Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2, 627-651 2025 Publisher: Learning Gate DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate History: Received: 4 December 2024; Revised: 28 January 2025; Accepted: 30 January 2025; Published: 1 February 2025 * Correspondence: monicawidyaswari@unesa.ac.id Trends of child sexual abuse in Indonesia: From research design to data analysis Sjafiatul Mardliyah1, Erny Roesminingsih2, Rivo Nugroho3, Monica Widyaswari4*, Agus Afandi5, Thomas Santoso6 1,3,4Non Formal Education, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia; sjafiatulmardliyah@unesa.ac.id (S.M.) rivonugroho@unesa.ac.id (R.N.) monicawidyaswari@unesa.ac.id (M.W.). 2Education Management, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia; ernyroesminingsih@unesa.ac.id (E.R.) 5Islamic Community Development, Faculty of Da'wah, Universitas Islam Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia. agusafandi66@gmail.com (A.A.) 6Master's Program in Management, Universitas Kristen Petra, Indonesia; thomas@petra.ac.id (T.S.). Abstract: Child sexual abuse (CSA) remains a significant concern globally, including in the Indonesian context. This research furnishes a thorough examination of CSA research trajectories through the application of content analysis. Scholarly articles were sourced from the Scopus database, spanning 2009 to 2024, with particular emphasis on CSA within Indonesia. The originality of this investigation resides in its methodical assessment of the trends, research methodologies, subjects, and approaches employed in CSA studies, thereby offering a holistic viewpoint to the prevailing body of literature. This research addresses the following inquiries: (1) What trends characterize the volume of CSA research in Indonesia? (2) What variations are evident in the employed research methodologies? (3) Which thematic areas are predominantly addressed in CSA research? (4) What data collection strategies are implemented? (5) Which research subjects receive the most attention? (6) What analytical methods are utilized? Employing the principles of content analysis, data was amassed in October 2024. The findings revealed a notable escalation in CSA research after the COVID-19 pandemic, predominantly centering on quantitative approaches. Most studies employed document analysis as their focal point while prioritizing non-victim perspectives. Concurrently, the legal aspect of CSA emerged as the most frequently investigated theme. Systematic methodologies predominated both data collection and analysis techniques. The results underscore several principal recommendations: (1) Foster an increase in qualitative research to yield a deeper understanding of the intricate dimensions of CSA. (2) Emphasize victim-centered research to enhance the contextual comprehension of traumatic experiences. (3) Incorporate the Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) framework into CSA research to cultivate a more inclusive outlook. (4) Ensure alignment between methodology and research design to ascertain robust findings. Keywords: Content Analysis, Gender Equality, Indonesia, Social Inclusion. 1. Introduction Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global problem that occurs in various contexts: digital platforms, educational institutions, and familial settings [1]. The rise of online child sexual abuse (OCSA) is a growing concern in today's digital world. This type of abuse encompasses a range of harmful actions, such as grooming, sharing explicit images, and sexual exploitation through online platforms [2]. The commission of sexual exploitation involving minors can be easily enabled through the use of mailto:sjafiatulmardliyah@unesa.ac.id mailto:rivonugroho@unesa.ac.id mailto:monicawidyaswari@unesa.ac.id mailto:ernyroesminingsih@unesa.ac.id mailto:agusafandi66@gmail.com mailto:thomas@petra.ac.id https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7995-6926 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2183-0989 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0070-787X https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-1271 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6936-0982 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-424X 628 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate smartphones or other portable devices, which facilitate the reproduction and distribution of such material on a global level within a matter of seconds [3]. The transition from late childhood to the beginning of early adolescence is a crucial time for the occurrence of peer sexual abuse [4]. Research undertaken by Allroggen indicates that the incidence rate of sexual harassment within the adolescent population varies between 10% and 80% [5]. Individuals who engage in child sexual exploitation frequently include those who are near the victim, such as relatives and acquaintances [6]. The perpetration of sexual abuse by familial relations exerts a more profound adverse socio-psychological impact than that perpetrated by individuals outside the family unit [7]. The repercussions experienced by individuals who have endured sexual harassment are profound and influence a myriad of psychological, educational, and social dimensions [8]. Physical and psychological manifestations, including somatic complaints, trauma, stigmatization, and social rejection, are frequently observed among individuals who have experienced sexual abuse, resulting in enduring repercussions on their overall mental and social well-being [9]. The enduring repercussions of educational experiences are evident in the manner in which affected individuals grapple with achieving optimal performance, which impedes their capacity to cultivate social relationships and realize their full potential across various domains of life [10]. An extensive array of determinants, encompassing individual characteristics, educational environments, and the influence of social media, coalesces to substantially enhance the occurrence of child sexual abuse [5]. Demographic variables and individual histories significantly affect both the prevalence and characteristics of sexual harassment. A diverse array of demographic variables, including age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and educational attainment, along with personal experiences, considerably affects the probability of experiencing sexual harassment. Moreover, the cultural and social norms tied to specific demographic groups can shape perceptions regarding harassment and affect the mechanisms through which incidents are reported and addressed [11]. The educational environment plays a crucial role in determining the frequency of sexual harassment incidents. An adverse school atmosphere characterized by a substantial student body, particularly from households with lower educational attainment, is correlated with an elevated rate of sexual harassment occurrences [12]. In the interim, educational institutions characterized by socio-cultural heterogeneity and a robust framework of zero tolerance regarding sexual harassment typically experience a diminution in the prevalence of such misconduct [11]. In contrast to the empirical evidence regarding the prevalence of child sexual abuse, a multitude of academic inquiries have clarified strategies designed to reduce the frequency of such abuse. These strategies highlight the critical importance of the social networks that are closest to the victims of child sexual abuse, particularly the familial context, school-based educational programs, and comprehensive community and policy-oriented interventions [13-15]. Parents must recognize the signs of abuse and foster open communication with their children [16]. Zwi articulated that children are capable of acquiring knowledge and skills through educational programs. However, the effectiveness of such initiatives in reducing the prevalence of sexual abuse victims remains uncertain. These educational interventions are meticulously crafted to enable children to identify hazardous situations, oppose potential perpetrators, and seek assistance. These educational endeavors aim to promote disclosure and alleviate self-blame among victims [17]. The research conducted by Danaeifar in Iran highlights the necessity of mobilizing the community through the active involvement of educational institutions, parental figures, and community organizations to create a favorable environment for the prevention of child sexual abuse. Moreover, these policies should be meticulously crafted to establish and enforce clear regulations and penalties for perpetrators, alongside the allocation of resources and the provision of training to ensure the effective implementation of prevention strategies [18]. Knack's empirical research illuminated a plethora of social service variables that function as methodologies aimed at the amelioration of child sexual abuse. A public health framework is formulated to reduce the incidence of child sexual abuse through the enactment of interventions at both primary and secondary tiers. Knack posited that primary 629 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate interventions require the engagement of victims and their familial networks to provide support designed to mitigate the psychological trauma experienced by the victim. Secondary interventions employ proactive, evidence-based service strategies that are crucial in preventing the initial occurrences of child sexual abuse [19]. Counseling and therapeutic interventions aimed at both offenders and victims of sexual abuse hold significant importance, as they offer comprehensive support for complete recovery from the psychological and physiological consequences of the trauma endured [20]. The implementation of online game-based educational methodologies is crucial for equipping children between the ages of 6 and 8 with essential anti-kidnapping and sexual abuse prevention strategies [21]. In the context of Indonesia, the scholarly examination of the phenomenon of child sexual abuse has garnered significant academic focus, motivating researchers to explore its frequency and the consequences endured by those affected. This is especially relevant given the compelling evidence indicating that occurrences of child sexual abuse have escalated during the pandemic, leading to the alarming proliferation of such violence. Figure 1. Number of victims of child sexual abuse in Indonesia. Source: Google Books Ngram Viewer & [22]. Figure 1 explains that the data obtained from the official portal of the Indonesian Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, covering the period from 2016 to 2023, reveals congruencies with the graphical depiction presented in Google Books Ngram Viewer. Both datasets illustrate an upward trend rather than a downward one. The empirical research undertaken by Dharmayanti elucidated the presence of a substantial association between the background of child maltreatment and the emergence of depressive symptoms within adolescent demographics [23]. The escalating incidence of cases related to child sexual abuse, as evidenced by the empirical investigation carried out by Khosianah, underscores a profound deficiency in children's understanding of strategies to safeguard themselves against such perilous situations [24]. Unfortunately, the statutory framework in Indonesia regarding the safeguarding of minors against online sexual exploitation is insufficient and necessitates considerable enhancement [25]. The empirical investigation substantiates the assertions that this phenomenon possesses considerable significance, particularly in light of the escalating rather than diminishing trajectory of incidents of child sexual exploitation [24]. However, to date, no research on child sexual abuse in Indonesia has reviewed the information reported in these studies. This points to the need for more 630 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate comprehensive research to understand trends that emphasize research methods for data analysis. Accurate data and in-depth analyses will be crucial to formulate effective policies to protect children from sexual violence and provide necessary support for victims. However, as of the present, there exists a conspicuous absence of scholarly inquiry concerning child sexual abuse in Indonesia that has systematically examined the data disseminated within these studies. This underscores the imperative for more exhaustive research endeavors aimed at elucidating trends that underscore the significance of research methodologies in conjunction with data analysis. Precise data collection and thorough analytical frameworks will be indispensable for the development of efficacious policies intended to safeguard children from sexual violence and to furnish requisite support for affected individuals. This study employs a content analysis approach to scrutinize an array of Indonesian journals that are indexed in the Scopus database, with the objective of aggregating data relevant to the research genre that investigates the phenomenon of child sexual abuse within the Indonesian context. In particular, this research endeavors to respond to the following inquiries: (1) What trends can be observed regarding the volume of studies concentrated on child sexual abuse in Indonesia? (2) What variety of research methodologies are utilized to investigate child sexual abuse in Indonesia? (3) What are the primary theoretical frameworks that are employed to explore child sexual abuse in Indonesia? (4) Which data collection techniques are enacted to capture the phenomenon of child sexual abuse in Indonesia? (5) What research subjects are included in studies that address child sexual abuse in Indonesia? (6) What data analysis methodologies are utilized in the realm of child sexual abuse research in Indonesia? In various dimensions, this study delineates itself from previous research focused on child sexual abuse. Firstly, this investigation is directed towards all academic publications authored by Indonesian scholars that have been published in Scopus from 2009 to 2024. Secondly, this research is committed to the analysis of those publications that consider child sexual abuse as their principal theme. Thirdly, a diverse array of criteria was utilized as the essential parameters for executing the content analysis. 2. Methods 2.1. Research Design This study used the principles of content analysis, which focused on the findings of various studies on child sexual abuse in Indonesia that have been published in Scopus. This research method is similar to that used by Fauzi and Pradipta [26]. 2.2. Data Source Data was systematically gathered through a comprehensive content analysis of scholarly literature about child sexual abuse in Indonesia, which was obtained from the Scopus database in October 2024. 631 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Figure 2. Data retrieval on Scopus using Prisma [27] The diagram presented in Figure 2 elucidates that the procedure for data retrieval within the Scopus database transpires through several distinct phases. Initially, the input of the search terms "child AND sexual" generated a total of 37,150 publications. Subsequently, the introduction of the keywords "child abuse AND sexual AND Indonesia" led to the acquisition of 90 publications. In the subsequent phase, by refining the dataset to encompass only those works classified as journal articles and open access, a total of 25 publications from the period spanning 2009 to 2024 were identified. Furthermore, all publications relevant to the topic of child sexual abuse in Indonesia underwent thorough analysis within the parameters of this research. 632 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 2.3. Research Instrument The instrument used for this research is a content analysis guideline that contains the relevant aspects observed. Table 1 lists six main aspects reviewed in the content analysis of this study. These aspects include (1) the number of publications per year, (2) research methods, (3) research subjects, (4) selected research topics, (5) data collection instruments, and (6) data analysis. Table 1. Aspects and classifications employed for the content analysis within the investigation of sexual harassment in Indonesia. Aspect Category Research type (2a) 1. Qualitative research 2. Quantitative research 3. Literature review Research type (2b) - Quantitative research 1. Survei cross-sectional 2. Regresi multivariatpra 3. Posttest kuasi-eksperimental Research subject (3a) - Not The Victim 1. Primary school students 2. Junior-high school students 3. Undergraduate students 4. Parents, teachers, service providers, government officials 5. Police Research subject (3b) - The Victim 1. Familial units that have experienced the trauma of incestuous violence 2. Offspring who have been subjected to victimization 3. The custodians and kin of the victims 4. Families of the purported offenders. Data collection instruments 1. Interview 2. Questionnaire 3. Literature study 4. Literature study+interview 5. Questionnaire+interview Data analysis methods (4a) 1. Content analysis 2. Qualitative exploration 3. Statistics Data analysis methods (4b) 1. ANOVA 2. Chi-square 3. Regression 4. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U test 5. Linear regression and ANOVA 6. Univariate analysis Research topic 1. The legal dimension (TLD) 2. Trauma experienced by abused children (TEAC) 3. Prevention Education for Child Safety (PECS) 4. Expansion of sexual harassment incidents through technological innovation (ESTI) 5. Educators' and caregivers' views on cases of child sexual abuse (ECCC) 2.4. Data Analysis Each manuscript was methodically organized into discrete classifications based on particular criteria that fulfill the predefined categories. The allocation of these classifications was contingent upon the information presented by the author in the abstract, methodology, and discussion sections. Furthermore, the collected data is expressed in a quantitative descriptive format. 633 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Table 2. Research articles concerning child sexual abuse in Indonesia. No Authors & years of publications Journal Research type Subject of research Data collection instruments Data analysis Research topics 1 Arisanti, et al. [28] El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis TLD 2 Arisanti, et al. [28] Paediatrica Indonesiana Cross-sectional survey design Middle and high school students Questionnaires Descriptive quantitative TEAC 3 Arsawati, et al. [29] International Journal of Criminology and Sociology Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis ESTI 4 Brooks, et al. [30] Global Mental Health Qualitative methodologies Youth aged 11-15 with their parents Qualitative semi- structured interviews Qualitative methods - Content analysis PECS 5 Dewi, et al. [31] Jurnal Hukum Novelty Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis TLD 6 Dhamayanti, et al. [23] BMC Pediatrics Quantitative methodologies Junior secondary school students Questionnaires Analytic Chi- square test TEAC 7 Hartini, et al. [32] Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI Cross-sectional survey design Teenagers with legal issues Questionnaires Linear regression and ANOVA TEAC 8 Khosianah [24] Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis PECS 9 Kurnia, et al. [33] Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran Quasi- experimental pre- posttest Children Interview and questionnaires. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U test PECS 10 Muafiah, et al. [34] Ulumuna Qualitative methodologies Junior high school and senior high school students in pesantren In-depth interview Qualitative methods - Content analysis PECS 11 Nurbayani, et al. [35] Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun Qualitative methodologies Children of victims, parents and families of victims, families of suspects, neighbors, local government officials, security officials, and community leaders. In-depth interview Qualitative methods - Content analysis TEAC 12 Nurjannah, et al. [36] narra j Qualitative methodologies Parents, psychologists, social workers, counselors, subject teachers, and counseling teachers Structured interviews Qualitative methods-Inductive- thematic approach- N-Vivo ECCC https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/7-international-journal-of-criminology-and-sociology-pdf-2uyiv4h5 https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/7-international-journal-of-criminology-and-sociology-pdf-2uyiv4h5 https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/2-jurnal-hukum-novelty-pdf-9g8hgv3r https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/23-bmc-pediatrics-pdf-3kx31hjp https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/16-jurnal-keperawatan-padjadjaran-pdf-2co2s2to https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/15-jurnal-ilmiah-peuradeun-pdf-2v4a21t4 634 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 13 Peltzer and Pengpid [37] African Health Sciences Quantitative methodologies Undergraduate university students Questionnaires Logistic regression The socio- cultural dimension 14 Rahamathulla [38] Int. Journal on Child Maltreatment Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis TLD 15 Rahayu, et al. [25] Jambe Law Journal Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis TLD 16 Solehati, et al. [39] Social Sciences Cross-sectional survey design Primary school students Questionnaires Chi-square test and multivariate binary regression logistic analysis PECS 17 Sukma [40] Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Literature review Document Literature review and interviews Systematic analysis TLD 18 Sumampouw, et al. [41] Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology Quantitative methodologies The police Structured interviews ANOVA TLD 19 Sumampouw, et al. [42] Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis TLD 20 Suriah and Nasrah [43] Artículo Original Qualitative methodologies Parents who are aware of incidents of child sexual abuse and their elementary school teachers Structured interviews Qualitative methods - Content analysis ECCC 21 Susanti, et al. [44] International Journal of Criminology and Sociology Qualitative methodologies Parents, recruiters, and government officials Literature review and interviews Qualitative methods - Content analysis Human trafficking 22 Syukriani, et al. [45] BMC Public Health Cross-sectional survey design Teenagers, aged 12 to 17 years Questionnaires Univariate analysis TLD 23 Turnbull, et al. [46] Iran J Psychiatry BehavSci Cross-sectional survey design Undergraduate university students Questionnaires Regressions ESTI 24 Tursilarini, et al. [9] JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah Qualitative methodologies Family experiencing incest violence In-depth interview Qualitative methods - Content analysis PECS 25 Utari, et al. [47] Volksgeist Literature review Document Document inspection Systematic analysis ESTI https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/7-international-journal-of-criminology-and-sociology-pdf-2uyiv4h5 https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/7-international-journal-of-criminology-and-sociology-pdf-2uyiv4h5 https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/8-bmc-public-health-pdf-flfvxezk https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/20-iran-j-psychiatry-behavsci-pdf-9mqglvn7 https://typeset.io/library/notebooks-d7t94nr8/13-volksgeist-jurnal-ilmu-hukum-dan-konstitusi-pdf-19vxxf7c 635 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 3. Results and Discussion The subsequent compilation comprises 25 scholarly articles pertaining to child sexual abuse, disseminated by Scopus from the years 2009 to 2024. 3.1. Number of Publications The quantification of scholarly articles about to child sexual abuse within the Indonesian context was derived from the Scopus database during October 2024. Figure 1 illustrates the engagement of scholars in Indonesia concerning the critical issue of child sexual abuse. Figure 3. Scholarly articles addressing the phenomenon of child sexual abuse within the Scopus database have been recorded from the year 2009 to 2024. The academic inquiry into the phenomenon of child sexual abuse within the Indonesian milieu has emerged as a reflection of societal concerns and an imperative response, consequently amplifying the demand for the formulation of policies that are firmly anchored in empirical research Sarah [48]. In the Republic of Indonesia, this particular phenomenon has prompted the formulation of governmental policies aimed at mitigating instances of sexual harassment. The government introduced five new laws. The first is the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology Regulation No. 30 of 2021, concerning the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Abuse in Higher Education. The key points in this regulation are as follows: (1) Focus on one type of abuse. The regulation does not discuss activities that are contrary to religious and ethical norms outside of sexual abuse, (2) Prioritizing the rights of victims, (3) The targets are students, educators, education staff, campus residents, and the general public who interact with them in the educational activities (4) sexual abuse includes verbal, non-physical, physical actions, and through communication information technology, (5) Providing assistance, protection, administrative sanctions, and victim recovery [49]. The second is Law No. 12 of 2022 on Crime of Sexual Abuse, signed by the President of the Republic of Indonesia. (1) These include nine types such as non-physical sexual harassment, physical sexual harassment, forced contraception, forced sterilization, forced marriage, sexual torture, sexual 636 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate exploitation, sexual slavery, and electronic-based sexual abuse. (2) Criminal penalties for criminal offense of sexual abuse, including fines for the perpetrators [50]. The third is regulation No. 46 of 2023 by the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology on the Prevention and Handling of Abuse within Education Units. Five points are contained in Permendikbud No 46 of 2023: (1) Students, educators, and education staff are the focus of preventing and handling abuse. (2) There is a clear definition and detailed forms of abuse that may occur. (3) The formation of abuse handling teams in education units and local governments is regulated in more detail. (4) Structured prevention mechanisms and clearly defined roles for each actor are outlined. (5) A more detailed division of the handling coordination flow between the education unit, local government, and MoEC [22]. The fourth is Presidential Regulation Number 9 of 2024 concerning implementing Education and Training for the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Abuse Crimes. This Presidential Regulation focuses on the implementation of education and training for the prevention and handling of sexual abuse crimes, clearly defining the relevant terms. The training is provided to law enforcement officers, government personnel, and staff at community-based service institutions to improve their ability to prevent and handle sexual abuse. The minister coordinates the implementation of training in collaboration with the minister, who organizes government affairs in law and human rights [51]. The rise of the CSA phenomenon has spread massively in society, while legal protection appeared later. This situation becomes a warning that there is an urgent need to find solutions to prevent the further spread of such crimes. The fifth element relates to the regulatory framework promulgated by the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, identified as Number 55 of 2024, which delineates the Prevention and Management of Violence within Higher Education institutions. This regulatory provision is meticulously crafted to preempt and address various forms of violence manifesting within the academic environment, thus replacing the former Ministerial Regulation that primarily focused on sexual violence by broadening the spectrum of violence categories that fall under regulatory oversight [52]. 3.2. Research Type The meticulous selection of the suitable type and design of scientific inquiry is crucial to guarantee the effective and efficient attainment of research objectives. Figure 4 elucidates that the type and design of research aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of child sexual abuse is conducted through a literature review, along with qualitative and quantitative methodologies. 637 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Figure 4. Treemap Graph of Research Categories Related to Child Sexual Abuse in Indonesia from 2009 to 2024. A thorough and systematic literature review was conducted to meticulously identify and rigorously evaluate a wide range of relevant sources, including law enforcement records that provided both contextual and theoretical underpinnings. Matthews' analysis articulates that child sexual abuse comprises elements of historical significance and is anchored in a conceptual framework that takes into consideration the developmental and legal status of the child, societal disapproval, and the intrinsically sexual character of the act [53]. A qualitative research methodology was implemented to investigate the experiential realities and perspectives of individuals or families identified as victims. Moreover, educational institutions and professionals engaged in thorough interviews and focus group discussions. In-depth interviews were employed to extract complex personal narratives from survivors, family members, educators, and professionals [54]. This specific variant of quantitative research provides profound insights into the emotional and social consequences of child sexual abuse. Quantitative methods are utilized to collect data that is conducive to measurement and statistical analysis, encompassing aspects such as incidence rates, demographic profiles of victims, and factors that influence the prevalence of child sexual abuse [55]. Among the nine scholarly articles employing quantitative research methodologies, five adopted a cross-sectional survey design, three utilized various quantitative methodologies, and one implemented a quasi-experimental pre-posttest framework. A multitude of pathways for academic investigation are available beyond conventional literature reviews, as well as both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to scrutinize the occurrence of child sexual abuse. This examination may incorporate more innovative and interdisciplinary approaches, including Mixed Methods and Specialized Techniques. The Mixed Methods framework incorporates two fundamental elements commonly utilized: Triangulated Approaches and Longitudinal Studies. The utilization of mixed methods that amalgamate qualitative and quantitative aspects can result in a more comprehensive comprehension of child sexual abuse. Detailed interviews and psychometric evaluations enable extensive insights into CSA and its consequences [56]. The application of technology-driven research methodologies, encompassing digital 638 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate surveys and comprehensive data analytics, constitutes an adept strategy for gathering information and identifying patterns that may be concealed within traditional research frameworks [57]. Meanwhile, longitudinal studies constitute a methodological paradigm through which data is rigorously collected from identical subjects over an extended time. This methodological strategy permits researchers to thoroughly investigate alterations and developments over time, thereby illuminating dynamics that may remain undetected in cross-sectional investigations [58]. Specialized techniques, namely forensic interviews and cultural considerations, are still rarely used in this type of research to explain CSA. Forensic interviewing represents a methodical approach that utilizes anatomical dolls in conjunction with organized questioning protocols to elicit comprehensive accounts of to the experiences of minors who have suffered sexual abuse. This methodology seeks to establish a safe and supportive atmosphere for the child, thus facilitating the articulation of their narrative free from fear or undue influence [59]. Cultural considerations represent a critical area of scholarly investigation that amalgamates cultural norms and sensitivities to evaluate the accuracy and relevance of research findings. Populations characterized by social and cultural diversity, such as Indonesia, are integral to developing research methodologies that align alignment with the values, beliefs, and cultural practices widely observed within the community [60]. A variety of methodological approaches related to the exploration of sexual abuse provide pathways for an in-depth analysis of the issue. A compilation of the results obtained from a diverse range of literature reviews regarding the categorizations of research on child sexual abuse is summarized in the ensuing table. Table 3. Summary of alternative types of child sexual abuse research that need to be explored in Indonesia. Method Description Strengths Limitations Observational [54] Direct observation of behaviors and interactions Real-time data Observer bias, artificial setting Retrospective [61] Recollection of past experiences by adolescents or adults Detailed personal accounts Memory biases, inaccuracies Interviews [62] Semi-structured and in- depth interviews Deep exploration of experiences Time-consuming, potential for interviewer bias Narrative research [61] Collection and analysis of personal stories Addresses complex experiences Subjective interpretation Surveys and questionnaires [63] Large-scale data collection, often anonymous Broad prevalence data Potential for non- response bias Psychometric testing [56] Standardized tests to measure psychological impacts Objective measurement May not capture all aspects of experience Mixed methods [64] Combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches Comprehensive understanding Complex and resource-intensive Forensic interviews [59] Structured interviews for legal evidence gathering High yield of confirmatory details Requires specialized training Concept analysis [65] Review of literature to identify key attributes and consequences Theoretical framework development May lack practical application Systematic reviews [66] Synthesis of Multiple Study Findings Identification of Common Outcomes and Best Practices Dependent on Quality of Included Studies 639 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate These diverse research methods collectively contribute to a comprehensive understanding of child sexual abuse, its impact, and effective interventions. 3.3. Subject of Research The subjects of investigation concerning the phenomenon of child sexual abuse in Indonesia encompass a heterogeneous spectrum of entities relevant to the research objectives and the dimensions under scrutiny. Within the corpus of 25 scholarly articles addressing the issue of child sexual abuse in Indonesia that have been disseminated in Scopus, ten articles (40%) constituted documentary analyses, as the nature of the research entailed an exhaustive literature review. The subsequent 11 articles (44%) concentrated on subjects that were not categorized as victims, while only four articles (16%) directed their research focus towards individuals who have endured child sexual abuse. Figure 5 elucidates the potential. Figure 5. Treemap graph of research subjects of child sexual abuse in Indonesia between 2009-2024. Population, samples, and other informants can be used as opportunities to explore the issue of child sexual abuse in Indonesia. The research population needs to identify specific demographics that are rarely researched [67]. Indonesia's heterogeneous societies, distributed across its numerous islands, represent a significant population for scholarly inquiry, wherein social, cultural, and legal dimensions contribute to the observed phenomenon. For instance, comprehending the influence of specific communities in establishing societal norms that may affect the incidence of sexual harassment is essential. Furthermore, evaluating the current legal framework and the efficacy of its enforcement mechanisms constitutes a pivotal element in endeavors aimed at preventing and addressing incidents of harassment. The subsequent category pertains to clinical and forensic specimens. The exploration of this domain regarding sexual abuse has not been extensively conducted within the context of Indonesia. This inquiry necessitates the utilization of clinical or forensic specimens to elucidate particular dimensions of Child Sexual Abuse. Clinical specimens possess the potential to inform targeted interventions and underscore the requirements of specific subpopulations, particularly those who have endured significant trauma [68]. Table 4 illustrates the methodological framework utilized for the identification of research subjects within the domain of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) research. This process seeks to enhance the procurement of comprehensive and reliable data, which is imperative for the developing of effective interventions and support mechanisms for survivors. 640 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Table 4. Explains how research subjects were determined in the CSA study. Research subjects Description Example Convenient sampling [39] Selecting easily accessible participants Survey of 100 school respondents Cluster sampling [69] Selecting participants from specific clusters or groups Study of 571 high school students Simple random sampling [70] Ensuring every individual has an equal chance of selection Study of 400 participants on parental perceptions Purposive sampling [71, 72] Selecting participants based on specific criteria Study of teachers and principals ; 4 Study of abused children and families Randomized controlled trials [73] Assessing intervention effectiveness with random assignment Group counseling study with parents National Surveys [74] Large-scale surveys with random sampling National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being The decision regarding whether to engage a population or a sample in CSA research significantly impacts the derived findings, the degree to which these findings can be extrapolated, and their ensuing consequences for policy development and practical implementation. A thorough comprehension of these distinctions is essential in the formulation of methodologically robust research and the adept analysis of outcomes, and has been instrumental in the progression of effective prevention and intervention methodologies. 3.4. Data Collection Instruments The methodologies utilized for data acquisition in the domain of child sexual abuse research are critically significant in ensuring the precision and relevance of the collected information. These methodologies support an extensive examination and aid in establishing a well-informed framework for decision-making. Figure 6 illustrates the techniques employed, which include surveys, interviews, document analysis, or a combination of these methodologies, ultimately leading to a thorough understanding of child sexual abuse. Figure 6. Illustrating the methodologies employed for the collection of data relevant to the understanding of child sexual abuse. 641 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate A comprehensive collection of eight distinct methodological frameworks has been identified in the investigation of child sexual abuse in the Indonesian context. To commence the analysis of child sexual abuse, document tracing methodologies were utilized, comprising eight academic articles (32%). This particular method is prevalently employed by practitioners in the criminal justice domain to systematically track and assess occurrences of child sexual abuse. Nonetheless, it is imperative to recognize that certain issues pertaining to data integrity, including completeness and precision, continue to pose significant challenges [75]. The ensuing methodological framework adopted was a survey comprising seven distinct items (28%). Surveys are recognized as a broadly endorsed methodological strategy employed to thoroughly and systematically document and rigorously analyze the phenomenon of child sexual exploitation [76]. The third methodological approach adopted encompassed the application of extensive interviews, as evidenced in three scholarly articles (12%). This methodological strategy was employed through both Individual Interviews and Focus Group Interviews, especially in scenarios where the research participants included victims [77] and their associated familial units [72]. The residual quartet of articles was chosen utilizing a mixed-methodology framework encompassing both interviews and surveys, as well as qualitative and semi-structured interviews in conjunction with a comprehensive literature review and interviews. The methodologies employed for data acquisition in inquiries related to child sexual abuse are generally classified into two discrete categories: traditional methodologies and advanced technological strategies. Figure 7 elucidates that traditional methodologies include in-person interviews, structured surveys, and observational research conducted in natural settings. In contrast, advanced technological strategies involve the implementation of online questionnaires, examination of social media engagements, and mobile applications to enhance the efficiency of the data collection process. Figure 7. Traditional methodologies and advanced technology strategies for the data collection process. Opportunities for the application of data-gathering methodologies that have been insufficiently employed encompass Specialized Techniques such as (1) The Employment of Anatomical Dolls and Illustrations. These tools are deployed within the framework of interviews to enhance the non-verbal expression of children's experiences. Empirical research indicates that they elicit a more substantial volume of corroborative information concerning occurrences of abuse; (2) Cognitive Interviews and Narrative Elaboration. Techniques that encourage children to provide detailed narratives, which can be 642 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate more effective in eliciting information about abuse; (3) Standardized Tests and Measures. Instruments specifically designed to assess indicators of sexual abuse and measure its impact on children and adolescents [59]. These diverse techniques ensure a comprehensive approach to understanding and addressing child sexual abuse, each contributing unique insights and data to the field. 3.5. Data Analysis The methodological frameworks utilized in the academic literature concerning child sexual abuse in Indonesia, as cataloged in Scopus, encompassed qualitative strategies, quantitative methods, or a synthesis of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. These methodological paradigms enable a comprehensive understanding of the incidence, trends, and consequences of this reprehensible social phenomenon. Figure 8 illustrates the utilization of systematic analysis, qualitative methodologies, and quantitative strategies within the sphere of sexual abuse research in Indonesia. Figure 8. Data Analysis Method on child sexual abuse research in Indonesia between 2009 – 2024. The application of data analysis in the realm of child sexual abuse research within Indonesia is predominantly characterized by the systematic analysis methodology, as evidenced by nine articles (36%). This methodological framework employs a systematic approach to critically assess and comprehend the underlying patterns present within the data [78]. A cumulative total of 6 scholarly articles (24%) employed qualitative methodologies via content analysis. This methodological approach was utilized to scrutinize interviews with victims and their parents in order to elucidate the determinants that affect parent-child interactions [79]. The residual article utilized a diverse array of methodologies, including N-Vivo, regression analysis, ANOVA, descriptive quantitative analysis, the analytic Chi-square test, linear regression in conjunction with ANOVA, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests, logistic regression, the Chi-square test, and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis for its data analytical frameworks. The prospective relevance of alternative data analysis methodologies in addressing issues related to sexual harassment has not been thoroughly explored by researchers in Indonesia. The following table provides a comprehensive synthesis that may function as an invaluable reference for data analysis methodologies relevant to upcoming investigations into child sexual abuse. Systematic analysis Systematic analysis Qualitative methods Content analysis N-Vivo Quantitative methods Descriptive quantitative Analytic Chi- square test Linear regression and ANOVA Wilcoxon and Mann- Whitney U test Logistic regression Chi-Square test and multivariate binary regression … ANOVA Univariate analysis Regressions Data analysis 643 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Table 5. Various data analyses in the CSA study. Method Description Example Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) [80] Explores lived experiences through detailed personal accounts. Study on CSA impacts in Pakistan. Thematic analysis [81] Identifies patterns and themes within qualitative data. Study on CSA disclosure processes. Content analysis [79] Analyzes interview data to identify cultural determinants. Study on parent-child communication about CSA. Descriptive statistics [82] Summarizes and describes dataset features. Analysis of court documents of CSA cases. Logistic regression [83] Determines likelihood of CSA in different contexts. Study on intrafamilial vs. extrafamilial abuse. Cluster analysis [59] Classifies individuals based on maltreatment experiences. Study on maltreatment clusters. Consensual qualitative research (CQR) [84] Combines qualitative data collection with systematic analysis. Study on secondary traumatic stress in clinicians. Bibliometric analysis [85] Statistical analysis of publications to track research trends. Analysis of CSA research publications. Cognitive interviews and anatomical dolls [86] Techniques to yield higher confirmatory details about CSA. Study on interview techniques for CSA. Triangulation method [87] Uses multiple data sources/Methods to validate findings. Study on CSA chronology. Semi-structured interviews [87] In-depth information collection from stakeholders. Multiple studies 1 3 4 N-Vivo [81] Computerized data analysis system for qualitative data. Study on CSA disclosure processes The analysis of data can yield significant revelations regarding patterns and trends associated with sexual abuse, thereby assisting in the identification of high-risk areas and susceptible populations necessitating focused interventions. This delicate procedure necessitates the establishment of trust and the cultivation of interpersonal connections, culminating in effective dialogue. 3.6. Research Topics Child sexual abuse represents an exceedingly serious and complex issue. This phenomenon demands careful investigation from a diverse array of stakeholders. This societal challenge involves countless victims, particularly minors originating from a wide spectrum of backgrounds and demographic characteristics, who experience significant physical and psychological suffering. Figure 9 illustrates the themes related to sexual abuse research in Indonesia that have been published on Scopus. 644 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Figure 9. Research topics on child sexual abuse in Indonesia that have been published on Scopus. Three primary research themes pertaining to the occurrence of child sexual abuse in Indonesia, which have attracted considerable academic interest, are outlined below. The legal aspect has emerged as the primary emphasis within academic discussions among scholars in Indonesia, encompassing a total of 8 articles (32%). Thowawi's investigation clarified that the provision of legal protection is crucial in the rehabilitative processes for child victims of sexual violence, thereby ensuring that these individuals receive their rightful entitlements along with the necessary support and care that are vital for their recovery from traumatic incidents [88]. The emergence of five legislative measures in Indonesia following the COVID-19 pandemic represents a crucial legal framework intended to protect children from various forms of abuse, thereby enabling legal actions against perpetrators. The legislation specifies distinct sanctions for individuals convicted of sexual crimes against minors, alongside mandates for these offenders to offer compensation to victims, thereby ensuring both responsibility and equitable retribution in alignment with the tenets of the rule of law. The escalation of cases pertaining to child sexual abuse has necessitated comprehensive educational initiatives aimed at the prevention of such abuses, which obligates the engagement of all societal components, including governmental bodies, social organizations, community leaders, educators, and guardians. The government bears the responsibility of formulating and implementing public policies that effectively address the prevention of child sexual abuse within the educational framework. In Brazil, governmental agencies assume a pivotal role in the advocacy of rights and the confrontation of sexual violence through systematically structured educational programs. These public policies must guarantee that educational institutions are equipped with the requisite resources and frameworks to execute efficacious child sexual abuse prevention initiatives [89]. Indonesia's predominantly Muslim demographic considers sexuality a taboo in society. This cultural viewpoint hinders open dialogue on issues such as sexual practices and reproductive health. Parents often feel uncomfortable or hesitant when they attempt to discuss reproductive health with their teenage children. This fact leads to a substantial lack of knowledge and increased vulnerability to unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. This leads to significant knowledge gaps and increased risk of unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. In addition, the absence of uniform guidelines further complicates the complexities surrounding sexual and reproductive health education [90]. 645 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate The second research topic discussed was efforts to prevent child sexual abuse. Educational institutions and educators play a critical role in the prevention of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA). Their capacity is to institutionalize policies and practices that enhance the safety of children. It is critical for educators to receive specialized professional training in order to properly recognize and address cases of CSA [91]. Hayati's assertion regarding the imperative to construct a collaborative counseling framework grounded in Islamic jurisprudence significantly enhances societal cognizance and comprehension of the criticality of child safeguarding. This framework fortifies the familial role as the principal guardian of the child and promotes the educational institution's engagement in the identification and prevention of violence, thereby cultivating communal support to foster a secure milieu for children [92]. Positive interactions between educators and learners are critically significant, as they cultivate an environment that is conducive to educational endeavors related to prevention. Caregivers play a crucial role in shaping children's perspectives on the prevention of child sexual abuse (CSA). Their instructional methodologies and active engagement in prevention education are indispensable [93]. Consequently, endeavors directed toward augmenting educators' self-efficacy and proficiency in imparting instruction on the prevention of sexual harassment hold significant importance. This endeavor is crucial for professional development to guarantee that pedagogical strategies are both engaging and participatory. Furthermore, the engagement of the community is essential to cultivate a supportive educational environment. Emphasizing these components can enhance the effectiveness of the program, ultimately fostering the safety and well-being of minors [94]. The third domain of investigation examined concerns the implications of child sexual abuse (CSA). Individuals who have experienced such traumatic events may face elevated levels of anxiety, expressions of aggressive behavior, paranoia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), episodes of depression, and a significant rise in suicide attempts. Furthermore, additional potential consequences include dissociative disorders, reduced self-esteem, hypersexual behavior, substance dependence, and atypical sexual behaviors [35]. Alternative adverse consequences may include dissociative disorders, a decline in self- esteem, hypersexual behavior, substance abuse, and unconventional sexual practices. Such repercussions can manifest as both behavioral and emotional difficulties, detrimentally impacting the psychological health and social functioning of individuals who have endured victimization throughout their lives, thus highlighting the necessity for effective therapeutic strategies [95]. Numerous supplementary research domains related to child sexual abuse warrant comprehensive examination, thereby positioning influencing factors—such as social support and effective psychological interventions—as the central focus of the academic investigation. Research inquiries that explore both the immediate and long-term repercussions of child sexual abuse signify an area of scholarly pursuit that remains inadequately addressed within the Indonesian context. Immediate repercussions manifest as sudden behavioral changes, including challenges in interpersonal relationships and physical aggression, whereas long-term repercussions encompass post-traumatic stress disorder, suicidal ideation, eating disorders, and substance abuse [96]. Nguyen's extensive review, which scrutinized both the immediate and enduring consequences of Child Sexual Abuse (CSA), advocated for proactive strategies and intervention programs, which include educational initiatives within educational institutions and the involvement of parents. The results suggest positive outcomes; nevertheless, they face challenges arising from cultural stigmatization and inadequate resources. Consequently, it is essential to refine preventive approaches and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of these programs over time [97]. Another interesting theme is victim and perpetrator dynamics and juvenile perpetrators. Victim- perpetrator relationship are the relationship between the victim and perpetrator, including familial ties, that significantly influences the dynamics of abuse and reporting behavior [98]. Juvenile perpetrators are responsible for a significant portion of CSA cases, necessitating specialized assessment and treatment approaches [99]. Child sexual abuse (CSA) constitutes a complex issue deeply intertwined with gender equity and societal cohesion. The phenomenon of child sexual abuse (CSA) is closely linked to gender inequality, as 646 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate existing cultural norms often perpetuate male dominance and female vulnerability. Effectively addressing CSA requires a focus on male-centric contexts, which are integral to the perpetrator's behavior. A more extensive examination of gender-specific factors is essential for the sustainable elimination of CSA [100]. The findings obtained from Casey's investigation highlight the imperative for programs that incorporate gender transformative strategies, which possess the capability to cultivate attitudes and behaviors conducive to the prevention of gender-based violence within male demographics [101]. Analytical frameworks related to gender equity, evaluations of social inclusion, and assessments of humanitarian vulnerability are critical for informing strategic priorities and the formulation of programs focused on development, humanitarian interventions, and peacebuilding initiatives. It is crucial to implement participatory methodologies in research to improve understanding and effectively address social exclusion and discrimination [102]. Initiatives designed to improve gender equality and reduce gender bias to foster a safer environment for children are of paramount importance. Although still in its infancy, Indonesia's legal and regulatory framework intended to address child sexual abuse requires a thorough evaluation. The investigation conducted by Jones emphasizes the importance of a deep reassessment of policies that enable abuse. Therefore, it is imperative to encourage strict scrutiny of entrenched beliefs regarding gender and sexuality [103]. 4. Conclusion In the present academic investigation, scholarly publications elucidating the phenomenon of child sexual abuse within the Indonesian context and cataloged in the Scopus database from 2009 to 2024 were subjected to rigorous analysis. A notable trend emerged, indicating a substantial increase in the volume of publications addressing sexual abuse in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. Among these disseminated scholarly works, a considerable majority were identified as quantitative research efforts. Research subjects categorized under document analysis were extensively utilized, whereas subjects labeled as non-victims were preferentially selected over those identified as victims. Content pertaining to the legal dimensions of the issue was the most frequently encountered, while systematic analysis emerged as the principal methodological approach for data collection and analysis. Considering findings of this study, several recommendations for future research endeavors have been proposed. Firstly, there exists an imperative need to augment the prevalence of qualitative studies that focus on the exploration of child sexual abuse. Secondly, it is critical that research subjects identified as victims of sexual abuse be prioritized to foster a more nuanced understanding of this sensitive issue. Third, it is imperative that the research on Climate-Smart Agriculture incorporates the dimensions of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI). Lastly, it is advisable for researchers to carefully select the most appropriate statistical tests that align with the hypotheses and research design when undertaking their studies. Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. This open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). References [1] A. Pellai and M. Caranzano-Maitre, "Primary prevention of child sexual abuse: Child focused interventions," Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 4, 2015. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7N427 [2] P. K. Anuragi, "Protection of children from online sexual abuse, extant legal framework and Indian constitution," Frontiers in Health Informatics, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 5106–5125, 2024. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://doi.org/10.21427/D7N427 647 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate [3] A. Deshpande, T. M. Rathi, A. Kulkarni, and S. Singh, "Child pornography in India-issues and challenges," Multidisciplinary Science Journal, vol. 6, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024ss0529 [4] T. Skoog, K. Holmqvist Gattario, and C. Lunde, "Study protocol for PRISE: a longitudinal study of sexual harassment during the transition from childhood to adolescence," BMC Psychology, vol. 7, pp. 1-10, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0345-5 [5] M. Allroggen, T. Rau, and J. M. Fegert, "Sexuell belästigendes Verhalten unter Schülern–Häufigkeit, Entstehungsbedingungen und Handlungsoptionen," DMW-Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, vol. 139, no. 03, pp. 89-93, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1349659 [6] K.-S. Choi, K. Choo, J. Choi, and Y. Woo, "Understanding the dynamics of the victim-perpetrator relationship in child sexual abuse: An examination of the child sex abuse victimization data in South Korea," Asian Journal of Criminology, vol. 10, pp. 79-97, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-015-9202-5 [7] J. Xu and C. Zhang, "Sexual harassment experiences and their consequences for the private lives of Chinese women," Chinese Journal of Sociology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 421-449, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221105717 [8] L. L. Collinsworth, L. F. Fitzgerald, and F. Drasgow, "In harm's way: factors related to psychological distress following sexual harassment," Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 475-490, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01525.x [9] T. Y. Tursilarini, T. Udiati, I. Irmawan, S. A. T. Cahyono, S. Suryani, and D. Al Vayed, "Examining child victims of incest in Indonesia: Between the legal system and family dysfunction," JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 129-142, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v23i1.12341 [10] J. Duffy, S. Wareham, and M. Walsh, "Psychological consequences for high school students of having been sexually harassed," Sex Roles, vol. 50, pp. 811-821, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sers.0000029099.38912.28 [11] J. A. Nason et al., "Campus-and Individual-Level Predictors of Risk for Interpersonal Violence Perpetration," Journal of Family Violence, pp. 1-14, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-023-00670-z [12] S. Attar‐Schwartz, "Peer sexual harassment victimization at school: The roles of student characteristics, cultural affiliation, and school factors," American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 407-420, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016553 [13] R. L. Cant, M. Harries, and C. Chamarette, "Using a public health approach to prevent child sexual abuse by targeting those at risk of harming children," International journal on child maltreatment: research, policy and practice, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 573-592, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-022-00128-7 [14] M. Dacka, "Child sexual abuse‒issues and prevention," Educational Psychology, vol. 65, no. 23, pp. 5-22, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9114 [15] M. Lu, J. Barlow, F. Meinck, K. Walsh, and Y. Wu, "School-based child sexual abuse interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis," Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 390-412, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315221111393 [16] T. Mendelson and E. J. Letourneau, "Parent-focused prevention of child sexual abuse," Prevention Science, vol. 16, pp. 844-852, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0553-z [17] K. Zwi, S. Woolfenden, D. Wheeler, T. O’Brien, P. Tait, and K. Williams, "School‐based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse," Campbell Systematic Reviews, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-40, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2007.5 [18] M. Danaeifar, M. Arshi, L. Ostadhashemi, and A. Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, "Facilitators and Barriers to Child Sexual Abuse Interventions: A Qualitative Study of Interventions in Iran," Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 16, no. 4, p. e129326, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-129326 [19] N. Knack, B. Winder, L. Murphy, and J. P. Fedoroff, "Primary and secondary prevention of child sexual abuse," International Review of Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 181-194, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1541872 [20] N. Långström, P. Enebrink, E.-M. Laurén, J. Lindblom, S. Werkö, and R. K. Hanson, "Preventing sexual abusers of children from reoffending: systematic review of medical and psychological interventions," Bmj, vol. 347, no. 7924, pp. 1–11, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4630 [21] F. Razzaq, A. Siddiqui, S. Ashfaq, and M. B. Ashfaq, "Enhancing children’s awareness of sexual abuse in Pakistan with video literacy interventional cartoons," Journal of Public Health Policy, vol. 44, no. 2, p. 214, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-023-00408-7 [22] Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Republik Indonesia, "Online information system for the protection of women and children (SIMFONI-PPA)," Retrieved: https://kekerasan.kemenpppa.go.id/. [Accessed 2024. [23] M. Dhamayanti, A. Noviandhari, N. Masdiani, V. Pandia, and N. Sekarwana, "The association of depression with child abuse among Indonesian adolescents," BMC Pediatrics, vol. 20, pp. 1-6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020- 02218-2 [24] F. Khosianah, "Strategies based on child developmental stages to prevent child sexual abuse," Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 282-292, 2019. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7343 [25] S. Rahayu, M. Monalisa, Y. Monita, and M. Sugiharto, "Legal protection for children in cases of online sexual abuse: A comparative study," Jambe Law Journal, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 81-122, 2022. https://doi.org/10.22437/jlj.5.1.81-122 https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024ss0529 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0345-5 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1349659 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-015-9202-5 https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X221105717 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01525.x https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v23i1.12341 https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sers.0000029099.38912.28 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-023-00670-z https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016553 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-022-00128-7 https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9114 https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315221111393 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0553-z https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2007.5 https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs-129326 https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1541872 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f4630 https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-023-00408-7 https://kekerasan.kemenpppa.go.id/ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02218-2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02218-2 https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7343 https://doi.org/10.22437/jlj.5.1.81-122 648 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate [26] A. Fauzi and I. W. Pradipta, "Research methods and data analysis techniques in education articles published by Indonesian biology educational journals," JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 123-134, 2018. https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v4i2.5889 [27] PRISMA, "PRISMA flow diagram," Retrieved: https://estech.shinyapps.io/prisma_flowdiagram/ 2025. [28] N. Arisanti, P. S. Dewi, N. Kania, and M. Dhamayanti, "Violence against adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung, Indonesia," Paediatrica Indonesiana, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 195-201, 2023. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi63.3.2023.195-201 [29] I. N. J. Arsawati, I. M. W. Darma, and P. E. D. Antari, "A criminological outlook of cyber crimes in sexual violence against children in Indonesian laws," International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, vol. 10, pp. 219-223, 2021. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.26 [30] H. Brooks et al., "Mental health literacy amongst children with common mental health problems and their parents in Java, Indonesia: a qualitative study," Global Mental Health, vol. 9, pp. 72-83, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2022.5 [31] S. L. A. A. Dewi, H. Saripan, I. Minggu Widyantara, and A. A. Ngurah Adhi Wibisana, "Balinese local wisdom’s perspective on legal protection for children as victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse," Jurnal Hukum Novelty (1412- 6834), vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 34–50, 2023. https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v14i1.a25817 [32] S. Hartini, Y. Penyami, and Y. Prabandari, "Factors correlating with the emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents with legal problems," Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 9, no. B, pp. 1061-1065, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6028 [33] I. D. Kurnia, I. Krisnana, and F. N. Yulianti, "Increasing prevention knowledge of sexual violence and emotional maturity on children through the mini-movie media," Jurnal Keperawatan Padjadjaran, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 243-252, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v8i3.1427 [34] E. Muafiah, N. E. Sofiana, and U. Khasanah, "Pesantren education in Indonesia: Efforts to create child-friendly pesantren," Ulumuna, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 447-471, 2022. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v26i2.558 [35] S. Nurbayani, M. Dede, and E. Malihah, "Fear of crime and post-traumatic stress disorder treatment: investigating Indonesian’s pedophilia cases," Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 183-204, 2022. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v10i1.657 [36] N. Nurjannah, R. S. Oktari, H. Nisa, W. Y. Viridanda, W. Aidina, and S.-J. Wang, "Urban children at risk of violence: A qualitative study of experiences of parents, teachers, and service providers of collaborative support," Narra J, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. e793-e793, 2024. [37] K. Peltzer and S. Pengpid, "Contraceptive non-use and associated factors among university students in 22 countries," African Health Sciences, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1056-1064, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i4.2 [38] M. Rahamathulla, "Cyber safety of children in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region: A critical review of legal frameworks and policy implications," International Journal on Child Maltreatment: Research, Policy and Practice, vol. 4, pp. 375-400, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-021-00087-5 [39] T. Solehati, I. Pramukti, C. E. Kosasih, Y. Hermayanti, and H. S. Mediani, "Determinants of sexual abuse prevention knowledge among children’s schools in West Java Indonesia: A cross-sectional study," Social Sciences, vol. 11, no. 8, p. 337, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080337 [40] M. N. Sukma, "Development of physical and mental abilities in fulfilling children’s rights in the program of ‘Kampung Anak Negeri’ in Surabaya," Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 213–216, 2021. https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i1.13407 [41] N. E. Sumampouw, H. Otgaar, D. La Rooy, and C. De Ruiter, "The quality of forensic child interviewing in child sexual abuse cases in Indonesia," Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, vol. 35, pp. 170-181, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09342-5 [42] N. Sumampouw, H. Otgaar, and C. De Ruiter, "The relevance of certain case characteristics in the successful prosecution of child sexual abuse cases in Indonesia," Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 984-1003, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2020.1801930 [43] S. Suriah and N. Nasrah, "The perspective of teachers and parents regarding child sexual abuse incidents in rural areas, in Indonesia," Gaceta Médica de Caracas, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 67–73, 2023. https://doi.org/10.47307/GMC.2023.131.1.10 [44] V. Susanti, M. Kosandi, N. I. Subono, and E. Kartini, "Criminological study on criminal activities human trafficking in the Nusa Tenggara Timur region (NTT), Indonesia," International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, vol. 9, pp. 182- 191, 2020. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.16 [45] Y. Syukriani et al., "Cross-sectional survey of underreported violence experienced by adolescents: a study from Indonesia," BMC Public Health, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 50, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12427-8 [46] N. Turnbull et al., "Pathological Internet use and psychosocial risk factors among ASEAN university students," Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.10063 [47] I. S. Utari, R. Arifin, and D. P. Ramada, "Exploring child grooming sexual abuse through differential association theory: A criminological and legal examination with constitutional implications," Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Konstitusi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 69-88, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v7i1.9564 https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v4i2.5889 https://estech.shinyapps.io/prisma_flowdiagram/ https://doi.org/10.14238/pi63.3.2023.195-201 https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.26 https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2022.5 https://doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v14i1.a25817 https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6028 https://doi.org/10.24198/jkp.v8i3.1427 https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v26i2.558 https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v10i1.657 https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i4.2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42448-021-00087-5 https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11080337 https://doi.org/10.37506/ijfmt.v15i1.13407 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-09342-5 https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2020.1801930 https://doi.org/10.47307/GMC.2023.131.1.10 https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12427-8 https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.10063 https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v7i1.9564 649 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate [48] S. Sarah, "Systematic Literature Review: Riset pelecehan seksual pada anak di Indonesia," Yinyang: Jurnal Studi Islam Gender Dan Anak, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 327-344, 2023. https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v18i2.7650 [49] A. Chanigia and A. Anggalana, "Implementation of the regulation of the minister of education, culture, research and technology Number 30 of 2021 concerning the prevention and handling of sexual violence in the higher education environment," JLEB: Journal of Law, Education and Business, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 202-213, 2023. [50] Law of the Republic of Indonesia, "Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 12 of 2022 concerning criminal acts of sexual violence," Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia, vol. 1, no. 69, pp. 1–84, 2022. [51] Presiden Republik Indonesia, "Presidential Regulation Number 14 of 2024 concerning the Implementation of carbon capture and storage activities," 2024. [Online]. Available: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/276843/perpres-no- 14-tahun-2024 [52] R. d. T. R. I. Kementerian Pendidikan Kebudayaan, "Regulation of the minister of education, culture, research, and technology Number 46 of 2023 concerning the prevention and handling of violence in educational units.," Retrieved: https://jdih.kemdikbud.go.id/sjdih/siperpu/dokumen/salinan/salinan_20230808_132250_2023pmkemdikbudristek4 6.pdf 2023. [53] L. A. Rasmussen, "Young people who sexually abuse: A historical perspective and future directions," Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 119-141, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.744646 [54] H. De Graaf and J. Rademakers, "The psychological measurement of childhood sexual development in Western societies: Methodological challenges," Journal of Sex Research, vol. 48, no. 2-3, pp. 118-129, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.555929 [55] A. L. Barr, L. Knight, I. Franҫa-Junior, E. Allen, D. Naker, and K. M. Devries, "Methods to increase reporting of childhood sexual abuse in surveys: the sensitivity and specificity of face-to-face interviews versus a sealed envelope method in Ugandan primary school children," BMC International Health and Human Rights, vol. 17, pp. 1-11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0110-2 [56] J. Davidson, "Victims speak: Comparing child sexual abusers’ and child victims’ accounts, perceptions, and interpretations of sexual abuse," Victims and Offenders, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 159-174, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564880600626114 [57] K. M. O’Neil, S. D. Penrod, and B. H. Bornstein, "Web-based research: Methodological variables’ effects on dropout and sample characteristics," Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, vol. 35, pp. 217-226, 2003. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202544 [58] P. K. Trickett, J. G. Noll, and F. W. Putnam, "The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study," Development and Psychopathology, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 453-476, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000174 [59] K. C. Faller, M. Grabarek, D. Nelson-Gardell, and J. Williams, "Techniques employed by forensic interviewers conducting extended assessments: Results from a multi-site study," Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 237-259, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.557031 [60] N. Jaroenkajornkij, M. Girish, B. Binson, and R. Lev-Wiesel, "Comparison between Thai and Indian adolescents’ self- figure drawing as child abuse art-based assessment," Children, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 1101, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091101 [61] K. Gibson and M. Morgan, "Narrative research on child sexual abuse: Addressing perennial problems in quantitative research," Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 298-317, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.606597 [62] C. C. Petersson and L. Plantin, "Overcoming challenges of intimacy: Male child sexual abuse survivors’ experiences of achieving healthy romantic relationships in Sweden," Journal of Family Violence, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1107-1120, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-023-00576-w [63] K. Vakilian, S. Abbas Mousavi, and A. Keramat, "Child sexual abuse based on the crosswise model: a cross-sectional study on 18–24-year-old Iranian students," Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 249-252, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2019.88384 [64] C. E. Muñoz-Pérez, L. B. Núñez Hidalgo, C. Capella Sepúlveda, N. Gabriel-Vacher, M. Olhaberry Huber, and N. Alamo Anich, "Initial therapeutic relationship in childhood sexual assault: Perspectives of children and their therapists," Psicoperspectivas, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 111-127, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-Vol22- Issue3-fulltext-2972 [65] T. P. G. Medeiros et al., "Child sexual abuse in the context of nursing: A concept analysis," Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing, pp. e20246680-e20246680, 2024. https://doi.org/10.17665/1676-4285.20246680 [66] D. Sheehan, J. Holland, and A. Carr, "The positive and negative effects of working with child sexual abuse for health and social care professionals: A systematic review," Child Abuse Review, vol. 33, no. 1, p. e2849, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2849 [67] N. Okoronkwo and O. Ejike, "Case series of child sexual abuse: Abia State University Teaching Hospital experience," Nigerian Journal of Medicine, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 325-329, 2014. https://doi.org/10.24090/yinyang.v18i2.7650 https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/276843/perpres-no-14-tahun-2024 https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/276843/perpres-no-14-tahun-2024 https://jdih.kemdikbud.go.id/sjdih/siperpu/dokumen/salinan/salinan_20230808_132250_2023pmkemdikbudristek46.pdf https://jdih.kemdikbud.go.id/sjdih/siperpu/dokumen/salinan/salinan_20230808_132250_2023pmkemdikbudristek46.pdf https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.744646 https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.555929 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-016-0110-2 https://doi.org/10.1080/15564880600626114 https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202544 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000174 https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2011.557031 https://doi.org/10.3390/children11091101 https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.606597 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-023-00576-w https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2019.88384 https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-Vol22-Issue3-fulltext-2972 https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-Vol22-Issue3-fulltext-2972 https://doi.org/10.17665/1676-4285.20246680 https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2849 650 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate [68] C. Kjellgren, A. Wassberg, M. Carlberg, N. Långström, and C. Göran Svedin, "Adolescent sexual offenders: A total survey of referrals to social services in Sweden and subgroup characteristics," Sexual Abuse, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 357-372, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11194-006-9026-z [69] A. Pirdehghan, F. Esna-Ashari, A. Gharebaghi, M. Haghighi, M. Ahmadpanah, and M. A. S. Rabiei, "Child abuse and neglect among iranian high school students," Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1-6, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5812/IJPBS.95197 [70] A. A.-A. AlRammah et al., "Factors associated with perceptions of child sexual abuse and lack of parental knowledge: A community-based cross-sectional study from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia," Annals of Saudi Medicine, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 391-398, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2018.391 [71] T. Solehati, C. E. Kosasih, Y. Hermayanti, and H. S. Mediani, "Child sexual abuse prevention: A qualitative study of teachers’ educational needs," Belitung Nursing Journal, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 554, 2023. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2792 [72] N. E. Handayani, R. Machmud, and A. B. S. Duarsa, "A case study of child sexual abuse: Psychological dynamic," Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1807–1812, 2018. [73] M. Navaei, M. Akbari-Kamrani, S. Esmaelzadeh-Saeieh, M. Farid, and M. Tehranizadeh, "Effect of group counseling on parents’ self-efficacy, knowledge, attitude, and communication practice in preventing sexual abuse of children aged 2-6 years: A randomized controlled clinical trial," International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 285–292, 2018. [74] A. K. Maikovich-Fong and S. R. Jaffee, "Sex differences in childhood sexual abuse characteristics and victims’ emotional and behavioral problems: Findings from a national sample of youth," Child Abuse & Neglect, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 429-437, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.10.006 [75] C. Bailey, M. Powell, and G. N. Baksheev, "Evaluation of a database for tracking cases of child sexual abuse," Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 951-957, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2017.1327314 [76] M. Cheung, "Promoting effective interviewing of sexually abused children: A pilot study," Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 137-143, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507304359 [77] T. N. Phasha, "The school functioning of individuals with childhood experiences of sexual abuse: Results and implications of a South African study," Journal of Psychology in Africa, vol. 17, no. 1-2, pp. 57-65, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2007.10820145 [78] N. A.-P. Boaduo, "Systematic analysis and interpretation of collected data for a research study: A practical methodological framework for writing research report," Educational Research and Review, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 140-146, 2011. [79] D. J. Higgins, "The importance of degree versus type of maltreatment: A cluster analysis of child abuse types," The Journal of Psychology, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 303-324, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.4.303-324 [80] L. P. d. Costa, C. J. B. d. Rocha, and L. I. C. Cavalcante, "Biopsychosocial characteristics of accused child sex offenders in the intrafamilial and extrafamilial contexts," Trends in Psychology, vol. 26, pp. 283-295, 2018. https://doi.org/10.9788/tp2018.1-11en [81] R. Hendari, N. Indryana, M. E. U. Djami, and O. N. G. Tjandra, "Child sexual abuse: Who, when, where, why and how?," Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 442–449, 2018. [82] E. Gracia, A. López-Quílez, M. Marco, and M. Lila, "Mapping child maltreatment risk: A 12-year spatio-temporal analysis of neighborhood influences," International Journal of Health Geographics, vol. 16, pp. 1-12, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-017-0111-y [83] L. Lavanya and N. Ahmed, "Antecedents and consequences of child abuse," Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 12, no. 47, pp. 1-9, 2019. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i47/142152 [84] R. Miller Reed, L. M. Morgan, R. G. Cowan, and C. Birtles, "Lived Experiences of Human Subjects Researchers and Vicarious Trauma," Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 164-180, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5590/jsbhs.2023.17.1.12 [85] S. S. Batool, S. K. Chatrath, S. A. Batool, A. Abtahi, and A. Ashraf, "Psycho-social sufferings and sexual difficulties among female survivors of child sexual abuse in Pakistan," Bmc Psychiatry, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 585, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06038-x [86] R. Alaggia, "Many ways of telling: Expanding conceptualizations of child sexual abuse disclosure," Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 1213-1227, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.03.016 [87] T. V. Fredriksen, S. Søftestad, V. Kranstad, and T. Willumsen, "Preparing for attack and recovering from battle: Understanding child sexual abuse survivors' experiences of dental treatment," Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 317-327, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12536 [88] A. Thohawi, "Legal protection in recovering children from victims of sexual violence," Jurnal Hukum dan HAM Wara Sains, vol. 2, no. 03, pp. 204-210, 2023. https://doi.org/10.58812/jhhws.v2i03.268 [89] I. F. De Souza and D. Magalhães, "The attributions of public policies in the educational system for the prevention of sexual violence against children and adolescents," Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica, vol. 16, no. 3, 2024. [90] K. U. Noer and A. Kusmawati, "Do not ask, do not tell: The dark path of sexual and reproductive health education in Indonesia," Multidisciplinary Science Journal, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2025311-2025311, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11194-006-9026-z https://doi.org/10.5812/IJPBS.95197 https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2018.391 https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.2792 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.10.006 https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2017.1327314 https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507304359 https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2007.10820145 https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.4.303-324 https://doi.org/10.9788/tp2018.1-11en https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-017-0111-y https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2019/v12i47/142152 https://doi.org/10.5590/jsbhs.2023.17.1.12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06038-x https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.03.016 https://doi.org/10.1111/cdoe.12536 https://doi.org/10.58812/jhhws.v2i03.268 651 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 2: 627-651, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i2.4543 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate [91] L. I. Sigad, D. Tener, E. Lusky-Weisrose, J. Shaibe, and C. Katz, "Pay attention! Pay attention! Pay attention!!!”: The pivotal role of educators and the educational system as experienced by survivors of child sexual abuse," Behavioral Sciences, vol. 14, no. 5, p. 419, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050419 [92] F. Hayati and L. Fidiawati, "Sharia-based collaborative counseling model to prevent child sexual abuse and violence," Multidisciplinary Science Journal, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 2025236-2025236, 2025. [93] L. T. Bui, A. T. Van Dam, N. H. Le, D. T. Hoang, and L. T. Phan, "Evaluating factors affecting sexual abuse prevention education for primary school students according to the life skills approach," Multidisciplinary Science Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 2025105-2025105, 2025. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025105 [94] M. T. D. Nguyen, S. Van Huynh, and T. T. Do, "Enhancing child safety: Evaluating a toolkit for sexual abuse prevention education in primary schools," Multidisciplinary Science Journal, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 2024290-2024290, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024290 [95] H. Odacı and T. Türkkan, "Treatment issues while addressing child sexual abuse: A review," Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 534-547, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1181095 [96] L. Sorsoli, M. Kia-Keating, and F. K. Grossman, "" I keep that hush-hush": Male survivors of sexual abuse and the challenges of disclosure," Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 55, no. 3, p. 333, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 0167.55.3.333 [97] M. T. D. Nguyen, "Child sexual abuse in Vietnam: A review of prevalence, risk factors, and prevention strategies," Multidisciplinary Reviews, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 2024269-2024269, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024269 [98] S. V. Hunter, "Perceptions of the role of mothers in the disclosure and nondisclosure of child sexual abuse: A qualitative study," Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 887-907, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1092005 [99] A. Attrash-Najjar, D. Tener, and C. Katz, "One day it will be over, and you will see other landscapes.. You are not alone”: Adult survivors’ messages to children undergoing child sexual abuse," Journal of interpersonal violence, vol. 38, no. 19-20, pp. 11138-11164, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231178496 [100] P.-B. Côté et al., ""It Made me so vulnerable”: Victim-blaming and disbelief of child sexual abuse as triggers of social exclusion leading women to homelessness," Journal of child sexual abuse, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 177-195, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2022.2037804 [101] E. Casey, J. Carlson, S. Two Bulls, and A. Yager, "Gender transformative approaches to engaging men in gender- based violence prevention: A review and conceptual model," Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 231-246, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016650191 [102] B. Carter, "Analysing intersecting social inequalities in crisis settings," The Institute of Development Studies and Partner Organisations. Report. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413/17049 2022. [103] A. D. Jones and E. Trotman Jemmott, "Status, privilege and gender inequality: Cultures of male impunity and entitlement in the sexual abuse of children: Perspectives from a Caribbean study," International Social Work, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 836-849, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050419 https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2025105 https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024290 https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1181095 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.333 https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.333 https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024269 https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1092005 https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231178496 https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2022.2037804 https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016650191 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413/17049