




































 

 
EDUCATIO : Journal Of Education 

Volume 1 , Number 2, November 2016 
 ISSN : 2579-8383 (Print) ISSN : 2579-8405 (Online)  

zzzzzz z 

  

Kinesthetic Role In Motorist Learning 

Mukhlisin 
STAI Mifahul ‘Ula Kertosono Nganjuk 

mukhlisinendemic@gmail.com 
 

Accepted : 
11 July 2016 

Reviewed :  
07 September 2016 

Published :  
15 November 2016 

 
Abstract: This article describes the role of kinesthetic in motor learning. It 
starts with a definition that kinesthetic is Generally regarded as "a feeling or 
awareness" of body position and body movement. But there are four factors are 
seemingly quite common in definitions of kinesthetic: positioning of body 
segments, precision of movement, balance, and spatial orientation. Any 
Appropriate reference explaining the reception and transmission of kinesthetic 
information during movement has not yet been determined to the satisfaction 
of all Reviews those working in this area. Traditionally, it has been assumed that 
the proprioceptor in the muscles represents the source of kinesthetic. The 
possibility of improving the capability of the kinesthetic organs of sense has 
been a subject of considerable interest in discussions among instructors of 
physical education. But there is, as yet, no convincing evidence that kinesthetic 
can be improved. It is Generally stated, though, that the more one practices in 
repeating A Certain movement, the more skillful one Becomes in making that 
movement. One can feel, however, that "feeling" and "balance", as the main 
elements of kinesthetic, can be improved through practice Increased frequency 
and or creation of a conducive condition.. 
 
Keywords: kinesthetic, positioning of body segments, precision of movement, 
balance, and spatial orientation 
 

Introduction 

 

The phrase indicates potential motor skills above reinforced by some 

athletes following statement. Experienced golf players say "that felt good" when 

he was able to do a blow beautifully. Powerful baseball bat Said "Iknew it the 

moment Is "after he hit the ball and the home run. The phrase "feel your stroke", 

known as the standard instructions for the athletes swimming coach before 

mailto:mukhlisinendemic@gmail.com


  
 

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getting into the water to enter the race. Another phrase is given a gymnast 

named Ernest SanAngelo who said:"Ithink of routine before my event. I check up and 

think of what I'm going to do. Then they call me for my first event. I jump up to the 

apparatus and think of my first moves -and that is all. The rest is taken care of by my 

kinesthetic sense. I go through what I have been practicing in my workouts -and that is all.1 

 

The essence of the above statement can be formulated into the Questions 

as follows: if we can control the movement without kinesthetic feedback ?, or 

more operations can be expressed with words what guides the movement of the 

arm, joints, and finger- their fingers, so it can move is always appropriate to all 

high velocity and direction ?. Implicitly Ernest San Angelo has stated that to 

obtain optimal motor performance required preparation kinesthetic feeling. 

 

Kinesthetic feelings are often expressed as muscle or motor feeling, even 

quite popular as well as the six senses(the sixth sense),since known as 

extrasensory perception of the five senses is known today. Moderate to describe 

the feeling of muscles, tendons, and joints, including awareness the number of 

muscle fibers voltage, in the form of stretching and contraction, often used 

terminology somatic sensations2. Kinesthetic are often also called 

proprioception refers to the sensation and perception of the body and head 

movement. Although this capability is often overlooked as one of the senses 

human, kinesthetic important as a source of feedback and always provide 

sensory information to the central nervous system on matters related to the 

characteristics of the movement, such as the direction, position in space, speed, 

                                                      
1 Frost, Reuben B. 1971. Psychological Concepts Applied To Physical Education and Coaching. 
London: Addison-Wesley Publish-ing Company. P 104 
2 Frost, Reuben B. 1971. Psychological Concepts Applied To Physical Education and Coaching. 
London: Addison-Wesley Publish-ing Company. P 40 



  
 

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and muscle activation 3. In the motion control model "close the loop" kinesthetic 

information significant role. At the time of one's actions with this model made 

possible correction movement using kinesthetic information. Meanwhile, in the 

model "open of loop" like doing fast movements or movement of ballistic all 

controlled by a central command, without involving kinesthetic feedback, one 

cannot be corrected motion for a limited time, although kinesthetic feedback 

provided .4 

Problems kinesthetic has piqued the interest of experts air-years-old. 

Experts have a lot to show the existence of taste-an kinesthetic this, and have 

also done a variety of experimental approaches to determine the role of 

kinesthetic in controlling action coordinated, however, in relative terms is not 

widely known by practitioners in the field of physical education and sport are 

outside the scientific field. The gap is over until the emergence of a number of 

research kinesthetic happened in the last few years. 

 

According Oxendine less favorable view of the existence of the role of 

kinesthetic perhaps as a result of the following factors: (1) problems and 

differences of opinion in the definition of kinesthetic; (2) difficulties in making 

measurements; 

 

(3) problems associated with the separation of other kinesthetic sensing of 

influence5 (. To act assessment of the benefits and role contained in this 

capacity, the discussion will be carried out gradually from the definition of 

kinesthetic, the rationale being used, measurements were carried out, the 

                                                      
3 3 Magill RA 2001. Motor Learning: Concepts and Appications. Singa-pura: McGraw-Hill Book 
Co. p 75 
4 Magill RA 2001. Motor Learning: Concepts and Appications. Singa-pura: McGraw-Hill Book 
Co. p 76 
5 Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, Century–
Croft. P 291 



  
 

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development of kinesthetic, relations between variables kinesthetic and motor 

performance, and its implementation in teaching physical education and sport. 

 

 

Definitions kinesthetic 

 

Kinesthetic word, first used by Bastian, comes from two Greek words 

meaning "moving" and "sensation". In various references, kinesthetic word 

often used interchangeably with proprioception, because according Sherington 

of proprioception sense  include motion together to feel the stress, pressure, 

strength, and body orientation of the space without involving any movement6. 

 

Many scholars have attempted to define kinesthetic, which of its use each 

viewpoint. For example, Smith defines kinesthetic information about "the joint 

receptors", while others propose a meaningful concept wider than the concept 

that is very limited. For example, Gibson argues that kinesthetic should be 

viewed as"the Obtaining of information about one's action" to ignore sensory 

modalities(thesensorymodalities).Proprioseptor kinesthetic regard comes from an 

idea that is not quite right, because the information related to the movement 

can be found through various sensory systems .7 

 

To enrich the discourse on the definition of kinesthetic in this paper put 

forward the views Frost et al. Frost said the kinesthetic is awareness or 

perception of the position and motion of the body as well as other body parts 

                                                      
6 6 Sage GH 1984. Motor Learning and Control: A Neuropsychological Approach. Dubuque, 
Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. P 106 
7 Sage GH 1984. Motor Learning and Control: A Neuropsychological Approach. Dubuque, 
Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. P 178 



  
 

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are sourced from feeling the muscles, tendons, joints, and other tissues 8. 

Further explained that the sensory nerve endings help to things that berkenaaan 

with the position and orientation of the space. Proprioseptor receive stimuli from 

the internal organs are internal, while exteroceptor receive stimuli from the 

external environment. Proprioseptor role to guide and coordinate the whole 

movement of late, but generally act as stimuli which presents information on 

the central nervous system, as was done by exteroceptor.9 

The same definition is expressed by Oxendine:"The kinesthetic sense is 

Generally Considered to be "feel" or awareness of body position and body movement. 

However, the definition more specific and carefully offered by other experts 

may help to clarify the scope of capacity contained in the capability which is the 

object of this study. 

 

Scott kinesthetic defines as: "... the sense roommates enables us to Determine the 

position of segments of the body, Reviews their rate, extent, and direction of movement, the 

position of the entire body, and the characteristics of total body motion10. Another 

definition by stating that the proposed Magruder kinesthetic are: (1) the ability to 

Recognize muscular constrictions of a known amount;(2) the ability to balance; (3) the ability 

to assume and identify body position; and (4) the ability to orient the body in space11. 

Phillips and Summers showed kinesthetic perception as "the conscious awareness of 

the individual of the of the position of the parts of the body during voluntary movement", and 

the last presented is Howard and Templeton opinion. 

                                                      
8 8 Frost, Reuben B. 1971. Psychological Concepts Applied To Physical Education and 
Coaching. London: Addison-Wesley Publish-ing Company. P 99 
9 9 Frost, Reuben B. 1971. Psychological Concepts Applied To Physical Education and 
Coaching. London: Addison-Wesley Publish-ing Company. P 104 
10 Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, Century–
Croft. P 291 
11 Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, Century–
Croft. P 291 



  
 

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Howard and Templeton, said kinesthetic is the discrimination of the positions and 

movements of body parts based on information other than visual or auditory. Fast excitatory 

arise due to changes in long voltage, pressure, and power comes from the 

influence of gravity, the relative movement of the body, and muscle 

contraction. It is concluded that the discrimination position of body parts, 

discrimination movement, and the amplitude of the movement of body parts 

generated active and passive12. 

After noticing some definitions suggested by experts in the above, it can be 

noted in some agreements may developed as common sense kinesthetic. It 

seems like there are four factors that commonly arise in the various statements 

of the experts, namely: (1) the position of the body segments; (2) the accuracy 

of the motion; (3) balance; and (4) the orientation of the space. This concept 

offers a basis for developing a test for measuring kinesthetic doing. Tests 

kinesthetic always developed, although it has many concepts that have 

kinesthetic documented, which in turn is expected to result in a list of more 

specific elements kinesthetic ability. 

 

 

basic kinesthetic 

 

Most senses depend on stimulation from outside the body. For example, 

the eyes, nose, ears, skin, and taste bud receptors receive external stimuli. But 

the air-kinesthetic senses different from the five senses which have been called 

the first, kinesthetic feeling dependent on internal stimulation. The nerve 

endings-called spindle (spindless) or proprioseptor located in muscles, tendons, 

                                                      
12 Sage GH 1984. Motor Learning and Control: A Neuropsychological Approach. Dubuque, 
Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. P 68 



  
 

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and ligaments, seems to be a means of coordinating the movement of the body. 

There captors labyrinthine are located in the inner ear is a regulator of the body's 

balance. Ability of coordination and balance, both of which are essential 

elements kinesthetic senses. 

 

The above explanation is reinforced by D. Allen Phillips and James Hornak 

stating that the sense organs or taste-tetik kines is proprioseptor covering 

certain sensory receptors in the muscles, tendons, joints and tools are located 

vestibular in the inner ear13. Further described by Sugiyanto that each receptor 

me-had its own function in conjunction with the position and movement of the 

body. The main function of muscle spindle activity to back-aids postural 

reflexes and maintain muscle tension. Prescription-tor joints is important for 

the perception of the position and movement of the joints, and tools vestibular 

useful for maintaining balance and interpretation of lateral movement, 

horizontal and verticals14. 

 

To clarify what exactly is the basis kinesthetic, it can be stated that in the 

beginning not all experts agree kinesthetic senses explained using physiological 

basis. Traditionally it is assumed that proprioseptor in muscles stimulated by 

contraction or stretching of the muscle cells. Furthermore, pro-prioseptor in 

tendon and ligament stimulated by stretching or movement that comes from 

the contraction of muscles. A constant flow of stimulus from the receptor gives 

the possibility for learners to sense the position of the body without using the 

senses of sight, and more learners will be able to perform a coordinated 

movement and adjust to the antigravity sensation of awareness even(conscious of 

                                                      
13 ---------------------. 1980. Motor Learning And Human Performance: An Application To 
Motor Skills and Movement Behavior. New York: Macmillan Publishers Co., Inc. P 252 
14 Sugiyanto. 1984. Pengaruh Penggunaan Videokaset, Kualitas Model Gerakan, Kelompok 
Umur, Jenis Kelamin dan Persepsi Kin-estetik (disertasi). Jakarta: FPS-IKIP Jakarta. P 122 



  
 

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sensations)of the receptor. 

 

Flow think with physiological above approach is supported by Cooper and 

Glassow. Both experts in kinesthetic sensory receptors have been identified as 

the muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organs and blood cells(corpuscles)Pacini 

(Oxendine, 1968: 292). It is said that each receptor is stimulated by changes in 

voltage, and further nerve impulses(nerve impulses)forward to cerebral cortexl 

which acts as a basis for sensation and perception kinesthetic. There are 4 types 

of nerve endings receptors, three of which relate to the feelings of the position 

and movement, while the free nerve endings (and Pacini blood cells) are 

sensitive to the harsh pressure. 

 

Briefly described kinesthetic resources, but as what has been said before 

that there is a difference of view early in connection with this problem. Rose 

and Mount castle expressed his doubts to stretch receptors in muscles provide 

information on the movement or position. The two experts were stating: "... it 

appears that classical proprioceptors Contribute may not at all to the 

arousal of 'proprioceptive' sensations" Gardner also expressed confidence 

that"muscle spindless do not play an important role in kinesthetic 

reception", and further says that has primary responsibility for kinesthetic 

ability is Ruffini nerve endings and blood cells Pacini(Pacinicorpuscles). Therefore, 

a proper source for the reception and transfer of kinesthetic information during 

the motion cannot be determined satisfactorily for all parties working in this 

field. 

 

In conversations definition has been stated that the balance or equilibrium is 

one important element in kinesthetic, of course, this balance is closely linked to 

overall kinesthetic. Since the learners aware of the occurrence of a change in 



  
 

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position, should he be able to also be aware of the position and movement of 

the head. Receptors Labyrinthine located in the ear is activated by a change in 

position or movement of the head in relation to the overall body movement. 

When an external force throws the body of learners, it would  

the ability to form good posture or maintain proper position. And this situation 

is evidence of the exercise of the function of the receptor usage. 

 

Effectiveness of motor performance depends not only on the coordination 

of body movements alone, but also on body balance control. Thus, eventually it 

can be stated that the receptor assumed to be part of the mechanism 

kinesthetic. 

 

Measurement kinesthetic 

 

Research kinesthetic broadly divided into two categories. First, the form of 

studies related to pemi-recov- test and measurement, and the second one comes 

to the relationship between the kinesthetic and the performance of the motor 

or motor learning process of learners. Further studies evaluating the existence 

of relations between the two variable above, are encouraged to be associated 

with the measurement of the material. 

 

Kinesthetic concepts relatively easily defined, but it is different with weights 

and measures, it is very difficult to measure effectively kinesthetic. Therefore, 

the definition of an existing kinesthetic seen as more consistent than the tests 

that have been developed. Although many evaluation tools used for measuring 

kinesthetic, most of the test do not have a steady validity. 

 

Some experts familiar with this field conclude that kinesthetic sense is not 



  
 

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the capacity of a general nature, but rather leads to a combined specific 

elements, as stated by Oxendine that:"the kinesthetic sense is not a general capacity. 

Rather, it is composed of specific elements" 15. For this purpose, Scott suggests 

some special abilities that can be used to determine the kinesthetic senses. 

Capability that is intended is: (1) The muscular contractions of a known amount;(2) 

balance ability;(3) ability to assume and identify body position;(4) The precise use of the 

hands; and 5 orientation of the body in space16. In addition there are other 

researchers Scott who developed a list of special abilities though somewhat 

different. 

 

The concept of thinking that must be followed in this context is: when 

performing measurements kinesthetic senses must measure a number of 

different capacities in self-learners. For this not only requires the test items, but 

some test items. In its efforts to conduct measurements of the many elements 

that involved in the kinesthetic, the researchers have devised a test battery 

consisting of 15-25 test items. Usually indicated a very low correlation between 

the tests used. This low correlation to form the belief that there is no single 

capability or a single test items are quite capable of covering the overall 

kinesthetic sense. 

 

Results analysis’s kinesthetic measurements showed that the majority of 

battery test is designed to measure the ability of: 

 

(1) functions as static and dynamic arm; (2) the function of the legs and thighs; 

 

                                                      
15 Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, Century–
Croft. P 293 
16 Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, Century–
Croft. P 293 



  
 

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(3) balance and; (4) vertical and horizontal motion of the arm. measure against 

various capabilities beyond done with the assumption that the senses of sight 

and taste cannot be included in the measurement. No single test is adequate to 

measure all characteristics of kinesthetic. 

A second problem encountered in measuring kinesthetic is as difficult to 

take measurements of the characteristics / other properties, which stretches 

from the problems of intelligence until the motor skills. Almost impossible to 

choose beads of the same and new tests for all learners. Research has shown 

that the performance of the tests used in the measurement can be improved 

through practice kinesthetic. Therefore, the results of testing conducted 

kinesthetic will raise questions that are fundamental, such as: Are learners 

perform kinesthetic tests with good results, due to the sensory capacity high or 

experience in the following test results in the past, or perform other similar 

activities. Although few studies done on this subject, one thing that needs to be 

addressed is the understanding that performance is affected by factors 

heredities kinesthetic and the environment. 

 

Typical tests that are kinesthetic requires the subject to perform the 

following types of activities. 

 

a. Duplicate or assume space, position or angle provided with arms and legs 

b. Demonstrate accuracy of arm movements to the horizontal and vertical 

planes 

c. Using the amount of power given to the against resistance measured 

d. Leaping according to the distance and elevation that has been granted 

e. Walk on a particular track special way 

 

a. Throwing an object to improve accuracy and knowing the distance 



  
 

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b. Touching or designate a specific goal) 

Phillips and Summers describes the position or straightness measurement 

technique(alignment) of the body. In the study, the research subjects were 

blindfolded with a cloth and asked assumptions standing position. A spotlight is 

put in front of the subject so that the reflection radiated into a board which has 

been characterized by varying degrees of size. Subject scores are determined by 

the amount of the variability in the desired position. The same technique is 

used when the subject stood facing the board which has been characterized by 

levels of measurement at a distance from the body's fingertips. Here the subject 

assumes a different arm positions, and measurements were carried out varies 

from the desired positions. 

 

In summary, efforts to develop kinesthetic tests have result conclusions 

stated that there some specific elements that need to be combined into a test 

battery that's adequate for measuring kinesthetic. Although some of these 

elements have been identified by some researchers, but to determine the best 

tool in the measurement, each item element still not getting the deal. Since 

kinesthetic assumed to depend on proprioseptor andreceptors, labyrinthine it is 

generally concluded that the test should not involve kinesthetic sense of vision. 

Finally, several tests used to kinesthetics have shown reliability-bag level is high, 

although the validity of the test can not be set  

Relationship kinesthetic And Motor Performance 

 

measurement At the start of talks kinesthetic stated that category to two 

related studies the correlation between the kinesthetic and motor performance. 

Below are presented some results of the study as evidence of scientific studies 

that have been conducted by researchers in this field. Although only based on a 

few studies, the results are expected to be used for doing withdrawal kinesthetic 



  
 

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generalization to problems. 

 

Several investigators have reported that there is a high correlation between 

test performance kinesthetic and general motor skills. Also stated that a high 

score in kinesthetic more at-produced by learners status of athletes compared to 

non-athletes learners. However, this conclusion as the study is limited by the 

validity of the tests that have not been tested. 

 

Phillips and Summer reporting relationship between the ability to learn the 

motion in the sport of bowling and kinesthetic. Phillips and classify 115 Summer 

college student in a group of fast and slow by the bowling appointed score-right 

in the exercise period (the period of exercise performed 24 times). Further tests 

involving kinesthetic given position size to the whole subject. Researchers 

reported that kinesthetic memo-possess a higher correlation in the early stages 

of learning the sport motion of bowling rather than at the final stage. In the study 

researchers also reported kinesthetic perception of differences between the 

arms were chosen and not. It is suggested that the habit of using the arm can 

produce perceptual difference. Another study using 

objects bowling done by Greenlee. Greenlee found an association between 

dynamic balance and bowling, but no relationship was found between kinesthetic 

size, strength and static balance with the ability bowling . 

 

Mumby develop tests that require the subject maintains  constant pressure 

on moving objects. Mumby give this test to 21 students who follow wrestling 

lessons, and reported that a better wrestler obtain a higher score. Finally, 

Mumby concluded that wrestling ability associated with sensitivity to pressure 

and ability to react accurately (Oxendine, 1968: 295). Phillips testing out some 

kinesthetic size to 63 students in golf lessons. Reporting that there is a 



  
 

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relationship between the size of certain kinesthetic and ability "putting" ,but 

otherwise there are no or little to do with performance "driving" 17. 

 

Clapper provide kinesthetic tests daughter middle school students, which 

are grouped into socio-economic level of low, medium, and high. The test 

involves the ability to designate the points target (target pointing),lift arm(arm 

rising),spreading finger(finger spreading),and the balance on the ball(ball 

balancing).Clapper reported that there is a low correlation between the ability to 

learn movements and score accumulation test battery. If the test items are 

analyzed individually produced significant discoveries. Also reported that the 

performance test items used in the study can be developed in a little more 

exercise. 

Wiebe reported that college athletes had higher scores on a 21-point follow 

kinesthetic tests than non-athletes). Taylor in his research get a successful 

outcome male athletes into college basketball teams that scored kinesthetic 

higher when compared to candidates who failed to become a member of the 

team . Gross and Thompson reported in his research that athletes have better 

dynamic balance, capable of faster swimming pool and have the ability to better 

overall when compared with the balance athlete ugly. 

 

Young investigated the relationship between the kinesthetic and some form 

of movement that was elected in gymnastics and sports. The study group 

consisted of 37 female students perform tests of motion that involves the 

movement of arms and legs, throwing, kicking, hitting, squeezing, and balance. 

Although the validity of the test kinesthetic used in research to get some 

questions, researchers conclude that there is a positive correlation between the 

                                                      
17 Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, Century–
Croft. P 295 



  
 

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kinesthetic and some typical movements used in gymnastics and sports. Roloff 

provide a test of motor skills are developed Scott and 8 points kinesthetic tests 

for the 200 students who take physical education lessons. Students as research 

subjects reflect the different levels of ability. The results showed that among the 

two tests bettered has a positive relationship. Role off concluded tests used in 

research have merit in the development of kinesthetic, more Role off developed 

a regression equation to the points test battery consisting of arm raising, weight 

shifting, arm circling, and stick balance18. , 

 

Norrie physical education students divide into groups of good and bad 

physical ability. Kinesthetic battery test given to each group. Having evaluated 

by instructors found that there is a positive correlation between these tests and 

motor. 

 

To further refine kinesthetic insight into the problems, in this work will be 

presented some research that's getting results opposite to the research that has 

been mentioned earlier. For example Witte reported no relationship between 

the size and capability of positional kinesthetic the ball rolling for the student 

sons and daughters of elementary school classes 1 and 2. It is also stated there 

was no difference between students' kinesthetic size sons and daughters 

comparing the level of effectiveness measurement Rollo golf skills between 

traditional methods and teaching using kinesthetic perception. The conclusion 

states there is no difference between the two approaches used in the lawyer-golf 

doctrine (Drowatzky, 1975, 184)19. Hill-conludes  in his research that there is 

no correlation between the type of kinesthetic and learn the simple motor tasks 

                                                      
18 Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, Century–
Croft. P 298 
19 Drowatzky, John N. 1975. Motor Learning Principles And Practices. Minneapolis, Minnesota: 
Burgess Publishing Company. P 184 



  
 

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either complex. Similarly stated by Sisley that there is no relationship between 

the kinesthetic and levels of one branch of the sport of basketball, bowling and 

tennis (Drowatzky, 1975: 184). 

 

Similarly, few studies have been carried out by some experts, who until now 

still not getting the results are consistent, however, there must be an advantage 

to drawn from the differences in the results of research that has been presented, 

which allows us to obtain a reference think that is argumentative. 

 

 

development of kinesthetic 

 

Possible sensory ability to develop kinesthetic learners has been an 

interesting debate among the experts of physical education. None the less, the 

possibility capacity development through practice basic sensory seems is still 

something vague. There has been no scientific evidence which stated 

conclusively kinesthetic can be improved. Just in general it can be stated that 

the more repetitive activities, the more skilled learners also undertake activities 

that are repeated. 

 

Widdop in his research showed that ballet training to develop the 

ability to position the limbs and late-conscious learners limb position. There is 

little doubt as to the activity or action is given able shape better kinesthetic. 

Nonetheless seems Widdop research, as well as other researchers, show only on 

certain types of movements and positions that can be learned by learners . 

 

Although the assumptions stated kinesthetic basic capacity cannot be 

developed through training programs, seems to take part in motor activity has 



  
 

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other advantages. Body control, balance and motor skills better will be 

produced from a wide variety of activities(wide spread activity).  

 

More and more learners do response and position movement, the more 

many possibilities to develop behavioral skills necessary movement in days to 

come. Therefore, students who take part in a variety of dance, gymnastics and 

other sports, will likely be able to point  higher score in kinesthetic. General 

development in motor skills as it seems to give the development of kinesthetic 

owned. In fact, it only represents the development of skills that will be 

duplicated or transferred to the same skills in days to come. 

  

  

Implementation kinesthetic in Teaching Physical Education and Sport 

  

Kinesthetic learners with a sharp feeling seem to remember the correct 

motor movement is easy, because the sensation in the position to receive 

information from proprioceptors. For example the typing lessons. As described 

above, when the following subjects at the beginning of learners develop 

awareness of feelings by doing touch to any letter in the typewriter keys. Once 

the sensation is set, then learners can press a key type in which it calls the 

proper radius without notice. The fingers should not be too often knocked 

among key type or double-lock type at the same time. The same kinesthetic 

knowledge applied also by the possibility of a piano player or a motorist who 

can pedal acceleration or brake pedal without using the senses of sight. 

  

Skill and ease in motion sport with which learners assume certain positions 

or execute motion certain evidenced by this kinesthetic level. Therefore, 

learners with quality kinesthetic high can easily perform the repetition of the 



  
 

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starting position in the movement ran in track athletics, kick appropriately in 

football, or the attitude of hitting in baseball, even though at the beginning of 

the execution of occasional done incorrectly. In an effort to execute correctly 

learners should be able to feel the movements involved clearly. 

  

To obtain high effectiveness and consistency in the lawyer-teaching of 

physical education and sport, sensory clues learners should be guided. 

Instructions teachers or coaches who do immediately to help achieve the 

formation of the correct movement. Although even so, the final analysis the 

formation of the movement must be known with certainty by learners. Learners 

should develop the feeling to swing, throw, jump, or other movements 

correctly. In many situations, the teacher's instructions or trainer necessary for 

the effective performance of early activities such as gymnastics, dance, or some 

other activity. Learners must always remember the sensation of movement 

made to duplicate it the next time. 

  

Teacher or coach can help raise awareness of kinesthetic movement 

required learners to a particular response. The more so for clear and natural 

sensation which learners receive no guidance, teachers should help students in 

conceptualizing the movement for more Acknowledgement awareness of 

sensation. Reception power greater sensation very assist students in reviewing 

the performance generated and mentally rehearse the next performance. 

Tools often used by teachers to improve the movement in accordance with 

the mechanics and consciousness responses of learners. Body mechanics 

techniques to "balance the book" who have understood the students outside of 

the head, while the movement up and down stairs, sitting and standing, or 

walking around the room is a method that should be run. Mechanical motion in 

sports shortly utilization factor to cover heavy weapons including golf clubs, a 



  
 

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club baseball, or tennis racket to help learners develop what developed 

continued movement(follow-through) accordingly .club Golf and ball base 

heavy will strengthen learners to perform advanced motion and perhaps 

experience this response is a first-time experience. One time the right moves to 

do, teachers can be very helpful in alerting learners acquire the sensation. 

  

  

By basing on the description that has been done, what is contained in this 

work can be stated briefly as below. 

  

Kinesthesia expressed as muscle feeling or feeling motorist , which are 

generally closely linked with the position of the body segments, the accuracy of 

motion, balance and spatial orientation. Basic kinesthetic experts still being 

debated, but for discussion in this work it is assumed that proprioceptor, 

through receptors in muscles, tendons, joints and tools inside the ear vestibular 

is a source of kinesthetic 

Research in the kinesthetic broadly divided into two categories. The first 

study relates to choice test and measurement; and a second study concerning 

the relationship between the kinesthetic and motor performance. 

  

Tests kinesthetic that there still needs to be developed, especially regarding 

the issue of the validity of the test. Research presented show the results have 

not been consistent. A group of researchers says there is a positive relationship 

between test kinesthetic and motor performance and other groups found the air 

different results. 

  

Efforts to develop the ability kinesthetic learners is still the talk of the 

experts. Assumptions used me-stated their doubts about the possibility of the 



  
 

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development of the ability of kinesthetic learners, because at least not until this 

work is presented not obtained conclusive scientific evidence that kinesthetic 

can be improved through practice. In this context, it can be the said heredity 

factor prominent role. 

  

On the other hand can clearly be perceived that the "feeling" and 

"balancing" the main element kinesthetic ability can be improved through 

increasing the frequency of practice, or the creation of a favorable climate. In 

other words, it can be stated that environmental factors determine the 

occurrence of kinesthetic skill development. One fact difficult to resist showing 

elements of "feeling" and "balancing" is a capability that is needed in physical 

education and sport. 

 

References 

Drowatzky, John N. 1975. Motor Learning Principles And Practices. Minneapolis, 

Minnesota: Burgess Publishing Company. 

Frost, Reuben B. 1971. Psychological Concepts Applied To Physical Education and 

Coaching. London: Addison-Wesley Publish-ing Company. 

Oxendine, Joseph B. 1968. Psychology of Motor Learning. New York: Appleton, 

Century–Croft. 

Phillips D. Allen dan Hornak James E. 1979. Measurement and Physi-cal Education. 

New York: John Wiley and Sons. 

Magill RA 2001. Motor Learning: Concepts and Appications. Singa-pura: McGraw-

Hill Book Co. 

Marteniuk RG 1976. Information Processing in Motor Skills. New York: Holt, 

Rinehart and Winston. 

Sage GH 1984. Motor Learning and Control: A Neuropsychological Approach. 

Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 



  
 

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Singer Robert N. 1975. Motor Learning And Himan Performance: An Application To 

Physical Education Skills. New York: Mac-millan Publishing Co., Inc. 

---------------------. 1980. Motor Learning And Human Performance: An Application 

To Motor Skills and Movement Behavior. New York: Macmillan Publishers 

Co., Inc. 

Sugiyanto. 1984. Pengaruh Penggunaan Videokaset, Kualitas Model Gerakan, 

Kelompok Umur, Jenis Kelamin dan Persepsi Kin-estetik (disertasi). Jakarta: 

FPS-IKIP Jakarta. 

 

 


