EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies, 9(2) February 2017 i © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 1979-7877 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/educare IKID AD NN E SP E JA AN R A AJ HR A INS DI OS NAI ES SO IAS A Volume 9(2) February 2017 Print ISSN 1979-7877 Contents Foreword. [ii] MIZANUR RAHMAN, SAADIYAH DARUS & ZAINI AMIR, Rhetorical Structure of Introduction in Applied Linguistics Research Articles. [69-84] MINDA I. CABILAO VALENCIA, Gender Mainstreaming in a Teacher Education Institution in the Philippines. [85-94] RISA HARIDZA & KAREN E. IRVING, The Evolution of Indonesian and American Science Education Curriculum: A Comparison Study. [95-110] KUSUM FOUZDAR & SANTOSH KUMAR BEHERA, Attitude of Post Graduate Students towards Mobile Learning. [111-120] TRISTAN M. ESEO, ARMINA B. MANGAOIL & BETTINA M. SEDILLA, Confidence Judgment and Test Scores: Basis for Proposed Confidence Enhancement. [121-128] Info-edu-tainment. [129-138] EDUCARE journal will provide a peer-reviewed forum for the publication of thought-leadership articles, briefings, discussion, applied research, case and comparative studies, expert comment and analysis on the key issues surrounding the educational studies in general and its various aspects. Analysis will be practical and rigorous in nature. The EDUCARE journal, with Print ISSN 1979-7877, was firstly published on 17 August 2008, in the context to commemorate the Independence Day in Indonesia. Since issues of February 2009 to February 2016, EDUCARE journal was organized by the Lecturers of FKIP UMP (Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto) in Central Java; and published by Minda Masagi Press, as an academic publishing owned by ASPENSI (the Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The EDUCARE journal is published twice a year, i.e. every August and February. Website: www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/educare ii EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies, 9(2) February 2017 © 2017 by Minda Masagi Press in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 1979-7877 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/educare FOREWORD Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wbr. (Peace be upon you). Let us thanks to our Almighty, Allah SWT (Subhanahu Wa-Ta’ala), Who has bestowed us all the best blessings and prosperity. Peace may be upon to our Great Prophet Muhammad SAW (Salallahu ‘Alaihi Wassalam or peace be upon him), his companions, his family, and his faithful and dutiful followers until the end of the world. Amien. Education is an attempt to humanize humans. This educational process lasts a lifetime, which in the context of Islamic teachings was said that education lasts a lifetime, from the man that is born until he died. During the educational process takes place, we are trained, equipped, educated, and reminded to always be a good man and qualified for the bettermen of ourselves and also useful for other people’s lives. The education process is also taking place from family and school to the community. Thus, education has become a shared responsibility between the family, school, and community. Education is the driving force for the progress of a nation-state. The nation-state of advanced and modern in the world today, due to the government – of course together with the family and the community – with serious designing, financing, and implementing programs of mass education, systematic, and continuous. History has proven that the government has provided massive investment in education, then in the not too long time, that is 25-50 years, the nation-state has been experiencing a significant progress and prosperity. Countries in Europe, USA (United States of America), and Japan, for example, have become a developed country because the level of education possessed by citizens is also quite high. Education also is a vehicle for democracy and freedom for the citizens of a nation-state. Many developed and democratic countries in the world, as well as supported by the progress of the education level of its citizens. Educated citizens will have the literacy rate is high in all areas, which in turn becomes the driving force for the dynamics and social change in society towards significant progress. Educated citizens also raised hopes, ideals, and a new vision for a nation-state in the future, so that the nation-state has become more advanced, prosperous, modern, civilized, and equitable. Many aspects can be examined and studied in the field of education. History of education, educational planning, education funding, processes and implementation of educational programs, and education for all – including gender perspectives’ education, are areas that can be examined and studied in the world of education. Even not less important is the study of comparative education system. By comparing the educational system of a nation-state with other nation- states in the world, we will gain an understanding and a valuable lesson about the progress made by the nation-states in all areas of community life. Journal of EDUCARE is a medium to review and study the many aspects of education. Due to its scope is an international character, the journal of EDUCARE wants to see and compare the studies on the educational aspects shared by many nation-states in the world. That is none other than that we have a new perspective and valuable experience about the educational aspects, which have brought progress, prosperity, freedom, justice, and modernity for the country and people all over the world. The progress of a nation-state, therefore, can only be interpreted correctly if we compare it with the progress that has been achieved by other nation-states in the world. Progress can not be measured solely by the claims unilaterally and without clear parameters in the context of the comparison by the government of a nation-state. The articles published in the EDUCARE journal, issue of February 2017 – that is consisted of five articles – come from the authors of six countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Bangladesh, India, and United States of America. It is very interesting academically, and very important and proud for us in the context of managing the scholarly journals. As we have stated previously that the authors come from many countries, it shows that the EDUCARE journal has had trust from the authors who his/her articles want to be published in our scholarly journals. I think it is not easy to get the trust from the authors; and one of the crusial problems in managing the scholarly journal in Indonesia is rarely or lack to get the articles that come from many authors from many countries. The trust is very important as social capital and, because of that, it should be maintainned and preserved – in the context of managing the scholarly journal – by making an article is good and perfect in editing, styling, and formating when it has been published and displayed in an online version. Do enjoy reading the EDUCARE journal and hopefully you will derive much benefit from it. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wbr. (peace be also upon you). Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: February 27, 2017. Sri Redjeki Rosdianti, M.M.Pd. A Director of Minda Masagi Press woned by ASPENSI (the Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung; and a Teacher of Social Studies Education in SMP (Junior High School) Laboratorium-School UPI (Indonesia University of Education) Cibiru Campus in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. MOHD ZARAWI MAT NOR, The Process of Practicum Supervision © 2016 by Minda Masagi Press in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia ISSN 1979-7877 and www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/educareii FOREWORD A ssalamu’alaikum Wr. Wbr. (Peace be upon you). Let us thanks to our Almighty, Allah SWT (Subhanahu Wa-Ta’ala), Who has bestowed us all the best blessings and prosperity. Peace may be upon to our Great Prophet Muhammad SAW (Salallahu ‘Alaihi Wassalam or peace be upon him), his companions, his family, and his faithful and dutiful followers until the end of the world. Amien. What are the criteria of a scholarly journal is classified as an international journal? According to Kemenristekdikti RI (Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia), it was obvious criteria. One of them is that beside the articles in the journals should be written in the languages of the UN (United Nations), in English for example, then the writers and editorial experts board of the journal should be scattered and represent from at least four countries or continents in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America/Australia. In addition, of course, the journal should also be published on a regular basis – because of that it was precisely that in Indonesia, the name of the journal is called as TBI (Terbitan Berkala Ilmiah or Scholarly Periodicals) – and can be read or accessed by stakeholders through the journals’ dissemination widely throughout the world, especially via its website. Managing the scholarly journals is not an easy job. But when it is done and engaged in earnest and serious, then there is nothing difficult in this world. It means that something that is difficult to be easy; and an easy task can be a fun and encouraging. Including the efforts to meet the standards and criteria for reputable international journals, if there are efforts earnest and serious, of course, slowly but surely be fruitful as well. What is important here that the efforts should remain there, and the result is usually a fruit or consequence of the efforts. Without the effort and hard work, it will not result what was expected. However, if there have been efforts and hard work but could not get the expected results, then there is no other way except to be patient and keep the spirit to strive and work harder in the future. The journey of EDUCARE journal – which began publication on 17 August 2009, in the context to celebrate the Independence Day of Indonesia – is describing the efforts earnest and serious, but not get the expected results. Since the beginning of issue, the EDUCARE journal has been intentional and determined to become an international journal. The editors consistently tried in order the articles published in this journal are written in English, as one of the UN languages; the authors sought could come from various countries; and the editorial experts board came also from many countries around the world. The EDUCARE journal strives also to be published regularly and periodically; and can be read or accessed by stakeholders around the world through the use of OJS (Open Journal System) that be managed properly and professionally. However, these efforts seem to have not obtained the expected results. In fact, in 2010, the EDUCARE journal had been submitted to get the accreditation from Ditjendikti Kemendikbud RI (Directorate-General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia), but the results are not encouraging, which is not yet accredited until now. What is important and encouraging to me now – as a Director of Minda Masagi Press, publishing house owned by ASPENSI (the Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, which publishes the EDUCARE journal – although this journal has not yet been accredited by Kemenristekdikti RI as the journal of “national or international” level, but the Editors have had the spirit, have effort earnest, and tirelessly to continue for publishing the EDUCARE journal, in order to be a journal that can be recognized and needed its existence by the stakeholders, namely teachers, lecturers, and researchers, not only from Indonesia but also from the Southeast Asian countries and around the world. Indeed, for us, accreditation is not a goal, but merely a recognition of the institution in Indonesia, which has the authority to accredit the scholarly journals. The main purpose of the EDUCARE journal publication, among others, is that the results of research and thinking smart and pithy can be published and, finally, can also be read widely by stakeholders around the world. We also realize, as has been recommended by Kemenristekdikti RI, that a good journal must necessarily be maintained and published by a professional organization. In the next journal publishing, a professional organization is able to establish a cooperation with HEIs (Higher Education Institutions), such as the Department, Faculty, or University. This is done so that the journal publication is not disturbed or interrupted by the change of leadership in the institutions; because it has become commonplace and prevalent in Indonesia that changing the leadership, so then changing also the policy. When the leadership of the institution previously had the passion and care with the publication of scholarly journals, the leaders of institutions that succeeded not necessarily have the same passion and concern, which eventually will have implications for the disruption of continuity of scholarly journals. And we, the Executives Board of ASPENSI, have experienced things like that. But, for us, available or not available to joint publication with other institutions, the journals that we manage must keep running and can be published properly and regularly. As in the case of EDUCARE journal, which since issues of February 2009 to February 2016 have been managed and organized by the Lecturers of FKIP UMP (Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto) in Central Java, Indonesia. It is a cooperation in the scholarly journal publishing that is actually quite a long time; and unfortunately if a joining publication was stopped just because, for example, the EDUCARE journal not accredited yet by Kemenristekdikti RI in one side; or due to a change of Dean at the FKIP UMP in other side. Because for us, once again, accreditation is not a goal in publishing the scholarly journal. What is important here that by publishing the scholarly journals, hence, the name of institution which cooperate in managing the scholarly journal will be known and be in good standing academically. Academic institution that did not have a scholarly journal, obviously like vegetables without salt, which is bland, less tasty, and less complete. The articles published in the EDUCARE journal, issue of August 2016 – that is consisted of five articles – come from the authors of five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, India, and Ethiopia. It is very interesting academically, and very important and proud for me in the context of managing the scholarly journals. The authors come from many countries, it shows that the EDUCARE journal has had trust from the authors who his/her articles want to be published in our scholarly journals. I think it is not easy to get the trust from the authors; and one of the crusial problems in managing the scholarly journal in Indonesia is rarely or lack to get the articles that come from many authors from many countries. The trust is very important as social capital and, because of that, it should be maintainned and preserved – in the context of managing the scholarly journal – by making an article is good and perfect in editing, styling, and formating when it has been published and displayed in an online version. Do enjoy reading the EDUCARE journal and hopefully you will derive much benefit from it. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wbr. (peace be also upon you). Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: August 30, 2016. Sri Redjeki Rosdianti, M.M.Pd. Director of Minda Masagi Press woned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.