





































Education, Language and Sociology Research 

ISSN 2690-3644 (Print) ISSN 2690-3652 (Online) 

Vol. 6, No. 2, 2025 

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1 
 

Original Paper 

“I Finally Love Who I See in the Mirror”: American Substance 

Users’ Reconstruction of Individualized Identity in the Recovery 

Trajectory 

Mojde Yaqubi, PhD1 

1 Department of Communication, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada  

 

Received: January 9, 2025   Accepted: January 25, 2025    Online Published: February 14, 2025 

doi:10.22158/elsr.v6n2p1          URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v6n2p1 

 

Abstract 

Substance use disorder (SUD) imposes a significant economic burden on the United States, with costs 

related to healthcare, criminal justice, and lost productivity. Despite its prevalence, recovery remains 

underexplored, particularly regarding identity reconstruction and its economic implications. To the best 

of my knowledge, no study focuses on Americans’ identity reconstruction (social or individualized) in 

recovery, particularly in online platforms. This study specifically examines how ‘individualized identity’ 

is constructed in substance use recovery, an area with limited research. It explores the stages and themes 

of individualization in American substance users’ identity statements published on public recovery 

platforms. A macro-level analysis identifies three stages of individualized Identity reconstruction (Webb 

et al., 2022)—staying safe, exploring, and self-determining—each associated with psychological, social, 

and economic challenges. Individuals in recovery navigate financial instability, employment barriers, 

and housing insecurity, all which impact reintegration. A key finding is the role of stigma management in 

later recovery stages, where individuals reframe societal perceptions to improve their social and 

economic prospects. Additionally, the ‘individualized voice’ was examined from a linguistic perspective 

(Helms-Park & Stapleton, 2003), revealing a shift from dependency on external validation to assertive 

self-identification. The findings suggest that effective recovery policies should incorporate economic 

support mechanisms and reduce structural barriers to long-term reintegration. 

Keywords 

Recovery, Identity Reconstruction, Substance Use Disorder (SUD), United States, Public Recovery 

Platforms, Individualization, Stigma, Public Health, Linguistics, individualized Identity 

 



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1. Introduction 

1.1 Identity, Substance Use, and Recovery 

“Various definitions of identity in the literature highlight its distinguishing characteristics” (Kim et al., 

2011, p. 1761). Identity has been extensively discussed in the context of substance use disorder and 

recovery, particularly concerning identity loss, damage, and subsequent reconstruction (Chen, 2022). 

Identity construction is widely recognized as a significant factor in different pathways to substance use 

cessation, including self-driven change and treatment-based interventions (Chen, 2022). Previous studies 

have explored various associations between identity types and substance use. Key identity factors 

discussed in the literature include gender identity (McCabe et al., 2003; Kulis et al., 2008), ego identity 

(Randall & Hartmann, 1998), racial and ethnic identities (Mereish & Bradford, 2014), and age identity 

(Sculer et al., 2018). 

Two primary identity pathways leading to addiction and substance use behaviors have been hypothesized. 

The first pathway is centered on the loss of a valued identity or societal role, such as employment or 

family responsibilities. This loss results in a “spoiled identity” or a shift in self-perception, leading to 

increased substance use. The second pathway involves acquiring group membership within 

substance-using social networks, often from a position of social exclusion. These networks offer a sense 

of “acceptance” or “shared identity” (Dingle et al., 2015b; Donaldson et al., 2022). While social 

belonging can have positive effects, the behavioral norms within these networks may be detrimental to an 

individual’s health and well-being (Dingle et al., 2015b). 

Identity transformation is a crucial component of substance use recovery (Donaldson et al., 2022; Chen, 

2022). According to Donaldson (2022), experiences within social groups—such as realizing the harmful 

effects of group norms, encountering conflicts, or experiencing rejection—can act as triggers for 

treatment engagement and recovery (p. 429). Applying the social identity approach, Chen (2022) defines 

recovery as “the emergence of a new sense of self, encompassing a history of substance use, yet 

embedded within new, health-promoting social groups.” Similarly, McIntosh & McKeganey (2001) 

describe the “rock bottom” experience as a pivotal moment in recovery when individuals recognize that 

their substance use has reached an unsustainable level. This realization often facilitates the reclamation 

of past identities or the formation of new, healthier ones (Donaldson et al., 2022). 

In their systematic review, Donaldson et al. (2022) identified various interventions and treatments that 

facilitate identity transformation and promote recovery, particularly in relation to Hepatitis C (HCV) care. 

These interventions function as catalysts for identity change and include:1) Therapeutic communities – 

Focus on identity transformation, group membership, and citizenship, 2) Community treatment – 

Includes mutual aid groups and medically assisted recovery and 3) Online communities – Provide virtual 

spaces for recovery support and identity reconstruction. By fostering identity change, these interventions 



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contribute to long-term recovery and help individuals reintegrate into society with renewed personal and 

social identities. 

 

1.2 Stigma Management in Recovery 

Luoma (2011) defined stigma as “an attribute or characteristic of an individual that identifies him or her 

as different in some manner from a normative standard and marks that individual to be socially 

sanctioned and devalued” (p. 1196). As Corrigan et al. (2009) argue, people diagnosed with drug 

addiction face greater stigma compared to individuals with mental illnesses. Those who use drugs are 

often perceived as deviating from acceptable social norms and, as a result, are viewed as having flawed 

characters, spoiled identities, and are treated as second-class citizens (Donaldson et al., 2022, p. 426). 

One example of the stigmatization of diseases associated with addiction or substance use is Hepatitis, 

which is often contracted through shared paraphernalia. This behavior is regarded as shameful and 

reinforces identities such as ‘junkie’ and ‘dirty,’ further entrenching the label of ‘addict’ (Treloar & 

Rhodes, 2013; Treloar et al., 2013; Rhodes et al., 2013). 

Stigma is a crucial factor in the recovery trajectory. As Luoma (2011) argues, stereotypes and 

stigma-based judgments remain significant obstacles for individuals seeking drug treatment and 

sustaining their recovery. Drug users face stigma not only for their substance use but also for their need 

for treatment (Room et al., 2001). Despite these barriers, individuals in recovery actively work to 

overcome stigma. According to Chen (2022), “Long-term recovery from substance use disorder has been 

described as a process of identity construction, through which the stigma of being a substance user is 

replaced by a new identity of non-user. 

1.3 Social Versus Individualized Identity in Recovery 

Pathways toward recovery from addiction are socially mediated and negotiated processes (Dingle et al., 

2015a; Dingle et al., 2015b; Haslam et al., 2019). In other words, a person’s recovery journey is 

supported by actions, interventions, and treatments that foster social ties, promote a recovery identity, 

and facilitate citizenship by helping individuals reclaim their place in society (Donaldson, 2022). 

In the early stages of recovery, identity change plays a crucial role. However, as individuals progress in 

their recovery, they gradually distance themselves from their recovery identities and adopt more 

individualized identities. Mayer et al. (2020) argue that identity development is no longer just a 

developmental phase but rather a critical tool for navigating the complexities of individualization in a 

fulfilling life. Despite various theoretical perspectives on identity and individualization, a clear and 

widely accepted definition of these concepts and their interrelation is often lacking (Mayer et al., 2020; 

von Greiff & Skogens, 2021; Webb et al., 2022). 

Webb et al. (2022) applied individualization theory to examine identity transformation during substance 

use recovery. Using framework analysis and identity narratives, they collected video and audio 

interviews, along with video diary recordings, over four years. Their study was based on an adaptation of 



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Côté’s individualization hypothesis (2002) and Schwartz et al.’s (2005) agency identity model. The 

researchers developed a thematic framework matrix that outlines the stages and themes of identity 

change. 

 

Table 1. Thematic Framework Matrix (Webb et al., 2022) 

Super-ordinate 

themes (stage of 

individualization) 

Themes from Identity Statement Categories 

(Collapsed themes) 

Staying Safe (passive) Gratitude, Feeling lucky Gratitude 

Validation, Belonging, Scared Needing 

Exploring (transitional) Feeling exposed, learning about self, 

Helping others 

Taking risks 

Frustration, Connecting with people Seeking opportunities 

Self-determining 

(agentic) 

Looking after self 

Making own decisions 

Integrity and purpose 

 

Confidence, Pride, and respect Self-worth and belief 

 

Acceptance, Authentic ‘The real you’ 

 

 

The majority of participants in this study showed agentic maturation, moving from early-stage gratitude 

and reliance on support groups to self-determination and independent decision-making, according to a 

within-case analysis. 

1.4 Reconstruction of Online Identity 

The rapid development of the Internet has enabled individuals to present themselves freely (Huang et al., 

2021), leading to the formation and construction of their online identities. Online identity, as the 

configuration of a person’s defining characteristics in a digital space (Ruyter & Conroy, 2002), allows 

individuals to perceive themselves as having a distinct character separate from others (Kim et al., 2021, p. 

1761). 

Several studies have explored different themes related to online identity, primarily focusing on the 

differences between offline/real/physical identity and online/digital/internet identity. These discussions 

often include aspects of strategic deception, false self-presentation, and identity experimentation (Kim & 

Baek, 2014; Fox & Rooney, 2015; Bareket-Bojmel et al., 2016; Toma & Hancock, 2010; Ranzini & Lutz, 

2017). Other research has examined the associations between online identity reconstruction and various 

factors, such as well-being, self-confidence, and audience reactions. 



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Additionally, some studies (Valkenburg et al., 2005; Valkenburg & Peter, 2008; Kim et al., 2011; Kim & 

Lee, 2011; Ceyhan, 2014; Hu et al., 2020) view online identity reconstruction as a process of identity 

exploration. The outcomes of identity reconstruction in digital media, as examined in this study, include 

a stronger sense of identity, social compensation, social facilitation, improved psychological well-being, 

increased happiness, autonomy, and self-acceptance. It also provides individuals with the freedom to 

express themselves while mitigating negative consequences, such as privacy risks. 

 

2. Problem, Gap and Research Questions of the Study 

The fundamental causes of substance use differ amongst nations, demonstrating that a society’s cultural, 

social, and economic variables have a direct impact on it. As Chen (2022) put it, “Identity construction 

might be more difficult for those whose identity is viewed by society as deviant, who often experience 

more societal stigma, and who have fewer personal and social coping resources.” Substance use disorder 

(SUD) is a significant mental health concern in the United States. In 2020, approximately 40.3 million 

individuals aged 12 or older had an SUD in the past year (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 

Administration [SAMHSA], 2021). Despite the high prevalence, only 6.5% of those with an SUD 

received treatment during that period (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2022). 

Stigma associated with substance use is a substantial barrier to seeking treatment and achieving 

recovery. Individuals with SUDs often face societal perceptions that they are dangerous, unpredictable, 

and responsible for their condition, leading to social distancing and discrimination (Corrigan et al., 

2017). This stigmatization can hinder access to resources and support necessary for recovery (Eaton et 

al., 2019). Moreover, untreated SUD places a heavy economic burden on the U.S. healthcare system 

due to increased emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and repeated interactions with law 

enforcement and social services (Florence et al., 2018). Studies estimate that the economic cost of 

substance use disorders, including healthcare expenditures and productivity loss, exceeds $600 billion 

annually in the United States (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2022). A deeper 

understanding of identity reconstruction in recovery can offer insights into reducing relapse rates, 

improving long-term recovery outcomes, and lowering overall healthcare costs through more effective 

intervention programs (Eaton et al., 2019). 

Chen (2022) considered recovery as a “socially mediated” process that leads to a new social identity. 

However, he believes this identity affects the personal values of the former substance users and helps 

them to have norms and language of the recovery rather than substance users group which by itself 

improves the social identity. Webb et al. (2022) conclude that when recovery trajectories develop over 

time, there is a tendency toward individualistic and agentic identity. Nevertheless, they maintain there is 

no research on identity in long-term recovery or which identity components help maintain a shift in 

lifestyle. 



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A crucial area of research on substance use recovery is how forming a positive social identity helps 

people get better and prevents recurrence. However, in this study, an attempt is made to how this 

individualized rather than social identity of substance users is reflected in the period of recovery to fill the 

gap in the literature. This study defines individualization as a shift ‘away’ from social or group norms and 

towards person-based decisions (Mayer et al., 2020). It is undeniable that substance users must overcome 

the power of stigma during negotiating their identity which is one of the focuses of this study. Addressing 

these barriers and promoting individualized identity transformation could lead to improved policy 

interventions that enhance workforce reintegration and economic stability for individuals in recovery, 

further reducing the financial burden of SUD on the labor market and healthcare infrastructure 

(Florence et al., 2018). 

While previous research has examined the role of social identity in recovery, there is a gap in 

understanding how individuals reconstruct their personal identities during the recovery process, 

particularly in online environments. Online platforms offer a space for self-expression and identity 

exploration, which can be instrumental in the recovery journey (Webb et al., 2022). This study focuses on 

identity representation in Media which is considered as ‘reconstruction’. Even though online identity 

reconstruction has received an increasing amount of attention, readers (researchers and practitioners) 

may find it challenging to fully comprehend the phenomena due to the fragmented and diversified nature 

of the existing research (Huang et al., 2021). This study aims to explore how individuals in recovery from 

substance use disorders in the United States utilize public recovery platforms, to reconstruct their 

identities. By analyzing self-representations and narratives shared online, the research seeks to 

understand the process of identity transformation in the digital age. The findings of this study are 

expected to provide insights into the role of online identity reconstruction in recovery, potentially 

informing the integration of social media-based peer support into traditional substance use treatment 

methods, thereby supporting sustained recovery (Best et al., 2016; Webb et al., 2022). By demonstrating 

the impact of digital identity reconstruction on sustained recovery and relapse prevention, this study can 

provide policymakers with cost-effective, technology-driven interventions that reduce long-term 

healthcare expenditures and improve economic reintegration of individuals in recovery (Florence et al., 

2018; NIDA, 2022). 

 

3. Method 

3.1 Data Collection and Selection Criteria 

Through purposive sampling, this study collected 100 written identity statements from individuals in 

substance use recovery. The data was sourced from public recovery platforms featuring firsthand 

accounts of recovery experiences, ensuring that all narratives were publicly available and met ethical 

research standards. The selected sources include Partnership to End Addiction (n.d.), Faces & Voices of 

Recovery (n.d.), Addiction Center (n.d.), Just Think Twice (n.d.), The Doorway (NH.gov) (n.d.), 



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NextLevel Recovery (IN.gov) (n.d.), and My Addiction Recovery Story (Addiction Education Society, 

n.d.). These platforms were chosen based on their consistent communication mode (written narratives), 

accessibility for research purposes, and relevance to identity transformation during recovery (Ashford et 

al., 2019; Donaldson et al., 2022). 

This study, for the purpose of data collection adopted three themes proposed by Donaldson et al. (2022), 

which identify interventions and treatments that serve as catalysts for identity change (cf. 1.1). While the 

study analyzes narratives published in the public domain, its primary focus is on the individualization 

aspect of recovery, exploring how individuals move away from a group-based recovery identity toward a 

more personal and self-defined identity. To define recovery, this study follows Ashford et al. (2019, p. 

183): “Recovery is an individualized, intentional, dynamic, and relational process involving sustained 

efforts to improve wellness. Furthermore, this study excludes narratives related to addiction to cigars, 

tobacco, alcohol, and other low-stigma substances such as opium, ensuring a focused analysis on 

substance use disorders that carry greater social stigma and require deeper identity reconstruction 

(Ashford et al., 2019). 

This study employs a qualitative approach to capture the depth and complexity of identity reconstruction 

in substance use recovery. Unlike quantitative methods, which focus on numerical patterns and 

generalizability, qualitative research allows for a nuanced exploration of personal narratives, emotions, 

and identity shifts. Analyzing written statements enables an in-depth understanding of how individuals 

articulate their evolving identities, emphasizing their transition from group-based recovery identities to 

self-defined ones. This interpretive approach ensures that the subjective and relational aspects of 

recovery are fully examined, offering insights that statistical analysis alone cannot capture, particularly 

regarding stigma management, agency, and identity transformation. 

In this study in line with (Valkenburg et al., 2005; Valkenburg & Peter, 2008), I consider online identity 

reconstruction as a ‘self-selected’ representation that works as means of ‘exploring’ identity and help the 

users to portray a different aspect of their potential identity. It is hoped that the results of this study 

provide preliminary support for integrating social media-based peer support into the conventional 

methods of substance use treatments and correspondingly help to sustained recovery. In the following 

figure, a tentative model of Identity change (i.e. construction and negotiation/mediation) from substance 

use to recovery stages which shows the reconstruction of identity in media is shown: 



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Figure 1. Tentative Model of Identity Change from Substance Use to Recovery Stages and 

Reconstruction in Media 

 

Given the importance of the identity shift from addicted to non-user, this study mainly aims at 

ascertaining and discovering individualization components that are reflected in the utterances of 

substance users in the recovery trajectory.  To achieve this aim, three research questions are proposed as 

follows: 

1) what stages of individualization and corresponding themes are evident in the identity statements 

of American substance users in the recovery stage on public recovery platforms? 

2) Which components of individualized voice are evident in American substance users’ utterances 

in the recovery stage? 

3) What stressors do the American substance users expressed in the recovery stage? 

In this study will adopt two frameworks at the macro and micro levels of qualitative analysis. This study 

is of significance as it offers helpful qualitative conceptual categories of enablers i.e., interventions of 

identity change of Americans identified as “recovering addicts”. First, Webb et al. (2022) framework (cf. 

section 1.3) is utilized at the macro level to map participants’ identity transition from ‘addict’ to 

‘non-user’ identity. The reason behind choosing this framework is that through using this study, I explore 

stages of individualization and the themes from identity statements of American substance users on 

public recovery platforms which is compatible with the definition and objective of this study.  



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Language and interaction are important in identity construction (De Fina, 2003; Paltridge, 2006; Jakaza, 

2022). Therefore, at the micro level, this study analyzed the participant’s user from a linguistics point of 

view to investigate how users negotiate their individual identity at this stage.  Linguistic communication 

and identity construction through language are extremely complex cognitive and social phenomena 

(Burnett, 2017, p. 239). This study proposes a set of linguistic forms which imply the individualization of 

American substance users in high-risk situations of relapse. To this aim, in line with Helms-Park & 

Stapleton (2003, pp. 248-249) four components of ‘individualized voice’ namely 1) assertiveness 

(hedges and intensifiers), self-identification (first-person pronouns) and reiteration on the central point 

(how often and how explicitly the main argument is rearticulated and 4) authorial (speaker’s in this study) 

autonomy and presence of the thought. The following figure depicts the design of the study and provides 

the stages and frameworks of analysis:   

 

Figure 2. Study Design 

 

4. Data Analysis 

4.1 Macro Analysis 

A) Staying Safe (Passive Stage) 



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Analysis of identity statements in the staying safe stage revealed that individuals often expressed 

gratitude with expressive (Yaqubi et al., 2019) or convivial (Yaqubi et al., 2016) function, 

validation-seeking, and fear as key themes. These themes reflected a sense of humility, vulnerability, and 

dependence on external support systems, indicating that individuals at this stage were still in the early 

phases of recovery and relied on external motivation and reassurance. 

1). Gratitude 

A key theme in the passive stage is gratitude, where individuals acknowledge the role of a higher power, 

a recovery group, or supportive individuals in their sobriety. Gratitude statements often reflect humility, 

relief, and appreciation for a second chance at life. Example: “I used to think no one cared about me, but 

my recovery group proved me wrong. I am eternally grateful for their support.” (Faces & Voices of 

Recovery (n.d.)) 

2). Validation from Others 

At this stage, individuals often seek validation and reassurance from their recovery group, family, or 

online community. They are still dependent on external affirmation to reinforce their recovery journey. 

This can be seen in statements where they express concern about how others perceive their sobriety or 

use external encouragement as motivation to stay on track. Example: “I still wonder what people think 

when they see me now—do they believe in my recovery, or do they see my past mistakes?” (Recovery 

Centers of America (n.d.)) 

3). Being Scared 

Fear is a dominant emotion in the early stages of recovery. Many individuals express deep concern about 

relapse, judgment from others, or losing their progress. Fear-based statements often reveal anxiety, 

self-doubt such as using tags e.g., ‘is n’t it?’ (Yaqubi et al., 2012(a)), and the lingering emotional scars of 

addiction. One example is “Relapse terrifies me. I know how easy it is to fall back, and I don’t know if I’d 

survive it again.” (Addiction Center (n.d.)) 

B) Exploring (Transitional Stage) 

In the exploring stage, individuals begin to shift from external dependence to self-discovery. This phase 

is marked by an increasing awareness of personal strengths, a willingness to engage with others, and a 

sense of purpose in helping those who are on the same journey. While individuals at this stage still face 

challenges, they start to recognize their own agency and develop coping strategies for sustaining 

recovery. The key themes in this stage include self-exploration, connection with others, and frustration 

with the process. 

1). Feeling Exposed and Learning About Self 

As individuals move through recovery, they begin to confront their emotions, past mistakes, and identity 

outside of substance use. This process often feels overwhelming, as they are no longer numbing their 

feelings. Many describe this phase as a period of rediscovering who they are and learning how to 



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navigate life without substances. One example is “Facing my emotions head-on is something I never 

thought I’d do, but I’m getting better at it.” (The Doorway (NH.gov) (n.d.)) 

 

 

2). Helping Others 

A major shift in this stage is the realization that helping others or offer of help (Yaqubi, 2021) in recovery 

provides a sense of fulfillment. Many individuals begin sharing their stories, mentoring newcomers in 

recovery groups, or simply offering encouragement to those struggling. This sense of purpose reinforces 

their own commitment to sobriety. One example is: “Telling my story used to scare me, but now I see how 

it can inspire others who feel lost like I once did.” (Partnership to End Addiction (n.d.)) 

3). Frustration and Connecting with People 

While recovery brings progress, it also comes with moments of frustration, especially when individuals 

feel misunderstood or struggle with setbacks. Many describe difficulties in reconnecting with loved ones, 

adjusting to social situations without substances, or dealing with the lingering effects of addiction on 

their relationships. On example: is “It’s frustrating when people assume I’m ‘fixed’ just because I’m 

sober. Recovery is an ongoing process.” (Just Think Twice (n.d.)) 

C) Self-Determining (Agentic Stage) 

In the self-determining stage, individuals fully embrace their recovery and take ownership of their 

identities beyond addiction. They express a strong sense of autonomy, confidence, and self-worth. This 

stage is marked by independence in decision-making, deep personal growth, and a sense of authenticity. 

Individuals in this stage no longer define themselves solely by their past but instead focus on their present 

and future. The key themes in this phase include self-care, making independent decisions, and embracing 

confidence and authenticity. 

1). Looking After Self 

At this stage, individuals prioritize their well-being and recognize the importance of self-care. They no 

longer rely on others to maintain their sobriety but instead take proactive steps to protect their mental and 

physical health. They develop healthier habits, set personal goals, and ensure they are making decisions 

that align with their values. One example is: “Taking care of myself isn’t selfish. It’s necessary.” 

(NextLevel Recovery (IN.gov) (n.d.)) 

2). Making Own Decisions 

Individuals in this stage feel empowered to take control of their lives. They no longer let addiction dictate 

their choices and instead make decisions based on their goals, values, and self-respect. This sense of 

independence marks a significant shift from earlier stages where they relied on external validation or 

feared making mistakes. On example is “Sobriety has given me the power to take my life in the direction 

I want it to go.” ((Addiction Education Society, n.d.)) 



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3). Confidence, Pride, and Authenticity 

The final marker of this stage is a deep sense of confidence and self-acceptance. Individuals no longer see 

themselves as broken or unworthy but instead embrace their journey as part of who they are. They find 

strength in their struggles and take pride in the person they have become. One example is: “I finally love 

who I see in the mirror. I worked hard for this person.” (Faces & Voices of Recovery (n.d.)) 

 

4.2 Micro Analysis 

In the micro-level analysis, components of individualized voice were examined in the identity statements 

of American substance users in recovery. These components, as well as their examples, are presented 

below. Additionally, broader linguistic strategies were analyzed to identify how individuals express their 

personal agency, uncertainty, and identity transformation in recovery narratives. 

A) Assertiveness 

Assertiveness in recovery statements is often reflected through linguistic markers that demonstrate 

certainty, doubt, or conviction. The use of hedging devices and intensifiers plays a significant role in how 

individuals express confidence or hesitation about their progress. 

Hedging Devices 

Hedging such as ‘you know’ (Yaqubi et al., 2012(a)) or ‘I think’, ‘well’ (Yaqubi & Abdul Rahman, 2021) 

is used to soften a claim, express doubt, or acknowledge uncertainty in recovery statements. This can 

indicate caution, emotional vulnerability, or a fear of relapse. 

Types of hedging devices found in recovery narratives: 

• Modal auxiliary verbs: might, could, should, would 

• Modal lexical verbs: seems, appears, tends to 

• Adverbial or adjectival modal phrases: possibly, probably, likely, unlikely 

• Approximators of degree, quantity, frequency, or time: almost, sometimes, often, 

occasionally 

• Introductory phrases expressing uncertainty: I think, as far as I know, to my understanding 

Intensifiers and Absolute Statements 

While some statements reflect doubt and caution, others amplify confidence and conviction through 

intensifiers such as ‘so much’ (Yaqubi et al., 2012(a); Yaqubi et al., 2015). These show a strong 

commitment to recovery and often mark personal agency. Example: “I will never go back to that life 

again.” (Recovery Centers of America (n.d.)) 

B) Self-Identification 

Self-identification is a crucial element in recovery narratives, reflecting how individuals see themselves 

and how they construct a new sense of self beyond addiction. This can be observed through first-person 

pronouns, possessive pronouns, and explicit self-labeling. 



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First-Person Pronouns: Unlike im-personalization where indefinite pronoun is used (Yaqubi, 2012(a)), 

in the process of individualization, “I” and “me” are using frequently which were prominent statements 

in recovery stories which reflects personal ownership of one’s journey. One example is : “My recovery is 

my responsibility, and I take it seriously.” (Faces & Voices of Recovery (n.d.)) 

Explicit Self-Labeling: Some individuals explicitly label themselves as recovering addicts, while others 

reject past labels in favor of new identities. One example is “I am a recovering addict, but I am also a 

survivor.” (Partnership to End Addiction (n.d.)). Using possessive pronouns like ‘my recovery’ or ‘my 

journey’ indicates a sense of ownership and control over their healing process. One example is: “My past 

is just a chapter—it does not define my whole story.” Just Think Twice (n.d.) 

4.3 Stressors in the Recovery Stage 

Analysis of data revealed that individuals in recovery identified several stressors that impacted their 

journey. These were categorized into cultural, psychological, social, spiritual, and economic stressors. 

A) Cultural Stressors: According to Yaqubi et al. (2019) “In fact in each language, specific words 

manifest the culturally important aspects of a group of people or a nation in particular contexts and 

settings” (p. 245). Similarly, Cultural expectations and societal judgment play a role in recovery 

struggles which are reflected in substance users’ discourse. Stigma, social exclusion, and cultural shame 

often impact individuals’ willingness to seek help or continue recovery. One example is “Society makes it 

hard for people like me to start over. The stigma never fully goes away.” (The Doorway (NH.gov) (n.d.)) 

B) Psychological Stressors: Emotional and mental health challenges, including anxiety, depression, and 

trauma, are common struggles during recovery. Example: “Therapy helps, but the emotional scars from 

my past don’t just disappear overnight.” (IN.gov) (n.d.) 

C) Social Stressors: Rebuilding relationships and navigating social situations without substances is a 

significant challenge in recovery. Example: “Dating is different now. I have to be upfront about my past, 

and not everyone is okay with that.” Addiction Center (n.d.) 

D) Spiritual or Religious Stressors: Many individuals struggle with their sense of faith, purpose, or 

spiritual identity in recovery. Some turn to religion for support, while others struggle with guilt and 

existential questions. Example:  “Faith has helped me, but sometimes I still feel lost.” ((Addiction 

Education Society, n.d.)) 

E) Economic Stressors: Financial hardship, difficulty finding employment, and lack of stable housing 

are major obstacles for many in recovery. Example: “I’m grateful for my sobriety, but sometimes I worry 

about how I’ll survive long-term.” (Faces & Voices of Recovery (n.d.)) 

 

5. Discussion and Conclusion 

The findings of this study demonstrate that identity reconstruction in substance use recovery follows a 

structured yet dynamic process. The macro-level analysis of identity statements highlights a progression 



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from external dependency in the staying safe phase to self-discovery and engagement in the exploring 

phase and ultimately to autonomy in the self-determining phase (Webb et al., 2022). This transformation 

aligns with the process of individualization, where individuals move from relying on collective support 

toward the development of a self-defined identity (Mayer et al., 2020). However, this progression is not 

always linear, as individuals frequently encounter setbacks due to external stressors such as stigma, 

financial instability, and emotional challenges (Best et al., 2016; Donaldson et al., 2022). These findings 

reinforce prior research suggesting that recovery extends beyond abstinence and requires a process of 

navigating social reintegration and personal identity development (Chen, 2022). An additional theme that 

emerged in this study was stigma management/control, which was particularly evident in the agentic 

stage of recovery. While prior studies have largely framed stigma as a barrier to recovery (Corrigan et al., 

2017; Eaton et al., 2019), this study suggests that individuals in later recovery actively work to manage 

and reframe stigma. This process reflects an evolved self-perception in which individuals no longer see 

stigma as an external force shaping their recovery but as something they can actively navigate and 

redefine. Unlike earlier themes such as gratitude, self-discovery, or autonomy, stigma management 

appears as an active and intentional process rather than a passive response to external discrimination. 

The micro-level linguistic analysis further supports these conclusions by illustrating a clear shift in 

language use over time. In the early stages of recovery, individuals frequently used hedging devices such 

as “I think,” “maybe,” or “I hope,” which indicate uncertainty and reliance on external validation 

(Helms-Park & Stapleton, 2003). As recovery progresses, statements become more assertive, 

incorporating phrases such as “I am,” “I will never,” and “I know for a fact,” which reflect greater 

self-agency (Burnett, 2017). This linguistic evolution suggests that identity transformation in recovery is 

not solely a psychological process but also a communicative one, where self-perception is reinforced 

through language (De Fina, 2003; Jakaza, 2022). The increased presence of self-identification markers, 

such as first-person pronouns and explicit ownership of the recovery journey, further underscores the 

growing sense of control and accountability in later recovery stages (Ashford et al., 2019). In the 

micro-level analysis, assertiveness and self-identification were clearly observable at the word or sentence 

level, confirming that individuals gain confidence in their identity as they progress through recovery 

(Helms-Park & Stapleton, 2003; Burnett, 2017). However, the other two aspects of individualized 

voice—reiteration on the central point and speaker’s autonomy and presence of thought—became more 

evident at the paragraph level or in multiple narratives produced by the same individual. This suggests 

that these components of identity transformation require a longitudinal or multi-statement approach to 

fully capture the depth of an individual’s transition. 

An essential aspect of identity transformation is the role of external stressors, including cultural stigma, 

financial difficulties, and social pressures (Corrigan et al., 2017; Eaton et al., 2019). Cultural stigma 

remains a significant barrier to full reintegration, as many individuals in recovery feel judged based on 

their past substance use (Donaldson et al., 2022). Financial instability presents another critical challenge, 



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with many struggling to secure stable employment, which in turn increases the risk of relapse (NIDA, 

2022; SAMHSA, 2021). Social challenges, such as rebuilding relationships and adjusting to new social 

environments, further complicate the process of identity reconstruction. These findings align with 

previous studies indicating that long-term recovery necessitates not only personal commitment but also 

broader societal support systems that address economic and social barriers (Best et al., 2016). 

Analyzing identity transformation in recovery provides valuable insights for public health and economic 

policies in the United States. Understanding how individuals navigate identity shifts can inform targeted 

interventions that support long-term recovery while reducing the financial burden of substance use 

disorders on the healthcare system (Ashford et al., 2019). For instance, integrating employment 

assistance programs into recovery initiatives can facilitate financial independence, reducing reliance on 

public assistance and decreasing the likelihood of relapse (Best et al., 2016). Similarly, expanding access 

to mental health services that focus on identity reconstruction can improve recovery outcomes and lower 

healthcare costs associated with repeated hospitalizations or emergency care (Eaton et al., 2019). 

The role of digital recovery platforms in identity reconstruction is another critical consideration. Online 

recovery communities provide a space for self-expression and peer support, offering a cost-effective 

alternative to traditional in-person treatment (Webb et al., 2022). Investing in virtual peer-support 

networks can enhance the accessibility of recovery resources, particularly for individuals in rural or 

underserved areas (Valkenburg et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2011). By recognizing the value of online identity 

reconstruction in the recovery process, policymakers can develop strategies that incorporate digital 

support systems into mainstream addiction treatment programs (Huang et al., 2021). 

The study also reaffirmed that American substance users in recovery experience cultural, psychological, 

social, spiritual, and economic stressors, all of which shape their recovery journey. These findings align 

with previous literature emphasizing the multifaceted challenges individuals face beyond substance 

abstinence (Best et al., 2016; Donaldson et al., 2022). Future research should investigate stigma 

management as an identity transformation strategy, using qualitative methodologies such as interviews 

or content analysis through NVivo, as well as quantitative approaches, including Likert-scale 

assessments, to better understand how stigma is reconstructed and neutralized in long-term recovery 

narratives. 

This study highlights that identity reconstruction is a crucial yet often overlooked component of 

substance use recovery, with significant implications for both public health and health economics. The 

transition from external validation to self-determination underscores the importance of long-term support 

systems, employment opportunities, and mental health services in sustaining recovery (Donaldson et al., 

2022; Chen, 2022). By integrating identity-focused interventions into national substance use policies, the 

healthcare system can improve recovery outcomes, reduce relapse rates, and alleviate the economic 

burden associated with addiction (Best et al., 2016; Webb et al., 2022). Future research should focus on 



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longitudinal identity shifts and the role of digital peer-support networks in promoting sustained recovery, 

particularly in relation to cost-benefit analyses within the healthcare system. 

 

Acknowledgments 

This research was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada 

(SSHRC).  

 

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