A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives 1 (2021) 1-2 Pierpaolo Limone Editorial 7 First Section Slavoj Žižek The Vagaries of the Superego 13 Ricardo Espinoza Lolas Nature and Pandemic 33 Paolo Ponzio Mask and Otherness between Recognition and Concealment: 47 Notes on the Self and the You Daniela Savino “Liquid” Identity and Otherness in the Phenomenon 61 of Religious Alienation: The Loss of Critical Thinking and the “Barter” of the Self in the System of Communion Francesca R. Recchia Luciani The Sexistential Vulnerability of Bodies in Contact 85 in the Philosophy of Jean-Luc Nancy Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 5 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives Second Section Martina Rossi Universal Design for Learning and Inclusive Teaching: 103 Future Perspectives Marco Ceccarelli A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models 115 Giusi Antonia Toto - Alessia Scarinci Cyberfeminism: A Relationship between Cyberspace, 135 Technology, and the Internet Luigi Traetta - Federica Doronzo Super-Ego after Freud: A Lesson not to Be Forgotten 153 Federica Doronzo - Gianvito Calabrese Functioning of Declarative Memory: Intersection 163 between Neuropsychology and Mathematics Giuliana Nardacchione - Guendalina Peconio Peer Tutoring and Scaffolding Principle for Inclusive Teaching 181 Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 6 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 115 A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Marco Ceccarelli LARM2: Laboratory of Robot Mechatronics Dept of Industrial Engineering Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata (Italy) doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.7358/elem-2021-0102-cecc marco.ceccarelli@uniroma2.it Abstract This illustration-based paper presents and account of Italian History on the collections mechanism models that were used and still can be used in design, teaching, and research activities not only on research and development of mechanical systems. A conceptual procedure is outlined for the development and use of mechanism models mainly at reduced scaled size. Main Italian collections of mechanism models are introduced with their historical values and current status. Those examples are reported also to show the value of Cultural Heritage that mechanism models and corresponding developments may have as worthful for preservation and understanding of past achievements in mechanism design and its application even in other frames. Keywords: history of mechanisms; history of mechanical engineering; Italian history of MMS teaching; Italian collections of mechanism models; mechanism models. Introduction Modeling and models have been and still are used as basis for activity in acquiring knowledge and implementing results in design and operation of systems in general and more specifically in machines. The study of modeling and models from the historical point of view is generally not approached with adequate attention and in fact specific historical investigations are reported in the literature referring to their evolution but only simple comments are indicated on specific modeling and consequent design solu- tions only for those machines that had a significant impact on technological https://www.ledonline.it/elementa https://dx.doi.org/10.7358/elem-2021-0102-cecc Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 116 and social developments. Even in the context of the history of machines referring to mechanics teaching and machine design, modeling models are not mentioned as necessary tools for the introduction and explanation of the fundamental concepts for training and for practical issues in design and operation of functional characteristics of machines and mechanisms, so much so that in historical studies models are very rarely mentioned with such a characterization and/or aim, even if only for didactic purposes. However, sometimes, the History of Science and Technology is also explained by using short mention to models such as in encyclopedic works, like for example in Capocaccia (1973) and Singer et al. (2012), and in specific works in conferences and journals, like for example in papers at the HHM symposia like Zhang and Ceccarelli (2019), as well as in teaching activities with some entertainment purposes, as for example with LEGO packages (LEGO, 2019). Some specific attention is addressed to models of mechanisms when their historical values are considered for museum exhibitions and historical temporary shows as an attraction to past devel- opments, as outlined for example in Ceccarelli (2011, 2013 and 2016). The history of teaching in Italy referring to mechanism design can be outlined looking at the developments in academic sites where machine mechanics was/is taught, as for example in Ceccarelli (2014b). The history of this specific historical development is often attached with an attention to individual figures, who used models on personal basis and experience in each teaching academic frame and therefore, it is difficult to get an overview that the author has partially attempted in the reference Ceccarelli (2016). In the teaching of design and functionality of mechanisms but also in the analysis and definition of the mechanical structures of machines and systems, today in mechatronics domain, the use of modeling and models can be refreshed of particular importance as it can be recognized in the didactic texts where formulations and mathematical modeling as well as calculation procedures for analysis and design are based on graphical schemes that can be also of a virtual nature requiring very often to be validated by models of a phys- ical nature, even in prototype form. In this work an attempt is presented following a previous work in Ceccarelli (2020) to combine an historical study of the teaching of machine mechanics in Italy with the history of the use of models not only for teaching but also for other related activities. 1. Mechanism models A mechanism is defined in the IFToMM terminology (IFToMM, 2003), as “Constrained system of bodies designed to convert motions of, and https://www.ledonline.it/elementa A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 117 forces on, one or several bodies into motions of, and forces on, the remaining bodies”. From the didactic point of view in many texts, such as Lopez-Cajùn and Ceccarelli (2013), and Uicker et al. (2017), a mecha- nism is recognized as a set of rigid bodies or links connected to each other with the aim of converting the mechanical energy input at a different level on an output link. Therefore, the purpose of a mechanism is identified in motion transmission capacity and force transmission capacity with the characteristics of motion generator and action generator, respectively, using the output link according to the characteristic imposed at the input. Thus, in general a mechanism can be considered a key component in a machine design because of its function in converting mechanical energy to a proper level for machine operation as also recognized in Ceccarelli (2018). Consequently, a mechanism model is represented with a schema- tization of the structure and its functions with graphical representa- tions and/or mathematical modeling that can be useful for analysis and simulation of operation and performance in carrying out the task for which the mechanism is designed and then applied. A model is understood as a simplified representation of a system and in the case of a mechanical design it is an ideal representation of the mechanism structure preserving the main mechanical characteristics, as indicated in Ceccarelli (2020). Considering the above-mentioned understanding for a mechanism model, it is also possible to recognize the modelling of a mechanism useful not only for design purposes but also for explaining the functioning with the peculiar operation performance. Indeed, a mechanism model can be elaborated for design, simulation and exhibition purposes with representa- tions that today span from virtual solutions in computer-oriented software packages to scaled simplified mechanical constructions up to well defined prototypes or demonstrators, even referring to the same design as an evolu- tion of the definition of the solution. An example of a model of a modern mechanism is illustrated in Fig. 1 referring to a mechanical design of LARMbot arm for humanoids (Russo & Ceccarelli, 2018; Fort, Ceccarelli, & Laribi, 2022) in which the model is represented as a kinematic diagram in Fig. 1a, as a CAD solution in Fig. 1b and with a lab prototype in Fig. 1c. The kinematic model is aimed both to explain the design structure and basic parameters of the conceived solu- tion, the CAD design is used to define the details of the mechanical design and to analyze the feasibility of its operation, and the prototype is used for design validation and testing the operation performance, with activity spanning from teaching to design up exhibition. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 118 (a) (c)(b) Figure 1. – Example of models for a mechanism solution of a humanoid arm (Russo & Ceccarelli, 2018; Fort, Ceccarelli, & Laribi, 2022): (a) kinematic model for design algorithms; (b) CAD model for mechanical design and simulation; (c) a lab prototype for testing. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 119 As mentioned above, in general, mechanism models are aimed and included in a variety of activities for teaching, study, research, design, demonstrative illustrations and presentations, simulation, validation operation characteri- zation, experimental check, and even promotion and market exhibition. They are used not only for developing mechanical systems, but even as means or part of systems in activities in other disciplines, with similar aims or complementary purposes as for example indicated in Ceccarelli (2012) referring to service applications. Today mechanism models can be developed as sketches or drawings (by hand or by computer-graphics tools), mechanical constructions either in scaled sizes or prototype structures, and virtual computer-based designs as based on different type of software and visualization with or without human interaction. Figure 2 outlines the evolution of mechanism models from historical viewpoints looking at technical constructions as linked to achievements and technological means (Ceccarelli, 2020). Figure 2. – A timeline of conceptual evolution of mechanism models (Ceccarelli, 2020). In Figure 2 the first level of a model refers to a graphical representation in the form of a drawing that since in Antiquity it has been elaborated as drawing schemes containing lot of details. Still today the first ideas are sketched with drawings (either by hand or by graphics software) that can be used as first step of an activity either in explaining or in designing mechanical systems or in developing concepts and solutions. A graphical drawing model can have different formats as well as different levels of accuracy, not only in terms of graphical representation and it is used in many disciplines other than in mechanical design. Over the time those drawing models have evolved from pure line abstraction to naturalistic representation towards technical synthetic standardized drawing languages (see for example isometric views and cross-sections with ruled color for material and lines), as for example referring to gear designs in Ceccarelli and Cigola (2012). https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 120 The second level in Figure 2 named as “model” stresses the modelling as a mechanical model that can lead to a prototype solution for a machine design or an experiment whose phenomenon is to be investigated. Histori- cally for long time mainly during the growing of Science and Technology, model constructions were widely used before proceeding to further activi- ties and, after last decades of the success of Informatics today they have regained significance for a physical experience, mainly with prototypes with full features that are used before final constructions of machine prod- ucts. in addition, a mechanical model can be formulated with a mathema- tization that can give highlight of the mechanical characteristics and can be further used both for reiteration in design and teaching explanations of parameters in design and operation issues. A prototype as a third level model in Figure 2, is considered a full solution of a mechanical solution and likewise it can be developed in reduced scale yet. A protype model is understood as a tentative design for a final product and it is often the model by which the design process and the operation performance are validated without having the full products in all its details or manufacturing accuracy, before entering in the market or in approved invention. Since constructions of mechanical models and prototypes require lot of efforts both in manufacturing and cost, the advent of Computer Science provided alternatives with the fourth level of virtual designs that are developed, operated, and tested with different level of virtuality from simple CAD solutions up to haptic-sensed 3D systems. The virtual models are today extensively used but they can be still developed after an activity which is based on previous levels of modelling, including even a first drawing model, that in last decades was somehow ignored although necessary and indeed worked out. The level of virtual modelling in Figure 2 emphasizes not only the deepening of functionality analysis using models even for final design products but also aspects concerning with the durability and economic convenience of models including multidisciplinary and integration for different purposes in study, design, and teaching. The today virtual models are used also to represent the other type of models as an expression of their interesting contents not only in the Science and Technology but also for the History of Mechanical Engineering with a value of Cultural Heritage when design formulation (graphical or mathematical representations) and products are worthful to be preserved, although not completely preserved in the original solutions, as means to show the historical evolution of knowledge and to stimulate inspiration for further developments. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 121 Mechanism models have been and are still developed in different formats as above indicated in Figure 2 for different aims and frames of applications for activities in teaching, analysis, design, experimental activity and historical investigations with still a key role not only for mechanical systems, but even as means or part of systems in other disciplines. The example in Figure 1 illustrates the still current interest in the practice of model developments in the different forms and formats, as referring to the very modern domain of Robotics. 2. Italian collections of mechanical models Examples based on illustrations are discussed below with the aim of showing the characteristics of the models and of the modeling introduced above in the context of the Italian historical panorama with the relative peculiarities. Since ancient times, the analysis and design of mechanisms was carried out using examples and models to define characteristics and solu- tions suited to required tasks. Probably also scale models with perishable materials were used, which in fact have not reached us, but which have been illustrated and discussed in treatises or even represented in artistic works. Figure 3 shows an example from the work of Archimedes (ca. 287-212 BC) of the third century BC. relating to the schematic of the functioning of the machines with the basic conceptual principle recognized in the mechanics of the lever (Ceccarelli, 2014b). Figure 3a shows the graphic representation reconstructed during the Renaissance as from the work by Guidubaldo Del Monte (1577) as the re-edition/discover of the Archimedes work (Commandino, 1558) with an explanation of a text and a synthetic repre- sentation of the mechanism, whereas Figure 3b shows the scheme still synthetic but for a mechanical study for the purposes of a formulation for analysis and design due to Galilei in his explanations during the first academic lectures on machines of his course held in 1593-98 in Padua (Galilei, 1964; Ceccarelli, 2006). In this figure it is evident the formulation of the model in terms of graphic design coming from an ancient text that could probably have been accompanied by a graphic scheme, but enriched with the characteristics of an essentially graphic modeling for the char- acteristics of explanation and design of the functionality of the machine to which it refers or to the lever mechanism A. D. for a marble cutting machine with the characteristic of being illustrative in the main mecha- nisms and with a publicity purpose, even if it was found on the surface of a sarcophagus near the city of Hierapolis (currently in Turkey) as the tomb of https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 122 Marcus Aurelius Ammianos, a local miller. In this model of an artistic type as an archaeological finding, the informative and explanatory purposes can be noted with emphasis, although the design features are not detailed also in order not to allow readers to reproduce a machine with high techno- logical value that can be considered of even economic value, not indifferent for the family of the person housed in the sarcophagus. (a) (b) Figure 3. – The lever model by Galilei (1964): (a) a natural description model; (b) a kinematic diagram model. (a) (b) Figure 4. – Bas-relief representing the Hierapolis saw (Rossi, Russo, & Russo, 2009): (a) the archeological finding; (b) a mechanical model. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 123 Figure 4b shows a modern mechanical model of the marble cutting machine formulated with a CAD elaboration with the clear interpretative intention not only of the archaeological bas-relief of Figure 4a, but also of the functionality of the machine, highlighting the main elements recogniz- able in the hydraulic turbine as a source of energy and in the slider-crank mechanism that guides the saw in the operation against the marble. This example highlights that already in ancient times the modeling of machines and mechanisms was used for various purposes, that is, popularization and commercial and social advertising. It should be noted that the CAD model of Figure 4b can be used, as indeed it with various solutions that can be found in websites and museum exhibitions, for a virtual model with animation of the operation of the entire machine, with emphasis on the kinematics and the role of the fundamental of slider-crank mechanism. Figure 4a (Rossi, Russo, & Russo, 2009) shows an example of a model in a marble bas-relief of the third century. The explanatory purpose of models of mechanisms with content of cultural heritage value with today’s attention can be seen in the mechanical model of Figure 5 of the Roman catapult. Figure 5a shows the graphic representation reconstructed during the Renaissance in the work of Fra Giocondo (1433-1515) for the princeps re-edition (Fra’ Giocondo, 1511) of the treatise De Architettura by Vitruvius (80-15 BC) in which the model of the war machine structure also explains how machine works as based on the mechanism consisting of two levers with elastic joints connected by the launching cable, also with a brief explanation text. Figure 5b shows a scale wooden model exhibited at the Museum of Roman Civilization in Rome (2010) with a clear explanatory purpose of the structure both in functional aspects referring to the mechanisms as in the constructional peculiarities with assembly of parts that the Roman legionaries could find in the field during the war campaigns. Another significant reference referring to the modeling in Antiquity with reconstructions in the Renaissance and beyond, can be considered the work of Vitruvius (80-15 BC), whose specific studies on machines and mechanisms in liber X were then rediscovered during the Renaissance and republished also with sets of figures and graphic models resulting from interpretations of the text and the direct experience of the authors of the reproductions with machine designs that have been a reference for a long time both at a technical and historiographic level, as discussed in Cigola and Ceccarelli (2016). This last aspect of historiographical attention has recently received even greater attention with the creation of virtual models that have been elaborated and exhibited, also with scenic animations of various scenography in various occasions and occasions, such as the virtual https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 124 exhibition of Vitruvian machines linked to Leonardo da Vinci in 2019 in the Malatesta palace in Fano, the birthplace of Vitruvius. Actually todays, virtual models even with 3D views and animation are extensively used mainly in exhibitions within museums or events showing past design of machines and mechanisms with aim to show the functionality of those past machines with cultural heritage values but also with modern concepts for design and functionality. (a) (b) Figure 5. – Ancient Roman repeating catapult: (a) a mechanical scheme, by Fra’ Giocondo (1511); (b) a reconstruction in the Museum of Roman Culture in Rome (2010). https://www.ledonline.it/elementa A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 125 (a) (b) Figure 6. – Models of the Archimedes pump: (a) graphic diagram of the structure and functioning of the screw (Galilei, 1964); (b) mechanical model of 17th century in Florence Museum (Miniati, 1991). Figure 6, referring to the Archimedes pump for lifting water as an example of the experimental mechanics that was established since the 17th century, shows how mechanical models were used for didactic and experimental purposes. Figure 6a shows a graphic model again from Galilei’s lessons with a graphical representations as traditional means for a long time in the study of the functioning of machines and mechanisms while Figure 6b (Miniati, 1991), shows the mechanical model built for research but also used in teaching for more than a century, in the form that today is preserved at the museum of the history of science in Florence having also acquired a character of historical value and cultural heritage of science and technology. In the mechanical model of Figure 6b it is worth noting the accuracy of the mechanical construction aimed at representing the main elements for the functionality of the mechanism with which the screw performs the function of water lifting pump according to the mechanics and the representative scheme of Figure 6a. This link between mechanical models and graphical models is still essentially based on the modeling of the design and func- tional characteristics useful not only for the analysis of the functioning but also for the design and use of the examined mechanism. Therefore, it can be recognized that one type of model completes the other and vice versa. The use of graphic models has been persistent for a long time and of practical utility especially in the technical-scientific literature as in the didactic one with characteristics still considered necessary today both in the didactic aspects and in the design formulations. Already in the Renaissance https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 126 it can be thought that this graphic modeling was flanked by mechanical models in scale which, however, have not come down to us not only for their limited purpose in terms of use and validation of concepts at the time of design and restricted teaching practice, but also and above all for having probably been built with perishable materials such as wood. Subsequently, this didactic-demonstrative purpose of graphic models of the machines had its success in the Theatrum Machinarum in the form of catalogs of machines in which the structures of the machines are repre- sented with a text accompanying as a description of the functionality and construction peculiarities. This approach can be traced historically starting from the manual by Francesco di Giorgio Martini (1439-1502) (Ceccarelli & Molari, 2020), up to the first printing of a real manual of the machines by Agostino Ramelli (1588). Figure 7 shows an example of such modeling from the Ramelli catalog (1588) with pedagogical purposes for a wide audience, also with the intention of attracting possible commitment for the design and construction of the represented and new machines. This didactic-illustrative purpose has developed since the first manuals of machines by Francesco di Giorgio of the early Renaissance up to the elabo- ration of complex catalogs in the form of the Theatrum Machinarum and finally also in specific chapters of the didactic texts and reports of research activities and design during the, 19th century during the developments of the Industrial Revolution. Figure 7. – Example of graphic modeling of mechanisms in machines typical of Theatrum Machinarum from the work of Agostino Ramelli in 1588. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 127 During the development of the Industrial Revolution these catalogs special- ized in the representation of graphic models of mechanisms within treatises further developed in technical manuals among which the first European (Italian) manual can be ascribed to the work of Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis (1781-1863). The example of Figure 8 shows the modeling of the mecha- nisms with the aim of explaining a classification of the structural and func- tional possibilities of the various types of mechanisms. Figure 8. – Graphic modeling of mechanisms for a classification from the work of Borgnis (1823). https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 128 These aims for design and teaching activities have given rise to a specific literature and also to a research aimed at discovering unitary principles in the variety of mechanisms according to the various types also with the help of small scale models that have seen full success with the production of modeling designed by Franz Reuleaux (1829-1905) and produced by the Voigt company (following a well-established tradition in Germany, even if it also existed in other European countries, including in the states of frag- mented Italy) with planetary circulation (Kerle, Mauersberger, & Ceccarelli, 2011), which in fact it has also reached the engineering schools in Italy. In particular, in Italy this activity has seen a production of specific literature since the first courses dedicated to the training of mechanical engineers at the University of Turin which later became Polytechnic of Turin with Professor Carlo Ignazio Giulio (1803-1859) with his work that follwed didactic study by Gaspard Monge (1747-1818) further developed by Robert Willis (1800-1875) and continued throughout the nineteenth century until reaching the work of Francesco Masi (1852-1944) (Cecca- relli, 2010) at the University of Bologna with its encyclopedic treatise The theory of mechanisms of 1897 in which the modeling of mechanisms is treated not only on a graphic level but also on an analytical-formulistic level as represented in the example of Figure 9. Figure 9. – Example of graphic-analytical models of mechanisms from the work of Francesco Masi in Bologna at the end of the 19th century. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 129 In Figure 9 it is to note how the mechanism model with its graphic drawing is used to identify a mathematical model with a innovative formulation, that can be useful both for analysis and design purposes, as today is imple- mented with more advance algorithm of informatic expert systems. This development of graphic models for analytical formulations with the purpose of analyzing and teaching the functionality of the mechanisms were also accompanied by products of various types of physical-mechanical models, both in scale with emulation of Voigt models and models specifi- cally designed by the Italian teachers. Figure 10 shows examples of those physical-mechanical models which were produced starting from the end of the, 19th century up to the 60s of the, 20th centuries with evident didactic purposes in courses dedicated to the study of kinematics and design of mechanisms for machines even with complex structures. Figure 10 shows as an example of the dissemination throughout the national level models preserved in several Italian academic institutions with mechanical construction structures respectively in metal, plastic, wood, and combination of materials to represent as such modeling also for didactic purposes has been produced with a great variety of solu- tions. In the, 1980-90s of the past century, the advent of computers and related computerized modeling technologies have also produced a bursting development of virtual models that are still used today in courses to explain the structures of mechanisms and their functionality with dedicated algo- rithms for the virtual simulation of their performance and numerical repre- sentation as a characterization of the principles and solutions proposed and further developable for even innovative designs. Such virtual models are frequently also used in other fields, such as those indicated in Figures 4-6 for museum exhibition purposes and preservation of contents of technical- cultural heritage. Subsequently, at the beginning of this century didactic techniques for the study of mechanisms and machines were developed that combine the various types of modeling described above, i.e. graphic, physical-mechan- ical, computerized virtual ones, in such a way that a student in training for not only mechanical engineering of machines with mechatronic solu- tions can also appreciate the structure and mechanical functionality typical of man-machine and machine-machine interaction and integration with further systems from other disciplines that are now essential in the modern mechatronic structure of a machine and a mechanism when combined with various types of drives, control systems and sensorization that are necessary for the regulation of the machines according to the applications to which they are dedicated and designed. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 130 (a) (b) (c) (e) (d) Figure 10. – Examples of physical-mechanical models of mechanisms for didactic purposes in the 20th century at: (a) Politecnico di Torino; (b) Politecnico di Milano; (c) University of Bologna; (d) University of Rome; (e) University of Palermo. A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 131 Although today the teaching and design techniques are based on computer- assisted modeling and therefore based on a mathematical and simulation modeling, the realization of physical-mechanical models is once again considered necessary and fundamental for a rational and efficient training to develop adequate knowledge and awareness of the problems of the solu- tions that an engineer must face for the development and management of mechanisms and machines with a mechatronic structure real designs for correct and efficient operation, as shown in the example of Figure 1. Conclusions Mechanism models have paid and still pay an important role in explaining and validating machine design concepts and operation performance in teaching, research and technological transfer, even in publicity to the public. An historical evolution is presented looking at main features of model categories in drawings, mechanical models, protypes, and virtual solutions. Italian collections are introduced as from main Italian univer- sity sites with an eye from the very past up todays solutions with the aim of recognizing an important contribution of using mechanism models in the development of machine designs and the science of mechanisms over time. References Capocaccia, A. (1973). History of technique: From prehistory to the year one thou- sand. UTET (in Italian). Ceccarelli, M. (2004). Classifications of mechanisms over time. In Proceedings of international Symposium on history of machines and mechanisms – HMM 2004 (pp. 285-302). Kluwer. Ceccarelli, M. (2006). Early TMM in Le Mecaniche by Galileo Galilei in 1593. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 41(12), 1401-1406. Ceccarelli, M. (2008). Renaissance of machines in Italy: From Brunelleschi to Galilei through Francesco di Giorgio and Leonardo. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 43(12), 1530-1542. Ceccarelli, M. (2010). Francesco Masi (1852-1944). In M. Ceccarelli (Ed.), Distinguished figures in mechanism and machine science: Their contribu- tions and legacies. Part 2 (pp. 141-162). Springer Nature Switzerland AG (History of Machines and Machine Science, 7). doi: 10.1007/978-90-481- 2346-9_8. ISBN: 978-90-481-2345-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 132 Ceccarelli, M. (2011). Mechanism designs of cultural heritage. In 13th world Congress in mechanism and machine science IFToMM (Paper no. A21-393). Guanajuato. Ceccarelli, M. (2012). An outline of history of mechanism design in servicing science. In Physics, astronomy and engineering: Critical problems in the history of science and society (pp. 1-10). Scientia Socialis, UAB. Ceccarelli, M. (2013). Considerations on mechanism designs as suitable for cultural heritage evaluation. Advances in Historical Studies, 2(4), 175. Ceccarelli, M. (2014a). Contributions of Archimedes on mechanics and design of mechanisms. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 72, 86-93. Ceccarelli, M. (2014b). Short history of mechanics of machinery in Italy. In Proceedings of 5th Italian Conference on history of engineering (pp. 87-102). Cuzzolin Editore (in Italian). Ceccarelli, M. (2015). Italian landmarks in the history of MMS. In eProceedings of 2015 IFToMM Workshop on history of mechanism and machine science, St.-Petersburg, May 26-28, 2015 (Paper no. 20-03). Ceccarelli, M. (2016). Figures and achievements in MMS as landmarks in history of MMS for inspiration of IFToMM activity. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 105, 529-539. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2016.07.012 Ceccarelli, M. (2018). Innovation challenges for mechanism design. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 125, 94-100. Ceccarelli, M. (2020). Models of mechanisms for teaching and experimental activity. In Atti del VIII Convegno annuale Società Italiana degli Storici della Fisica e dell’Astronomia (pp. 255-266). Pavia University Press. ISBN: 978- 88-6952-7 Ceccarelli, M., & Cigola, M. (2012). On the evolution of graphical representation of gears. In Mechanisms, transmissions and applications (pp. 3-14). Springer. Ceccarelli, M., & Molari, P. G. (2020). Francesco di Giorgio (1439-1501). In M.  Ceccarelli & Y. Fang (Eds.), Distinguished figures in mechanism and machine science: Their contributions and legacies. Part 4 (pp. 47-66). Springer Nature Switzerland AG (History of Mechanism and Machine Science, 38). https://doi.org/10. 1007/978-3-030-32398-1_3 Cigola, M., & Ceccarelli, M. (2016). Machine designs and drawings in renais- sance editions of de Architectura by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. In Essays on the history of mechanical engineering (pp. 291-307). Springer, Cham. Commandino, F. (1558). Archimedis Opera non nulla à Federico Commandino Vrbinate nuper in Latinum conuersa, et commentariis illustrata… Apud Pau- lum Manutium, Aldi f. Del Monte, G. (1577). Mechanicorum Liber. Apud Hieronymum Concordiam, Pisauri. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa doi: 10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2016.07.012 https://doi.org/10. 1007/978-3-030-32398-1_3 A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 133 Fort, A., Ceccarelli, M., & Laribi, M. A. (2022). Prototype and testing of LARMbot PK arm. In J. Beran, M. Bílek, M. Václavík, & P. Žabka (Eds.), Advances in Mechanism Design III. Proceedings of 13th international Confer- ence on the theory of machines and mechanisms – TMM 2020, Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic, September 7-9, 2021 (pp. 210-219). Springer, Cham. Fra’ Giocondo, M. (1511). Vitruvius per Iocundum solito castigatior factus cun figu- ris et tabula et iam legi et intelligi posuit. Giovanni Taccuino, Venezia. Galilei, G. (1964). Le mecaniche. In F. Brunetti (A cura di), Opere di Galileo Gali- lei. UTET. IFToMM (2003). Mechanism and Machine Theory, 38(7-10). Special Issue: Stand- ardization and terminology. Kerle, H., Mauersberger, K., & Ceccarelli, M. (2011). Historical remarks on past model collections of machines and mechanisms in Europe. In 13th world Congress in mechanism and machine science IFToMM (Paper no. A21-279). Guanajuato. LEGO (2019). Lego education. https://education.lego.com/en-gb Lopez-Cajùn, C. S., & Ceccarelli, M. (2013). Mechanisms: Fundamentals of kinematics for design and optimization of machinery (2nd ed.). Trillas (in Spanish). Miniati, M. (Ed.). (1991). Catalogue of Florence Museum of History of Science. Giunti. Museo della Civiltà Romana (2009-2010). Exhibition “Machina. Tecnologia del - l’An tica Roma”, December 23, 2009 - April 5, 2010. Ramelli, A. (1588). Le diverse et artificiose machine del capitano Agostino Ramelli dal ponte della Tresia… nelle quali si contengono varii et industriosi movi- menti… composte in lingua Italiana et Francese. A Parigi: in casa del’autore, cõ privilegio del re. Rossi, C., Russo, F., & Russo, F. (2009). Ancient engineers, & inventions. Springer. Russo, M., & Ceccarelli, M. (2018). Design and simulation of a parallel-serial LARMbot arm. In I. Doroftei et al. (Eds.), New advances in mechanism and machine science. Proceedings of SYROM 2017 (pp. 379-386). Springer, Cham. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-3.19-79111-1_38 Singer, C., et al. (Eds.). (2012). History of technology, Vol. 2. Bollati Boringhieri (in Italian). Uicker, J. J., Pennock, G. R., & Shigley, J. E. (2017). Theory of machines and mechanisms. Oxford University Press. Zhang, B., & Ceccarelli, M. (Eds.). (2019). Explorations in the history amd heritage of machines and mechanism. Proceedings of HMM 2018. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://www.ledonline.it/elementa http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-3.19-79111-1_38 Marco Ceccarelli Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 1 (2021) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 134 Riassunto Il presente contributo presenta e racconta la storia italiana sulla collezione dei model- li meccanici che sono stati utilizzati e possono ancora essere utilizzati nelle attività di progettazione, insegnamento e ricerca, non solo circoscritti alla ricerca e allo sviluppo di sistemi meccanici. Sono presentate le principali collezioni italiane, con i loro valori stori- ci e il loro stato attuale. Questi esempi sono riportati anche e soprattutto per dimostrare il valore del Patrimonio Culturale che questi modelli e gli sviluppi corrispondenti possono avere, utili per la conservazione e la comprensione dei risultati del passato nella progetta- zione e la loro applicazione anche in altri contesti. Copyright (©) 2021 Marco Ceccarelli Editorial format and graphical layout: copyright (©) LED Edizioni Universitarie This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. How to cite this paper: Ceccarelli, M. (2021). A historical account on Italian mechanism model. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives, 1(1-2), 115-134. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.7358/elem-2021-0102-cecc https://www.ledonline.it/elementa https://dx.doi.org/10.7358/elem-2021-0102-cecc Elementa_1-2021-1-2_00b_Sommario.pdf Editorial Pierpaolo Limone First Section The Vagaries of the Superego Slavoj Žižek Nature and Pandemic Ricardo Espinoza Lolas Mask and Otherness between Recognition and Concealment: Notes on the Self and the You Paolo Ponzio “Liquid” Identity and Otherness in the Phenomenon of Religious Alienation: The Loss of Critical Thinking and the “Barter” of the Self in the System of Communion Daniela Savino The Sexistential Vulnerability of Bodies in Contact in the Philosophy of Jean-Luc Nancy Francesca R. Recchia Luciani Second Section Universal Design for Learning and Inclusive Teaching: Future Perspectives Martina Rossi A Historical Account on Italian Mechanism Models Marco Ceccarelli Cyberfeminism: A Relationship between Cyberspace, Technology, and the Internet Giusi Antonia Toto 1 - Alessia Scarinci 2 Super-Ego after Freud: A Lesson not to Be Forgotten Luigi Traetta 1 - Federica Doronzo 2 Functioning of Declarative Memory: Intersection between Neuropsychology and Mathematics Federica Doronzo 1 - Gianvito Calabrese 2 Peer Tutoring and Scaffolding Principle for Inclusive Teaching Giuliana Nardacchione - Guendalina Peconio