







































Education, Society and Human Studies 
ISSN 2690-3679 (Print) ISSN 2690-3687 (Online) 

Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021 
www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/eshs 

34 

Original Paper 

The Impact of Coronavirus on English Word-stock 
Varduhi Murazyan1* & Anahit Hovhannisyan2 

1 Shirak State University, Department of Humanities and Arts, 3123, Gyumri, Armenia 
2 Shirak State University, Department of Humanities and Arts, 3126, Gyumri, Armenia 
* Varduhi Murazyan, Shirak State University, Department of Humanities and Arts, 3123, Gyumri, 

Armenia 

 

Received: October 23, 2020     Accepted: November 7, 2020      Online Published: January 5, 2021 

doi:10.22158/eshs.v2n1p34                       URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/eshs.v2n1p34 

 

Abstract 

In December 2019, the news of the coronavirus outbreak spread worldwide for the first time. At present, 

this historical event has already influenced merely all aspects of life. The language is one of the first 

that reflected the massive events occurring throughout the world. 

In the frame of this article, an attempt is made, firstly, to figure out dozens of new words, expressions 

and new definitions emerged in English due to global changes. Secondly, are considered the semantic 

changes some words have undergone as a result of extralinguistic processes i.e., narrowing of meaning, 

semantic broadening, etc. Thirdly, are emphasized the main word-formation means of coining new 

words and expressions: suffixation, compounding, abbreviation, etc. 

Keywords 

COVID-19, word-stock changes, semantic changes, word-formation, war metaphors 

 

1. Introduction 

In December 2019, the news of the coronavirus outbreak spread worldwide for the first time. Four 

months later, on March 11, 2020, pandemic was announced. According to the data reported on 01 

October 2020 on the website Worldometers.info, 213 Countries and Territories around the world have 

reported a total of 34,084,376 confirmed cases of COVID-19. This historical event has had a serious 

influence on all aspects of social life, from public health to economy, industry, education and social 

media. 

Historical challenges found also their reverberation in the language and previously uncommon terms 

swiftly entered the word-stock to mirror the new changes. Dozens of new words, expressions and new 

definitions emerged in English due to these global changes. 

 



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The pandemic has also led to the emergence of new relevance and meaning to words already existing in 

the lexicon. Some of the new words and definitions are already fixed in the dictionaries, while others 

are too colloquial and haven’t found their manifestation in the literal language yet. 

As for the word coronavirus, we are faced with an interesting fact. This lexical unit is not a neologism. 

June Almeida and David Tyrrell, who first observed and studied human coronaviruses, noticed that the 

virus had a halo surrounding it and coined the name of the virus. It was first used in print in 1968 by an 

informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses (Nature.com). 

Passing on to the architecture of the word coronavirus, it is derived from the words corona (crown-like 

circle of light appearing around the moon and the sun) + virus. 

Corona, in its turn, is derived from Latin word corona (garland, wreath; crown), which itself comes from 

Ancient Greek word κορώνη (korṓnē, something curved; end, point, tip) (etymonline.com). The word 

coronavirus and its first root corona have been used to create lots of neologisms. 

In the first step of our study we intend to explore the word formation means applied for coining new 

lexical units relating to this topic: affixation, compounding, conversion, shortening, abbreviation, 

blending. 

1) Affixation is considered to be one of the most productive word-formation means (Girunyan, 2009). In 

case of coronavirus vocabulary, however, words formed by affixes are not so numerous. The most 

well-known word is the adjective anticoronavirus.  

This word is framed by the prefix anti+coronavirus and implies the meaning acting against 

coronavirus. 

According to the data of 14.09.2020, there are more than 31801 posts on Instagram containing hashtag 

anticoronavirus (Instagram.com). 

2) Compounding is also one of the most productive ways of word-formation that worked intensively in 

the process of enriching the word-stock. Neologisms like coronaphobia, coronacoinage, zoombombing, 

coronababy, coronacut, doomscrolling emerged in the period of coronavirus pandemic. 

Coronaphobia is the constant fear of catching COVID-19 (coronavirus), expressed by wearing a face 

mask in public, or totally avoiding public places, public events, public transport, etc. 

(Urbandictionary.com) 

This word is the combination of corona+phobia. There is a similar word coronaparanoia 

(corona+paranoia). 

More research is needed to understand the relationship between coronaphobia and coronavirus-related 

xenophobia (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). 

Coronacoinage refers to the new words and expressions that appeared due to the novel coronavirus. The 

word emerged from the words corona and coin+age. 

There is an article posted on March 16, 2020 in website Fritinancy named “Words of the week: 

Coronacoinages” that introduces lots of new words relating to COVID-19 vocabulary 

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corona#English


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(Nancyfriedman.typepad.com). 

Zoombombing is the combination of words Zoom and bombing. Originated from the name of the Zoom 

videoconferencing software program, the word means an unwanted, disturbing intervention, generally by 

Internet trolls and hackers, into a video conference call (Urbandictionary.com). 

The firm said Zoom 5.0 will include upgraded encryption features to help protect data and fend off 

so-called “Zoombombing” (BBC.com). 

The term became popular in 2020, when video conferencing became an alternative way of arranging 

classes, business meetings, etc. The term has also been used in reference to similar incidents on other 

teleconferencing platforms as a result of generalization of its meaning. 

Coronababy (corona+baby) is the child born in 2020 during the quarantine caused by COVID-19. The 

word also refers to the babies that will be born after the Coronavirus quarantine is over. 

Our city’s population doubled in 2021 because of all the coronababies born (Urbandictionary.com). 

Doomscrolling (doom+scrolling) is the process of obsessively reading social media posts about 

coronavirus and sociopolitical situation of the world because of the lockdown (Dictionary.com). 

Unfortunately, doomscrolling has worsened during the pandemic because people are hypervigilant for 

danger and are more likely to seek information in hopes of finding a way to control the problem 

(Healthline.com). 

Coronacut (corona+cut) is the result of cutting one’s own or family members' hair due to the closure of 

hair salons. 

For example, virtual channel NBC New York posted a video named “Hair Stylist Explains Why You 

Shouldn’t Get A #Coronacut”, showing some examples of coronacuts and explaining the reasons for not 

making that decision (Nbcnewyork.com). 

Compound words may be prerequisite for their semantic dimensions. In terms of endocentric compounds, 

the total meaning of the unit is derived from the meaning of its constituents as in the adduced examples 

coronababy, coronacoinages, whereas in the compounds coronacut, zoombombing, the meaning of the 

whole is “darkened” as it implies some metaphorical shift. Hence, they can be defined as exocentric type 

of compounding. 

3) Conversion is highly productive in the formation of verbs, especially from compound nouns 

(Ginzburg, 1979, p. 136). 

In case of the verb to social distance, adjective social has converted (transformed) into a verb; to social. 

Social distancing or social distance are formerly existing terms but the verb of the expression is new and 

appeared due to conversion.  

Social distancing used to be an expression showing a fancy way for introverts to seclude themselves. 

Recently it gained its second meaning and is used to describe the practice of keeping away from other 

people as much as possible, or of keeping a certain distance from other people, in order to stop a disease 

from spreading to a lot of people (Dictionary.cambridge.org). 



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We can illustrate the expression by the example of the article posted on the official website Redcross.org 

i.e., “How to Social Distance During COVID-19” (Redcross.org). 

The verbal expression to shelter in place (derived from the corresponding adjective) means to find a safe 

location indoors and stay there because of hazards. The first known use of this word was in 1977 as an 

adjective in the expression shelter in place order, meaning an official order, issued during an emergency, 

that directs people to stay in the indoor place or building that they already occupy and not to leave unless 

absolutely necessary (Merriam-webster.com). 

At present, the verb shelter in place has acquired a new shade of meaning and is used for staying at home 

and not leaving it unnecessarily because of the coronavirus outbreak.  

San Francisco and five other Bay Area counties in California have ordered all residents to 

shelter-in-place to curb the spread of coronavirus (Theguardian.com). 

Modern English vocabulary is exceedingly rich in conversion pairs. As a way of forming words 

conversion is extremely productive and new conversion pairs make their appearance in fiction, 

newspaper articles and in the process of oral communication in all spheres of human activity gradually 

forcing their way into the existing vocabulary and into the dictionaries as well (Ginzburg, 1979, p. 

136). 

4) Shortening is a form of subtraction in which part of the word is taken away. Shortened variants of 

the words are more common in spoken language and are therefore stylistically colored (Girunyan, 

2009). 

The shortened variant of coronavirus, i.e., corona is used extensively among people.  

As it was stated above, the name “coronavirus” itself is derived from Latin word corona, meaning 

“crown” or “wreath”. But the shortened variant of coronavirus indicates neither the crown nor the circle 

of light that can sometimes be seen around the moon at night, or around the sun during an eclipse. It 

indicates coronavirus itself and is considered to be the shortened variant of the very word.  

The word corona is shortened to rona, which is more colloquial (dictionary.com). 

It’s astoundingly interesting, that coronavirus is personified as Miss Rona, Aunt Rona, the Rona, to refer 

to COVID-19 ironically, especially when commenting on the challenges of social distancing during the 

pandemic in more humorous way. A possible explanation to this phenomenon is that the shortened form 

of the word coronavirus, i.e., rona coincides with the existing female name Rona (Hebrew female name 

(meaning: song, joy), Celtic-Gaelic female name “rough island” in Gaelic (Behindthename.com)). 

5) The term abbreviation may be also used for a shortened form of a written word or phrase used in a 

text in place of the whole for economy of space and effort. Abbreviation is achieved by omission of 

letters from one or more parts of the whole (Arnold, 1986, p. 144). 

The actual new abbreviation originated during coronavirus pandemic is nCov which stands for novel 

coronavirus and is used to indicate a newly recognized coronavirus prior to definitive identification and 

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/corona#Latin


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classification. The new word is added to Merriam Webster dictionary only on 26 July 2020 

(Merriam-webster.com). 

Other abbreviations from coronavirus vocabulary WFH (work from home) and PPE (personal protective 

equipment) are formerly existing words that are widely used nowadays. 

6) Blending is a type of word formation in which two or more words are merged into one so that the 

blended constituents are either clipped, or partially overlap. Blends are formed by combining phonemes 

from different words (Girunyan, 2009). 

The first well-known blend is the word Covid-19. COVID is the blend of the words coronavirus and 

disease. 

Covidiot is another blend of the words COVID-19 and idiot. Covidiot is a slang insult for someone who 

ignores the warnings regarding public health or safety. Some signs of covidiocy are: not washing your 

hands regularly, hanging out in groups of people, standing within six feet of a stranger, hoarding items 

like toilet paper and hand sanitizer (Dictionary.com). 

For example, BBC Scotland news published an article named “Missing coronavirus cases and raving 

‘covidiots’ make Scotland’s Sunday papers” after “The Herald” newspaper reported that Scotland’s 

contact tracing system was missing more than 400 patients with confirmed cases of coronavirus 

(BBC.com). 

Covidivorse is blend of COVID-19 and divorce. The word is used to express the divorce that happened 

because of being in extended isolation during COVID-19 quarantine (Dictionary.com). 

Couples whose marriages are fraying under the pressures of self-isolation could be heading for a 

“covidivorce” (Nytimes.com). 

Coronapocalypse means the “end of the world” via coronavirus. It is the blend of coronavirus and 

apocalypse. Seemingly there is word coronageddon that is the blend of coronavirus and armageddon. It is 

defined as the near-certain, end-of-times condition created either by the actual COVID-19 virus or the 

massive social, financial and political devastation (Dictionary.com). 

It won’t be easy to stand coronageddon for our country. 

A blend of dumping (the act of getting rid of something that is not wanted) and Zoom (the popular video 

service), zumping is when you break up with someone over a video conferencing service 

(Dictionary.com). 

And of course there’s a catchy name for this phenomenon: zumping (Collinsdictionary.com). 

Moronavirus is another term for a covidiot. Moron is an informal word describing a person who is 

notably stupid or lacking in good judgment. Calling someone a covidiot or moronavirus is a form of 

quarantine shaming. That is slang for criticizing someone for not following health and safety guidelines 

(Dictionary.com). 

Quarantini is another slang term for a cocktail people drink at home while under quarantine because of 

the coronavirus. The term is a blend of quarantine and martini (Dictionary.com) Quarantini has become 

https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=public%20health


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a more general term and is used for other types of alcoholic beverages consumed at home during the 

pandemic. 

The initial thought behind a Quarantini was that it’s a martini that you drink alone in your house when 

under lockdown (Thenovicechefblog.com). 

The new generation of children conceived during COVID-19 has been named the coronials, blend of 

coronavirus and millennials. And when coronials get older, they will become quaranteens, blend of the 

words quarantine and teenager (Dictionary.com). 

We can now expect a wave of “coronababies” and a new generation of “quaranteens” in 2033 

(Nytimes.com). 

Quaranteam is the group of people you voluntarily choose to socialize with or even live with during the 

quarantine (Theconversation.com). The word quaranteam is a blend of quarantine and team. There is the 

corresponding verb quaranteaming as well. 

Quaranteaming is not necessarily a surprising phenomenon, according to some experts 

(Edition.cnn.com). 

Infodemic, blend of information and epidemic, is used to describe misinformation being spread through 

various media, namely social media (Public.oed.com). 

WHO has warned against the overabundance of information, including falsehoods, about the pandemic, 

calling it an “infodemic” (Edition.cnn.com). 

The diagram below shows the effectiveness of word formation means in producing new words during 

COVID-19. 

 

Affixation
4% Compounding

25%

Conversion
7%

Shortening
7%

Abbreviation
11%

Blending
46%

 
Figure 1. The Effectiveness of Word Formation Means during COVID-19 

 
The most productive one in the range of word-formation means occurs to be blending, making 45% out 

of 28 analyzed examples.  



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Coronavirus has led to the birth of new expressions as well that emerged mainly based on formerly 

existing expressions. Novel coronavirus (nCoV) is an expression referring to the coronavirus distinct 

from the known coronaviruses and is not detected or reported before. 

It is a temporary name assigned to the new type of coronaviruses before its permanent name is decided 

upon. The word novel designates the new pathogen of a previously identified family of a virus. 

Happy hour is a cocktail hour or longer period at a bar or a pub, usually in the early evening, when drinks 

are served at reduced prices, sometimes with free snacks especially at the end of the workday. Similarly, 

Virtual happy hour is the time when people arrange video chats or video conferencing and drink cocktails 

and other alcoholic beverages after working from home (Dictionary.com). 

The expression covideo party depicts online parties people arrange during the quarantine and it’s alike 

virtual happy hour. 

Quarantine and chill is an expression used to describe multiple ways people stay at home for a long time 

and spend their free time during coronavirus (Dictionary.com). 

Besides the growth of new words and expressions, dozens of words have undergone semantic changes 

and developed new meanings. Semantic change (also called semantic shift) is the change in the 

meanings of words, especially during the long period of time. Generalisation and specialisation are 

changes in the denotative component of meaning (Types of Semantic Change by H. Hirt) (Studfile.net). 

In case of generalization, the widening of a word’s meaning and reference takes places over the years. 

In 2020 video conferences and online classes are mainly done by Zoom program. And soon hackers 

started to intervene online meeting for multiple reasons. This kind of attacks became frequent during the 

first period of using the application, and people called that kind of attacks zoombombing. The term 

became so popular, that all kinds of online video conference attacks are called zoombombing nowadays 

no matter it’s via zoom or other programs.  

Zumping is the blend of zoom and dumping. Dumping is the act of getting rid of someone who is not 

wanted. Similarly, zumping is the same action via zoom or similar video conferencing application. It 

used to describe dumping a romantic partner via zoom, but soon due to generalization of the meaning of 

the word describes the same action via all kind of similar programs. 

Specialization (narrowing, restriction) is the narrowing (reduction) in a word's range of meaning and 

often a generic word is limited to a more specialized use (Studfile.net). 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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Table 1. Previous and Specialized Meanings of Several Expressions during Covid-19 Pandemic 

 

Finally, there is an interesting phenomenon of bringing war metaphors into the language of coronavirus. 

There are several war metaphors that have widely been used to describe the continuous struggle 

between healthcare workers and patients on one side and coronavirus disease on the other side.  

 

 

 

 

 

Word Previous meaning Specialized meaning 

WFH (Work from home) to do one’s job not in an office building 

but in one’s house  

(dictionary.cambridge.org) 

work at home temporarily because of an 

epidemic or natural disaster 

PPE (Personal protective equipment) equipment and clothing that protects 

people from health risks at work  

(dictionary.cambridge.org) 

mask, gloves, hand sanitizer or 

equipment designed to protect people 

from infection 

Social distancing rejecting social interaction between 

individuals and particularly those 

belonging to various social groups 

(merriam-webster.com) 

keeping a greater than usual physical 

distance from other people in public 

places during the outbreak of an 

infectious disease to decrease the 

transmission of infection 

(dictionary.cambridge.org)  

Self-isolating to isolate or separate oneself from 

others (merriam-webster.com) 

Staying at home and not leaving it 

because of symptoms of contagious 

disease 

Shelter-in-place order the act of trying to find safety within 

the building one already occupies 

because of hazards, bombing or 

shooting incidents, for radiological and 

chemical defence, etc.  

(redcross.org) 

staying at home and not leaving it 

unnecessarily because of the coronavirus 

outbreak in order not to get infected or 

spread the virus 

Blursday the humorous word for describing any 

day of the week that is not much 

different from the one before 

(collinsdictionary.com) 

an unspecified day because of 

lockdown’s disorientating impact on the 

time 

(theconversation.com) 



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Table 2. War Metaphors and Their Meanings during Covid-19 Pandemic 

War metaphors  General meaning Meaning during pandemic 

Battle a fight between armed forces the struggle against the 

infectious disease 

Front-line a place where opposing armies 

face each other in war and 

where fighting happens 

Is used to describe the 

place where doctors and 

scientists fight against the 

infectious disease 

Hero a person admired for bravery, 

great achievements, or good 

qualities 

are expressions that refer to 

people, especially to 

doctors and healthcare 

workers, who risk their 

own lives to save others 

from contagious disease 

during epidemic 

Front-line staff  

Soldier a person who is in an army and 

wears its uniform, especially 

someone who fights when there 

is a war 

Enemy a country or the armed forces or 

people of a country that is at war 

with your own country 

 

(Dictionary.cambridge.org) 

is used to describe the 

infectious disease that 

threatens people health and 

spreads rapidly 

 

And there is an interesting project on Twitter named #ReframeCovid started by Ines Olza (University of 

Navarra, Spain), Elena Semino and Veronika Koller (both Lancaster University, UK). They have opened 

an open-access document to assemble alternatives to war metaphors to talk about coronavirus and 

Covid-19 (BBC.com). The research shows, that the use of war metaphors to describe coronavirus has 

become peculiar not only to English, but also to other languages in the world. 

To conclude, language is a living organism and changes in social life very quickly find their expression in 

the word-stock. Coronavirus led to the explosion of new words, expressions and new relevances to the 

old words. Merely all productive word formation means served to the process of generating new words. 

Besides, some words have undergone semantic broadening and narrowing resulting in new definitions of 

formerly existing words. Some of the new words and definitions tend to be short-living and will probably 

disappear because of being too colloquial and specific, while others have already replenished the 

glossary of literary terms. Linguistic phenomena like bringing war metaphors to talk of the pandemic, 

and personification of a virus reveals the creative nature of the language. 

 



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