







































Education, Society and Human Studies 
ISSN 2690-3679 (Print) ISSN 2690-3687 (Online) 

Vol. 4, No. 3, 2023 
www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/eshs 

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Original Paper 

Advancing Vocationalization of Open Schooling in Botswana: 

Addressing Critical Skills Gaps and Alleviating Unemployment 
Tommie Hamaluba, PhD1 

1 Dr Tommie Hamaluba, Botswana Open University, Gaborone, Botswana 

 

Received: August 22, 2023      Accepted: August 31, 2023    Online Published: September 10, 2023 

doi:10.22158/eshs.v4n3p1                         URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eshs.v4n3p1 

 

Abstract 

Vocationalization of open schooling is paramount for Botswana, a nation dedicated to sustainable 

development and economic growth. This article emphasizes the urgent need to integrate vocational 

education within the open schooling framework, focusing on its potential to address skills gaps, 

empower marginalized groups, and contribute to Botswana’s knowledge-based economy. By equipping 

the youth with relevant skills, vocationalized open schooling offers a pathway to alleviate future 

unemployment challenges. This article estimates the demographic potential benefiting from this 

approach, particularly the youth population of Botswana. Vocational education stands as a strategic 

imperative for Botswana, aligning with its goals of inclusive growth and equipping learners with 

practical skills that match industry demands. The convergence of vocational education and open 

schooling holds transformative power, providing accessible and relevant education to those historically 

excluded while preparing a capable and adaptable workforce. In a nation of approximately 2.35 

million people, the youth represent both its strength and promise. Vocationalized open schooling 

emerges as a conduit to empower this demographic, ensuring they possess skills that align with 

industry needs and fostering a generation poised to contribute to the nation’s aspirations for progress 

and prosperity. As Botswana navigates the complexities of a changing global landscape, the integration 

of vocational education into open schooling shines as a beacon, illuminating pathways to employability, 

innovation, and socio-economic advancement. 

Keywords 

vocationalization, open schooling, botswana, skills gaps, youth empowerment 

 

 

 

 



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1. Introduction 

Botswana, a nation characterized by its rich cultural heritage and aspirations for continuous growth, 

finds itself at a crucial crossroads in the trajectory of its educational landscape. As an 

upper-middle-income country with an estimated population of approximately 2.35 million, Botswana 

holds the potential to harness the power of education to propel its socio-economic development forward. 

In this dynamic environment, the integration of vocational education within the open schooling 

framework has emerged as a strategic imperative that not only responds to the evolving demands of the 

modern workforce but also holds the promise of addressing critical skills gaps, fostering employability, 

and driving holistic national progress. 

The significance of education as a catalyst for growth cannot be understated. Botswana’s journey from 

an agrarian economy to an upper-middle-income status is a testament to the transformative impact of 

education on socio-economic development. However, as the country sets its sights on sustained 

prosperity and a knowledge-based economy, it is confronted with the challenge of equipping its 

workforce with skills that align seamlessly with the demands of a rapidly changing global landscape. 

The traditional education system, while invaluable, must be supplemented by innovative approaches 

that integrate practical skills and theoretical knowledge in a manner that resonates with the diverse 

needs of today’s job market. 

In this context, the concept of vocational education has gained increasing recognition as a pragmatic 

solution to bridge the gap between education and employment. Vocational education empowers 

individuals with skills that are immediately applicable in the workforce, providing them with a 

competitive edge in an increasingly competitive job market. For Botswana, a nation with a youthful 

population and a clear imperative for sustainable growth, vocational education presents a compelling 

pathway towards cultivating a skilled and adaptable workforce that can contribute effectively to the 

country’s development agenda. 

However, the significance of vocational education is further amplified when integrated within the open 

schooling framework. Open schooling represents not only a flexible and inclusive approach to 

education but also a transformative model that has the potential to reach learners who may not have had 

access to traditional educational pathways. It represents an avenue through which education transcends 

geographical and socio-economic barriers, unlocking opportunities for marginalized populations, adult 

learners, and those who may have missed out on formal schooling. 

The convergence of vocational education and open schooling aligns with Botswana’s aspirations for 

inclusive development and economic diversification. By tailoring education to the specific needs of 

industries and sectors, vocationalization within the open schooling context cultivates a workforce that 

is not only equipped with job-specific skills but also possesses a strong foundation of academic 

knowledge. This combination is invaluable in fostering well-rounded professionals capable of adapting 

to the demands of an increasingly dynamic and complex work environment. 



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In conclusion, Botswana’s journey towards sustained growth and prosperity hinges on its ability to 

harmonize education with the evolving needs of its society and economy. The integration of vocational 

education within the open schooling framework emerges as a strategic avenue to address the critical 

skills gaps, empower marginalized populations, and drive holistic national development. As an 

upper-middle-income country with a youthful population of approximately 2.35 million, Botswana has 

a unique opportunity to harness the potential of vocationalized open schooling to shape a workforce 

that is not only skilled but also poised to contribute meaningfully to the nation’s journey towards a 

knowledge-driven future. This article delves into the multifaceted rationale behind the need for 

vocationalization of open schooling in Botswana, exploring how this strategic synergy can potentially 

reshape the educational landscape and position the nation for success on the global stage. 

 

2. Case of Botswana 

Skills Gap in Botswana 

Botswana’s development trajectory hinges on a workforce equipped with diverse skills. However, the 

nation faces a pronounced skills gap that hampers its ability to meet industry demands. The traditional 

education system often falls short in providing practical, job-relevant skills. Vocationalization of open 

schooling offers a strategic solution to this challenge, enabling learners to acquire skills that align with 

real-world job requirements. 

2.1 Empowering Marginalized Populations 

In the diverse tapestry of Botswana’s population, there exists a group whose potential often remains 

untapped due to systemic barriers—marginalized populations. Adult learners, out-of-school youths, and 

individuals residing in remote areas face unique challenges that hinder their access to education and, 

consequently, economic and social participation. The concept of vocationalization within the open 

schooling framework emerges as a beacon of opportunity, poised to empower these individuals by 

breaking down barriers and fostering their integration into the nation’s fabric. 

2.2 A New Dawn for Adult Learners 

The allure of education is not limited to the young; it spans across generations. Adult learners in 

Botswana, who once had their educational pursuits constrained by life’s demands, find a second chance 

through vocationalized open schooling. This approach recognizes that adult learners often juggle work, 

family, and other responsibilities. By offering flexible learning options, such as online courses or 

modular programs, Botswana opens the door for these individuals to upskill or reskill themselves. 

Through vocationalization, adult learners are not only able to enhance their employability but also 

contribute more meaningfully to their families and communities. 

2.3 Nurturing Potential in Out-of-School Youths 

Out-of-school youths, a segment of society that often finds itself on the fringes of educational access, 

grapple with a range of challenges such as poverty, limited accessibility, or familial responsibilities. 



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UNESCO aptly captures the essence of this struggle, highlighting that “out-of-school youth are more 

likely to be poor, marginalized, and vulnerable” (UNESCO, 2016). In Botswana, as in many nations, 

this vulnerable group faces barriers that hinder their access to traditional education. These barriers, 

however, don’t negate their potential; rather, they illuminate the need for innovative solutions such as 

vocationalization within the open schooling framework. 

Vocationalization within open schooling signifies a paradigm shift in addressing the educational 

aspirations of out-of-school youths. Tailored vocational courses resonate directly with the demands of 

various industries, bridging the gap between theoretical education and practical employability. By 

offering focused vocational training, open schooling equips these young individuals with the tangible 

skills required by employers, thereby enhancing their marketability in a competitive job landscape. 

The UNESCO Education for Sustainable Development framework recognizes the transformative power 

of education in empowering vulnerable groups, asserting that education “can help people escape the 

cycle of poverty, make informed decisions, and improve their overall quality of life” (UNESCO, 2021). 

Botswana’s commitment to vocationalization within the open schooling framework aligns seamlessly 

with this vision. By providing an alternative pathway to education, vocationalization opens doors that 

were once closed to out-of-school youths. 

In a nation where youth unemployment is a pressing concern, vocationalization offers a beacon of hope. 

It empowers out-of-school youths to break free from the cycle of limited opportunities, charting a 

course toward sustainable livelihoods. This approach not only contributes to the individual 

empowerment of these youths but also nurtures a skilled and dynamic workforce that can contribute to 

Botswana’s socio-economic progress. 

In conclusion, the marriage of vocationalization and open schooling in Botswana offers a lifeline for 

out-of-school youths, enabling them to overcome barriers that previously hindered their educational 

and professional aspirations. Through tailored vocational courses aligned with industry needs, these 

youths are positioned to thrive in the job market, thereby contributing not only to their personal 

development but also to the broader socio-economic fabric of the nation. 

2.4 Overcoming Geographical Constraints 

Botswana’s geographical diversity presents both opportunities and challenges. In remote areas, 

individuals encounter geographical barriers that can isolate them from educational opportunities. 

Vocationalized open schooling serves as a bridge, connecting these individuals to quality education 

irrespective of their physical location. Through digital platforms and technology-enabled learning, 

Botswana’s open schooling framework transcends geographical constraints, ensuring that even those in 

the remotest corners can access education and acquire skills that align with their aspirations. 

2.5 Botswana’s Commitment to Empowerment 

Botswana’s commitment to empowering marginalized populations is exemplified by initiatives such as 

the Botswana Open University (BOU). BOU’s flexible programs accommodate the unique 



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circumstances of adult learners, out-of-school youths, and individuals in remote areas. The university’s 

reach extends beyond urban centers, delivering vocational courses to individuals who might otherwise 

remain underserved by traditional education systems. 

2.6 Integration of Vocational and Academic Learning 

Vocationalization within the open schooling framework encourages the integration of vocational and 

academic learning, fostering well-rounded individuals capable of seamlessly transitioning into the 

workforce. This approach cultivates a balance between theoretical knowledge and practical skills, a 

combination highly valued by employers seeking adaptable and competent professionals. 

2.7 Linkages to Equivalency Level 

Open schooling represents a bridge between traditional education and practical skills training, 

particularly for students at school equivalency levels. For individuals who may not have completed 

formal schooling, open schooling provides an opportunity to attain recognized qualifications and gain 

valuable vocational skills concurrently. This integration of education and vocational training addresses 

both educational and employability needs. 

 

3. Addressing Unemployment through Skills Development 

Botswana, a nation on the cusp of realizing its aspirations for sustained development and economic 

progress, grapples with a challenge that resonates across the globe—unemployment. The potency of 

addressing this challenge lies in harnessing the potential of its youth; demographic comprising 

individuals aged 15 to 35 years. With an estimated youth population of approximately 815,000, 

constituting 34.7% of the nation’s total estimated population of 2.35 million, Botswana stands at a 

crossroads where the integration of vocationalized open schooling emerges as a potential game-changer 

in navigating the complexities of unemployment. 

This demographic reality underscores the urgency of preparing young individuals for the ever-evolving 

demands of the job market. Vocationalized open schooling presents a strategic solution that propels 

them beyond the confines of theoretical knowledge and into the realm of practical skills acquisition. By 

providing focused and industry-aligned training, this approach equips the youth with competencies that 

resonate with employers’ requirements, significantly enhancing their employability quotient. 

The transformative power of vocationalized open schooling lies in its ability to forge a direct 

connection between education and employability. Traditional education systems often leave a gap 

between academic knowledge and real-world application, leaving graduates ill prepared to meet the 

dynamic demands of industries. Vocational education within the open schooling framework narrows 

this gap by delivering training that is attuned to the specific needs of industries, ensuring that graduates 

are not just qualified but also equipped to make meaningful contributions from day one. 

In this journey, the significance of addressing unemployment extends beyond immediate employment 

opportunities. It encompasses the cultivation of a skilled workforce that contributes to national 



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development through innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Vocationalized open 

schooling stands as a catalyst for cultivating a culture of self-reliance, where young individuals are 

empowered to initiate ventures, leverage their skills, and contribute proactively to their communities 

and the nation as a whole. 

As Botswana’s youth population aspires to a future marked by success and prosperity, vocationalized 

open schooling presents a tangible and transformative avenue. By offering practical and job-specific 

skills, it provides the youth with a competitive edge in a challenging job market. The investment in 

skills development not only enhances their prospects for immediate employment but also elevates their 

potential for sustained careers and upward mobility.  

As of the most recent available data from 2020, the youth unemployment rate in Botswana was 

estimated to be around 24.6% (World Bank, 2021). This figure represents the percentage of young 

people within the labor force who are actively seeking employment but are unable to find jobs. The 

youth unemployment rate is a critical indicator of the challenges faced by young individuals in 

accessing suitable job opportunities, and it underscores the importance of initiatives such as 

vocationalization within the open schooling framework to address this issue. 

 

4. Conclusion 

The integration of vocational education within the open schooling framework emerges as a strategic 

imperative for Botswana’s educational transformation. By addressing skills gaps, empowering 

marginalized populations, and aligning with national development goals, vocationalization of open 

schooling promises to shape a workforce that is not only skilled but also adaptable, resilient, and poised 

to drive the nation’s progress in the 21st century. As Botswana’s youth population looks towards a 

brighter future, vocationalized open schooling stands as a beacon of hope, offering a tangible solution 

to unemployment challenges and contributing to a thriving, knowledge-based economy. 

 

References 

https://botswana.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/botswana_young_people-print.pdf 

UNESCO. (2016). Out-of-School Children and Youth. Retrieved from 

https://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/out-school-children-and-youth 

UNESCO. (2021). Education for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from 

https://www.unesco.org/en/education-sustainable-development 

World Bank. (2021). Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO 

estimate). Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/country/botswana?view=chart 


