	70	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	145	71	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	145	72	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	146	1	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	146	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	146	3	26	26	NUM
easat-5286	146	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	146	5	2024	2024	NUM
easat-5286	146	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	147	1	https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.10.1	https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.10.1	X
easat-5286	148	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	148	2	5	5	X
easat-5286	148	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	4	z.	z.	PROPN
easat-5286	148	5	dörnyei	dörnyei	PROPN
easat-5286	148	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	7	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	8	individual	individual	ADJ
easat-5286	148	9	differences	difference	NOUN
easat-5286	148	10	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	148	11	second	second	ADJ
easat-5286	148	12	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	148	13	acquisition	acquisition	NOUN
easat-5286	148	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	15	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	16	aila	aila	PROPN
easat-5286	148	17	review	review	PROPN
easat-5286	148	18	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	19	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	148	20	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	148	21	19	19	NUM
easat-5286	148	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	23	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	148	24	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	148	25	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	148	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	148	27	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	148	28	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	149	1	42	42	NUM
easat-5286	149	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	149	3	68	68	NUM
easat-5286	149	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	149	5	2006	2006	NUM
easat-5286	149	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	150	1	https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.19.05dor	https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.19.05dor	PROPN
easat-5286	151	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	151	2	6	6	NUM
easat-5286	151	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	4	x.	x.	NOUN
easat-5286	151	5	zhang	zhang	PROPN
easat-5286	151	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	151	7	k.	k.	PROPN
easat-5286	151	8	head	head	PROPN
easat-5286	151	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	10	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	11	dealing	deal	VERB
easat-5286	151	12	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	151	13	learner	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	151	14	reticence	reticence	NOUN
easat-5286	151	15	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	151	16	the	the	DET
easat-5286	151	17	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	151	18	class	class	NOUN
easat-5286	151	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	20	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	21	elt	elt	NOUN
easat-5286	151	22	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	151	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	24	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	151	25	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	151	26	64	64	NUM
easat-5286	151	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	28	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	151	29	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	151	30	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	151	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	151	32	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	151	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	152	1	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	152	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	152	3	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	152	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	152	5	2010	2010	NUM
easat-5286	152	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	1	https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp018	https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp018	NOUN
easat-5286	153	2	[	[	X
easat-5286	153	3	7	7	NUM
easat-5286	153	4	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	5	m.	m.	NOUN
easat-5286	153	6	liu	liu	PROPN
easat-5286	153	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	153	8	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-5286	153	9	jackson	jackson	PROPN
easat-5286	153	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	11	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	12	an	an	DET
easat-5286	153	13	exploration	exploration	NOUN
easat-5286	153	14	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	153	15	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	153	16	efl	efl	PROPN
easat-5286	153	17	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	153	18	'	'	PART
easat-5286	153	19	unwillingness	unwillingness	NOUN
easat-5286	153	20	to	to	PART
easat-5286	153	21	communicate	communicate	VERB
easat-5286	153	22	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	153	23	foreign	foreign	ADJ
easat-5286	153	24	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	153	25	anxiety	anxiety	NOUN
easat-5286	153	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	27	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	28	the	the	DET
easat-5286	153	29	modern	modern	ADJ
easat-5286	153	30	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	153	31	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	153	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	33	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	153	34	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	153	35	92	92	NUM
easat-5286	153	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	37	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	153	38	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	153	39	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	153	40	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	153	41	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	153	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	154	1	71	71	NUM
easat-5286	154	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	154	3	86	86	NUM
easat-5286	154	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	154	5	2008	2008	NUM
easat-5286	154	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	155	1	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15404781.2008.00687.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15404781.2008.00687.x	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	156	2	8	8	NUM
easat-5286	156	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	4	x.	x.	NOUN
easat-5286	156	5	wang	wang	PROPN
easat-5286	156	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	156	7	y.	y.	PROPN
easat-5286	156	8	liu	liu	PROPN
easat-5286	156	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	10	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	11	overcoming	overcome	VERB
easat-5286	156	12	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	156	13	anxiety	anxiety	NOUN
easat-5286	156	14	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	15	strategies	strategy	NOUN
easat-5286	156	16	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	156	17	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	156	18	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	156	19	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	156	20	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	21	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	22	asian	asian	ADJ
easat-5286	156	23	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	156	24	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	156	25	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	156	26	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	156	27	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	28	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	156	29	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	156	30	12	12	NUM
easat-5286	156	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	32	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	156	33	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	156	34	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	156	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	156	36	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	156	37	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	157	1	85–101	85–101	NUM
easat-5286	157	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	157	3	2022	2022	NUM
easat-5286	157	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	158	1	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	PROPN
easat-5286	158	2	https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.10.1	https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.10.1	PROPN
easat-5286	158	3	https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.19.05dor	https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.19.05dor	PROPN
easat-5286	158	4	https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp018	https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccp018	VERB
easat-5286	158	5	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x	NOUN
easat-5286	158	6	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2008.00687.x	NOUN
easat-5286	158	7	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	158	8	edelweiss	edelweiss	PROPN
easat-5286	158	9	applied	apply	VERB
easat-5286	158	10	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	158	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	158	12	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	158	13	issn	issn	PROPN
easat-5286	158	14	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	158	15	2576	2576	NUM
easat-5286	158	16	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	158	17	8484	8484	NUM
easat-5286	158	18	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	158	19	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	159	1	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	159	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	159	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	159	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	160	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	160	2	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	160	3	726	726	NUM
easat-5286	160	4	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	160	5	733	733	NUM
easat-5286	160	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	160	7	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	160	8	doi	doi	NOUN
easat-5286	160	9	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	160	10	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	10.55214/25768484.v9i3.5286	NUM
easat-5286	160	11	©	©	PROPN
easat-5286	160	12	2025	2025	NUM
easat-5286	160	13	by	by	ADP
easat-5286	160	14	the	the	DET
easat-5286	160	15	authors	author	NOUN
easat-5286	160	16	;	;	PUNCT
easat-5286	160	17	licensee	licensee	PROPN
easat-5286	160	18	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	160	19	gate	gate	NOUN
easat-5286	161	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	161	2	9	9	NUM
easat-5286	161	3	]	]	X
easat-5286	161	4	d.	d.	PROPN
easat-5286	161	5	crystal	crystal	PROPN
easat-5286	161	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	161	7	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	161	8	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	161	9	a	a	DET
easat-5286	161	10	global	global	ADJ
easat-5286	161	11	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	161	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	161	13	2nd	2nd	ADJ
easat-5286	161	14	ed	ed	NOUN
easat-5286	161	15	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	162	1	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
easat-5286	162	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	162	3	uk	uk	PROPN
easat-5286	162	4	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	162	5	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
easat-5286	162	6	university	university	PROPN
easat-5286	162	7	press	press	NOUN
easat-5286	162	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	162	9	2003	2003	NUM
easat-5286	162	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	163	2	10	10	NUM
easat-5286	163	3	]	]	X
easat-5286	163	4	p.	p.	NOUN
easat-5286	163	5	d.	d.	PROPN
easat-5286	163	6	macintyre	macintyre	PROPN
easat-5286	163	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	8	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	9	willingness	willingness	NOUN
easat-5286	163	10	to	to	PART
easat-5286	163	11	communicate	communicate	VERB
easat-5286	163	12	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	163	13	the	the	DET
easat-5286	163	14	second	second	ADJ
easat-5286	163	15	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	163	16	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	17	understanding	understand	VERB
easat-5286	163	18	the	the	DET
easat-5286	163	19	decision	decision	NOUN
easat-5286	163	20	to	to	PART
easat-5286	163	21	speak	speak	VERB
easat-5286	163	22	as	as	ADP
easat-5286	163	23	a	a	DET
easat-5286	163	24	volitional	volitional	ADJ
easat-5286	163	25	process	process	NOUN
easat-5286	163	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	27	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	28	the	the	DET
easat-5286	163	29	modern	modern	ADJ
easat-5286	163	30	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	163	31	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	163	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	33	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	163	34	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	163	35	91	91	NUM
easat-5286	163	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	37	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	163	38	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	163	39	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	163	40	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	41	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	163	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	43	564	564	NUM
easat-5286	163	44	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	163	45	576	576	NUM
easat-5286	163	46	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	163	47	2007	2007	NUM
easat-5286	163	48	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	164	1	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15404781.2007.00623.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15404781.2007.00623.x	X
easat-5286	165	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	165	2	11	11	NUM
easat-5286	165	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	165	4	m.	m.	NOUN
easat-5286	165	5	c.	c.	PROPN
easat-5286	165	6	pennington	pennington	PROPN
easat-5286	165	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	165	8	p.	p.	PROPN
easat-5286	165	9	rogerson	rogerson	NOUN
easat-5286	165	10	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	165	11	revell	revell	PROPN
easat-5286	165	12	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	165	13	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	165	14	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN
easat-5286	165	15	teaching	teaching	NOUN
easat-5286	165	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	165	17	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	165	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	166	1	palgrave	palgrave	PROPN
easat-5286	166	2	macmillan	macmillan	PROPN
easat-5286	166	3	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	167	1	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13892-9	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13892-9	PROPN
easat-5286	167	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	167	3	2019	2019	NUM
easat-5286	167	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	167	5	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	167	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	168	1	978	978	NUM
easat-5286	168	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	168	3	988	988	NUM
easat-5286	168	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	169	2	12	12	NUM
easat-5286	169	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	4	z.	z.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	5	n.	n.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	6	ghafar	ghafar	ADV
easat-5286	169	7	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	8	h.	h.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	9	f.	f.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	10	salh	salh	PROPN
easat-5286	169	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	12	m.	m.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	13	a.	a.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	14	abdulrahim	abdulrahim	PROPN
easat-5286	169	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	16	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	17	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	18	farxha	farxha	PROPN
easat-5286	169	19	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	20	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	21	f.	f.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	22	arf	arf	PROPN
easat-5286	169	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	24	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	169	25	r.	r.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	26	i.	i.	PROPN
easat-5286	169	27	rahim	rahim	PROPN
easat-5286	169	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	29	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	30	the	the	DET
easat-5286	169	31	role	role	NOUN
easat-5286	169	32	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	169	33	artificial	artificial	ADJ
easat-5286	169	34	intelligence	intelligence	NOUN
easat-5286	169	35	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	169	36	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	169	37	english	english	PROPN
easat-5286	169	38	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	169	39	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	169	40	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	41	a	a	DET
easat-5286	169	42	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-5286	169	43	review	review	NOUN
easat-5286	169	44	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	45	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	46	canadian	canadian	ADJ
easat-5286	169	47	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	169	48	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	169	49	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	169	50	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	169	51	literature	literature	NOUN
easat-5286	169	52	studies	study	NOUN
easat-5286	169	53	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	169	54	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	169	55	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	170	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	170	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	170	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	170	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	170	5	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	170	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	170	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	170	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	171	1	17	17	NUM
easat-5286	171	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	171	3	31	31	NUM
easat-5286	171	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	171	5	2023	2023	NUM
easat-5286	171	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	172	1	https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i2.98	https://doi.org/10.53103/cjlls.v3i2.98	X
easat-5286	173	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	173	2	13	13	NUM
easat-5286	173	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	4	m.	m.	NOUN
easat-5286	173	5	swain	swain	PROPN
easat-5286	173	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	173	7	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	173	8	lapkin	lapkin	PROPN
easat-5286	173	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	10	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	11	talking	talk	VERB
easat-5286	173	12	it	it	PRON
easat-5286	173	13	through	through	ADP
easat-5286	173	14	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	15	two	two	NUM
easat-5286	173	16	french	french	ADJ
easat-5286	173	17	immersion	immersion	NOUN
easat-5286	173	18	learners	learner	NOUN
easat-5286	173	19	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	20	response	response	NOUN
easat-5286	173	21	to	to	ADP
easat-5286	173	22	reformulation	reformulation	NOUN
easat-5286	173	23	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	24	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	25	international	international	ADJ
easat-5286	173	26	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	173	27	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	173	28	educational	educational	ADJ
easat-5286	173	29	research	research	NOUN
easat-5286	173	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	31	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	173	32	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	173	33	37	37	NUM
easat-5286	173	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	173	35	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	173	36	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	174	1	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	174	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	174	3	4	4	NUM
easat-5286	174	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	174	5	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	174	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	175	1	285	285	NUM
easat-5286	175	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	175	3	304	304	NUM
easat-5286	175	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	175	5	2002	2002	NUM
easat-5286	175	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	176	1	https://doi.org/10.1016/s08830355(03)00006-5	https://doi.org/10.1016/s08830355(03)00006-5	NOUN
easat-5286	177	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	177	2	14	14	NUM
easat-5286	177	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	4	a.	a.	NOUN
easat-5286	177	5	kukulska	kukulska	PROPN
easat-5286	177	6	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	7	hulme	hulme	PROPN
easat-5286	177	8	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	177	9	l.	l.	PROPN
easat-5286	177	10	shield	shield	PROPN
easat-5286	177	11	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	12	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	13	an	an	DET
easat-5286	177	14	overview	overview	NOUN
easat-5286	177	15	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	177	16	mobile	mobile	ADJ
easat-5286	177	17	assisted	assist	VERB
easat-5286	177	18	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	177	19	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	177	20	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	21	from	from	ADP
easat-5286	177	22	content	content	NOUN
easat-5286	177	23	delivery	delivery	NOUN
easat-5286	177	24	to	to	PART
easat-5286	177	25	supported	support	VERB
easat-5286	177	26	collaboration	collaboration	NOUN
easat-5286	177	27	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	177	28	interaction	interaction	NOUN
easat-5286	177	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	30	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	31	recall	recall	NOUN
easat-5286	177	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	33	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	177	34	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	177	35	20	20	NUM
easat-5286	177	36	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	37	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	177	38	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	177	39	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	177	40	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	177	41	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	177	42	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	178	1	271	271	NUM
easat-5286	178	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	178	3	289	289	NUM
easat-5286	178	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	178	5	2008	2008	NUM
easat-5286	178	6	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	179	1	https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344008000335	https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344008000335	NUM
easat-5286	180	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	180	2	15	15	NUM
easat-5286	180	3	]	]	X
easat-5286	180	4	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	180	5	wang	wang	PROPN
easat-5286	180	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	7	s.	s.	PROPN
easat-5286	180	8	b.	b.	PROPN
easat-5286	180	9	kang	kang	PROPN
easat-5286	180	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	11	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	180	12	j.	j.	PROPN
easat-5286	180	13	cho	cho	PROPN
easat-5286	180	14	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	15	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	16	effect	effect	NOUN
easat-5286	180	17	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	180	18	hot	hot	ADJ
easat-5286	180	19	compression	compression	NOUN
easat-5286	180	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	180	21	annealing	anneal	VERB
easat-5286	180	22	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	180	23	microstructure	microstructure	ADJ
easat-5286	180	24	evolution	evolution	NOUN
easat-5286	180	25	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	180	26	zk60	zk60	PROPN
easat-5286	180	27	magnesium	magnesium	NOUN
easat-5286	180	28	alloys	alloy	NOUN
easat-5286	180	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	30	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	31	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	180	32	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	180	33	materials	material	NOUN
easat-5286	180	34	science	science	NOUN
easat-5286	180	35	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	36	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	180	37	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	180	38	44	44	NUM
easat-5286	180	39	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	40	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	180	41	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	42	5475	5475	NUM
easat-5286	180	43	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	180	44	5484	5484	NUM
easat-5286	180	45	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	180	46	2009	2009	NUM
easat-5286	180	47	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	181	1	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-0093762-7	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-0093762-7	PROPN
easat-5286	182	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	182	2	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	182	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	4	r.	r.	PROPN
easat-5286	182	5	ferdousi	ferdousi	PROPN
easat-5286	182	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	7	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	8	writing	write	VERB
easat-5286	182	9	performanc	performanc	NOUN
easat-5286	182	10	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	182	11	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	182	12	composition	composition	NOUN
easat-5286	182	13	class	class	NOUN
easat-5286	182	14	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	15	a	a	DET
easat-5286	182	16	comparative	comparative	ADJ
easat-5286	182	17	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	182	18	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	182	19	bangla	bangla	PROPN
easat-5286	182	20	medium	medium	PROPN
easat-5286	182	21	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	182	22	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	182	23	medium	medium	NOUN
easat-5286	182	24	school	school	NOUN
easat-5286	182	25	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	26	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	27	doctoral	doctoral	ADJ
easat-5286	182	28	dissertation	dissertation	NOUN
easat-5286	182	29	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	30	brac	brac	PROPN
easat-5286	182	31	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	182	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	182	33	2017	2017	NUM
easat-5286	182	34	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	183	2	17	17	NUM
easat-5286	183	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	4	x.	x.	NOUN
easat-5286	183	5	xu	xu	PROPN
easat-5286	183	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	183	7	y.	y.	PROPN
easat-5286	183	8	li	li	PROPN
easat-5286	183	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	10	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	11	the	the	DET
easat-5286	183	12	impact	impact	NOUN
easat-5286	183	13	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	183	14	mobile	mobile	NOUN
easat-5286	183	15	-	-	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	16	assisted	assist	VERB
easat-5286	183	17	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	183	18	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	183	19	apps	app	NOUN
easat-5286	183	20	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	183	21	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	183	22	’	'	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	23	speaking	speak	VERB
easat-5286	183	24	proficiency	proficiency	NOUN
easat-5286	183	25	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	26	a	a	DET
easat-5286	183	27	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	183	28	on	on	ADP
easat-5286	183	29	pronunciation	pronunciation	NOUN
easat-5286	183	30	accuracy	accuracy	NOUN
easat-5286	183	31	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	183	32	fluency	fluency	NOUN
easat-5286	183	33	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	34	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	35	journal	journal	NOUN
easat-5286	183	36	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	183	37	educational	educational	ADJ
easat-5286	183	38	technology	technology	NOUN
easat-5286	183	39	&	&	CCONJ
easat-5286	183	40	society	society	NOUN
easat-5286	183	41	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	183	42	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	183	43	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	184	1	24	24	NUM
easat-5286	184	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	184	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	184	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	184	5	2	2	NUM
easat-5286	184	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	184	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	184	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	185	1	45–58	45–58	NUM
easat-5286	185	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	185	3	2021	2021	NUM
easat-5286	185	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	186	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	186	2	18	18	NUM
easat-5286	186	3	]	]	X
easat-5286	186	4	h.	h.	PROPN
easat-5286	186	5	d.	d.	PROPN
easat-5286	186	6	brown	brown	PROPN
easat-5286	186	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	186	8	p.	p.	PROPN
easat-5286	186	9	abeywickrama	abeywickrama	PROPN
easat-5286	186	10	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	186	11	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	186	12	assessment	assessment	NOUN
easat-5286	186	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	186	14	principles	principle	NOUN
easat-5286	186	15	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	186	16	classroom	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	186	17	practices	practice	NOUN
easat-5286	186	18	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	187	1	white	white	ADJ
easat-5286	187	2	plains	plain	NOUN
easat-5286	187	3	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	187	4	ny	ny	PROPN
easat-5286	187	5	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	187	6	pearson	pearson	PROPN
easat-5286	187	7	education	education	PROPN
easat-5286	187	8	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	187	9	2004	2004	NUM
easat-5286	187	10	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	188	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	188	2	19	19	NUM
easat-5286	188	3	]	]	X
easat-5286	188	4	f.	f.	PROPN
easat-5286	188	5	li	li	PROPN
easat-5286	188	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	188	7	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	188	8	a	a	DET
easat-5286	188	9	study	study	NOUN
easat-5286	188	10	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	188	11	challenges	challenge	NOUN
easat-5286	188	12	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	188	13	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	188	14	undergraduate	undergraduate	ADJ
easat-5286	188	15	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	188	16	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	188	17	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	188	18	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	188	19	teachers	teacher	NOUN
easat-5286	188	20	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	188	21	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	188	22	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	188	23	classrooms	classroom	NOUN
easat-5286	188	24	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	188	25	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	188	26	doctoral	doctoral	ADJ
easat-5286	188	27	dissertation	dissertation	NOUN
easat-5286	188	28	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	188	29	rangsit	rangsit	PROPN
easat-5286	188	30	university	university	NOUN
easat-5286	188	31	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	188	32	2020	2020	NUM
easat-5286	188	33	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	189	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	189	2	20	20	NUM
easat-5286	189	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	189	4	l.	l.	PROPN
easat-5286	189	5	jin	jin	PROPN
easat-5286	189	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	189	7	m.	m.	NOUN
easat-5286	189	8	cortazzi	cortazzi	PROPN
easat-5286	189	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	189	10	researching	research	VERB
easat-5286	189	11	intercultural	intercultural	ADJ
easat-5286	189	12	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	189	13	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	189	14	investigations	investigation	NOUN
easat-5286	189	15	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	189	16	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	189	17	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	189	18	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	189	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	190	1	springer	springer	NOUN
easat-5286	190	2	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	191	1	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9869-5	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9869-5	PROPN
easat-5286	191	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	191	3	2012	2012	NUM
easat-5286	191	4	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	192	1	[	[	X
easat-5286	192	2	21	21	NUM
easat-5286	192	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	192	4	w.-p	w.-p	PROPN
easat-5286	192	5	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	1	wen	wen	PROPN
easat-5286	193	2	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	193	3	r.	r.	PROPN
easat-5286	193	4	clément	clément	PROPN
easat-5286	193	5	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	6	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	7	a	a	DET
easat-5286	193	8	chinese	chinese	ADJ
easat-5286	193	9	conceptualisation	conceptualisation	NOUN
easat-5286	193	10	of	of	ADP
easat-5286	193	11	willingness	willingness	NOUN
easat-5286	193	12	to	to	PART
easat-5286	193	13	communicate	communicate	VERB
easat-5286	193	14	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	193	15	esl	esl	PROPN
easat-5286	193	16	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	17	"	"	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	18	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	193	19	culture	culture	NOUN
easat-5286	193	20	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	193	21	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
easat-5286	193	22	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	23	vol	vol	NOUN
easat-5286	193	24	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	193	25	16	16	NUM
easat-5286	193	26	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	27	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	193	28	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	193	29	1	1	NUM
easat-5286	193	30	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	193	31	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	193	32	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	194	1	18	18	NUM
easat-5286	194	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	194	3	38	38	NUM
easat-5286	194	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	194	5	2003	2003	NUM
easat-5286	194	6	.	.	PUNCT
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easat-5286	196	2	22	22	NUM
easat-5286	196	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	196	4	x.	x.	NOUN
easat-5286	196	5	m.	m.	PROPN
easat-5286	196	6	zheng	zheng	PROPN
easat-5286	196	7	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	196	8	c.	c.	PROPN
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easat-5286	196	14	analysing	analyse	VERB
easat-5286	196	15	elt	elt	NOUN
easat-5286	196	16	teachers	teacher	NOUN
easat-5286	196	17	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	196	18	china	china	PROPN
easat-5286	196	19	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	197	1	london	london	PROPN
easat-5286	197	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	197	3	uk	uk	PROPN
easat-5286	197	4	:	:	PUNCT
easat-5286	197	5	a&c	a&c	PROPN
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easat-5286	198	2	23	23	NUM
easat-5286	198	3	]	]	X
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easat-5286	198	14	pedagogical	pedagogical	ADJ
easat-5286	198	15	adjustment	adjustment	NOUN
easat-5286	198	16	and	and	CCONJ
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easat-5286	198	18	management	management	NOUN
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easat-5286	198	24	.	.	PUNCT
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easat-5286	199	2	x.	x.	PROPN
easat-5286	199	3	l.	l.	PROPN
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easat-5286	199	8	c.	c.	PROPN
easat-5286	199	9	w.	w.	PROPN
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easat-5286	199	14	)	)	PUNCT
easat-5286	199	15	,	,	PUNCT
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easat-5286	199	17	language	language	NOUN
easat-5286	199	18	education	education	NOUN
easat-5286	199	19	in	in	ADP
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easat-5286	199	22	states	states	PROPN
easat-5286	199	23	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	200	1	new	new	PROPN
easat-5286	200	2	york	york	PROPN
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easat-5286	200	5	,	,	PUNCT
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easat-5286	200	7	.	.	PUNCT
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easat-5286	201	2	24	24	NUM
easat-5286	201	3	]	]	PUNCT
easat-5286	201	4	q.	q.	PROPN
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easat-5286	201	6	and	and	CCONJ
easat-5286	201	7	x.	x.	NOUN
easat-5286	201	8	he	he	PRON
easat-5286	201	9	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	201	10	"	"	PUNCT
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easat-5286	201	13	apps	app	NOUN
easat-5286	201	14	to	to	PART
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easat-5286	201	16	english	english	ADJ
easat-5286	201	17	learning	learning	NOUN
easat-5286	201	18	for	for	ADP
easat-5286	201	19	college	college	NOUN
easat-5286	201	20	students	student	NOUN
easat-5286	201	21	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	201	22	china	china	PROPN
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easat-5286	201	24	"	"	PUNCT
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easat-5286	201	31	borås	borå	NOUN
easat-5286	201	32	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	201	33	sweden	sweden	PROPN
easat-5286	201	34	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	201	35	2015	2015	NUM
easat-5286	201	36	.	.	PUNCT
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easat-5286	202	3	]	]	PUNCT
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easat-5286	202	7	"	"	PUNCT
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easat-5286	202	9	with	with	ADP
easat-5286	202	10	mobiles	mobile	NOUN
easat-5286	202	11	in	in	ADP
easat-5286	202	12	the	the	DET
easat-5286	202	13	digital	digital	ADJ
easat-5286	202	14	age	age	NOUN
easat-5286	202	15	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	202	16	"	"	PUNCT
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easat-5286	202	18	,	,	PUNCT
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easat-5286	202	20	.	.	PROPN
easat-5286	203	1	68	68	NUM
easat-5286	203	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	203	3	no	no	INTJ
easat-5286	203	4	.	.	NOUN
easat-5286	203	5	3	3	NUM
easat-5286	203	6	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	203	7	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	203	8	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	204	1	293–310	293–310	NUM
easat-5286	204	2	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	204	3	2018	2018	NUM
easat-5286	204	4	.	.	PUNCT
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easat-5286	206	2	26	26	NUM
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easat-5286	206	5	v.	v.	PROPN
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easat-5286	206	9	w.	w.	PROPN
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easat-5286	206	29	,	,	PUNCT
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easat-5286	206	32	3	3	NUM
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easat-5286	206	34	pp	pp	ADJ
easat-5286	206	35	.	.	PUNCT
easat-5286	207	1	607	607	NUM
easat-5286	207	2	-	-	SYM
easat-5286	207	3	610	610	NUM
easat-5286	207	4	,	,	PUNCT
easat-5286	207	5	1970	1970	NUM
easat-5286	207	6	.	.	PUNCT
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