id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
epaa-8690	Beri, Parfait Bihkongnyuy; Cochrane, Logan; Fazlullah, Sarah Syed	Public spending and primary school enrollment: An autoregressive distributed lag approach	2025	26	.pdf	application/pdf	12212	617	46	To ensure the robustness of our results, we explored the possibility of a non-linear relationship, specifically a quadratic form, in line with findings by Vegas and Coffin (2015) of threshold effects of education spending on school outcomes. To begin the modelling, we follow Blackburne and Frank (2007) by assuming a typical ARDL (𝑚, 𝑛1, … , 𝑛𝑘 ) dynamic panel specification of the form: 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑖,𝑡 = ∑ 𝜆𝑖𝑗 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑖,𝑡−𝑗 𝑚 𝑗=1 + ∑ 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ′ 𝑋𝑖,𝑡−𝑗 + 𝜇𝑖 + 𝑖,𝑡 𝑛 𝑗=0 … (1) Where 𝑚 and 𝑛 represent the number of lags or past values of the dependent and independent variables, respectively; 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑖,𝑡 is primary school enrollment 2; 𝑋𝑖,𝑡 is a 𝑘 × 1 vector of explanatory variables, including public education spending(𝐸𝑋𝑃𝑖,𝑡) 3; 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ′ is the 𝐾 × 1 vector of parameters to be estimated; 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑁 is the number of groups; 𝑡 = 1, 2, … , 𝑇 is the number of periods; 𝜇𝑖 accounts for the effects of diverse cultural settings, such as linguistic norms, orientations, rules, and other country specific factors that affect enrollment but are not directly observable; 𝑖𝑡 is the white noise.	cache/epaa-8690.pdf	txt/epaa-8690.txt