







































Education, Society and Human Studies 
ISSN 2690-3679 (Print) ISSN 2690-3687 (Online) 

Vol. 2, No. 2, 2021 
www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/eshs 

12 

Original Paper 

On Becoming an Official in Sakya’s Aphorisms and Bacon’s 

Essays 
Shen Qunying1* 

1 Pre-College Education School, Sichuan Minzu College, Kangding, Sichuan, China 
* Shen Qunying, Pre-College Education School, Sichuan Minzu College, Kangding, Sichuan, China 

 

Received: May 6, 2020         Accepted: May 20, 2020          Online Published: May 29, 2021 

doi:10.22158/eshs.v2n2p12                      URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eshs.v2n2p12 

 

Abstract 

Sakya’s Aphorisms and Bacon’s Essays make a profound observation of social reality, comment on 

various social phenomena, and convey their rational meditation and political views on social and 

political life. Here is a comparative study of the two classic literary works with a distance of more than 

300 years so as to inherit and carry forward the excellent traditional culture at home and abroad, 

nourish and enlighten today’s officials to take the right way, follow the law and the correct path of 

cadre growth, and reserve the corresponding competences. 

Keywords 

Bacon’s Essays, Sakya’s Aphorism, official, competence 

 

1. Introduction 

There is a Chinese saying, “You will be rich if you start a business and engage in business, and you will 

be promoted and even become a dignitary person if you are an official in politics”. People often face 

the career choice of being a political official, a businessman or a farmer sooner or later in the world, 

especially in the developing countries. Being a government official is one of the career orientations 

with a profound historical and cultural tradition in the world. How to become an official? Maybe we 

can find the answer in Sakya’s Aphorisms and Bacon’s Essays (hereinafter referred to as Sakya and 

Bacon) which show the world rational meditation and political views on social and political life. This 

paper only makes a comparative study on how to become a government official in order to take in their 

political wisdom and empower the present cadres’ world. 

 

 

 



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2. Self-cultivation 

Bacon (2018, p. 157) asserts that the molding of a man’s fortune is chiefly in his own hands and 

everyone is the designer of his own fortune, and the exercised fortune makes the able man. It is no 

doubt that one’s fortune is much in one’s self. Similarly, Sakya shows that one has to rely on his own 

wisdom if he wants to be happy in the present and the next life (1985, p. 4), and that people who are 

both smart and diligent can achieve anything (1985, p. 53). Both of them inspire people to consolidate 

their own growth path, achieve corresponding political competencies and fulfill their perfection out of 

their intelligence, diligence and courage. 

2.1 Going for Becoming an Official 

2.1.1 The Ambition to Serve the Public 

Bacon(2018, p. 148) has a deep insight that honor (i.e., seeking power and position) has three things of 

the vantage ground to do good, the approach to kings and principal persons, and the raising of a man’s 

own fortunes, which shows selfishness or selflessness of honor-seekers. In reality, there are more than a 

man in the world who is eager to become an official in politics in order to “purchase himself profit or 

pleasure or honor or the like” (2018, p. 15); there is many an official in the world who has gone for 

privatization, utilitarianism, and humanization of political power; there is certainly no lack of helpful 

officials who cling to the principles that the power is used for the people’s interests, and their feelings 

are tied with the people, listening to the people’s complaints and calls, attending to the people’s 

thoughts and concerns, intending to solve the people’s difficulties, and going for meeting the people’s 

desires and demands. In Bacon’s opinion, the official-admirers ought to “divide with reason between 

self-love and society, and be so true to thyself as thou be not false to others, specially to thy king and 

country” (2018, p. 92), and to remember “Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the 

sovereign or state, servants of fame, and servants of business; so they have no freedom, neither in their 

persons nor in their actions nor in their times (2018, p. 38)”. Similarly, Sakya advocates benefiting 

others, dedicating to society, and seeking human interests and well-being by saying, “if one wants to 

work for his own welfare, he should work for others first (1985, p. 92); although a sage lives far away, 

he can also take care of his relatives and friends (1985, p. 9)”. Obviously Bacon and Sakya hint that 

those who aspire to politics should set up a clear political ambition, make careful designation of their 

own career, prepare to lose their own liberty for power, strengthen the spirit of dedication and the sense 

of service, and have the notion that “I will not lose myself and live up to the people”. 

2.1.2 The Determination to Persevere 

As the folk saying goes that greatness is made out of sufferings and endurance, Bacon(2018, p. 38) tells 

people that “the rising unto place is laborious”, and Sakya (1985, p. 54) has the similar view that one’s 

success has to depend on his fortune although one works hard. In their opinion, success in official 

career originates from a good opportunity, a fit place and the harmony of people. But Bacon (2018, p. 

17) exhorts people “the virtue of adversity is fortitude; prosperity is not without many fears and 



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distastes, and adversity is not without comforts and hopes; virtue is like precious odours, most fragrant 

when they are incensed or crushed”. And he tells people that “timing of the suit is the principal (2018, p. 

148), and the ripeness or unripeness of the occasion must ever be well weighed (2018, p. 86), since a 

man may not look to sow and reap at once, but must prepare business and so ripen it by degrees (2018, 

p. 187)”. Instead, he warns people that hasty drawing of profit in the first years is unreasonable (2018, 

p. 132). He persuades people “If a man have the fortitude and resolution to enfranchise himself at once, 

that is the best (2018, p. 152), and wise men have enough to do with things present and to come (2018, 

p. 15); one should pass his soul in patience (2018, p. 218); a wise man will make more opportunities 

than he finds (2018, p. 201)”. It’s clear that Bacon hints people to be far-sighted instead of speedy 

profit, and strengthen people’s confidence and perseverance in seeking a political status, for the 

opportunity always favors those who are prepared. Likewise, Sakya (1985, p. 1) enlightens people not 

to be pleased by praise, nor displeased by criticism, and to maintain properly their good qualities, settle 

down to pursue knowledge. And he (1985, p. 2) encourages people “when a wit man suffers from a 

failure, he can still make more efforts”. In Sakya’s (1985, p. 10) opinion, one should have a foresight to 

the future，and even when obstructed，he should still be patient; as long as he perseveres in these, even 

a servant can become a minister. Sakya and Bacon point out that it is not easy to become an official. 

They encourage people to work hard and persevere step by step, they will succeed sooner or later, just 

as Su Dongpo (Su, 2009, p. 1811) said, “Those who made great achievements in ancient times not only 

had extraordinary talents, but also had perseverance”. 

2.2 Improving Competences 

2.2.1 Intellectual Quality 

As is known, learning is the way to improve knowledge, skills and abilities, the ladder of growth and 

progress, and the power to enter the official career and promote career development for people. In the 

historical view, those politicians who could plan strategies and commanded the overall situation mostly 

came best from those who were learned. Only by study can one enrich his own knowledge first, and 

improve his abilities in lingual, literal and emotional expression, the capacity of analysis, judgment and 

decision as well as executive capability, all of which are just necessities for political officials. 

In Bacon’s opinion, custom (i.e., education)only does alter and subdue nature (2018, p. 152), and 

studies perfect nature, even studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability;(2018, p. 194) men’s 

thoughts are much according to their inclination, their discourse and speeches according to their 

learning and infused opinion; there is no trusting to the force of nature nor to the bravery of words, 

except it be corroborate by custom (2018, p. 154). There is no other power in the world except 

knowledge and learning, which can establish a throne in the mind and soul, understanding, imagination 

and belief of human beings (Su, 2000, p. 207). Obviously, Bacon attaches importance to education and 

advocates learning. In the same way, Sakya thinks that learning can increase wisdom and insight and 

even govern ignorance, for “a fool is ignorant because he doesn’t like to learn and ignorance makes a 



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man simple in this life (1985, p. 9)”. Sakya (1985, p. 2) encourages people to persist in studying today 

even if they are to die tomorrow morning. Moreover, Sakya says frankly: To judge whether one is 

learned or not is to see if he can tell the right from the wrong (1985, p. 1); no matter how profound 

knowledge he grasps, who can be good at making a good choice is a capable person (1981, p. 17). It is 

clear that the learned people can tell the right from the wrong and is good at making choices. Likewise, 

Bacon believes reading makes a full man, conference a ready, and writing an exact man, for the aims to 

weigh and consider (2018, p. 195) and be able to hold judgment in discerning what is true (2018, p. 129) 

so that discretion of speech is more than eloquence (2018, p. 131). These are just the necessary 

qualities to be an official in politics knowing the right and the wrong, distinguishing the true from the 

false, being able to balance and good at making choices. Above all, Sakya and Bacon advocate human 

learning to improve cultural quality, social ethics and awareness of law and discipline, to enable 

independent thinking and judgment, to distinguish the right from the wrong, and make sensible choices, 

to avoid ignorance and confusion, and to get truth in thoughts and freedom in action. 

People not born with knowledge should be open-minded to seek advice. Just as Sakya says: One 

without wisdom should consult scholars modestly (1985, p. 68); even if one has profound knowledge, 

he still needs to absorb merits of others; if he can go on like that, he will understand all knowledge. 

(1985, p. 3) He inspires people to “get close to noble people, consult learned talents, make friends with 

loyal people, and in the way he can achieve life satisfaction” (1985, p. 75). We can learn that people 

should learn with modesty from others to enrich themselves. Similarly, Bacon warns people “in suits 

which a man doth not well understand, it is good to refer them to some friend of trust and judgment” 

(2018, p. 192). What’s more, Bacon urges people to seek advice from books for “books will speak plain, 

it is good to be conversant in them, specially the books of such as themselves have been actors upon the 

stage (2018, p. 83)”, and “histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematics subtle, natural 

philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend (2018, p. 195)”. These are the 

necessary competences for people to enter successful political career. Sakya and Bacon value learning. 

At present, the phenomenon of “doctors or professors working in politics” reflects the idea of learning 

optimization to officials, and highlights the professionalization and intellectualization of cadres, which 

contributes to improving the officials’ decision-making and governing abilities. 

2.2.2 Character and Moral Cultivation 

Generally speaking, if one intends to enter the official career, he should cultivate himself to be a 

virtuous talent. 

Sakya (2015, p. 199) affirms that one must only do that which helps others if one wants to achieve stature 

for oneself, and he (1985, p. 92) points out the villain only regards self-interests as happiness, while the 

sage thinks others’ interests as happiness, for when one does things for others, he is actually doing things 

for himself; when one does one’s own things, he is actually serving others. He (1985, p. 114) assures 

people if one wants to seek well-being for himself, he should first strive to seek the good of others; 



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those who think about only themselves can never realize their dreams. We can draw from Sakya’s 

views that to be an official in politics, one should be happy to benefit people, devote himself to society, 

and seek the interests and well-being of mankind, just as Sakya (1985, p. 2) says: Scholars study all 

knowledge, then they benefit the world. Likewise, Bacon affirms that goodness is altruism as he says 

(2018, p. 46) “Goodness is the affecting of the weal of men. The inclination to goodness is imprinted 

deeply in the nature of man, insomuch that if it issue not towards men, it will take unto other living 

creatures”. But he (2018, p. 201) offers “To apply one’s self to others is good, so it be with 

demonstration that a man doth it upon regard and not upon facility”. He (2018, p. 3) puts forward his 

own ideal of morality—“it is heaven upon earth to have a man’s mind in charity, rest in providence, and 

turn upon the poles of truth”. 

But Bacon (2018, p. 46) criticizes “the desire of power in excess causes the angels to fall. Without 

goodness man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing, no better than a kind of vermin”. Bacon thinks 

that being an official in politics should have the virtues of politeness, compassion, gratitude, 

self-sacrifice and forgiveness. He (2018, p. 18) appreciates “Virtue is like precious odours, most 

fragrant when they are incensed or crushed”. Similarly, Sakya (1985, p. 86) points out that greed makes 

people shameless as those who are extremely greedy suffer from continuous pain like rain in spring, 

while those who can lessen desire will enjoy endless pleasure. He (Li, 2013, p. 12) admires a noble man 

never takes back what he has given, and can be willing to bear the insult of a mean man, and will never 

forget the benefits of others, which are the marks of a noble man. He (1985, p. 11) motivates people to 

assure if the sage is kind to his enemies, the enemies will be conquered by him and whoever is kind to 

people will be made the king by them. Sakya (2015, p. 197) thinks “knowing how to obtain things, 

giving impartially with skill, being subdued, having consideration for others’ feelings, being grateful 

for those who quell one’s fears: if one aspires to these qualities, one achieves the world”. He means 

those who become officials should be decent, fair, modest, tolerant, selfless and grateful. 

2.2.3 Down-to-earth and Self-reflection Competences 

In order to realize their ideal and ambition of being officials, people must have strong abilities to solve 

problems and make decisions, and great capability of coordination, agglutination, reflection and 

correction. People show their real ideas, basic attitudes and value orientation in their own words, show 

their action and execution through how many difficulties they have solved and how many practical things 

they have done when they are faced with the important task at the grass-roots level, and show their 

interests and cooperation through their making friends, so as to show their adaptability to the 

development and change of things and so on. 

Bacon and Sakya criticize blind obedience and recklessness, advocate observation and analysis, and 

make their own judgment and treatment in line with the actual situation through independent thinking. 

People should attend to matters and avoid greed. Bacon enlightens people “He that is only real had need 

have exceeding great parts of virtue, as the stone had need to be rich that is set without foil (2018, p. 200). 



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He that doth not divide will never enter well into business, and he that divideth too much will never come 

out of it clearly (2018, p. 98). In business, the keeping close to the matter and not taking of it too much at 

once, procureth dispatch (2018, p. 96)”. Likewise, Sakya firmly exhorts people to learn to observe and 

think, “even if success is due, people still need to think thrice beforehand; to think afterwards over and 

again is foolish and insane; even if a scholar is cheated, he will not be deluded” (Li, 2013, pp. 5-8). But he 

(1985, p. 16) criticizes “a person, who can’t tell the right and the good from the wrong and the bad, with 

no thinking and hearing, only knowing to fill the belly, is a hairless pig”. Sakya (2015, p. 151) attacks one 

who likes to start a hundred different schemes, is unable to achieve even one success; if one does too 

many things, one with great wisdom will destroy oneself just as a king with too many ideas brings much 

degradation to the land. 

In Bacon’s (2018, p. 38) opinions, the rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men come to greater 

pains; and it is sometimes base, and by indignities men come to dignities. But he (2018, p. 92) lets people 

be so true to thyself as thou be not false to others, specially to thy king and country. Bacon (1983, p. 85) 

gives insight into that a wise man is careful in his steps, but a fool turns to deceive others. Bacon instructs 

people to make reflection on whether their words and deeds conform to the etiquette and law, on whether 

their words and deeds are recognized by the public and based on the normal intention and sincerity by a 

proper way to achieve their desires. Similarly, Sakya says “Although a goal may be achieved through 

wrongdoing, why would the wise admire it? Although something done right may go wrong, the wise may 

not feel ashamed (2015, p. 68). The sage will correct even a small mistake; a mean man will never care 

about even his worst sin (1985, p. 9). The excellent observe their own faults, while the coarse seek faults 

in others (2015, p. 59). A wise can eradicate faults, but a foolish can not (2015, p. 3). Even those of 

limited intelligence should analyze their faults and eliminate them; by implementing the antidotes in this 

way they increasingly enhance themselves (2015, p. 188)”. It is obvious that Bacon and Sakya educate 

people to reflect on self-image, recognize their own shortcomings and faults, and seriously correct them, 

which are the expression of morality. 

 

3. Turning to Others 

Since people are unique social animals, they are motivated by social needs and fully involved in work 

and life. They can get along well with others around them and gain a sense of identity. A person can get 

into an official position mostly due to his own efforts, partially to the appreciation and recommendation 

from his leaders as well as the recognition and support of colleagues and friends. 

3.1 Making Friends and Discussion 

Sakya (1985, pp. 1-6) has an insight that a man with good moral cultivation can get along well with 

others, and as long as one is a learned scholar, he will be surrounded by others. Man is a gregarious 

animal and many things can’t be achieved by himself alone. Sakya instructs people “It doesn’t matter if 

one has no wealth and servants, and he can achieve a lot if he has intelligent and reliable friends (Li, 



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2013, p. 97); one can accomplish a great cause only if he must rely on his friends, just as fire can ruin 

the forest only if it must rely on the strong wind (2015, p. 208). People are not all rounders, and one 

may know quite well how to do things alone, but all tasks should be done through consultation; Those 

who fail to collaborate with others buy expensive regret for themselves (2015, p. 196)”. Sakya 

advocates that wise people will consult others on even trivial thing (1985, p. 66), and further worthy 

wisdom can arise when two wise people engage in discussion (2015, p. 9). In Sakya’ s views, regarding 

action taken after careful analysis, how could things possibly turn out poorly (2015, p. 198)? It is 

possible for heated arguments to result in close friendships; usually following controversy 

reconciliation is observed (2015, p. 119). 

Likewise, Bacon expounds the importance of making friends widely that friendship can calm feelings, 

develop reason and strengthen judgment, and also help and participate in all activities and affairs. He 

(2018, p. 93) belittles “whoever is delighted in solitude is either a wild beast or a god and that it is a 

mere and miserable solitude to want true friends, without which the world is but a wilderness”. Above 

all hints one has very limited knowledge and scanty information without friends. He (2018, pp. 98-100) 

frankly illustrates that as for “anyone who thinks too much in his heart, if he can talk and discuss with 

others, his mind and understanding will become clear and different and even he will become smarter 

than ever. An hour’s communication is more effective than a day’s meditation. Even if you don’t have a 

friend who can give you advice, you can increase your knowledge through verbal communication with 

others. Discussion is like a stone, and thought is like a blade. Two phases of sharpening will sharpen 

your mind”. It is ever honorable to take advice of some few friends, for lookers-on many times see 

more than gamesters; and the vale best discovers the hill (2018, p. 189). 

Obviously, Sakya and Bacon convey “peace in admonition” (2018, p. 73) and that discussion makes 

people wise (1983, p. 179). They enlighten one is supposed to avoid arbitrariness or self-righteousness 

to be an official in politics and that one should make concerted efforts, give full play to collective 

wisdom, guide people to learn how to get along with others and communicate and discuss and get 

thinking collision, mutual inspiration and complementation, and draw on the strengths of all schools of 

thought. Sakya and Bacon hint that those who are arrogant are in danger and single-minded. They also 

encourage people to be approachable, open-minded, and get friends support in democratic elections. 

3.2 Recommendation and Promotion 

In Sakya’s (2015, p. 125) opinion, things achieved through the strength of merit, like the light of the 

sun, depend on nothing else; Things achieved through the strength of effort, like the light of a butter 

lamp, depend on everything else. Bacon (2018, pp. 188-197) represents that “mean men in their rising 

must adhere; ordinary followers ought to challenge no higher conditions than countenance, 

recommendation, and protection from wrongs; nothing is thought so easy a request to a great person as 

his letter. “ Both of them mean that people are easy to become an official with the guide and help of 

others to advance in their life. Sakya (2015, p. 165) says even the lowly and weak will succeed when 



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they rely on others who are great. He compares one who can be promoted to the high social status 

relying on a great man to the vine climbing the top against the tall tree (1985, p. 50), reminds people 

that although the local leader is angry, he should be friendly to him just as he slips on the ground, he 

should rely on the earth (1985, p. 69); for it is a kind of etiquette to be praised as emperors or great 

figures out of kindness and respect (1983, p. 186). He encourages people if one is good at using wit and 

strategy, it is also easy for him to conquer the great (1985, p. 4). He hints people to become the right 

arm of the leaders by studying problems, solving problems, adapting and developing, and making 

decisions. This is just like Bacon’s (2018, p. 175) intuitive judgment that friendship only exists between 

superiors and subordinates, because they share weal and woe and depend on each other. Saban and 

Bacon inspire people to be loyal to their leaders, share their worries and implement their duty, since if 

you work for a sage, you can get a generous reward; if you offer a sour Hawthorn tightly, you will get a 

prince’s reward (1985, p. 11). He hints people to do well the tasks assigned by great people or those in 

power, and get their appreciation and reuse so as to realize the possibility of gaining power from those 

who are close to you. 

It is an unavoidable problem for the superior leaders to know, select and employ potential officials. 

Sakya and Bacon highly praise the method of selecting talents only by virtue. In Sakya’s opinion, if a 

sage is appointed to be an official, the common people can get well-being (1985, p. 8); a wise and 

upright minister can accomplish all the things of the monarch and the people (1985, p. 43). Bacon 

(2018, p. 148) says frankly Generally let princes and states choose such ministers as are more sensible 

of duty than of rising; and such as love business rather upon conscience than upon bravery. He says, 

“There be that are in nature faithful and sincere, and plain and direct, not crafty and involved: let 

princes, above all, draw to themselves such natures (2018, p. 82), and employ those who are willing to 

do things and are willing to serve (2018, p. 173); but he advises it is good not to use men of ambitious 

natures except it be upon necessity (2018, p. 146), and the kings and the states must not choose as 

servants those who do wrong things for their own self-interest, against the interests of his lord or the 

state (2018, p. 85). It can be seen that Sakya and Bacon advocate the wise and upright, disinterested, 

capable and responsible orientation of selecting and appointing people, which implies that people 

should understand and be familiar with the method of selecting and selecting people, cultivate 

themselves according to it, improve themselves in virtue, ability, diligence and performance, and 

become honest people with outstanding talents, so as to gain the trust, appreciation and support of 

leaders. Recommendation and even direct promotion help him succeed in becoming an official. 

 

4. Conclusion 

The classic works of Sakya’s Aphorism and Bacon’s Essays put forward many opinions on how to 

become an official, which have practical significance for today’s cadre education. A person’s success in 

political status is mainly based on his own subjective efforts. In addition, it is inseparable from the 



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cultivation of units and organizations, leaders’ appreciation and recommendation, as well as the 

recognition, support and assistance from colleagues and friends. These internal and external conditions 

contribute to the speed and height of a person’s growth. But Sakya (1985, p. 21) warns people “if one 

relies too much on others’ help, he will collapse sooner or later; the tortoise raised into the sky by the 

raven, eventually falls down to the ground”. Bacon enlightens those who want to enter the official career 

to follow the law of cadre growth, and practice and be down-to-earth to reserve the corresponding 

qualities along the growth path of cadres, instead of “short track overtaking” such as flattery and feeding 

humors and even “bribing someone’s servant or relatives” (Francis, 1983, p. 126). 

 

Fund Project: This paper results from the key project named “Multiple Dimension Comparative Study 

on Sakya Aphorisms and Bacon’s Essays with No. 18SA0196”of humanities and social sciences of 

Sichuan Provincial Department of Education. 

 

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Li, Zh. Q. (2013). Tibetan Gnomic Verses Translated into English. Changchun:Changchun Press. 

Saban, G. (1981). Sakya Aphorism (a combination of Chinese and Tibetan) (Wang Yao, trans.). Xining: 

Qinghai Nationalities Press. 

Saban, G. (1985). Sakya Aphorism (Zidandoji, trans.). Lhasa: Tibet People’s Press. 

Saban, G. (2015). Sakya Legshad (Trilingual Version. English Translated by John Thomas Davenport, 

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Author: Shen Qunying (1969-), female, Han People, born in Renshou, Sichuan Province,China; a 

professor of English language and literature, and a teacher of Preparatory Education School of Sichuan 

Minzu College. Research Orientation: Applied Linguistics and translation. Address: Pre-College 

Education School, Sichuan Minzu College, Kangding, Sichuan, China, 626001. 


