







































 

EDUCATIO : Journal Of Education 
Volume 8 , Number 3, November 2023 

 ISSN : 2579-8383 (Print) ISSN : 2579-8405 (Online) 

zzzzzz z 

  

Islamic Religious Education Learning Strategy based on 

Modelling in Fostering Student Independence  

 
Musawir, Mustofa, Moh. Udi, Mukammilah, Siti musyrifah 

Universitas Sunan Giri Surabaya 

musawir.bq@gmail.com; tmus391@gmail.com, moh.udi003@gmail.com, 

miladinubay@gmail.com, sitimusyrifah12@gmail.com 

 

Accepted: 

August 14th 2023 

Reviewed: 

Sept 18th 2023 

Published: 

Nov 30th 2023 

 

Abstract 
This study aims to explain the modelling-based Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning strategy 
applied at Sabilus Sholihin Socah Bangkalan Junior High School to foster student independence. 
The research method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The results showed 
that the modeling-based Islamic Religious Education learning strategy in this school is based on 
values such as exemplary independence, creativity, and self-confidence. Through this approach, 
students are given relevant examples related to independence, creativity, and responsibility. The 
results of this study provide important insights into the importance of modeling-based learning 
strategies in the context of Islamic religious education in Indonesia, as well as identifying factors 
that support or hinder the implementation of these strategies in schools. Supporting factors in this 
learning strategy include school facilities and infrastructure, such as the musholla and hall, which 
provide support for the formation of students' independence in activities. Students are also given 
the opportunity to develop their independence in terms of knowledge and skills. However, the 
inhibiting factor lies in the lack of awareness of students and parents toward education, primarily 
due to economic pressure. In addition, television shows, smartphones, and social media are also 
inhibiting factors in the effort to foster students' independence. 

 

Keyword:  Islamic Religious Education, Learning Strategy, Modelling 

 

Introduction 

Education plays a crucial role in the development of a country, particularly in the era of 

globalization characterized by technological advancements. It is widely recognized that education 

is a key determinant of the Human Development Index (HDI), which measures human 

development based on factors such as purchasing power, health, and education levels.1 The level 

of education in a country has a significant impact on its economic growth, as it improves the skills 

and knowledge of the workforce, leading to increased productivity and innovation. 

In developing countries, education is crucial for improving the economy and raising living 

standards.2 It empowers individuals to work towards and achieve their country's development, 

both economically and politically.3 Education also plays a vital role in the socioeconomic 

 
1 Parvez Pirzado, “Teaching Human Rights in Pakistani Schools: What Are the Potential Barriers?,” People 

International Journal of Social Sciences, 2019, https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2019.43.17411760. 
2 “Latest Interative Larning Devices Available in Rural Schools,” International Journal of Innovative Technology and 

Exploring Engineering, 2019, https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b1157.1292s419. 
3 Jordan Hale, “A Comparative Analysis of Education in Ghana and Cuba: Identifying Relevant Education 

mailto:musawir.bq@gmail.com
mailto:tmus391@gmail.com
mailto:moh.udi003@gmail.com
mailto:miladinubay@gmail.com
mailto:sitimusyrifah12@gmail.com


  
 

Yuli Choirul Ummah 
Dismantling Paradigm Book Ta'limul Muta'allim  

 
 

  

 

Volume 8, Number 3,  November 2023| 234 

zzzzzz 

  

development of a country.4 It helps to reduce poverty and inequality by providing individuals with 

the necessary skills and knowledge to participate in the labor market and contribute to economic 

growth.5 

Education also has a broader impact on society and culture. It promotes intercultural 

understanding and cooperation, which is essential in the era of globalization.6 Inter-religious 

education, for example, has become a major concern as globalization proceeds. It helps to foster 

tolerance, respect, and cooperation among different religious and cultural groups.7 

Islamic religious education has a strategic role in building a generation that is faithful, 

noble, and independent. However, to achieve better education, relevant learning strategies are 

needed. The right learning strategy will help students think independently, creatively, and 

adaptively to various situations. Conversely, inappropriate strategies can hinder the achievement 

of educational goals.8 

The importance of selecting appropriate learning strategies emphasizes the need for 

teachers to have a strong understanding of learning strategies that are in line with learning 

objectives, both in terms of achieving objectives that have been explicitly formulated and in terms 

of desired effects, such as the ability to think critically, creatively, openly, and others. 

In this context, Noeng Muhadjir identifies three main functions of education, namely 

developing students' creativity, passing on values, and improving students' productive workability. 

Therefore, Islamic religious education needs to have appropriate learning strategies to achieve 

these goals.9 

Islamic boarding schools and madrasahs play an essential role in Islamic religious 

education, but changing times require collaboration between religious institutions and formal 

education. The introduction of the boarding school concept that combines Islamic religious 

education with general education is a relevant solution. 

Sabilus Sholihin Junior High School in Socah Sub-district is one of the schools that 

implement the boarding school concept, which allows students to live in the school dormitory 

during the education process. The boarding school concept aims to develop students' character 

 
Reforms for Developing Countries,” Journal of Information Technologies and Lifelong Learning, 2018, 
https://doi.org/10.20533/jitll.2633.7681.2018.0001. 

4 Amadou Boubacar, “Addressing the Early School Leaving Issue in Niger: An Improvement of Teachers’ 
Status From Contract to Permanent,” Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220504.17. 

5 Ruhma Khan, Imran S Chaudhry, and Fatima Farooq, “Impact of Human Capital on Employment and 
Economic Growth in Developing Countries,” Review of Economics and Development Studies, 2019, 
https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i3.701. 

6 Sulaiman Sulaiman, “Review of Freedom of Religion or Belief (KBB) in the Implementation of the Inter-
Religious Education Model at the Defense University,” Endless International Journal of Future Studies, 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v5i3.156. 

7 Brendan Carmody, “Pedagogy for Inter‐Religious Education,” The Heythrop Journal, 2013, 
https://doi.org/10.1111/heyj.12051. 

8 Muhammad Anas Ma`arif, Muhammad Husnur Rofiq, and Akhmad Sirojuddin, “Implementing Learning 
Strategies for Moderate Islamic Religious Education in Islamic Higher Education,” Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v8i1.19037; Nur Azizah, “Implementing the Value of Character Education in Islamic 
Religious Education in State Elementary School (SDN) Ciranjang 02 Cianjur,” International Journal of Science and Society, 
2022, https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i2.455. 

9 N Muhajir, Ilmu Pendidikan & Perubahan Sosial: Teori Pendidikan Pelaku Sosial Kreatif (Cet. V) (Yogyakarta: Rake 
Sarasin, 2000). 



  
 

Yuli Choirul Ummah 
Dismantling Paradigm Book Ta'limul Muta'allim  

 
 

  

 

Volume 8, Number 3,  November 2023| 235 

zzzzzz 

  

through habituation, disciplinary rules, and independence in students' daily lives. 

Independence is one of the important aspects of students' education. Boarding schools 

encourage students to organize their own lives and develop high self-confidence. The 

independence instilled in boarding schools can help students in the management of learning and 

taking exams with high integrity. 

In this context, this study will explore the modelling-based Islamic Religious Education 

learning strategy implemented at Sabilus Sholihin Junior High School with a focus on developing 

students' independence. This research is important to understand how this strategy affects 

students' development and how it applies in the context of Islamic religious education in Indonesia.  

 

Methods 

This research is an attempt to explore and understand the phenomena that occur in the 

Sabilus Sholihin Islamic Education and Da'wah Foundation, which is located in Buluh Village, 

Socah District, Bangkalan. This research uses a qualitative approach and a descriptive 

phenomenological model.  

The location of this research is Sabilus Sholihin Junior High School, an educational 

institution under the auspices of the Sabilus Sholihin Islamic Education and Da'wah Foundation. 

In this study, data will be explored by exploring the experiences of students, teachers, principals, 

nurturing ustadz, and parents involved in the educational process at this school. 

The research is collected through various techniques such as observation, interviews, and 

documentation. Observation will enable researchers to see and record various activities at the 

school, including the religious extracurricular activities that are the focus of this research. 

Interviews will involve various parties involved in the education process, including principals, 

teachers, and parents.10 

Data analysis was conducted using the steps of data reduction, data presentation, and 

conclusion drawing. Through data analysis, the researcher seeks to understand the characteristics 

of students formed through religious extracurricular activities at this school.11 

 

Result and Discussion 

Modeling-based PAI learning strategies in fostering student independence at Sabilus 

Shoilihn Junior High School, Socah District. 

The results of this in-depth research illustrate that modeling-based PAI learning strategies 

have played an essential role in fostering student independence at Sabilus Sholihin Junior High 

School, Socah District, Bangkalan. In the context of a formal Islamic educational institution, the 

main goal is to form a complete Muslim personality that includes individual, social, and intellectual 

aspects. One of the aspects emphasized is self-reliance, which involves self-reliance in aspects of 

self, fellow human beings, the environment, and nationality, which is based on religious norms, 

laws, manners, culture, and prevailing customs. 

 
10 Hasyim Hasanah, “TEKNIK-TEKNIK OBSERVASI (Sebuah Alternatif Metode Pengumpulan Data 

Kualitatif Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial),” At-Taqaddum 8, no. 1 (2017), https://doi.org/10.21580/at.v8i1.1163. 
11 Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R & D (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2013); 

Feny Fiantika et al., Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, PT. Global Eksekutif Teknologi, 2022; Ibrahim, Metodologi Penelitian 
Kualitatif, Journal Equilibrium, 2015. 



  
 

Yuli Choirul Ummah 
Dismantling Paradigm Book Ta'limul Muta'allim  

 
 

  

 

Volume 8, Number 3,  November 2023| 236 

zzzzzz 

  

The application of the modelling method, also known as exemplar-based learning, has 

become an integral part of this school environment. The steps of implementing this method 

involve the teacher providing an introduction to the lesson that encourages students to practice 

the skill, organizing students in groups to demonstrate the scenario, allowing time for the groups 

to create the scenario, allowing time to practice, and demonstrating the scenario in front of the 

students. Teachers also choose models that match students' characteristics, such as age, economic 

status, and physical appearance. 

The independence program implemented in the morning, afternoon, and evening includes 

various activities, such as praying together, memorizing asmaul husna, praying dhuha in a 

congregation, cleaning the classroom, taking care of plants, and praying isya' in the congregation. 

In addition, students are taught to be independent in terms of bringing lunch from home, creating 

a clean environment, and caring for the surrounding environment. 

The results of interviews with teachers, principals, and parents show that the modeling 

method applied at school has helped in fostering students' independence. Students are not only 

involved in activities that support Islamic learning, but they also practice independence in their 

daily actions, such as greeting teachers, bringing lunch, and caring for the environment. 

In addition, the modeling program has received positive support from the student's 

parents, who realize that Islamic religious learning at school also helps to educate their children in 

terms of independence, such as praying, reciting the Quran, and other good habits. 

Overall, this study shows that the use of the modeling method in Islamic learning at Sabilus 

Sholihin Junior High School has a positive impact on developing students' independence. This is 

a significant step in achieving the goal of Islamic education that focuses on the formation of self-

reliant Muslim individuals who are able to achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter and 

contribute to Islamic society with noble morals. This method has the potential to be applied in a 

wider educational context and serve as a guide for similar schools. 

 

Implication of Modeling-based PAI learning strategy in fostering student independence 

at Sabilus Sholihin Junior High School. 

The results showed that the implementation of the modeling method in Sabilus Sholihin Socah 

Junior High School has a positive impact on the development of student independence. The 

modeling programs implemented include activities in the morning, afternoon, evening, and 

evening in the form of cleaning activities, worship, and Islamic cultures. The impact of the 

modeling method in Sabilus Sholihin Socah Junior High School includes: 

1. Exemplary in Daily Life: The implementation of modeling through activities such as greeting, 

hygiene, and reading prayers before and after learning has helped students internalize Islamic 

values in their daily lives. This contributes to the development of students' independence in 

worship and good behavior. 

2. Positive Influence on Attitude and Behavior: Modeling activities help students in developing 

better attitudes and behaviors. The students learn to listen attentively during lessons and 

participate in religious activities seriously. This shows growth in students' independence in 

worship and showing respect for teachers. 



  
 

Yuli Choirul Ummah 
Dismantling Paradigm Book Ta'limul Muta'allim  

 
 

  

 

Volume 8, Number 3,  November 2023| 237 

zzzzzz 

  

3. Congregational Worship: Through congregational dhuhr and asr prayer activities, students 

learn the importance of performing worship together and internalizing Islamic values. This 

helps in developing their independence in worship and interacting with co-religionists. 

4. Nighttime Program and Tahajjud Prayers: The tahajjud prayer program conducted at night 

helps students develop independence in terms of worship. They learn to wake up early and 

perform prayers with discipline. This positive impact also affects students' parents. 

5. Istighosah and Donations Program: Programs such as istighosah and fundraising for social 

assistance help students and parents in understanding the importance of togetherness, sharing, 

and praying together. This contributes to the development of students' independence in 

responding to social and religious needs. 

6. Modeling in Boarding School: The students living in the boarding school are also accustomed 

to a structured life, independence, and strict worship. Boarding school life supports the 

formation of students' independence and character development. 

7. Financial Responsibility: Students in boarding schools also learn to manage their own finances, 

which is an essential step towards independence in terms of financial responsibility. 

8. Influence of External Factors: While these models help in character building and self-reliance, 

there is the influence of external factors, such as globalization, that also affect student behavior. 

This shows that religious education and Islamic values need to be dealt with in a way that is 

relevant to today's realities. 

From the description above, the modeling method applied at Sabilus Sholihin Socah Junior High 

School has a significant positive impact on fostering students' independence in terms of worship, 

good behavior, and social responsibility. However, there are challenges from the influence of 

external factors that must also be overcome to maintain the relevance of Islamic values in 

education. 

The implication of this study is that modeling and Islamic values-based education can help students 

develop independence in worship, good behavior, and participation in positive social activities. 

Furthermore, programs such as congregational prayers and donation activities can be an integral 

part of character-centered education and local wisdom. 

 

Supporting and inhibiting factors Modeling-based PAI learning strategies in fostering 
student independence SMP Sabilus Shoilihin Socah sub-district  

The results of research on the supporting and inhibiting factors of modeling-based PAI 
learning strategies in fostering student independence at SMP Sabilus Sholihin Socah Bangkalan 
can be rearranged as follows: 
Supporting Factors: 

This study identified several supporting factors for modeling-based PAI learning strategies 
in fostering student independence at Sabilus Sholihin Socah Bangkalan Junior High School: 
1. Adequate Facilities and Infrastructure: The principal, Mr. Mohammad Fathur Rosi, noted that 

the classrooms in the school are adequate, spacious, and only filled with a reasonable number 
of students, which is a maximum of 25 students per class. This condition creates a safe and 
comfortable environment for the implementation of daily programs, such as Quranic learning, 
and other programs, such as dhuhur and ashr prayers in the congregation. 

 
 



  
 

Yuli Choirul Ummah 
Dismantling Paradigm Book Ta'limul Muta'allim  

 
 

  

 

Volume 8, Number 3,  November 2023| 238 

zzzzzz 

  

2. Hall and Mushalla: The existence of halls and mushalla with adequate bathroom and ablution 
facilities supports various activities at school, including religious programs such as “istighosah 
kubro.” 

3. Additional Staff (Ustad and Ustadah): The PAI teacher, Mohammad Ali, emphasized that the 
presence of additional personnel in the form of ustad and ustadzah who guide students in 
extracurricular activities, such as hadrah and sholawatan groups, is very helpful in fostering 
students' independence. 

4. Good Cooperation: Good cooperation between teachers, parents and the school committee is 
also a supporting factor. The school committee, led by Mr. Abdul Aziz, creates partnerships 
with social institutions, the police, and charity organizations to support various activities at the 
school, including donations to orphans. 

 
Inhibiting Factors: 

There are several inhibiting factors identified in this study related to the modeling-based 
PAI learning strategy in fostering students' independence: 
1. Students' and Parents' Awareness: The lack of awareness of students and parents about the 

importance of independence is one of the inhibiting factors. A less supportive family and 
economic environment can affect students' mental development and their ability to behave. 

2. Media Influence: Television shows and unwise use of personal cell phones can interfere with 
students' independence. Television shows that are not educational and shows that are not 
polite can damage students' morals. 

3. Negative Associations: The influence of negative associations, especially outside of school, is 
also an inhibiting factor. Students who do not participate in the guidance program at school 
or boarding school may be more challenging to manage. 

 
From the above results, the modeling-based PAI learning strategy at Sabilus Sholihin Socah 

Bangkalan Junior High School has a positive impact. This method teaches students about the 
importance of independence, learning achievement, skills, and discipline in school rules and 
worship. This process is in accordance with behavioristic learning theory, which emphasizes the 
formation of new behaviors through habituation and repetition. 

This study noted supporting factors in the form of adequate facilities and infrastructure, 
halls and mushalla, additional staff (ustadz and ustadzah), and good cooperation. Meanwhile, 
inhibiting factors include the lack of awareness of students and parents, the influence of the media, 
and negative associations outside school. 

This research provides useful insights into understanding the factors that influence 
modeling-based PAI learning strategies in fostering student independence at Sabilus Sholihin 
Socah Bangkalan Junior High School. 

 
Discussion 

The results indicate that the modeling-based Islamic education learning strategy at Sabilus 
Sholihin Junior High School successfully plays an essential role in developing students' 
independence at the school. This approach supports the objectives of Islamic education by 
focusing on the formation of a complete Muslim person in individual, social, and intellectual 
aspects, with a particular emphasis on self-reliance based on religious values, laws, ethics, culture, 

and customs.12  

 
12 Taklimudin Taklimudin and Febri Saputra, “Metode Keteladanan  Pendidikan Islam Dalam Persfektif 

Quran,” Belajea Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2018, https://doi.org/10.29240/bjpi.v3i1.383.; Bina F Ardiansari and Dimyati 
Dimyati, “Identifikasi Nilai Agama Islam Pada Anak Usia Dini,” Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 2021, 
https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i1.926; Yurita Erviana and Vava I A Faisal, “Kearifan Lokal Lereng Sindoro-



  
 

Yuli Choirul Ummah 
Dismantling Paradigm Book Ta'limul Muta'allim  

 
 

  

 

Volume 8, Number 3,  November 2023| 239 

zzzzzz 

  

The modeling method, or exemplar-based learning, has become an integral part of the 
educational environment in this school. The implementation steps of this method involve students 

in skill practice,13 group demonstration, and independent practice with a variety of media such as 

game-based learning, 14 projects,15 flipped classrooms,16 gamification, and STEM-based learning 

media.17 Teachers also choose a model that suits the students' characteristics. 
Independence programs implemented at various times include worship activities, 

memorization of asmaul husna, hygiene, and environmental care.18  The results of interviews with 
school stakeholders show that the modeling method helps students internalize independence in 

daily actions, such as interacting with teachers, bringing lunch, and caring for the environment.19 
Positive support from parents is also evident, as they realize that Islamic religious education at 
school has a positive impact on the development of their children's independence. 
 
Conclusion 

In the context of modelling-based PAI learning strategies at Sabilus Sholihin Junior High 

School, Bangkalan, this approach successfully plays a significant role in developing students' 

independence. Through the implementation steps of the modeling method, students are taught to 

apply skills and participate in Islamic religious and daily activities with discipline. The results show 

that this modeling program has a positive impact on developing students' independence, both in 

worship, good behavior, and social responsibility. Support from teachers, principals, and parents 

for this method is also vital to its success. This method has the potential to be applied in other 

schools and become a guide in improving student independence and Islamic religious education 

based on moral and ethical values. 

 

References 

Azizah, Nur. “Implementing the Value of Character Education in Islamic Religious Education in 
State Elementary School (SDN) Ciranjang 02 Cianjur.” International Journal of Science and 
Society, 2022. https://doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i2.455. 

 
Sumbing Dalam Membangun Profil Pancasila Anak Usia Dini,” Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i6.3501. 

13 Sri Ananda and Ganjar M Ganeswara, “Internalisasi Sikap Hormat Dan Tanggung Jawab Melalui Kisah 
Hikmah Serta Keteladanan Guru Pada Pembelajaran Daring Di Sekolah Menengah,” Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.21831/jpka.v13i1.46385. 

14 Ajeng F Yustina and Yahfizham Yahfizham, “Game Based Learning Matematika Dengan Metode Squid 
Game Dan Among Us,” Jurnal Cendekia Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 2023, 
https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v7i1.1946. 

15 Ade P Sarwendah and Hermanto Hermanto, “Nilai-Nilai Karakter Dalam Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran 
Tematik  Berbasis Proyek Pada Siswa Sekolah Luar Biasa Negeri Balikpapan,” Jurnal Pendidikan Karakter, 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.21831/jpka.v13i1.47299. 

16 I P J Andika and Istichomah Istichomah, “Penerapan Metode Flipped Classroom Kedalam Kurikulum 
Keperawatan Literature Review,” Jurnal Kesehatan Samodra Ilmu, 2021, https://doi.org/10.55426/jksi.v12i2.149. 

17 Indah Oktaviani et al., “Pengenalan Media Pembelajaran Daring Berbasis Stem Untuk Guru Ipa Di Sman 9 
Bandar Lampung,” Jubaedah Jurnal Pengabdian Dan Edukasi Sekolah (Indonesian Journal of Community Services and School 
Education), 2021, https://doi.org/10.46306/jub.v1i1.16. 

18 Lisna Amelia et al., “Implementasi Manajemen Kurikulum Dan Pembelajaran Berbasis Konsep Pendidikan 
Karakter,” Else (Elementary School Education Journal) Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Sekolah Dasar, 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.30651/else.v6i2.11207. 

19 Nurhayati Nurhayati et al., “Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru IPA Melalui Pelatihan Dan Pendampingan 
Pembuatan Perangkat Dan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik,” Pengabdianmu Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian 
Kepada Masyarakat, 2020, https://doi.org/10.33084/pengabdianmu.v6i1.1593. 



  
 

Yuli Choirul Ummah 
Dismantling Paradigm Book Ta'limul Muta'allim  

 
 

  

 

Volume 8, Number 3,  November 2023| 240 

zzzzzz 

  

Boubacar, Amadou. “Addressing the Early School Leaving Issue in Niger: An Improvement of 
Teachers’ Status From Contract to Permanent.” Journal of Political Science and International 
Relations, 2022. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20220504.17. 

Carmody, Brendan. “Pedagogy for Inter‐Religious Education.” The Heythrop Journal, 2013. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/heyj.12051. 

Fiantika, Feny, Mohammad Wasil, Sri Jumiyati, Leli Honesti, Sri Wahyuni, Erland Mouw, 
JOnata, et al. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. PT. Global Eksekutif Teknologi, 2022. 

Hale, Jordan. “A Comparative Analysis of Education in Ghana and Cuba: Identifying Relevant 
Education Reforms for Developing Countries.” Journal of Information Technologies and Lifelong 
Learning, 2018. https://doi.org/10.20533/jitll.2633.7681.2018.0001. 

Hasanah, Hasyim. “TEKNIK-TEKNIK OBSERVASI (Sebuah Alternatif Metode Pengumpulan 
Data Kualitatif Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial).” At-Taqaddum 8, no. 1 (2017). 
https://doi.org/10.21580/at.v8i1.1163. 

Ibrahim. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Journal Equilibrium, 2015. 

Khan, Ruhma, Imran S Chaudhry, and Fatima Farooq. “Impact of Human Capital on 
Employment and Economic Growth in Developing Countries.” Review of Economics and 
Development Studies, 2019. https://doi.org/10.26710/reads.v5i3.701. 

“Latest Interative Larning Devices Available in Rural Schools.” International Journal of Innovative 
Technology and Exploring Engineering, 2019. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b1157.1292s419. 

Ma`arif, Muhammad Anas, Muhammad Husnur Rofiq, and Akhmad Sirojuddin. “Implementing 
Learning Strategies for Moderate Islamic Religious Education in Islamic Higher 
Education.” Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2022. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v8i1.19037. 

Muhajir, N. Ilmu Pendidikan & Perubahan Sosial: Teori Pendidikan Pelaku Sosial Kreatif (Cet. V). 
Yogyakarta: Rake Sarasin, 2000. 

Pirzado, Parvez. “Teaching Human Rights in Pakistani Schools: What Are the Potential 
Barriers?” People International Journal of Social Sciences, 2019. 
https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2019.43.17411760. 

Sugiyono. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Dan R & D. Bandung: 
Alfabeta, 2013. 

Sulaiman, Sulaiman. “Review of Freedom of Religion or Belief (KBB) in the Implementation of 
the Inter-Religious Education Model at the Defense University.” Endless International Journal 
of Future Studies, 2022. https://doi.org/10.54783/endlessjournal.v5i3.156. 

 
 

 

 


