Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4, 817-826 2025 Publisher: Learning Gate DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate History: Received: 12 February 2025; Revised: 20 March 2025; Accepted: 24 March 2025; Published: 10 April 2025 * Correspondence: bvloi@hueuni.edu.vn Influence of organic fertilizer in the production and economic efficiency of Brachiaria Humidicola Bui Van Loi1,2*, Nguyen Ty3 1Hue University, 03 Le Loi, Hue, Vietnam. bvloi@hueuni.edu.vn (B.V.L.) 2Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue, Vietnam. 3Faculty of Biology, University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue, Vietnam. Abstract: Hairless grass (Brachiaria humidicola) grown in Thua Thien Hue initially showed that it can adapt to the weather and climate conditions in Thua Thien Hue. The study aimed to evaluate this grass species' growth capacity, production capacity, and economic efficiency when using different levels of organic fertilization. The experiment was conducted on four fertilization regimes of 10, 20, 30, and 50 tons of organic fertilizer per hectare in a 1-year cycle; for each hectare, we chose 5 points for data collection and analysis of nutritional values and measurement of productivity. The results showed that increasing the amount of fertilizer enhanced the green growth capacity, the yield of each hectare, and the economic efficiency of Brachiaria humidicola (P < 0.05). Increasing the amount of organic fertilizer to 50 tons per hectare did not differ from 30 tons per hectare. A fertilization regime of 30 tons per hectare for grass has brought high economic efficiency in livestock farming of goats and cattle. Additionally, green matter, dry matter, and protein yield were above 12.89, 3.62, and 0.98 tons per hectare per time harvested. Furthermore, this result also showed that dry matter (%), crude protein, total minerals, and insoluble fiber in the neutral detergent of B. humidicola were 25.36, 7.92, 70.87, and 8.73% dry matter, respectively. Our research results could provide more useful information about the newly introduced grass of B. humidicola planted in rice croplands. This might benefit local farmers in converting cultivated crops from growing rice to grasses for cattle. Our data will provide scientific data and experimental facilities for planting new species for climate change adaptation in Thua Thien Hue province areas. Keywords: Economics, Fertilization regime, Growth performance, Local grass species, Nutritional values, Productivity. 1. Introduction The ruminant livestock industry is increasingly important in agricultural production because of its advantages in using fibre feedstuffs in agri-systems and its contribution to sustainable development. In recent times, the industry has undergone remarkable changes. Livestock productivity has been increasingly improved, and many high-yield livestock breeds with good product quality have been born to meet people's needs. However, one of the biggest obstacles of the ruminant livestock industry is the lack of proactive green feed sources to meet livestock needs. To solve this problem, many localities have recently introduced experimental planting of some grasses as livestock feed. Therefore, the productivity and nutritional quality so are low, the planting area is still fragmented, mainly taking advantage of infertile, poor-nutrient land, and the quality of feed is not guaranteed for livestock farming. Hairless grass (Brachiaria humidicola) was brought from the local Phu Yen province to Thua Thien Hue (now Hue City) for trial planting. Initially, it showed good adaptability and could be widely grown as feed for ruminants. However, appropriate fertilization regimes are necessary to improve the growth and productivity of Hairless grass. For the above reasons, we conducted a study on the topic "Effect of 818 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate fertilization regime on the production capacity and economic efficiency of Hairless grass (Brachiaria humidicola)." 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Research materials Hairless grass was brought from Phu Yen province to be planted and propagated in Thua Thien Hue province (HUE). Organic fertilizer is composted cow manure purchased from cattle-raising households in this area. Nutritional composition of cow manure: organic matter (79.67%), Nitrogen (1.77%), phosphoric acid (1.54%), potassium acid (1.02%). 2.2. Time and Research Site Four trials were carried out, each with a hectare of grass planting. All trials were set up from January 2021 to December 2022, and the research location was an experimental planting of Brachiaria humidicola in Huong Tho commune, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam (now HUE, Vietnam). 2.3. Variables and Methods 2.3.1. Experimental Setting-Up, Planting and Care Techniques for Hairless Grass The experiment of planting hairless grass was randomly arranged with four treatments corresponding to four different fertilizer regimes of 10, 20, 30, and 50 tons/ha. Each fertilizer regime was planted on four fields, with an area of 1 ha (250 m2/plot, 10x25 m). Then, the grass was planted on the fertilizer regimes, and the time, harvesting, care, and fertilization regimes in the fields were the same. Techniques for planting and caring for Hairless grass and preparing the soil before planting. The soil was cleared of weeds and ploughed thoroughly to a depth of about 20 - 30 cm from the ground, ensuring it was loose, and manure was applied according to the fertilizer regimes mentioned above. When the soil was prepared, the grass was planted. Select grass varieties: Choose large, healthy grass plants with green leaves, even eyes, no pests, and no wilting. Planting: grass is planted with cuttings, planted in rows, three cuttings placed together, about 7-10 cm deep in the soil in each row, about 30 cm from the base. After 15-20 days of planting, monitor and replant dead bushes to ensure uniformity of the grass field. Weed care and cleaning: Make a fence with bamboo or wood to protect and prevent cattle from eating grass. Monitor and clean weeds 2-3 times a week before the grass covers the ground. Evaluation of growth characteristics of Hairless grass Five random points on the two diagonals of the plot were selected to evaluate the growth indicators of hairless grass and productivity for each sample plot. Tallest plant height: each plot measured the height of the tallest plant selected at the monitoring time. The leaf-swiping method measured the distance from the ground to the highest point. Grass height: This is measured at the time of harvest. A straight ruler is used to measure perpendicular to the ground, and the height measured from the ground to the flat point where about 70% of the leaves are achieved is the grass height. Number of branches/bush: is the number of branches counted in a growth stage over the initial number of branches before planting (or compared to the number of branches/bush of the previous cutting). The number of branches includes the number of new branches growing from the base and the branches that continue to grow. Bush circumference: Measure each bush during grass harvest, determined by a tape measure. Leaf/green matter ratio: the grass leaves are separated from the stem to determine the time of grass harvest. 819 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 2.4. Evaluation of the Production Capacity of Hairless Grass Hairless grass is planted 40 days after cutting the first crop and every 40 days after the next crop to evaluate the grass yield. Green matter yield: Cut the entire amount of grass planted, including dry branches and leaves, and remove weeds. Cut when it is not raining, and the dew has dried. Cut about 5-10cm from the ground. After cutting, weigh immediately in the field to determine the green matter mass and calculate the yield. Dry matter yield: productivity dry matter = green matter × % dry matter (DM). The DM ratio is determined by drying a sample at 1050C until constant weight to determine the dry matter ratio. Protein yield: productivity protein = dry matter × % Protein in DM. Figure 1. Grass on drying by sunshine on field. Figure 2. Growing grass in a month. 820 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Figure 3. Pence and grass growing. Figure 4. Harvesting grass on the field. 821 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Figure 5. Grass with flat leaves, lanceolate leaf blades, bright green. Figure 6. The grass field is being tended by the researcher. 2.5. Evaluation of the Nutritional value of Hairless Grass Samples of hairless grass were collected at each harvest time. The samples were brought to the laboratory and dried at 60. They were then ground to a fine size of 1 mm and analyzed for chemical composition, including DM (dry matter), OM (organic matter), CP (crude protein), and NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber). Chemical composition was analyzed according to the method of AOAC [1] and Vietnamese standards [2]. 2.6. Evaluation of economic efficiency Evaluate the production cost of 1 kg of green fodder by calculating the costs of grass production and the grass yield harvested per hectare/year. 822 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate 2.7. Data Management and Processing The collected data were managed using Microsoft Excel (2010) and processed using Minitab version 16.0 software, which used ANOVA analysis. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Effect of fertilization regime on the Morphological characteristics and Growth of Hairless grass The experiment was conducted to monitor and evaluate the growth capacity and study the effects of different fertilization regimes on the growth of hairless grass, as presented in Table 1 below. Table 1. Effect of organic fertilization regime on Morphological characteristics and Growth of Hairless grass. Variables/fertilizer regimes 10 tons 20 tons 30 tons 50 tons P Hairless grass is a leafy, procumbent, creeping perennial grass and forms dense sods. The culms remain prostrate and can form roots from the lower nodes. The leaves ar0e flat, lanceolate blades, bright green, 4-20 cm long x 3-10 mm wide. The inflorescences bear 2 to 4 racemes with hairy, bright green, 3-4 mm long spikelets, as shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Green matter (%), M ± s.e. 37.24a ±1.22 46.85b ±1.23 56.84c ±1.38 50.66b±1.22 0.000 Highest grass tree (cm), M ± s.e. 73.07a ±1.34 78.06b ±1.35 81.67bc ±1.51 83.62c±1.34 0.000 Lawn height (cm), M ± s.e. 57.27a ±1.45 61.00bc ±1.46 61.77bc ±1.64 64.55c±1.45 0.006 Number of branches, M ± s.e. 46.54a ±2.47 52.37a ±2.50 72.85b ±2.80 67.85b±2.48 0.000 Dust perimeter (cm), M ± s.e. 62.47a ±1.841 73.52b ±1.86 73.68b ±2.08 74.21b±1.84 0.000 Note: M (mean) and s.e. (standard error); a, b, c, ab, ac: numbers with different superscript letters in the same row are statistically different (P < 0.05). Table 1 shows that the ratio of leaves/green matter, the highest plant height, the grass height, the number of branches/bush and the circumference of the bush differed between different organic fertilization regimes (P<0.05). When the amount of organic fertilizer increased, the growth indicators of hairless grass increased the most at the fertilization regime of 50 tons/1ha. However, the organic fertilizer regimes of 30 tons/1ha and 50 tons/1ha were similar [3] and there was no statistically significant difference, except for the ratio of leaves/green matter (P>0.05). This research result is consistent with Le, et al. [4] the author recommended that increasing the organic fertilizer regime to 10, 20 and 30 tons/1 has increased the ratio of leaves/green matter, increasing the height and uniformity of the grass carpet. The leaf/stem ratio is an essential indicator for evaluating the quality of green fodder for ruminants. The leaf/stem ratio is proportional to the quality of the feed; a high ratio indicates high-quality feed (edible part) and high feed intake of livestock. West grass's leaf/stem ratio fluctuates from 37.24 - 56.86%, changing according to the organic fertilizer regime, the highest at 30 tons/1ha (P<0.05). According to Le, et al. [4] grass's leaf/green matter ratio fluctuates significantly according to different fertilizer regimes of 10, 20 and 30 tons/ha. It is highest at the fertilizer regime of 30 tons/1ha, Specifically, the leaf/green matter ratio of B. ruziziensis grass (61.1 - 63.5%), B. Decumbens grass (62.2 - 64.4%) and B. Brizantha grass (56.8 - 57.4%). According to Hue [5] the leaf ratio of Guinea grass is 85.23% at 45 days old. According to Nguyen, et al. [6] the leaf/whole plant ratio of Ruzi grass, Paspalum atratum, and Setaria grass is 72.5, 82.6, and 60.0%, respectively. The highest plant height of Hairless West grass increases gradually according to fertilizer regimes, from 73.07 cm at the fertilizer level of 10 tons/1ha to 81.62 cm at the fertilizer level of 30 tons/1ha (P<0.05) and increases the most at the fertilizer level of 50 tons/1ha at 83.62 cm. However, the highest plant height at the fertilizer levels of 30 tons/ha and 50 tons/ha was not statistically different (P>0.05), Table 1. According to Nhung, et al. [7] the highest plant height of guinea grass was 80.9 - 11.3cm, and that of ruzi grass was 90.2cm. According to the research results of Van Trong, et al. [8] the highest plant height of guinea grass was 82.61cm, and that of Mulato II grass was 90.87cm. The carpet height of Brachiaria humidicola ranged from 57 - 65cm according to different fertilizer regimes, the highest at the fertilizer regime of 50 tons/ha, and there was no difference compared to the fertilizer regime of 30 tons/ha (Table 1); higher than other varieties such as B. Ruziziensis (50 – 56 823 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate cm), B. decumbens (45 – 46 cm) and equivalent to B. Brizantha (57 – 65 cm) [4]. The height of the Guinea grass carpet is 48.55 – 88.33 cm (Pham The Hue 2017). The number of branches/bush of hairless West grass increased gradually in different fertilizer regimes; the 10 ton/ha fertilizer regime was 46.54 branches/bush, and the highest was in the 30 ton/ha fertilizer regime, 72.85 branches/bush (P<0.05), Table 1. However, there was no difference in the 50 ton/ha regime (67.85 branches/bush) (P>0.05) Table 1. According to Nguyen and Dao [9] the number of branches of Panicum maximum TD58 was 13.4 branches/bush, Mulato II was 27.3 branches/bush, and B. Brizantha was 20.2 branches/bush. The bush circumference of hairless grass increased gradually with fertilizer regimes. The 10 tons/ha regime was 62.47cm, increased to 73.68 cm in the 30 tons/ha regime, and reached its highest in the 50 tons/ha regime, 74.21cm. However, there was no difference in the 30 and 50 tons/ha regimes (P>0.05) Table 1. This shows that the fertilizer regime for hairless grass should be increased to improve the plant's growth capacity to 30 tons/ha, as referred by FAO [10]. 3.2. Effect of Fertilization Regime on Yield of Hairless Grass The green matter yield, dry matter yield and protein yield of hairless grass obtained with different fertilization regimes are presented in the following Table 2 shows that green matter yield, dry matter yield and protein yield of hairless grass differ between different organic fertilization regimes (P<0.05). When the amount of organic fertilizer is increased, the yield indicators of hairless grass increase, increasing the highest at the fertilization regime of 50 tons/1ha. However, the organic fertilizer regimes of 30 tons/1ha and 50 tons/1ha are equivalent, and there is no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Le, et al. [4] recommended that green matter yield, dry matter yield and protein yield have many fluctuations depending on the fertilization regime of 10, 20 and 30 tons/1ha of B. ruziziensis, B. decumbens, B. brizantha and Mulato grass varieties, the highest at the fertilization regime of 30 tons/1ha. The green matter yield of Paspalum atratum under organic fertilizer regimes of 10, 20 and 30 tons/ha was 115.5, 156.9 and 185.8 tons/ha/year [11]. Under organic fertilizer regime of 40 tons/ha, lemongrass (Mombasa, Hamil and K280) had a green matter yield of 136.08 - 168.66 tons/ha/year, dry matter yield of 27.22 - 36.92 tons/ha/year and protein yield of 2.99 - 4.56 tons/ha/year [12]. Research results of Nghi, et al. [13] also gave similar results. The author recommended that when increasing the amount of organic fertilizer, grass varieties' green matter yield increased the most at the fertilizer level of 30 tons/ha, Table 2. Green matter yield, dry matter yield and protein yield varied depending on grass varieties and planting distance [14, 15]. Green matter yield, dry matter yield and protein yield of Brachiaria Mulato II grass were 271.7; 58.4 and 6.6 tons/ha, respectively [14]. According to Hue [5] green matter yield, dry matter yield and protein yield of guinea grass were 360, 73.94, and 8.74 tons/ha/year, respectively. The yield of S. guianensis CIAT 184 grass, green matter is 74.5 tons/ha, and protein is 1.85 tons/ha [16]. According to Nguyen, et al. [6] the green matter yield of Panicum maximum TD58 grass is 64.3 tons/ha/year, Mulato II grass is 56.3 tons/ha/year, and B. brizantha is 51.2 tons/ha/year. According to Nguyen , et al. [12] the green matter yield, dry matter yield and protein yield of Panicum maximum TD58 grass are 196.2, 37.94, 2.76 tons/ha/year, respectively; Paspalum grass is 181.4, 31.54; 2.55 tons/ha/year, respectively; Ruzi grass is 166.7; 31.72; 2.49 tons/ha/year, respectively and Mulato II grass is 161.5; 31.24; 2.98 tons/ha/year, respectively. The above analysis results show that increasing the fertilizer regime for hairless grass is necessary to increase the plant's productivity to 30 tons/1ha and ensure fertilizer savings. 824 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Table 2. Effect of Organic Fertilization Regime on Yield and Nutritional values of Hairless grass Variables/fertiliser regimes 10 tons 20 tons 30 tons 50 tons P Green productivity (ton/ha/year) M ± s.e. 123.60ab±3.72 115.39b ±3.79 137.07ac±3.79 138.42c±3.79 0.000 Dry matter productivity (ton/ha/year), M ± s.e. 29.88ab ±0.91 28.50b ±0.93 35.64c ±0.93 32.47ca ±0.93 0.000 Protein productivity (ton/ha/year), M ± s.e. 8.92a ±0.27 8.86a ±0.28 10.21b ±0.28 10.37b ±0.28 0.000 Note: M (mean) and SE (standard error); a, b, c, ab, ac: numbers with different superscript letters in the same row are statistically different (P < 0.05). The effect of fertilizer regime on the nutritional value of hairless grass The nutritional value of hairless grass was analyzed under different organic fertilizer regimes, averaged, and shown in Table 3. Table 3 shows that the nutritional value of the grass fluctuates through different organic fertilization regimes. DM, NDF, and Ash decrease when the fertiliser content per hectare is increased, while CP and EE increase according to the fertilizer regime. The DM, CP, NDF, and Ash content of Ruzi grass is 21.6; 10.8; 75.5; 10.2%, respectively; Paspalum atratum grass is 15.9; 11.6; 69.4; 10.5%, respectively, and Setaria grass is 17.2; 11.5; 72.0; 12.0%, respectively, by Nguyen, et al. [6]. According to Nguyen and Dao [9] DM, CP, NDF, and Ash of Panicum maximum TD58 grass are 23.70; 7.28; 61.40; 8.48%, respectively; Paspalum grass is 20.63; 8.10; 56.57; 8.99%, respectively; Ruzi grass is 23.20; 7.86; 56.60; 7.40%, respectively; and Mulato II grass is 22.33; 9.54; 56.26; 8.01%, respectively, Table 3. Thus, increasing the amount of fertilizer has increased the yield and improved the nutritional composition of hairless West grass. Table 3. The Effect of Fertilizer Regime on the Nutritional Value of Hairless Grass (%). Variables/fertiliser regimes 10 tons 20 tons 30 tons 50 tons Average DM 26.23 28.27 25.38 25.23 26.28 CP 7.53 7.73 7.92 8.54 7.93 EE 1.13 1.20 1.24 1.26 1.21 NDF 72.53 70.97 70.87 70.44 71.20 Ash 9.52 9.14 8.73 8.66 9.01 3.3. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of hairless West grass The cost of grass production is calculated based on the input investment, the cost of planting, caring for and harvesting grass, and the cost of harvesting grass to calculate the economic efficiency of grass growing at the time of the study. Growing hairless grass as feed for cows in households makes it possible to estimate the economic efficiency of hairless grass with an organic fertilizer regime of 30 tons/1ha, with the amount of grass planted 1ha in a 1-year cycle shown in Table 4. 825 Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology ISSN: 2576-8484 Vol. 9, No. 4: 817-826, 2025 DOI: 10.55214/25768484.v9i4.6106 © 2025 by the authors; licensee Learning Gate Table 4. Economic efficiency of Hairless grass (1ha/year). Variables Numbers Price and costs Amount of income Total costs 68,300,000 VND Land rent 1,000 m2 2,000 VND/m2/month 20,000,000 VND Seed 1,000 kg 10,000 VND/kg 10,000,000 VND Organic fertilizer 30 tons 300,000 VND/ton 9,000,000 VND Labours 20 days 300,000 VND/day 6,000,000 VND Pences 6 days 300,000 VND/day 1,800,000 VND Care and planting, seeding and intercropping 50 0days 300,000 VND/day 15,000,000 VND Water spraying 3,000,000 VND Materials and harvesting 03 units 500,000 VND 1,500,000 VND Other costs ` 2,000,000 VND Total income 137,000,000 VND Grass income 137 tons/batch 1,000 VND/kg 137,000,000 VND Total cost per kg of grass 498.5 VND Benefits VND 68,700,000 VND Table 4 shows that the cost to produce 1 kg of hairless grass is 498.5 VND, which is suitable for the current livestock situation; if calculating the profit cost for 1 hectare of grass, it is 68,700,000 VND. Of these, labour 0costs are the highest, accounting for 37.79% of production costs. Our research is also consistent with the studies of other recommendations. 4. Conclusion Hairless grass was grown in Thua Thien Hue with different organic fertilizer regimes of 10, 20, 30 and 40 tons of organic fertilizer/1ha in a 1-year cycle. The research results showed that increasing the amount of fertilizer increased the growth capacity, nutritional quality, yield and economic efficiency of hairless grass (P<0.05). Increasing the amount of organic fertilizer to 50 tons/ha is no different from 30 tons/ha. The fertilization regime of 30 tons/ha of hairless grass has brought high economic efficiency in livestock farming. Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study; that no vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. This study followed all ethical practices during writing. Acknowledgements: Our group carried out the current studies with support from Hue University, 2022 - 2023 (B2021-DHH- 04), Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University. Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. This open-access article is distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). References [1] AOAC, Official methods of analysis (K. Helrich, Ed.), 15th ed. Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1990. [2] Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology, TCVN. Hanoi: Vietnam Standard Institute, 2001. [3] J. W. Miles, B. L. Maas, C. B. Do Valle, and V. Kumble, "Brachiaria: Biology, agronomy, and improvement. 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