Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6, 4635-4645 2024 Publisher: Learning Gate DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate * Correspondence: malrawad@kfu.edu.sa Digital transformation of local governments in Sudan: A content analysis of e-government adoption Mahmaod Alrawad1*, Nazar Ahmed2, Yasser Soliman3, Sami Morsi4, Mujtaba Hashim5, Faten Derouez6, Magdy Tork7 1King Faisal university, Saudi Arabia; malrawad@kfu.edu.sa (M.A.). 2,4College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; nahmed@kfu.edu.sa (N.A.) Smorsi@kfu.edu.sa (S.M.). 3Applied College, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; ymsoliman@kfu.edu.sa (Y.S.). 5Department of Qunatitative Method, College of Business, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; msaeed@kfu.edu.sa (M.H.). 6Department of Quantitative Method, School of business, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; m-rawad@ahu.edu.jo (F.D.). 7Department of Accounting, College of Business, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; mtork@kfu.edu.sa (M.T.). Abstract: This research paper explores the electronic government adoption and implementation level by local government entities in Sudan. It examines how local governments have embraced and integrated digital technologies, platforms, and services using Layne and Lee four stages model. The study employed a content analysis method to collect data from 18 official websites of Sudanese local government entities. The findings suggest that while local e-government initiatives are still in the informative stages, many governments plan to develop more sophisticated e-government offerings. The key barriers and challenges to adopt and implement e-government identified in the research include technological barriers, lack of resources, digital divide, and legal and regulatory obstacles. Keywords: Content analysis, Electronic government, Local government, Sudan. 1. Introduction The rapid growth in information and communication technologies has profoundly influenced how governments interact with their citizens, giving rise to electronic government (e-government) initiatives. E-government represents a transformative shift in how public sector organizations use digital tools and platforms to enhance government service delivery, optimize internal operations, and increase citizen engagement and participation [1,2]. This shift towards e-government enabled governments to provide more efficient and accessible public services, improve transparency and accountability, and enable citizens to engage actively with their government [3–6]. Developed countries have been at the forefront of this digital transformation, actively embracing e- government to modernize and update public sector operations [7]. Withing developed countries, the adoption and implementation of e-government has been a critical focus area, as these nations often possess the needed technological infrastructure and resources to implement and maintain digital government platforms [8–11]. Accordingly, developed countries have invested heavily in advanced information and communication technology infrastructure, including high-speed connections, secure data centers, and user-friendly digital interfaces [12]. The foundations of technologies have enabled governments to improve and implement a wide variety of e-services, from online forms filling and social benefit applications to digital identity management and e-voting platforms [13–15]. As a result, citizens in these countries have become increasingly familiar to and reliant on digital government services, 4636 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate driving a higher rate of e-government adoption compared to developing nations with less advanced technological capabilities [16,17]. In contrast, implementing e-government in emerging states has faced numerous challenges and obstacles [18–20]. Among these challenges is the lack of necessary technological infrastructure and limited financial resources. These challenges have resulted in an excessive failure percentage of e- government projects in emerging countries [21]. Hence, stopping the government in emerging and developing from harvesting the full prospective of e-government. This has led scholars and to investigate the aspects affecting the adoption and acceptance of e-services from several viewpoints [16,22–29]. However, much of the previous literature focuses on end-user adoption and citizen perspectives, with limited research examining the adoption and implementation of online services by local government entities in developing countries [19,21]. Therefore, the study focused on the supply side of e-government, specifically the readiness and maturity of local government entities in implementing e- government initiatives. Accordingly, the study aims to investigate the current state of e-government adoption and implementation by local governments in Sudan as one of the developing countries in Africa. The study employs a content analysis approach to examine the official websites of 18 local government entities in Sudan, assessing their e-government capabilities, services, and level of digital maturity. 2. Literature Review and Conceptual Model The existing body of research on e-government adoption and implementation offers valuable insights into the factors that influence the success or failure of these initiatives. Several studies have examined the drivers and benefits of e-government in developing and developed countries, emphasizing the transformative potential of digital technologies in enhancing public service delivery and citizen engagement [13,14,19,21,30–32]. An examination of this literature shows that studies related to e- government adoption can be categorized into two key groups: the demand and supply sides of e- government. Specifically, studies focusing on the government perspective or supply side was centered on topics of managerial practice and implementation strategies [33–37] organizational culture [38–43] and to some degree on measuring and evaluation level of e-services provide by central and local government [44–47,47–50]. On the other hand, studies focusing on the end-user perspective attempted to address the influence of organizational and individual characteristics on e-services acceptance and adoption [12,16,51–60]. This study focuses on the supply side of e-government adoption and implementation by local governments in emerging states. The goal of this research is to identify and measure the effect of government strategies and actions on e-government services adoption and use. Various studies [33–37] have proposed models for the future development stages of e-government adoption and implementation. For instance, Layne and Lee [35] suggest a four-stage model, illustrated in Figure 1, to depict the progression of e-government and the challenges that local government entities encounter during its implementation. These stages are cataloging, transaction, vertical integration, and horizontal integration. Each successive stage reflects increased complexity and integration of e- services. 4637 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Figure 1. Dimensions and stages of electronic government development. Source: Layne and Lee, [35]. This research focuses on identifying and measuring how management strategies and actions influence e-government adoption and use. Several studies have proposed models that outline the stages of e-government development, highlighting various factors that facilitate adoption as well as the barriers and challenges to implementation. For instance, Layne and Lee present a four-stages model that depicts the progress of e-services implementations and the difficulties faced by public entities during its implementation: “cataloging”, “transaction”, “vertical integration”, and “horizontal integration”. Each phase denotes an increasing level of complication and integration among e- government services, as clarified in Figure 1. This model represents a framework for understanding the progression of e-government systems adoption from organizational and technical standpoints, while also emphasizing the critical technological and organizational challenges that agencies must navigate to successfully application of e-government. 2.1. Cataloging In this stage, government agencies focus on establishing an online presence by posting information and downloadable forms that users and businesses can use. The functionality of this stage is mainly limited to providing information to users, and the cataloging should be organized first by the department and then by service, action, or event. According to Layne and Lee [35], this stage will 4638 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate mainly respond to pressure from stakeholders, technology-literate employees, the media, demanding. Since governments do not yet have Internet expertise, launching a fully functional e-government service will carry a high risk; therefore, they prefer to minimize this risk by providing non-transactional information. This stage is regarded as the Basic level of e-government. Although this stage is considered a simple form of e-government, governments must overcome several technical and managerial challenges to secure project success; for example, the main technical challenges at this stage are maintaining and sustaining the web pages and privacy issues [34,35,61,62]. On the other hand, since different departments require different degrees of online presence, allocating and securing the required resources will emerge as a major issue that the management team needs to deal with when implementing e-government [35]. 2.2. The Transactional In this stage, government agencies are expected to have the experience required to increase the complexity of their services. With the increasing number of citizens connected to the Internet, governments will start interacting with citizens by utilizing new electronic communication channels, enabling citizens to complete forms and receive official confirmation online. Further, citizens can enter through a portal that acts as a proxy for all government services instead of traversing numerous sites to find the correct information [35]. At this stage, government agencies' most crucial challenge is integrating the existing electronic databases with the online interface. Hence, the existing databases need be prepared to handle these changes [38]. This will mainly require internal committees to assess user demand and to consider a user interface with the current system. Furthermore, several legal features, including security and privacy, need be contemplated, as personal data are handled and kept, and financial transactions requirement should be accurately executed. To cope with these requirements, suitable technical decisions must be made [35,38,61,62]. 2.3. Vertical integration At this stage, the government will prioritize transforming services instead of merely automating and digitizing existing processes. This transformation involves achieving vertical integration among local, regional, and national systems, enabling them to communicate effectively with one another. Currently, government agencies often sustain distinct databases that are not interconnected, either within the similar level of government or with comparable agencies at local or regional levels. Therefore, progress at this stage will come from integrating these various databases across different levels of government to facilitate cross-referencing and checking of information [15,35]. The goal of this stage is to present services from the customer’s perspective. Achieving this will require significant organizational change and extensive collaboration among government agencies to integrate their information systems and processes effectively 2.4. Horizontal Integration The last stage of the e-government progress model is horizontal integration, which involves connecting and sharing information across various functions and services at the same level of government. This stage represents a digital one-stop environment where citizens can access government services online, with transparency between different levels and functions of government. While this integration—both horizontal and vertical—tends to benefit government agencies more than citizens, it also presents challenges for the government[35,63]. For example, collaborating with other agencies raises issues related to accountability, jurisdiction, and control hierarchy. Additionally, it can undermine the monopoly that bureaucratic administrations have on the information they usually gather and manage[62,64]. Moreover, most government databases were originally created separately, without the intention of sharing data with other agencies. As a result, these databases are devised in various formats and for diverse computer systems. To enable data sharing, agencies must convert their databases into a standardized format[62]. 4639 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate The Layne and Lee four-stage model provides a framework for understanding the development of e- government adoption from both organizational and technical perspectives. It highlights the technological and organizational challenges that affect the adoption and acceptance of e-government services. Lee et al. [65] stated that countries implementing e-government initiatives are at varying stages of development, with very few governments having advanced to the horizontal and vertical stages. Several other researchers have reached similar conclusions [45,66]. Nonetheless, there is some evidence of such integration, particularly in larger cities [45] 3. Research Design and Methods This research implemented a content analysis approach to explore the level of government adoption by the local government in Sudan. More precisely, the existing local government portals of the subnational governments (states) were examined to determine service delivery and integration levels. Data were collected through interviews with local government officials, websites, and mobile applications. The data collection and analysis were guided by the four-stage e-government model proposed by Layne and Lee [35]. The analysis examines the presence and functionality of various e- services features, such as information provision, form downloads, online payments, integrated services, and cross-agency data sharing. Table 1. Study sample. No. State Formal state name Population % 1 Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar Red Sea 1,482,100 4% 2 Al-Jazīrah Al Gezira 5,096,900 12% 3 Al-Kharṭūm Khartoum 7,993,900 19% 4 Al-Qaḍārif Gadaref 2,208,400 5% 5 An-Nīl al-Abyḍ White Nile 2,493,900 6% 6 An-Nīl al-Azrq Blue Nile 1,108,400 3% 7 Ash-Shamālīyah Northern 936,300 2% 8 Gharb al-Dārfūr” West Darfur 1,024,500 2% 9 Gharb Kurdufān West Kordofan 1,764,800 4% 10 Janūb Dārfūr South Darfur 3,765,800 9% 11 Janūb Kurdufān South Kordofan 1,300,700 3% 12 Kassalā Kassala 2,519,100 6% 13 Nahr an-Nīl River Nile 1,511,400 4% 14 Sannār Sennar 1,918,700 5% 15 Shamāl Dārfūr North Darfur 2,305,000 5% 16 Shamāl Kurdufān North Kordofan 2,216,200 5% 17 Sharq Dārfūr East Darfur 1,587,200 4% 18 Wasaṭ Dārfūr Central Darfur 751,400 2% Source: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/sudan/ 3.1. Sampling and Population Sudan has a federal system of government with 18 states. Accordingly, this study selected all 18 central municipality-level local governments as the target population shown in Table 1. Data was collected from February to April 2024. 3.2. Research Measurement The parameters used in content analysis to assess local government based on the following stages will be as follows. The scorecard was used to systematically evaluate the selected local government portals and decide the degree to which they have implemented e-government services and achieved javascript:sym(2230) javascript:sym(2226) javascript:sym(2225) javascript:sym(2228) javascript:sym(2222) javascript:sym(2219) javascript:sym(2239) javascript:sym(2224) javascript:sym(8504) javascript:sym(2221) javascript:sym(2233) javascript:sym(2231) javascript:sym(2220) javascript:sym(2235) javascript:sym(2223) javascript:sym(2229) javascript:sym(8505) javascript:sym(8506) 4640 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate various levels of integration, ranging from the presence of basic informational and transactional services to more advanced stages of vertical and horizontal [67,68]. Table 2. Content parameters. Stage Parameters Cataloging stage: presence The presence of a government website Visibility Determined by whether the website could reached and used at the time of the study Starting date The year the website was created Information The types of information provided (e.g., organizational structure, contact information, news, forms, etc.) (e.g., government structure, contact information, forms) Forms The availability of downloadable forms Last updated How up-to-date the website content was Transaction stage Transactions online Ability to complete transactions online (e.g., payment of fees, fines, or taxes) Secure transaction Secure financial transactions Vertical integration Integration “Integration between local, regional, and national level systems” Access Ability to access services across different government entities Horizontal integration Integration Integration of e-services for variance functions of the local government Access Ability to access a one portal for services provided by all governmental entities Based on the above parameters, the present study used procedures and frameworks recommended by previous research to compute the e-government index and provide a numerical rank based on this index. Accordingly, the following two equations are used to in calculating and ranking local government s-services in Sudan: Index of e−Government website i; ei = 4yi + xi (1) Where, yi = captures the number of services existed in the i, 0 ≤ fi ≤ 18 xi = captures the number of executable services provided by the website i, 0 ≤ xi ≤ 5 4. Analysis of the Local Government Website The analysis of the e-government portals of the selected state municipalities revealed that the adoption and implementation of e-government at the local level are still in their early stages. The websites of the local governments in the study sample showed significant variations in terms of the information provided, the availability of online services, and the level of integration across different agencies and functions. 5. Results 5.1. Description of E-Government Websites and Services 5.1.1. Cataloging Stage All 18 local governments had an official website, and the majority (89%) of these websites were accessible at the time of the study. However, only a few websites provided comprehensive information about the local government's services, departments, and activities. Most websites focused on providing general information about the state and its history, with limited information on government services 4641 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate and programs. Most websites offered the ability to download forms, but the forms were often not interactive or integrated with online submission capabilities. Table 2. Number of local governments at the four levels of e- service development (n = 18). Stage Min. Max. Mean SD Total % Cataloging stage 0 18 4.21 2.15 18 98% Transaction 0 1 2.38 3.12 1 2% Vertical integration - - - - - - Horizontal integration - - - - - - Total 18 100 Table 3. e-services index and ranking. No. State Index Rank 1 Red Sea 6 4 2 Al Gezira 5 5 3 Khartoum 13 1 4 Gadaref 8 2 5 White Nile 7 3 6 Blue Nile 8 2 7 Northern 7 3 8 West Darfur 7 3 9 West Kordofan 8 2 10 South Darfur 7 3 11 South Kordofan 7 3 12 Kassala 7 3 13 River Nile 6 4 14 Sennar 8 2 15 North Darfur 5 5 16 North Kordofan 5 5 17 East Darfur 5 5 18 Central Darfur 6 4 5.2. Transaction Stage Only a few local government websites allowed for online transactions, such as the payment of utility bills or other fees. Most websites were limited to providing information and did not offer any transactional services. 5.3. Vertical Integration Stage and Horizontal Integration Stage The analysis found minimal evidence of vertical integration between the local, regional, and national government systems. There were no clear linkages or integration between the local government websites and the websites of the state or federal governments. The local government websites showed little to no evidence of horizontal integration across different government functions and services. Users were generally required to navigate to separate websites or portals to access different services, with no unified, one-stop-shop approach. The findings of this study suggest that the adoption and implementation of e-government at the local level in Sudan are still in the early stages, with significant room for improvement. The local governments have made progress in establishing an online presence and providing basic information. Still, they have not yet fully leveraged the potential of e-government to enhance service delivery, improve transparency, and increase citizen engagement. To address these gaps, local governments in Sudan should prioritize the development of more comprehensive and integrated e-government platforms, focusing on enhancing 4642 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate online transactional capabilities, improving vertical and horizontal integration, and ensuring the regular updating and maintenance of website content. Khartoum, being the capital and most developed state, has the most advanced e-government services among the three. The Khartoum state government portal provides a wide range of information about the state, including its organizational structure, laws and regulations, and public services. Citizens can download various forms and applications, such as business licenses and property tax payments, though the ability to submit these online is limited. The portal also offers limited transactional services, such as paying specific fees and fines. However, there is little evidence of vertical or horizontal integration with other government agencies, either at the state or national level. 6. Conclusion The study findings suggest that the adoption and implementation of e-government at the local level in Sudan are still in the early stages, with significant room for improvement. While all the local governments in the study sample had an online presence, the websites were primarily informational in nature, with limited transactional capabilities and a lack of vertical and horizontal integration. To fully realize the benefits of e-government, local governments in Sudan should prioritize the development of more comprehensive and integrated e-government platforms, with a focus on enhancing online transactional capabilities, improving vertical and horizontal integration, and ensuring the regular updating and maintenance of website content. 6.1. Practical Implications The findings of this study have important practical implications for developing and improving e- government initiatives at the local level in Sudan. First, the study highlights the need for local governments to prioritize the adoption and implementation of e-government to enhance service delivery, improve transparency, and increase citizen engagement. Second, the study identifies specific areas for improvement, such as the need to develop more comprehensive and integrated e-government platforms, enhance online transactional capabilities, and improve vertical and horizontal integration across different government agencies and functions. Third, the study underscores the importance of regular website maintenance and content updating to ensure citizens can access accurate and up-to-date information about government services and programs. 6.2. Limitations The study focused on a limited sample of local governments in Sudan, and the findings may not be generalizable to all local governments. The data collection was limited to the analysis of the local government websites, and other sources of information, such as interviews or surveys with government officials and citizens, were not included. The study design did not allow for an in-depth assessment of the factors influencing the adoption and implementation of e-government at the local level, such as political, economic, or technological factors. Acknowledgement: This research was funded through the annual funding track by the Deanship of Scientific Research, from the vice presidency for graduate studies and scientific research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia [KFU242359] Copyright: © 2024 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4643 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 8, No. 6: 4635-4645, 2024 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3004 © 2024 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate References [1] Balkrishna, A. E-Governance Paradigm in the Indian Agricultural Sector 2024. [2] Carrizales, T. 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