Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 5, No. 1, 56-60 2021 DOI: 10.33805/2576-8484.195 © 2021 by the author © 2021 by the authors History: Received: 15 July 2021; Accepted: 15 September 2021; Published: 22 September 2021 * Correspondence: kamalesho@rocketmail.com Study of the Genetic Architecture in Radish Kamal Benyamin Esho Mosul University, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Horticulture and Landscape Design, Iraq; kamalesho@rocketmail.com (K.B.E.). Abstract: The studied was to investigate for studying the genetic architecture in seven genotypes of radish during growing season autumn 2019/2020, at the area of the vegetable research, Department of Horticulture and landscape Designs, agriculture and forestry College, University of Mosul. The results indicated that highly significant variation among all the fifteen traits, vegetative, root and seeds parameters. The genotype Istanbul was superior than all genotypes for whole plant weight, root diameter and root length, number of leaves for each plant, while genotype, while Radish Shahry gave a higher value in fruit length (siliqua), genotype Black radish was superior than all genotypes for root total yield per area and total seed yields for each plant. In addition, the highest phenotypic, genotypic coefficient related to variation has been identified for the characteristics of whole plant gram weight, total chlorophyll content SPAD, root weight, total seed yield for each unit area and the number of fruits (siliqua) for each one of the plants. Almost all the characteristics showed high heritability broad sense ranging between 66.507 and 97.109%, high genetic advance as mean’s percent was indicated regarding all the traits excepted for the leaf’s number plant and seeds weight/plant. Which were 13.846, 8.769% respectively. Keywords: Radish, Roots yield, Heritability and Genetic advance. 1. Introduction Radish Raphanus sativus (2n=2x=18), belong to the genus Raphanus, Cruciferae or Brassicaceae family originating from Western and Central China and India [1] it is typically an insect pollinated, self-incompatible crop [2]. Also, the radish plant is one of the popular and ancient root vegetable crops that might be eaten in cooked form or raw. It has been grown for fleshy roots as wel l as leaves in temperate and tropical climate. In addition, the first indications regarding the consumption of radish in human nutrition reported in ancient Egypt, dating back to 2000 BC, while its cultivation date back to 400 BC in Korea and Chine [3, 4]. Also, the variety related to the cultivated radish plants species is on the basis of hybridization and mutation, dispersal range and domestication and cultivation processes [5]. The genetic variability was one of the significant factors to select the best genotypes for making quick improvements in the yield along with other associated characters and selecting the possible parent with regard to hybridization programmed since the ma jority of plant characters were polygenic in nature and impacted via environment. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients allow access ing the characters’ divergence. Also, heritability can be defined as an index used to calculate the environments’ relative i nfluence on the expression of character between the genotypes. A study conducted by Mapari, et al. [6] specified that there is a maximum genotypic coefficient variation for leaves fresh weight, also high heritability in all the studied traits, while maximum advance was indicated in root diameter. All the cultivars were performing well in terms of yield as well as yield components. SAU line 1 was the best with regard to quality judged succeeded via Tasakisan and Red Bombay [7, 8]. Ullah, et al. [9] reported a high genotypic coefficient related to variation in addition to heritability with high genetic advances in mean’s rate. The maximum genetic advances have been identified in the root yields. Also, the root yields showed positive and considerable association with the root diameter and root length, also reported just positive association with the plant height and the wid th of the leaf. A research that has been carried out by Naseeruddin, et al. [10] specified that analysis of variance shows considerable differences between radish genotypes for all characteristics, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations have been high for the leaves number, leaf’s weight, weight of plant, also the yield of plant/root, heritability in the broad sense has been high for the plant weight, weight of the leaf, root weight, number of leaves, Genetic Advance (GA) in the percent of average is highest for the root yie ld for each plant and succeeded via the leaf’s weight. Jamatia, et al. [11] showed in their research it was the maximum genotypic and phenotypic coefficient variations for the yield for each one of the plants, number of flowers for each one of the plants, also high heri tability evaluations with the high GA that has been indicated for pod yield for each plant. In addition, the variance analyses have indicated highly-considerable difference values between genotypes for majority of features. Phenotypic and genotypic variation coefficients have been considerable for total plant weight, number of leaves, weight of th e leaf, root yield/plant. In broad sense, the heritability has been high for the weight of the root, weight of the leaf, root diameter, le ngth of the leaf, leaf number and root length. The GA in the per cent of mean is highest for the weight of the leaf succeeded via root weight [12]. A study conducted by Hoque, et al. [13] specified that the radish varieties are differing in the days to 1 st flowering, number of siliqua for each one of the plants, height of plant, number of seeds for each siliqua, number of branches for e ach plant, seeds yield per areas and seeds yield per plant. Roopa, et al. [14] showed in their study the highest genotypic coefficient related to variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation was identified for root to leaf ratio between yield attributing traits. The substantial variations in total fresh weight of a plant have been indicated, it was highest in variety ArkaNishant, while, lowest in variety PusaDesi. Also, the root diameter values have been minimum, and maximum in variety ArkaNishant. The maximum root yield per plot was produced in variety ArkaNishant Dongarwar, et al. [15]. Semba, et al. [16] reported in their research when they study the performance of six different varieties of radish, the varieties have been Korean cross, Menu Early, Snow white , Long red, Local check and Scarlet red globe, the analysis specified highly significant difference maximum plant height, fresh leaves’ weight, leaf length, fresh weight for each one of the plants is highest in Menu Early, whereas for the fresh weight of root, length of roots, dry weight of radish root and total yield of radish root, the variety Korean cross performs excellent compared to other varieties. The goal of this studied was to investigate for studying the genetic architecture in some genotypes of radish under Nenevah conditions , Iraq. mailto:kamalesho@rocketmail.com 57 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 5, No. 1: 56-60, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33805/2576-8484.195 © 2021 by the authors 2. Materials and Method The research has been carried out at the area of the vegetable researches, Department of Landscape design, Agriculture and Forestry College, University of Mosul, throughout 2019/2020 growing season, to study the genetic architecture in even genotyp es radish under condition of Nenevah government, northern of Iraq Table 1. Table 1. The names of the genotypes and their origin. No Name of genotype Company or sources 1 Black Local Department of Agric.Resea. Ninevah, Iraq 2 Istanbul My garden, Syria, Damascus 3 Rojo punta blancea Batlle, Huerto, Italia 4 Early radish Best garden Co., Bakhcha 5 Radish Shahry Every green, Erbil garden, Iraq 6 Winter radish My garden, Syria, Damascus 7 Black radish Every green, Erbil garden, Iraq Which were collected from the local markets spread in the governorate of Nineveh (Mosul city). Seeds of genotypes were plante d on rows (line) 1.7m long and 90 cm wide and with three lines for each genotype. All agricultural service operations in terms of hoeing, weeding and irrigation were carried out on the experimental units in a uniform manner. The plants were fertilized with nitrog en fertilizer (urea) at level 30kg nitrogen/dunum, with a triple superphosphate fertilizer at level 100kg [17]. With three replicates for each genetic structure by the RCBD (i.e. the randomized complete block design). Data have been recorded on the traits from th e mean line for each genotype and for each replicate by 5 plants for the second and third harvest. The data included: Plant height (cm) was measured by metric tape. number of the leaves in each one of the plants, SPAD's total content of the chlorophyll, weight of the whole plant (roots and leaves) in grams, root weight (grams), length and diameter of the root (cm) were measured in viernes, total yield per unit area (ton/donum), length and diameter of the fruit (siliqua) cm, number of seeds /silique, number of fruits in each one of the plants, seed weight per plant and total seeds weight /donums. The phenotypic and genotypic variation coefficients have been obtained from the approach that has been given by Burton and Devane [18]. The heritability (i.e. the broad sense) and genetic advance as mean percentage have been estimated by the use of the formula that has been described by Robinson, et al. [19] and Johnson, et al. [20] respectively. The data averages have been analysed according to design that has been used, Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD) and compared to a 5% probability level [21]. Data were analyzed using an electronic computer using a system SAS, 2007 [22]. 3. Results and Discussion Figure 1 showed the whole plant (leaves and root) in seven genotypes which were under the study during growing autumn season 2019/2020. Figure 1. The plant of radish genotypes under the study. 3.1. Table of Variance Analysis Table 2 It appears from the table of analysis of variance of the mean square of the studied traits for genotypes of radish that was differed significantly among them in all the studied traits represented by the characteristics of vegetative growth, root cha racteristics, seed yield characteristics and its components. It also appears in the table that R. square was between 0.685 to 0.981. The neighbourhood ranged between 0.685-0.716 and 0.784 for the characteristics of whole plant height, characteristic of seed weight per plant, and total seed yield per unit area, respectively. Through the results of variance analysis of the studied traits for seven genotypes, were showed significant differences at a probability level of 5%, thus it is possible to continue conducting genetic analyses and studying their genetic behaviour. These results came similar with what was reported by Al-Kummar and Esho [23] for carrot analysis, Alam, et al. [7]; Naseeruddin, et al. [10]; Mallikarjunarao, et al. [12]; Khan, et al. [24]; Dongarwar, et al. [15] for radish cultivars). 58 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 5, No. 1: 56-60, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33805/2576-8484.195 © 2021 by the authors Table 2. Analyses of the variance for yield parameters in radish genotypes. Note: *, ** significant at 5 or 1% levels. S. of V. / Traits Block Genotypes Error Total R. squares Coeff. Var. MSE F Value Pr> f Degree of freedom 2 6 12 20 Vegetative parameters Mean Square plant weight (gm) 127.476 1610.19** 155.476 1893.142 0.842 7.426 12.469 10.36 0.0004 plant length (cm) 7.251 172.015** 40.135 219.401 0.685 8.883 6.335 4.29 0.0154 Number of leaves /plant 0.619 10.873* 1.063 12.555 0.839 9.844 1.031 10.22 0.0004 Root parameters Mean Square Root length (cm) 0.346 22.271** 1.035 23.652 0.915 9.174 1.017 21.52 <0.0001 Root diameter (cm) 0.096 3.660* 0.214 3.97 0.896 8.117 0.463 17.1 <0.0001 Root weight (gm) 13.166 168.392** 7.797 189.355 0.917 5.353 2.792 21.6 <0.0001 Chlorophyll (SPAD) 3.366 4493.848** 44.16 4541.374 0.981 2.72 6.645 101.76 <0.0001 Total yield (ton/donum 0.258 3.351** 0.258 3.867 0.87 5.52 0.508 13.01 0.0001 Seed parameters Mean Square Fruit length (siliqua) cm 0.074 1.716** 0.025 1.815 0.972 3.497 0.159 67.58 <0.0001 Siliqua diameter (cm) 0.0005 0.0732** 0.003 0.077 0.931 5.897 0.052 27.12 <0.0001 Number of seed /fruit 0.263 8.239** 0.231 8.733 0.948 5.559 0.48 35.74 <0.0001 Fruit (siliqua) weight (gm) 0.009 0.081** 0.004 0.094 0.912 7.506 0.064 20 <0.0001 Number of fruits /plant 173.44 1736.051** 896.347 2805.838 0.907 6.883 29.939 19.45 <0.0001 Seeds weight /plant (gm) 3.523 4.472* 1.121 9.116 0.716 6.037 1.059 3.99 0.0199 Total seeds yield(kg/donum)) 2344.33 17462.937** 2510.056 22317.32 0.784 9.354 50.1 6.96 0.0023 3.2. Average Values of the Studied Features Table 3 shows the average values of the studied features of the genotypes of radish, as it can be seen from the table that the genotype (Black local) differed significantly in characteristic of fruit length (pod) reached 5.333cm compared with the rest of the genotypes, while the genotype Rojo punta blancea gave the lowest value in that. The significance limit did not reach between genotypes Istanbul, Rojo punta blancea, and winter radish for this trait. The genotype Istanbul also gave the maximal values in each trait, the weight of the whole plant (roots with leaves), the length of the whole plant, number of leaves for each one of the p lants, diameter and length of the root, and the characteristic of the number of fruits in each one of the plants compared to the re st of genetic makeup for these traits as well as the genotype produced. Genotype Rojo punta blancea gave highest values in both the charact eristic of the diameter of the fruit (siliqua) and the number of seeds per siliqua, and it has been considerably supe rior to the rest of genotypes limiting the study as the genotype was significantly superior to the characteristic of the number of seeds per fruit compared to the rest of the genotypes, but it did not differ significantly with Genotype Rojo punta blancea. Also appears from the same table that the genotype Radish shahry was significantly superior in the characteristics of the number of leaves in each one of the plants an d the length of siliqua (fruit) and weight of the fruit, reaching (12,667), (5,433) (cm) and ( 1,067) (gm) respectively. Table 3. The mean value of traits in radish genotypes during growing season 2019/2020. Traits Genotypes Black local Istanbul Rojo punta blancea Early Radish Radish shahry Winter radish Black radish Plant weight(root and leaves (gm) 146.00 dc 199.67 a 183.33ab 188.00ab 150.dc 167.67bc 139.00d plant length (cm) 74.133ab 83.300a 71.767ab 73.700ab 72.300ab 64.533 59.500c Number of leaves /plant 9.667bc 13.33a 8.667c 10.667b 12.667a 10.00bc 8.333c Root length (cm) 9.133c 15.933a 12.200b 9.300c 12.867b 10.033c 8.167c Root diameter (cm) 5.400bc 6.667a 3.833d 5.967ab 4.733c 6.667a 6.633a Root weight (gm) 50.300b 43.833c 42.267c 50.967b 59.267a 61.833a 56.700a Chlorophyll (SPAD) 269.733b 215.300d 187.933e 240.067c 223.233d 276.733 297.300a Total yield (ton/donum 9.933ab 9.300bc 7.233d 9.00bc 8.700c 9.667a-c 10.533a Fruit length (siliqua) cm 5.333a 3.800c 3.733c 4.867b 5.433a 3.800c 4.933b Siliqua diameter (cm) 0.733d 0.700d 1.167a 0.833c 0.900cb 0.967b 0.867c Number of seed /fruit 7.567b 6.133c 10.033a 10.367a 8.267b 10.4 7.700b Fruit (siliqua) weight (gm) 0.767c 0.567d 0.967ab 0.867bc 1.067a 0.767c 0.933b Number of fruits /plant 487.63b 560.53a 467.90cb 385.20d 330.90e 418.53cd 394.10d Seeds weight /plant (gm) 17.033bc 19.467a 18.633ab 16.700bc 16.333c 16.433c 18.167a-c Total seeds yield(kg/donum) 440.00c 593.33a 603.33a 480.00bc 456.33c 549.67ab 626.67a 59 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 5, No. 1: 56-60, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33805/2576-8484.195 © 2021 by the authors Also, genotype winter radish was significantly superior in root diameter trait, but it did not reach the significant limit be tween Istanbul and Black radish genotypes, for this trait. As for the total yield of the roots, the genotype Black radish was signi ficantly superior to the rest of the genotypes in this characteristic, reaching 10.533 tons per dunum. It produced the highest yield f or each of the seeds per unit area, but it did not reach the limit of significance with genotypes Istanbul, Rojo punta bla ncea and winter radish, as it reached 626.67, 593.33, 603.33 and 549.67kg/dunum, respectively. The results of the analysis of these traits indicate the possibility of continuing to study the genetic structure of these genotypes in order to be included in t he improvement programs for them, and the reason for these discrepancies in the characteristics of the genotypes is due to the variations in the genetic characteristic s of them and the variations in the characteristics of the vegetative growth, the root characteristics and the components of the outcome to the genetic factors of each Genetic improved. The same results recorded as Mather and Jinks [25]; Norbut [26]; Panwar, et al. [27]; Esho [8]; Yamane, et al. [5]; Dongarwar, et al. [15] and Semba, et al. [16]. 3.3. Study the Genetic Parameters Table 4 shows the genetic parameters of fifteen of the studied traits for seven radish genotypes, represented by each of the variation of phenotypic, genetic and environmental variation, the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation, the percen tage of inheritance in a broad sense, the expected genetic improvement, and the rate of genetic improvement as a percentage of the genetic improvement. As it appears from the table that the phenotypic coefficient was high for the characteristics of whole plant gra m weight, total chlorophyll content SPAD, number of fruits (siliqua) per plant, root weight, and total seed yield per unit area. Wherea s, the minimum phenotypic variation was for the characteristics of the length of the siliqua (fruit), the diameter of the frui t and the weight of the fruit. As for the genetic variance, it took the same trend. The table also shows that the phenotypic variation coefficien t has been high for characteristics of the number of leaves per plant, the number of seeds in each fruit (siliq ua), the length of the root, the weight of the fruit, the number of fruits per plant in addition to the root diameter. Table 4. The genetic parameters in radish genotypes during growing season 2019/2020. Traits Range Medium Genetic parameters σ2p σ2g σ2e PCV GCV H2b.s GA GA% Plant weight(root and leaves (gm) 139.00 – 188.000 167.91 640.38 484.9 155.5 16.78 13.115 75.721 3947.3 23.51 plant length (cm) 59.500 -83.300 71.319 84.095 43.96 40.14 13.66 9.297 52.275 987.51 13.85 Number of leaves /plant 8.333 -13.333 10.476 4.333 3.27 1.063 31.74 17.261 75.458 323.68 30.89 Root length (cm) 8.167 -15.933 11.09 8.114 7.079 1.035 25.93 23.99 87.243 511.92 46.16 Root diameter (cm) 3.833 -6.667 5.7 1.363 1.149 0.214 22.92 18.803 84.292 202.7 35.56 Root weight (gm) 42.267 -61.833 52.167 61.329 53.53 7.797 17.06 14.025 87.287 1408.1 26.99 Chlorophyll (SPAD) 187.933 - 297.300 244.33 1527.4 1483 44.16 19.55 15.763 97.109 7818.1 32 Total yield (ton/donum 7.233 -10.533 9.195 1.289 1.031 0.258 17.83 11.042 80.007 187.09 20.35 Fruit length (siliqua) cm 3.733 -5.433 4.557 0.589 0.564 0.025 21.43 16.475 95.688 151.29 33.2 Siliqua diameter (cm) 0.700 -1.167 0.881 0.026 0.023 0.003 22.01 17.398 89.697 29.903 33.94 Number of seed /fruit 6.133 -10.400 8.638 2.9 2.67 0.231 28.04 18.915 92.05 322.93 37.38 Fruit (siliqua) weight (gm) 0.567 -1.067 0.848 0.03 0.026 0.004 25.71 18.889 86.364 30.651 36.16 Number of fruits /plant 330.90 -560.53 434.97 6409.6 5513 896.3 23 17.07 86.016 14186 32.61 Seeds weight /plant (gm) 16.333 -19.467 17.538 2.238 1.117 1.121 9.32 6.026 49.904 153.79 8.769 Total seeds yield(kg/donum) 440.00 -626.67 535.62 7494.3 4984 2510 19.05 13.181 66.507 11861 22.14 These traits have high genetic variation, so they can be used in selection programs to improve the yield under different environmental conditions, Table 4 also shows that the genetic variance coefficient was high for the characteristics of root l ength, number of leaves in each one of the plants, root diameter, number of seeds per fruit, fruit weight, in addition to the number of fruits (Siliqua) in each one of the plants. Those results came with all that was mentioned by Rabbani, et al. [28] in radish, Al-Kummar and Esho [23] for carrot plant; Ullah, et al. [9] and Sivathanu, et al. [29]. Mallikarjunarao, et al. [12] and Roopa, et al. [14]. When studying the performance of the heritability ratio in a broad sense, the results showed that the heritability ratio for the studied traits ranged from 49.904 for the seed weight characteristic for e ach plant to 97.109 for the chlorophyll content trait, while for the rest of the traits a high inheritance rate has been recorded for features of the number of seeds per fruit 92.05% and the root weight 87.287 The length of the root is 87.243%, the root diameter is 84.292%, the length of the fruit (mustard) is 95.688%, and the rate of genetic improvement as a percentage of the genetic improvement, the results showed that it was high for root length traits 46.159%, for number of the seeds in the fruit 37.384%, and for the weight of f ruit 36.162% The root diameter was 35.562% and the lowest percentage for the whole plant height was 13.8465. This result was consistent with Mapari, et al. [6] for fresh weight of leaves and root diameter, Ullah, et al. [9] for the trait of root length and weight, Naseeruddin, et al. [10] for number of the leaves/plant, root yield, total plant weight, Sivathanu, et al. [29] for the trait of root length and number of leaves in each one of the plants and with Mallikarjunarao, et al. [12] for the root weight trait and Jamatia, et al. [11] for the trait. Root quotient, Hoque, et al. [13] for the number of fruits in each one of the plants and number of seeds per fruit, and with Roopa, et al. [14] for most of the characteristics of vegetative growth and root traits studied. 60 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 5, No. 1: 56-60, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33805/2576-8484.195 © 2021 by the authors 4. Conclusion After study, this result showed highly significant variation among all the fifteen traits, vegetative growth , root and seeds parameters, with high The maximum phenotypic, genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability was more than 60% for all trai ts , were observed for the characteristics of whole plant weight, total chlorophyll content SPAD, number of fruits (siliqua) per plant, root weight, and total seed yield per unit area, with high GA as percentage of the average for the majority of the features. Acknowledgments The author would like to express his thanks to the Agriculture and Forestry College/University of Mosul for making their faci lities available, which has resulted in great improvements with regard to the quality of the presented study. Abbreviation: GA-Genetic Advance and RCBD- Randomized Complete Blocks Design. References [1] S. Thamburaj and N. Singh, Vegetables, tuber crops and spices. India Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2005. [2] V. 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