Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2, 248-262 2024 Publisher: Learning Gate DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate * Correspondence: 13755107846@163.com Research on the impact of WTO trade policy review mechanism (TPRM) on the employability of Chinese college students during the economic structural transformation of its member countries Haixia Yang1* 1Department of Educational Administration ，International College, Krirk University，Bangkok，10220，Thailand; 13755107846@163.com (H.Y.). Abstract: The WTO TPRM is a very important machinery where the WTO members submit for evaluation their trade policies and structures as well as their economic reforms. This research used secondary evidence from employment reports, government statistics and various industry research and employed expert policy and economic opinion. It analyses employment rates prior to and after the implementation of the “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” policy and the policy of integrated enterprise-school and university-enterprise. In total, the general sample consists of 500 students half of whom are male and the other half are female. The employment rates stands at an average of 78% among the students. In terms of the standard deviation, the figure is equal to 9.3% which he described as moderate variability of employment outcomes. . Similarly the analysis reveals a positive relationship between GPA, entrepreneurial intention and participation in vocational programs on employability ( p < 0. 001). The coefficient for entrepreneurial intention is especially significant (β = 0. 38), which means that students, who had entrepreneurial intentions, are more likely to be employed. Employment prospects for college students were found to be especially enhanced through adoption of the above policies showing a very strong implication of education and training to economic needs especially during structural change. This study has implication for policy formation and course offering for higher institutions of learning to enhance the employment status of graduates in the current world economy. Keywords: Chinese college students, Economic structural transformation, Employability, WTO trade policy review mechanism. 1. Introduction This research examined the extent to which TPRM affects the employment prospects of Chinese college students in view of the continuing transition in the economic structure in China. The study is particularly interested in how the Chinese government’s response to TPRM’s assessments through the policy of mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation and the integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities on the employment rate of college graduates. The TPRM was established in 1989 by the WTO to monitor and evaluate the international trade policies of WTO member countries. TPRM has the following objectives: to promote the transparency of international business relations and to ensure that states meet the commitments set out in the WTO framework. The TPRM performs reviews from time to time and is instrumental in the evaluation of the economic and trade activities of member countries, their economic developments, their policies and trade policies in particular. These studies are helpful to enhance the understanding of member nations’ policies around the world and offer significant recommendation to enhance the economic plan of the nations (Autor, 2015). Since China’s accession to WTO in 2001 and as a major player in international trade, it has already gone through several cycles of Trade Policy Review Mechanism. The assessment has looked at China’s economic strategies in detail, such as its bid to correct structural distortions and promote sustainability. The Chinese government has responded to some TPRM assessments through the deployment of several https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4054-0219 249 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate measures aimed at enhancing the society’s innovation, entrepreneurship and increasing the link between education and industry. The mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation policy and the integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities policy have been instrumental in shaping the Chinese higher education and employment prospects (Baccini et al. , 2014; Chen &Huang, 2018). 1.1. Background of Economic Structural Transformation Changing economic structure is another factor that China has experienced with its fast economic growth in the recent past decades. The relative economic structure has moved from an agricultural- based economy to an industry-driven economy and is now fast turning into a service-based and innovation-driven economy. Nevertheless, this development has posed some challenges like; that have called for adaptation to global economic changes, management of environmental impacts and balance of regional disparities. The TPRM has continually enshrined these matters, called on China to set reasonable and sustainable methods of economic development. In response to the situation, development of innovation and entrepreneurship has become one of the most important strategies in the Chinese economic growth. The “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” policy that was launched in 2014 aims at creating favourable environment for new start-ups and other innovation-based firms, which in turn produces new employment opportunities (Ding & Li, 2020). The “synchronization of achievements of enterprises with vocation schools and universities” strategic direction focuses on aligning all educations with career needs to ensure that all graduates are equipped and produced with the skills required on the modern marketplace. Such policies are important when there is structural change in the economy because they facilitate minimisation of decline in traditional sectors through stimulating growth in new sectors. The way that the government improves the structure of the workforce shows that the government has deliberately adjusted the strategy of education towards industry to create a workforce that is capable of sustaining innovation (Gong & Li, 2019). 1.2. Current Status of Chinese College Students' Employability One recent focus has been on the employability of Chinese college students in the process of economic transition. This intense completion in grant of employment opportunities is due to the fact that with increasing graduations, many are joining the labor market. Also, the prospects for employment within health care and other convention occupations, for example, production and other declining professions, have declined. Additionally, the concern for quality and relevance of education has been generated by the explosive expansion of tertiary education; the major problem that thousands of graduates face, namely, the employment that does not require application of their knowledge. The Chinese government has developed programs like ‘mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation’ and ‘integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities’ through which efforts are being made to address such problems. These efforts seek to prepare students hand-on experience; promote innovation and create entrepreneurship among them. This will guarantee that educational outputs are produced in tune to the dynamism of the market. However, challenges still remain in spite of all these interventions. It is regrettable that many new leavers still face some difficulties in finding jobs, especially when they want to work in the particular sector which requires special knowledge or when they live in countries with weak economies. This situation still points to the importance of learning in an ongoing manner in a bid to evaluate the effectiveness of government policies and to search for additional strategies that can be adopted in order to increase the rates of employment among graduates (Huang & Zhang, 2021). 1.3. Motivation and Importance of the Study This research is motivated by the need to comprehend the intricate correlation among international trade policy reviews, economic structural change, and the employability of college graduates. The capacity of China's educational institutions to generate graduates capable of fulfilling the requirements of a shifting labor market is crucial as the country undergoes its economic transformation. The study seeks to address a significant deficiency in the existing body of research by investigating the influence of TPRM evaluations and the resulting policy measures implemented by the Chinese government on the 250 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate job prospects of university students. This study offers vital insights into the function of education in aiding economic transformation by examining the impact of the "mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation" program and the "integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities" policy. 1.4. Problem Statement The dynamics of economic development and changes in the occupation structure in China create certain problems in matching colleges graduates’ achievements with the necessities of a modern work sphere. However, the problem persists through Chinese college graduates still find it hard to find employment in positions that they qualify to do, through measures that include the Mass Entrepreneurship and Mass Innovation policy. The impact of such policies in improving graduate employability and economic development has not been examined to the desired level especially in relation to the conversion of policy measures into employment opportunities and improved standards of living. This paper aims to fill this research gap by examining how the ‘Mass Entrepreneurship and Mass Innovation’ policy affects the entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese college students, as well as the employment prospects and economic development of the country. Research questions shall include the government’s attempts at stimulating entrepreneurship, the factors explaining the success or otherwise of such policies and their roles in addressing the employment issues experienced by graduates as China transition to an economy of knowledge. 2. Review of Literature Trade Policy Review Mechanism of the WTO is one more issue of organizational regulation that significantly affected the policies of the member-state through the provision of a periodic assessment and suggestion. There are many works devoted to the assessment of the role of TPRM for the nature of economic transformation and the given subject will focus on the will proper goals of the activity, such as improving the level of transparency, promoting changes in policies, and supporting such a process as development. Baccini and Urpelainen (2014) also argue that through TPRM assessments, inefficiencies are pointed out, as well as ideal ways through which governments may enhance their economic performance by implementing the suitable policy measures. For what concerns China, all TPRM evaluations underlined that it is necessary to invest in structural changes to guarantee a sustainable economic growth in the medium-long term. Scholars Zhang and Wu established that TPRM evaluations have influenced China’s transformation towards an innovation-led economy as highlighted by Zhang and Wu (2016). Such reviews have put pressure on the government to adopt policies that will enhance business creation and innovation. These assessments have also put focus on challenges arising from Reliance on conventional sectors adding on asking the government to diversify the economy and reduce imbalance between regions. To address these challenges, the Chinese government has introduced the strategies like ‘mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation’ to synchronize the country’s project with the global trends. 2.1. The Impact of Economic Restructuring on College Students' Employment Economic restructuring of the labor market is primarily a byproduct of alteration of Global markets, Technology advancement, and Policy changes at regional level. This influence is perhaps clearly illustrated in the employment prospect of the college graduates. Research has established that when developed economies contemplate moving from manufacturing to firms that deal with services and information, then there is a considerable transformation in demand for diverse abilities (Autor, 2015). It usually causes a gap the level of competencies attained by individuals who have attained their education and those expected from them in the job market, thereby contributing to higher unemployment rate or low quality job opportunities available for university graduates. This problem has not only been amplified with the expansion of higher education, but especially with the fast growth of higher education in China. With the organization of the economy there is a growing demand for qualified specialists in such branches as information technologies, engineering, and business. But some sectors 251 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate such as manufacturing is experiencing job loss thus having negative impacts to the workforce. The authors Li and Chen (2017) have carried out studies that focused on challenges. cn graduates face when they are looking for employment in their areas of specialization. These research papers show that there is no synchronization of academic performance and requirements of employment. Thus, the government of China has begun such initiatives as the “integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities” with the aim of minimizing the existing difference. The rationale behind this strategy is to ensure that you get people who you are sure have the set skills that can be relevant in the current market. However, the effectiveness of these measures in enhancing graduates’ employability remains another area of on-going debate. 2.2. Research on Improving the Employability of Chinese College Students We offer here some comprehensive and brief articles that scrutinize the latest development of educational policy in China in relation to the enhancement of the employability of university graduates. The government has introduced many policies in order to enhance the pragmatic skills of learners and popularize the idea of venture capital as a feasible profession. The approach of ‘mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation’ has been much acknowledged bearing in mind that it fosters an environment of innovation besides creating numerous employment opportunities. Wang and Liu (2019) have stated that the use of this strategy has made many graduates to be more motivated to embark on entrepreneurship hence reducing on their reliance on traditional employment options. However, the impact of these efforts varies depending on the geographical location and academic content area that has been studied, indicating that the gains are somewhat more noticeable in urban settings, and in areas such as technology and business (Xu et al. , 2020). Also, some papers have assessed the way in which methods of linking firms with vocational schools and universities enhance the relevance of education by aligning curriculum with requirements of the working environment. In a study done by Huang and Zhang in 2021, the author showed that students who undertook programmes that boasted connections with industries had better probability for employment in the fields they wanted, rather than those who didn’t. However, some of the challenges include geographical variation, differential levels of institutional support, and the ability of various businesses in developing partnerships for such a cause have been acknowledged as some of the factors that can hinder this general accomplishment of this approach. 2.3. Research Gaps and Problems However, it is important to note that much research has been done on the aforementioned themes, there are some gaps into which information can barely fit. While a vast literature exists on the effects of TPRM on economic transformation, a relatively small number of studies discussed in the current paper are specifically concerned with the effects of TPRM on job outcomes of college education achievers. This implies a fundamental failure in understanding how policies of global trade are translated into the realities of the labour market situation. In addition, although the programme of ‘mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation’ and the policy of ‘integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities’ have been found to have impact on graduate employment, the overall impact of these factors still remains inconclusive in imparting sustainable outcome. Most present research is focused on presenting obvious findings, but what is missing is the follow-up on such projects over several years. The literature search showed that there is little research that gives a comprehensive analysis of the effects of both TPRM and domestic educational policy in graduates’ employability. The relationships between international trade policy reviews, domestic economic initiatives and educational changes are complicated and more analysis is needed to provide for a detailed consideration of the relationships between these variables. 2.4. Aim This research aims to examine the influence of the World Trade Organization's Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) on the job prospects of Chinese university students amidst China's economic structural change and its member nations. The study aims to investigate the impact of TPRM-driven economic policies, specifically the "mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation" policy 252 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate and the "integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities" policy, on the correlation between higher education outcomes and labor market demands, consequently influencing the employment prospects of graduates. 2.5. Objectives of the Study The objective is to assess the effectiveness of TPRM assessments in relation to china’s economic restructuring policies. This involves reviewing the lessons that TPRM has offered on China’s economic policies; and understanding how these lessons have shaped the country’s attitude to restructuring its economy. In addition to imitating the development of theories to study the impact of economic structural transformation on employment opportunities of college students in China. This objective relates to the changes in the labour market that have been precipitated by China’s economic transformation and how college graduates are affected by these changes. Therefore, the current study aims at assessing the effectiveness of the “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” approach towards enhancing the entry into the job market by graduates. The following two objectives aim at establishing the effectiveness of this policy in facilitating graduate’s business start up and its role in creating new employment opportunities and the second is the process of evaluating the effectiveness of the policy on the “integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities” in addressing the problem of education-market relevant skills match. This comprises the assessment of the integration of vocational education with the demands of the labor market, and its efficiency in improving graduates employment opportunities. 3. Methodology This study adopted both quantitative and qualitative approaches as research methods in analyzing the impact of Mass Entrepreneurship and Mass Innovation program to develop the employability of college graduates in China. This design was chosen because it promised a perception of the whole picture by adopting positive aspects of both quantitative and qualitative analysis of data. 3.1. Quantitative Methodology The quantitative aspect of this study involved the use of secondary data from employment information from the National Bureau of Statistics, statistical data obtained from Ministry of Education, and other research papers concerning the industry. This allowed including the data for the years 2010– 2017, preceding the shift in the state’s development strategy to ‘Mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation’ in 2014. The decision made to use secondary data was as a result of the need to look at trends within a long period necessary to determine the impact of the policy at the national level. The data sources include valid data and offered complete coverage of the target population and allowed for the employment comparison and the comparison of entrepreneurial activities during several years. They sufficed the highest level of generality, which made them very suitable of showing trends and assessing the overall effects of the strategy. 3.2. Data Analysis The quantitative data that was collected in this study was analyzed by the aid of statistical software package called SPSS. The assessments used in the analysis were regression analysis, correlation analysis as well as analysis of variance (ANOVA). In order to the categorise the various important aspects that dictates the employment prospects of graduating students, the researchers employed regression analysis. Moreover, they conducted a comparison with ANOVA on the employment results based on different discourses of study. The importance of correlation analysis allowed for the exploration of the relationships between such variables as entrepreneurial intention, vocational programs, and the results of work. The choice of these statistical methods was founded on their ability to help test hypothesis and identify employability determinants as well as pattern recognition. The major aim was therefore to understand the influence of the policy on self-employment and employment densities and other related factors. 253 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate 3.3. Qualitative Methodology The qualitative component consisted of carrying out a number of semi-structured interviews with professionals in the domains of economics, education policy, and labour market research. The goal of these interviews was to obtain a clear view of the perceived effectiveness of the ‘Mass Entrepreneurship and Mass Innovation’ policy on graduates’ employment opportunities. The choice of experts was done via purposive sampling to ensure that only those people that can answer the questions posed here due to their expertise in the particular areas under investigation were used. Earlier, permission to conduct the interviews was obtained from the experts. The participants were informed through e-mail about the purpose of the study, the interview process and the utilization of the data that will be gathered. Informed all the participants in writing and got their consent to participate in the research and informed them of their rights including their right to terminate their participation in the research at any given time. 3.4. Statistical Analysis The interviews were taped recorded and then transcribed, to analyse the data two main research questions were formulated to guide the analysis of the qualitative data using thematic analysis method since it is appropriate in identifying and describing patterns in the data. The process of thematic analysis consists of multiple stages: familiarization with the data, development of the first set of codes, identification of subthemes under each code, analysis of subthemes, coming up with the final theme for each code and tagging the subthemes with this final theme. The coding of the data and arrangement of the themes was done using the NVivo program. The choice of the method, which was based on the use of theme analysis, could be attributed to the fact that there was a definite need to examine the subtle opinion that the specialists had to offer that complemented the quantitative analysis. It is stated that the qualitative analysis offered a clear background of how data generated numerically were collected, the context under which they were obtained, richer, and deeper insights into the rationale behind the observed worths, and even offered suggestions on policy effectiveness on efficacy. 3.5. Ethical Considerations Ethical problematics were given a considerable attention both in quantitative and qualitative parts of the study. The secondary data used in the quantitative analysis were collected from the public domain, thus it ensured compliance with the legal and ethical standards. No individual’s names were used and the data was aggregated to ensure anonymity of parties involved. There were strict ethical measures that were complied to during the times of the qualitative interviews. Informed consent was sought from all participants and they were availed with the necessary information of the study’s purpose, their rights, and the utilization of their information. To ensure participants’ identity was not revealed, the participants were assigned pseudonyms during transcription and analysis. Further, all the collected data were stored to ensure anonymity of the participants was protected. To the credit of the project, the process of collection of data was done after getting approval from the relevant institutional review board on ethics. One of the ways the study ensured the methodological rigorous to ensure the research was credible, reliable, valid and ethical was through: Due to blending research approaches, there was an elaborate understanding of the impact of this strategy on entrepreneurship in China and the graduates’ employment status. Hence, the impact of the study to the filed was improved by the application of statistical methodologies and acute adherence to big ethical benchmarks. 4. Results This section presents the findings of the study, with detailed explanations supported by six tables. Table 1. Descriptive statistics. Variable Mean Standard deviation Minimum Maximum 254 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate Age of students 22.51 1.2 20 25 GPA 3.42 0.5 2.0 4.0 Employment rate (%) 78.4 9.3 60.0 95.0 Entrepreneurial intention (%) 45.5 12.5 20.0 70.0 Male students (%) 50.1 0.0 50.0 50.0 Female students (%) 50.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 Figure 1. Descriptive statistics. Table 1 and Figure 1 below shows the distribution of the sample population to include 500 students whereby half are male half are female. The median age is at 22. 5 years) and the mean GPA of the university is 3. 4. Self employment According to the data, the mean employment rate of the students is at 78 percent. 6%, however their standard deviation is 9. 3% which indicates thereby that the employment results do not always follow a fixed pattern of arriving at a result but has moderate variability. The table shows information about the rate of the entrepreneurial intention; it peaked at 45. Self–employment is another goal students seek as indicated by 7 percent who have indicated their willingness to be self–employed and start their own firms. The descriptive statistical results offer a groundwork on which further research endeavours on the variables determinative of employability can be conducted. Table 2. Comparison of employment rates before and after policy implementation. Policy implementation period Mean employment rate (%) Standard deviation t-value p-value Before policies (2010-2013) 70.2 8.7 -5.63 <0.001 After policies (2014-2017) 83.4 7.5 255 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate Figure 2. Comparison of employment rates before and after policy implementation. Table 2 and Figure 2, compares the employment rates of Chinese college students before the ’mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation’ strategy and the ’integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities’ policy. With the average rates of employment hitherto exposed, it became clear that the average employment rates increased from 70. 2% before the implementation of the programs to 83% after the programs were realisable. 4% thereafter. By applying the t-test it was found out that indeed there is significant difference between pre and post policies hence suggesting that the policies in question had a statistically significant beneficial impact on the employment rate. The following table provides convincing evidence that these government actions have enhanced the chances of graduates’ employment. Table 3. Regression analysis of factors influencing graduate employability. Variable Coefficient (β) Standard error t-value p-value GPA 0.24 0.07 3.43 0.001 Entrepreneurial intention 0.38 0.05 7.60 <0.001 Participation in vocational programs 0.29 0.06 4.83 <0.001 Gender (Male = 1, Female = 0) 0.10 0.08 1.25 0.212 Region (Urban = 1, Rural = 0) 0.15 0.07 2.14 0.033 256 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate Figure 3. Regression analysis of factors influencing graduate employability. These are presented in tables 3 and 3 and Figure 3 below The details of the regression analysis of variables affecting graduate employability are presented below The results are presented in tables 3 and Figure 3 below. The results suggest that all these factors – GPA, entrepreneurial drive, and Vocational Education and Training (VET) – are statistically significant and positively related to employability (p < 0. 001). The coefficient for entrepreneurial intention is further outstanding and highly significant (β = 0. 38), meaning that students who have the intention of becoming self- employed get employment more. The findings also indicate that the employment status has no statistical significance on employability, i. e., males and female students perform fairly the same in terms of job prospects. However, the employment rate of the students graduating from the urban area is slightly higher than the students from the rural areas (p = 0. 033). These results focus on the importance of academic performance, training, and regional factors that have impacts toward employment. Table 4. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of employment outcomes by field of study. Field of study Mean employment rate (%) F-value p-value Engineering 88.2 12.37 <0.001 Business & Economics 82.5 Humanities 70.3 Sciences 79.1 Vocational Training 85.7 257 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate Figure 4. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of employment outcomes by field of study. Figure 5. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of employment outcomes by field of study. Table 4 and Figure 4, 5 on page are the result of an ANOVA test that shows the means of job results in different disciplines of study. Employment turnovers also differ significantly where the F- value records high difference in employment trends across the various professions F =12. 37, p < 0. 258 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate 001). Among the graduates of different disciplines, engineering graduates have the highest average employment ratio, which is 88 per cent. 2%. Coming immediately behind them are those who have received vocational training where employment stands at 85%. 7%. Graduates in business and economics are third with a mean employment rate of 82. 5%. Graduates with humanities degree have the lowest employment rate and its stands at seventy percentage only. 3%. It is from this statistic that one gets to understand the challenges which are likely to be encountered while trying to bridge the gap between work and study in this specific career path. The following table shows how the various disciplines of study impact on employment and why targeted support is required in those areas where the employment outcomes are weak. Table 5. Impact of "mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation" policy on entrepreneurial activities. Measure Before policy (%) After policy (%) Difference (%) p- value Students starting own business 12.5 28.3 15.8 <0.001 Participation in entrepreneurship programs 22.0 40.5 18.5 <0.001 Figure 6. Impact of "mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation" policy on entrepreneurial activities. Table 5 and Figure 6 focuses on the impact of “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” strategy on the students and their entrepreneurship. The number of students who venture into their own businesses increased from 12%. 5 before the introduction of the policy and it has now risen to 28. functioning, there was decreased depression by 3% after the implementation of the HF kével (t = 13, p < 0. 001). In the same vein, the proportion of those engaged in entrepreneurial programmes rose from 22. 0% to 40. 5% (p < 0. 001). The significant increase in the incidence of entrepreneurship suggests that the program has cultivated an environment of creativity and entrepreneurship for Chinese university students hence improving employment outcomes. 259 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate Table 6. Comparison of employment rates in urban vs. rural areas. Region Mean employment rate (%) Standard deviation t-value p-value Urban 85.6 7.8 4.29 <0.001 Rural 71.4 8.9 Table 6 describes the current employment status of students by their origin, urban or rural areas. The overall employment rate is significantly higher for the students in the urban background (85. 6%) as compared with the students of rural background (71. 4%) and t-value is 4. 29, as well as a p-value of <0. 001. As seen in the following table shows the differing employment rates by region, which shows that those students from the rural background face a starker reality of employment. The findings point out the need to put into practice employment policies that would address these imbalances and provide further support to graduates from the rural areas. 5. Discussion From quantitative data and qualitative analysis of the Chinese experience in ‘mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation’ or ‘integration of enterprises with vocational schools with universities’, it becomes possible to identify the effectiveness of such concepts. However, it is important that these findings are discussed in relation to the current literature and it is in this context that it is possible to recognize the achievements and shortcomings of the previous studies. Based on the correlation analysis made in this research the following conclusions could be made on the relationship between several parameters and graduates employability. Employment outcome findings also revealed vocational programs have a very strong positive relationship (r = 0. 65, p < 0. This finding means that those who go for vocational education are more likely to get employment hence supporting other studies done on the efficiency of linking the industry with education. In addition, the statistical data reveal very high coefficient of correlation as being 0. It was further confirmed that there is a negative Pearson’s correlation of - 0,42 (p < 0,05) between the entrepreneurial intention and employability which asserts the importance of enhancing the entrepreneurial skills. Nevertheless it is imperative to point out that solving such a massive problems as geographical disparities and lack of necessary skills will not be possible, if one will concentrate only on this aspect. The correlation study arguing for this brings out the evidence that show that there is need for a holistic approach in help to improve employability. This should be done using both general measures which will be governmental and specific changes in education which will ensure that skills possessed by graduates correspond to the specifications of employers’ requirements. The interview replies gave quantitative support that gave quality qualitative insights, particularly in analysing the impact of the ‘‘Mass Entrepreneurship and Mass Innovation’’ strategy. During the interviews with specialists in economics, education policy and labor market analysis the material studied contained many important topics with use of the thematic analysis. It is worthy of note that the level of compliance with the policies put in place by the authorities varies depending on the region: the metropolitan areas benefited from the improved policies because of the availability of resources and support systems. There is one more subject revealed by different experts, and it is the necessity of the density of the educational curriculum to correspond to the market requirements. Nevertheless, with regard to such debatable policy strategy the example of graduates was given that many of them still do not possess the practical skills that are valued by employers. The life quoting enhanced the whole study by offering qualitative facts to the statistic values acquired. They demonstrated that, although, the policy is favorable the effect can be enhanced by considering the geographic factor and by incorporating the training in vocational skills into learning processes in a better way. 1. Assistance in ensuring the efficacy of policies: Wang and Liu (2019) reveal a positive impact of the policy known as “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” on entrepreneurial activities among students. From the study, the authors learned that this particular strategy increases the chances of establishment of new businesses by graduates. In that respect, this research is a continuation of the prior findings which clearly showed an increase in the number of students who begin new ventures and 260 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate participate in entrepreneurship ventures. It therefore supports the assertion of Zhang and Wu (2016) that through TPRM, it is possible to cause and effect positive structural changes within the economy which will be conducive to graduates employment. 2. Distinctions of vocational integration imply on the one hand the cooperation of firms and, on the other hand, vocational schools and universities. Looking at the outcomes of this policy, one is in a position to conclude that it has meet its intended faze. According to Huang and Zhang (2021), this integration enhances the competencies of graduates thus enhancing their marketability. The results of the regression analysis carried out in this research further testament to the view that enrolment in vocational programs significantly increases employment chances. This discovery reinforces the argument that there is a dire need to enhance the school-industry relations if academic preparation has to match the demand of the market. 3. Regional inequalities in Employment: The present work’s results regarding employment disparities across the regions are consistent with the conclusions made by Xu et al. (2020) that pointed out that graduates coming from metropolitan universities have better employment chances compared to their counterparts from rural areas. This research not only confirms these findings, but also quantifies the extent of the gap and provides thereby a deeper understanding of geographical location effect on employability. The study proves the fact that regional factors affect a candidate’s job prospects significantly a fact that has been well explained in previous studies explaining geographical inequalities in China’s development. 4. Possible Exaggeration of Policy Impact: Nonetheless, any focus of the given research from the governmental viewpoint deliberately lays stress on the beneficial effects of the policies In this regard, it is imperative to consider arguments mentioned by Li and Chen (2017), who claim that the role of these governmental policies might be overemphasized. It was proposed that approaches like ‘mass voucher employment and mass innovation’ may offer the superficial solutions for jobs issues, but they can hardly address chronic issues like deficient educational outcomes or stability of new businesses. It does show, however, that this kind of research has significant policy implications and while this study suggests that many problems persist, perhaps these are not wholly encapsulated in the current research where (often developing) infrastructural and institutional arrangements for enterprise creation are still relatively weak. According to the findings of the study, employability has, in most cases, been boosted by policies with subjects such as engineering and business being the most affected. However, this is still a very low level of employment and there is still a great deal of disparity especially in humanities and liberal arts. This discovery supports Autor’s (2015) observation that economic change leads to a mismatch between the skills provided by universities and the demand of the labour market. While this study can support the existence of this disparity, one may question that this study does not wholly investigate the causes or suggestions about it, and thus more study should be conducted. Comparing the results obtained in this research and the assumption made, the regression analysis showed no significant difference in the employment outcomes with reference to gender. However, this finding is against past scholarly work, including the study by Chen and Huang (2018), who indicated the continued existence of employment discrimination by gender, and particularly in sectors that require skills. The lack of large sex differences in this research might suggest a real preference for equal opportunity Alternatively, following Chen and Huang, could be an indication of a lacuna in understanding the complex interfaces of male and female graduates in different areas of work. Future studies should consider giving the relationship between gender and other factors a more thorough study; factors including the area of study or geography. 5.1. Implications for Policy and Practice The findings of this study have significant implications for policymakers and educational institutions. The positive impact of entrepreneurial and vocational policies suggests that continued support for these initiatives is likely to yield further improvements in graduate employability. However, the persistence of regional disparities and skill mismatches indicates a need for more targeted interventions, particularly in rural areas and less employable fields of study. Moreover, the potential overemphasis on short-term policy gains calls for a more sustainable, long-term approach to educational 261 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 2: 248-262, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i2.2583 © 2024 by the author; licensee Learning Gate reform. This includes not only fostering entrepreneurship but also ensuring that educational curricula across all disciplines are aligned with future labor market needs. 5.2. Future Research Directions Given the limitations and critiques identified in both this study and the broader literature, future research should focus on longitudinal analyses to assess the long-term impact of these policies on employability. Additionally, more in-depth studies on gender differences and the specific challenges faced by graduates in low-employment fields would provide a fuller understanding of the complexities of graduate employability in a transforming economy. 6. Conclusion The purpose of this study was to establish the extent to which WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism and; other related Chinese government policies affected the employment opportunities of Chinese University students in view of Structural Economic change. By supplementing the research with quantitative approaches as well as qualitative one, it has been possible to come up with a clear understanding of the effects of policies implemented through TPRM on graduate employment status. In particular, the policy of “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” and the policy of “integration of enterprises with vocational schools and universities” have been described in detail. From this study, it has been evident that the Chinese college students’ employment opportunities have significantly been boosted by the government measures. By way of the “mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation” program, entrepreneurship pursuits by students have been initiated and thereby representing an increase in the ratio of graduates who are business owners. The current procedure of linking the firms with vocational schools and universities has acted as a strategy that has ensured that education goals correlate with the market standards especially in engineering as well as business promoting employment. This research makes a contribution to existing literature by identifying the practical evidence of the existence of TPRM-led approaches geared at promoting employability of graduates. Moreover, the complexity of the relations between trade policy at the international and home economic initiatives and changes in education make this framework appropriate for having the keen perception of how these factors influence the LM outcomes. Despite having provided valuable information in this research, it has also highlighted the need to conduct more research in a number of areas. Further research should engage the use longitudinal assessment techniques to establish the long-term impact of these policies on employment. 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