Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs: A State-of-the-Art Analysis 5 Elementa Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives 3 (2023) 1-2 The Gift Edited by Francesco Fistetti Francesco Fistetti Editorial – What Is the Gift Paradigm? A Reading Guide 7 First Section Alain Caillé Recent Extensions of the Gift 15 Jacques T. Godbout The Enduring Relevance of Mauss’ Essai sur le don 43 Francesco Fistetti The Gift Paradigm: Towards a Science of “total social facts” 59 Annalisa Caputo Ricœur, Gift and Poetics 81 Second Section Andreana Lavanga - Francesco Sulla Praise as a Gift in the Relationship between Teachers 93 and Their Students Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives 6 Anna Daniela Savino The Gift of Desire: The “inner voice” between Neuroscience 105 and Theory of Attachment Various Roberta Baldini - Maria Grazia Mada Logrieco The Gifted Student: Gifts and Talents Development 125 Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation 135 to the New Millennium Needs: A State-of-the-Art Analysis Salvatore Iuso - Pia Marinaro Education and Culture: Pluralism in the Age of Globalization 153 Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa 135 Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs: A State-of-the-Art Analysis Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli Università degli Studi di Foggia (Italy) doi: https://doi.org/10.7358/elementa-2023-0102-safa alessandro.desantis2@unifg.it stefania-fantinelli@unifg.it Abstract Since technology has been entering into human beings’ everyday life, individuals estab- lished a deep relationship with digital technology, thus an embodied link between people and digital instruments has been born. This is particularly evidenced by recent literature about screen time (duration of time spent by the individual in using electronic/digital media like television, smartphone, tablet or computer), it significantly influences dif- ferent human beings’ dimensions: physical, psychological and neurological functions. Impact of digital technology on human beings can be considered as a result of syntonic functioning in order to improve different people’s life areas (e.g., work, social or intimate relationship, learning), while the dystonic relationship is evidenced as a result of human addiction to digital technology. The present study aims to provide a cognitive and social psychology perspective on how screen time is changing our existences, defining digital technology as a gift which people should be aware of in terms of positive but even negative consequences in everyday life. Keywords: adaptation; cognitive function; digital technology; digital well-being; embodiment; functioning; touch screen; well-being. 1. Introduction The advent of digital technology has revolutionized communication, education, healthcare, entertainment, and various other facets of modern Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://doi.org/10.7358/elementa-2023-0102-safa mailto:alessandro.desantis2@unifg.it mailto:stefania-fantinelli@unifg.it https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 136 life. Digital devices have made the world more accessible, allowing us to connect with people globally, access a wealth of information instantane- ously, and perform tasks with unprecedented efficiency. Moreover, they have played a pivotal role in addressing societal challenges, such as bridging geographical distances and enabling remote work and education. Digital technology represents the new frontier of human beings and the contribu- tion given by smartphone use in people’s ordinary life is a matter of fact (Dienlin & Johannes, 2022). People in world which are actually own a smartphone are about 7.33 billion (Statista, 2023) and confronting this approximal number with the world population (8 billion more or less) 1 is possible to affirm that the entire planet possesses a digital device such a smartphone, tablet etc. However, the excessive use of digital devices and the consequent increase in screen time have raised concerns about their impact on human well-being. Studies have suggested potential negative effects, including dig- ital addiction (APA, 2022), disrupted sleep patterns (Parent et al., 2016), decreased physical activity (Pérez-Farinós et al., 2017), and adverse effects on mental health (Wood & Scott, 2016), especially among younger gen- erations. Thus, it is imperative to strike a balance between harnessing the benefits of technology and mitigating its potential drawbacks. Now the point is, technological digital devices have undoubtedly enriched our lives in numerous ways, offering a plethora of opportuni- ties and conveniences, representing what can be defined as a proper gift. Nevertheless, critical consideration regarding screen time and its effects on human well-being remains a crucial need. Is it possible to foster a mindful approach to screen time? In this way, technological digital devices would continue to serve as a valuable gift to humanity rather than a double-edged sword. We also may ask: why is it necessary to consider digital device usage in terms of screen time? What are specific human beings’ domains influenced by screen time? Understanding the real consequences and role assumed by digital devices in people’s structural functioning, can it be useful to depict a mindful approach to screen time? To point out these questions, terminological premises are required. Relevant discoveries in clinical neuroscience (O’Regan & Noë, 2001), philosophy (Putnam, 1982), clinical psychology (Riva et al., 2016) and phenomenological psychiatry (Galimberti, 2006; De Preester, 2010), are underlining the role assumed by our body in interaction with the world (Arzy et al., 2006) of things and objects. In this sense, embodiment theory 1 https://www.census.gov/popclock/world Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.census.gov/popclock/world https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 137 gets a fundamental assumption about the continuum established between the physical nature of human beings and his cognitive abilities to interact with the world (e.g., language) (Fodor, 1983b). Fodor (1983b) can be considered one of the main authors in the field of embodiment theory. Jerry Fodor’s book, The modularity of mind (1983b), presents an attempt to create a framework for a theory of the mind. Fodor acknowledges that such a theory must view the mind as a physical entity, rather than simply a collection of cognitive functions that cannot be understood as structural and tangible properties of the mind. Fodor’s Modularity (1983b) can be regarded as a taxonomy of mental processes. To overcome the inherent limitations of psychological research, it is most advantageous to conceptualize the cognitive components of the mind as modular. These cognitive modules connect to the various outputs of sensory transduction and conduct various computations on them. The outcome of these computations implies that sensory outputs are trans- formed into a format that the remainder of the mind can process, thereby enhancing the comprehensibility of this type of input. The natural pro- gression of the current theory is associated with a particular approach to cognitive psychology known as Embodied Cognition. Lakoff and Johnson (1987; 1999) have demonstrated how our entire spectrum of physical and emotional experiences can form the foundation of our Embodied Cogni- tion. Psychologists often assert that intricate cognitive processes like lan- guage and comprehension can be viewed as the outcomes of “interactions” among various reservoirs of cultural knowledge. They are in the process of developing a model that represents these interactive processes, utiliz- ing formalisms such as production systems (Anderson, 1983) and parallel distributed processing schemes. A new research approach has been developing in recent years, exem- plified by Social Cognition (Salvatore et al., 2018; Salvatore et al., 2022). It is rooted in a theoretical model of the human mind based on human knowledge, which may be biologically organized as input systems (Scarr, 1985). The relationship between the body and technology is particularly evident in the works of Riva and colleagues (Parsons, Gaggioli, & Riva, 2017). According to neuroscience (Moseley et al., 2012; Gallace et al., 2014), the body matrix represents the self in relation to space and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the body, both at the homeo- static and psychological levels. It supervises the cognitive and physiological resources necessary to protect the body and the space around it. Research shows that the body matrix can be altered through the use of virtual reality technology (Riva et al., 2016; Parsons, Gaggioli, & Riva, 2017), leading to the emergence of a new research field called Embodied Medicine. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 138 After this premise, it is reasonable to think that human-machine rela- tion is a point of interest in literature and in our contemporary world. To better clarify the focus, when discussing digital technology, this contribu- tion specifically addresses the issue of portable digital devices. Aim of the present paper is to offer some thoughts and reflections, by the cognitive and social psychology perspective, on how screen time is changing our way to be in the world, underlining the fact that digital technology could be considered as a gift which people should be aware of in terms of positive but even negative consequences in everyday people functioning. 2. People functioning as a terminological fact In Cognitive Psychology, one of the most important things to evaluate is about how people do work, how they get in touch with the world, and what is their functioning in their different living areas. When psychologists use “function” as a term, it means any organism activity which is useful to preserve individual life and species conservation (Galimberti, 2010). Processes and behavior which are unfavorable are indi- cated as “dysfunction”. Despite this general definition, the term “function” assumes a specific means in relation with the framework model which is considered for. In fact, “function” can be considered as a mathematical term to define correspondence between two variables, but it can even be applied to Ego- Psychology in order to define the autonomous function of Ego (Hartmann, 1936). This kind of function can be better understood as simple and inde- pendent activity (e.g., to breath, to walk, to talk) which are emancipated by instinctive reflexes. These activities that can be considered a part of the autonomous function of Ego are even known as habits and capacity, primar- ily linked to biological-instinctual links, which tend to function autono- mously (Allport, 1955). This epistemological background must not be considered as an abstracted notion. In fact, recent psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, still refer to people functioning in order to define a mental disease. A mental disorder (APA, 2022) is a syndrome characterized by a clini- cally significant alteration in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior, reflecting a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with a significant level of distress or disability in social, occupational or other important areas. This definition contains an element of tautology (a mental disorder is what is “clinically significant”), Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 139 a very difficult element to detect in the current state of knowledge (that there is a “dysfunction in the processes underlying mental functioning”) and a common element in a variety of mental health problems (causing significant distress or disability). In short, to summarize the concept of mental functioning, it is a theoretical structure characterized by different cognitive processes that allows people to interact with different life areas (e.g., occupational or other important areas). Giving this brief overview of what functioning means from a cogni- tive perspective, it is possible to introduce other perspectives on people’s functioning and well-being taking account of digital technology influence. 3. Embodied Cognition: a new way of considering people presence in world Embodied Cognition (EC) is a research area that centers on cognitive sci- ence, incorporating bodily functions as a critical component of cognition (Shapiro, 2007). EC posits that our perception of reality is influenced by the interactions among our mind, body, and environment. This relationship can be summed-up into self-other schemata, as an organizational meaning system at the highest level of abstraction (Salvatore et al., 2023). These schemata, which help people to interpret world and so function and guarantee their presence in world, is based on the psy- choanalytic view of the self as endowed with an inner world consisting of primitive and unconscious patterns of embodied meaning emerging from the generalization of the early relational experiences with caregivers (Klein, 1967; Bowlby, 1969; Stern, 1999) and shaping the experience of the object (i.e., the global class of what is other-from-the-self ). This new concept contrasts with that of scientific literature that concerns reality shaped by our mind, because the mind manipulates the body through abstract sym- bols (e.g., modules) (Fodor, 1983a; Shapiro, 2007). EC cannot be considered as a predictive theory but it gives to new technological devices (e.g., virtual reality – VR) researchers an opportunity to revisit a neglected concept about how people consider to be in presence in a physical context. The literature provides evidence for two types of experimental sup- port for EC: behavioral and neurological. • Neurological evidence and findings are based on the assumption that objects and movements that activate the same neuronal systems are “linked” by the brain (Keysers & Gazzola, 2009). In this sense the cogni- Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 140 tive representation of the object is intrinsically linked to the way the subject uses its body to manipulate the object. They are not two separate symbols pieced together by the mind for action, but are bound together in the same schemata (Rizzolatti & Gentilicci, 1988). • The behavioral examples are more straightforward and demonstrate a clear link between either sensory perception and cognitive perception or motor action and cognitive perception (Williams & Bargh, 2008). In an unrelated study, finding shows that sitting upright influences how people are feeling pride in an achievement. A second study found that contraction of the forehead muscles influenced subjects’ perceptions of how hard they worked on a task (Stepper & Strack, 1993). There is also a demonstrated link between body movements and improved problem- solving performance (Thomas & Lleras, 2009). Previous examples reveal the extent to which the body, mind, cog- nitive, and emotional states are all involved. In short, mental schemata of environmental objects via the way in which we manipulate them (Riz- zolatti & Gentilucci, 1988) and encode our own bodily movements and perceive others’ movements using the same set of neurons (Keysers & Gaz- zola, 2009). Behaviorally, our body positioning and use impacts our social observations (Williams & Bargh, 2008), feedback acceptance and task performance recall (Stepper & Strack, 1993), and improves performance on cognitive tasks (Thomas & Lleras, 2009). Additionally, we now have a framework that can be used to guide psycho-physiological instrument-based research on presence in the world. For example, it may be possible to use functional near infrared spectros- copy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) (Hirshfield et al., 2009) to measure users’ engagement, mental workload, and response inhibitions in virtual environments to see if the affordances are working as intended. Psycho-social embodiment directly affects self-presence and social presence, and may serve as a moderating variable for physical presence. As has just been seen, the brain creates multiple multisensory simulations to predict: (a) upcoming sensory events both inside and outside the body, and (b) the best action to deal with the impending sensory events. Moseley et al. (2012) suggested that simulations, such as avatar expe- rience, are integrated with sensory data in the “body matrix” which is a superstructure multisensory representation of the body and physical space. Specifically, the contents of the body matrix are defined by top-down pre- dictive signals, integrating the multisensory (e.g., motor and visceromotor) simulations of causes and perceived sensory events. The different simula- tions are then ranked and included in the body matrix according to their relevance for the intentions of the self (selective attention). At the same Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 141 time, the content and the priority of the different simulations are corrected by bottom-up prediction errors that signal mismatches between predicted and actual contents of sensory events (Riva, 2017). Based on the ideas of Embodied Cognition, we argued that afforded embodiment is an appropriate framework for exploring avatar functional- ity and presence (Costa et al., 2013). 4. A psychosocial perspective on the relation human-digital device Social Exchange Theory (SET) is a foundational framework in Social Psychology (Worchel et al., 1983) that deals with interpersonal interac- tions encompassing behavior, affection, products, and communication (Homans, 1961; Blau, 1968). SET conceptualizes interpersonal inter- actions somewhat akin to economic exchanges: individuals choose to participate in these exchanges only if their anticipated “rewards” from them outweigh their “costs” or, at the very least, meet their expectations and surpass alternative investments (Homans, 1961; Kelley & Thibaut, 1985). Consequently, SET regards interpersonal interaction as a rational process involving a series of cost-benefit analyses. This psychological per- spective, rooted in the concept of reciprocity and cost-benefit analysis, posits that individuals engage in social interactions and relationships with the expectation of receiving rewards and minimizing costs. When applied to the realm of digital technology, it becomes evident that users often form relationships with their devices based on a similar set of principles. People invest time, attention, and personal data into their digital inter- actions with the expectation of receiving rewards such as information, entertainment, convenience, or social connection. However, there are also costs involved, including potential privacy concerns, time spent in front of screens, and the risk of addiction. By using the SET, researchers can explore how these cost-benefit calculations shape the ways in which individuals interact with and rely on digital devices, shedding light on the evolving dynamics of this pivotal human-technology relationship in the modern digital age. An interesting kind of perspective on SET theory has been developed by Gefen and colleagues (1998). They interpreted SET as a framework theory for Technological Acceptance Model that suggests how the per- ceived usefulness (PU) of technological devices and the perceived ease of use (PEOU) of an information system (IS) are major determinants of its use (Gefen & Keil, 1998). This study implies that a constructive social Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 142 exchange may be a crucial factor affecting successful digital device imple- mentation, and should, therefore, become an important extension of the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM). Moreover, the TAM overlooks the social exchange element of software development and how this social context influences users’ perceptions. Another important psychosocial paradigm that is worth mentioning in order to better contextualize the relationship between human beings and digital devices is the Use & Gratification Theory (U&G) (Cantril, 1942). During the 1950s and 1960s researchers operationalized many social and psychological variables which were assumed to be precursors of different patterns of gratification due to consumption (Wimmer & Dominick, 1994). At the light of new technologies industry mass production, there has been an alteration to exposure patterns of many media consumers (Finn, 1997). Many researchers have applied U&G Theory to a wide range of newly popularized media technologies (Ruggero, 2014). In a study made by Camilleri and colleagues (2021) finding shows that individuals’ perceived usefulness and ease of use of online streaming services were sig- nificant antecedents of their intentions to use the mentioned technologies. Moreover, this study suggests that the research participants sought emo- tional gratifications from online streaming technologies, as they allowed them to distract themselves into a better mood and to relax in their leisure time. Evidently, they were using them to satisfy their needs for information and entertainment. To conclude this psychosocial overview, it is essential to mention the Computer as Social Actors paradigm. This paradigm argues that people react mindlessly to media agents and, therefore, communicate with them similarly to how they would interact with another human. This implies that human users have a pre-existing mental model of how they would communicate with another human in a similar situation (Nass & Moon, 2000). These mental models for interacting with others are referred to as social scripts (Honeycutt & Bryan, 2011; Schank & Abelson, 2013). At the light of presented evidence, it is possible to understand how digital technology is penetrating people’s ordinary lives. However, thanks to social psychology, the theoretical framework is able to explain the reciprocity between human and digital devices. Digital technology is now identified as a gift made by the same human being’s existence and it is actu- ally changing the way people’s presence in the world is considered. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 143 5. Consequences of screen time Kind of consequences linked to screen time can be summed up into 4 possible consequences which are physical, neurological, psychological and social adverse consequences. Here are some literature examples. • Social and psychological consequences – The association between digital media and sleep duration and quality relates to infancy through adoles- cence (Parent et al., 2016). Novel findings suggest an inverse association between sleep duration and subsequent screen time. A longitudinal study of 4-8-year-olds found that short sleep time can promote a following-day fatigue, thus leading to more screen viewing sedentary behavior. Depres- sion represents a growing public health concern and is a prevalent disease among adolescents. Findings have linked overall screen time to depres- sion and suicidal behavior among adolescents (Wood & Scott, 2019). • Physical consequences – The relation between screen time and obesity can be explained by reduced sleep and physical inactivity and by exposure to advertising which negatively affects youth’s dietary choices (Chahal et al., 2013; Mihrshahi et al., 2017). A survey among children aged 9-10 associated three hours screen time or more to obesity (Nightingale et al., 2017). Among types of digital media, bedroom TV viewing was more associated with obese children and adolescents (Mihrshahi et al., 2017; Pérez-Farinós et al., 2017) and with forming a cardiometabolic risk (Sta- iano et al., 2013). Higher levels of sympathetic arousal were found in young adults (Hsieh & Hsiao, 2019) and among school-aged children with Internet addictive behavior to smartphone use. Considerable com- puter screen viewing can lead to eye fatigue, blurred vision, eye dryness, headaches, and discomfort. Such symptoms can be a result of glare, poor lighting or improper viewing setting (Akinbinu & Mashalla, 2014). • Neurological consequences – Li et al. (2019) found a relation between depressive symptoms and overall screen time among children in the age range of 5-18 who were using digital media for over two hours per day. Gaming related rewards were found to increase striatal dopamine release (Weiss et al., 2011), resulting in an induced feeling of pleasure. As a result, the user is inclined to adopt a craving behavior aimed at experi- encing repeating short-term pleasures (Christensen, 2017). Considering what has been mentioned above, it is now possible to define what wellbe- ing means for people who coexist with digital technology. Well-being is a subcategory of mental health. Mental health is gener- ally considered to consist of two parts: negative and positive mental health. Negative mental health includes subclinical negative mental health, such as Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 144 stress or negative affect, and psychopathology, such as depression or schizo- phrenia. After explaining consequences of screen time on different dimensions of human beings it is possible to explain what implication digital technol- ogy has on well-being and if it is possible to consider the well-being taking account of digital device usage. Positive mental health is a synonym for well-being; it comprises hedonic well-being and eudaimonic well-being. Whereas hedonic well- being is affective, focusing on emotions, pleasure, or need satisfaction, eudaimonic well-being is cognitive, addressing meaning, self-esteem, or fulfillment. Tring to apply this definition to digital usage, it is possible to find that Google developed a new conceptual idea of what digital well-being means. Digital Well-being© is a Google toolkit product created by many experts which recommends self-awareness and reflection as an essential step in creating a balance with technology (Google, 2023). Google Teams created Android’s Digital Well-being tools to give people greater insight into how they use their smartphones thanks to different features such as flip to “Shhh”, “Wind Down”, and “App Timers” which aim to help people maintain focus, disconnect, and be more mindful of their whole family’s tech habits (Google, 2023). To conclude, in accordance with the objective of the present paper which aims to give reflections, by the cognitive and social psychology per- spective, on how screen time is changing our way to be in the world, at the light of mentioned and analyzed literature in present work, the rela- tion between human and technological devices is an indisputable fact at the point that this link must now be focused on embodiment framework theory. This embodied relation is particularly evident by the use of virtual reality (VR) technology which is able to modify people’s sense of pres- ence in space and time. VR related to the embodiment framework makes considerable questions on how technology is deeply changing people’s way to interact with ourselves, others and, in general, the physical world. Digi- tal technology has got in touch with human beings’ adaptive functioning, giving people an opportunity to improve their everyday life. This opportu- nity must be considered as a gift, however, more research is needed to really understand the reciprocity established between human beings and digital technology. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 145 References Akinbinu, T. R., & Mashalla, Y. J. (2014). Impact of computer technology on health: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Medical Practice and Reviews, 5(3), 20-30. Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality, Vol. 20. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Anderson, J. R. (1983). Knowledge compilation: The general learning mechanism. In R. S. Michalski, J. G. Carbonell, & T. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach, Vol. 2 (pp. 289-310). Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann. APA (2007). DSM (4th ed., text rev.). Milano: Elsevier Masson. APA (2022). DSM-V-TR. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore. Arzy, S., Overney, L. S., Landis, T., & Blanke, O. (2006). Neural mechanisms of embodiment: Asomatognosia due to premotor cortex damage. Archives of Neurology, 63, 1022-1025. Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitiv- ity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1-3), 7-15. Blau, P. M. (1968). Social exchange. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sci- ences, 7(4), 452-457. Bowlby, J. (1969). Disruption of affectional bonds and its effects on behavior. Canada’s Mental Health Supplement, 59. Buoncristiano, M., Spinelli, A., Williams, J., Nardone, P., Rito, A. I., García‐ Solano, M., …, & Breda, J. (2021). Childhood overweight and obesity in Europe: Changes from 2007 to 2017. Obesity Reviews, 22, e13226. Camilleri, M. A., & Falzon, L. (2021). Understanding motivations to use online streaming services: Integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT). Spanish Journal of Market- ing – ESIC, 25(2), 217-238. Cantril, H. (1942). Professor quiz: A gratifications study. In P. F. Lazarsfeld & F. Stanton (Eds.), Radio research 1941 (pp. 34-45). New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce. Chahal, H., Fung, C., Kuhle, S., & Veugelers, P. J. (2013). Availability and night‐ time use of electronic entertainment and communication devices are asso- ciated with short sleep duration and obesity among Canadian children. Pediatric Obesity, 8(1), 42-51. Christensen, J. F. (2017). Pleasure junkies all around! Why it matters and why ‘the arts’ might be the answer: A biopsychological perspective. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1854), 20162837. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 146 Costa, M. R., Kim, S. Y., & Biocca, F. (2013). Embodiment and embodied cog- nition. In Virtual augmented and mixed reality: Designing and developing augmented and virtual environments. 5th International Conference, VAMR 2013, held as part of HCI International 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 21-26, 2013. Proceedings, Part I 5 (pp. 333-342). Berlin - Heidelberg: Springer. De Preester, H. (2010). Postphenomenology, embodiment and technics: Don Ihde, postphenomenology and technoscience. The Peking University Lec- tures. State University of New York Press, Albany, 2009 and Embodied Technics. Automatic Press/VIP, 2010. Human Studies, 33: 339-345. Dienlin, T., & Johannes, N. (2022). The impact of digital technology use on ado- lescent well-being. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 135-142. Di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1992). Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research, 91, 176-180. Finn, S. (1997). Origins of media exposure: Linking personality traits to TV, radio, print, and film use. Communication Research, 24, 507-529. Fodor, J. A. (1983a). Representations: Philosophical essays on the foundations of cogni- tive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Fodor, J. A. (1983b). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Galimberti, U. (2006). Psichiatria e fenomenologia, Vol. 4. Milano: Feltrinelli. Galimberti, U. (2010). Dizionario di psicologia. Milano: il Mulino. Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2014). In touch with the future: The sense of touch from cognitive neuroscience to virtual reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gefen, D., & Keil, M. (1998). The impact of developer responsiveness on percep- tions of usefulness and ease of use: An extension of the technology accept- ance model. ACM Sigmis Database: The Database for Advances in Informa- tion Systems, 29(2), 35-49. Graffigna, G., Barello, S., Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., Corbo, M., Coppola, L., …, & CCIPE Working Group (2017). Promozione del patient engagement in ambito clinico-assistenziale per le malattie croniche. Raccomandazioni dalla prima conferenza di consenso italiana. Recenti Progressi in Medicina, 108(11), 455-475. Hardy, L. L., Mihrshahi, S., Drayton, B. A., & Bauman, A. E. (2017). NSW schools physical activity and nutrition survey (SPANS) 2015. Full Report. Sidney: NSW Department of Health. Hartmann, G. W. (1936). Gestalt psychology: A survey of facts and principles. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 83(4), 492-494. Hirshfield, L. M., Solovey, E. T., Girouard, A., Kebinger, J., Jacob, R. J., Sas- saroli, A., & Fantini, S. (2009). Brain measurement for usability testing Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 147 and adaptive interfaces: An example of uncovering syntactic workload with functional near infrared spectroscopy. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Confer- ence on human factors in computing systems, Boston, MA, USA, April 4-9, 2009 (pp. 2185-2194). New York: ACM. Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. Honeycutt, J. M., & Bryan, S. P. (2011). Scripts and communication for relation- ships. New York: Peter Lang. Hsieh, K. Y., Hsiao, R. C., Yang, Y. H., Lee, K. H., & Yen, C. F. (2019). Relation- ship between self-identity confusion and Internet addiction among college students: The mediating effects of psychological inflexibility and experien- tial avoidance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3225. Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1985). Self-interest, science, and cynicism. Jour- nal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 26-32. Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2009). Expanding the mirror: Vicarious activity for actions, emotions, and sensations. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 19(6), 666-671. Klein, M., & Derrida, M. (1967). Essais de psychanalyse (1921-1945). Paris: Payot. Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1987). The metaphorical logic of rape. Metaphor and Symbol, 2(1), 73-79. Lakoff, G., Johnson, M., & Sowa, J. F. (1999). Review of philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. Computational Linguistics, 25(4), 631-634. Li, X., Buxton, O. M., Lee, S., Chang, A. M., Berger, L. M., & Hale, L. (2019). Sleep mediates the association between adolescent screen time and depres- sive symptoms. Sleep Medicine, 57, 51-60. Melges, F. T., & Bowlby, J. (1969). Types of hopelessness in psychopathological process. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20(6), 690-699. Mihrshahi, S., Gale, J., Drayton, B. A., Bauman, A., & Mitchell, J. (2017). 30-year trends in overweight, obesity and waist-to-height ratio by socioeconomic status in Australian children, 1985 to 2015. International Journal of Obe- sity, 41(1), 76-82. Mitchell, M. R., Weiss, V. G., Beas, B. S., Morgan, D., Bizon, J. L., & Setlow, B. (2014). Adolescent risk taking, cocaine self-administration, and striatal dopamine signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(4), 955-962. Moseley, G. L., Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2012). Bodily illusions in health and disease: Physiological and clinical perspectives and the concept of a cortical ‘body matrix’. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 34-46. Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000). Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 81-103. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 148 Nightingale, C. M., Rudnicka, A. R., Donin, A. S., Sattar, N., Cook, D. G., Whincup, P. H., & Owen, C. G. (2017). Screen time is associated with adiposity and insulin resistance in children. Archives of Disease in Child- hood, 102(7), 612-616. O’regan, J. K., & Noë, A. (2001). A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(5), 939-973. Parent, J., Sanders, W., & Forehand, R. (2016). Youth screen time and behavioral health problems: The role of sleep duration and disturbances. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics – JDBP, 37(4), 277. Parsons, T. D., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2017). Virtual reality for research in social neuroscience. Brain Sciences, 7(4), 42. Pérez-Farinós, N., Villar-Villalba, C., López Sobaler, A. M., Dal Re Saavedra, M. Á., Aparicio, A., Santos Sanz, S., …, & Ortega Anta, R. M. (2017). The rela- tionship between hours of sleep, screen time and frequency of food and drink consumption in Spain in the 2011 and 2013 ALADINO: A cross- sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-12. Putnam, L. L. (1982). Paradigms for organizational communication research: An overview and synthesis. Western Journal of Communication (includes com- munication reports), 46(2), 192-206. Riva, G., Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Mantovani, F., & Gaggioli, A. (2016). Trans- forming experience: The potential of augmented reality and virtual reality for enhancing personal and clinical change. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 164. Rizzolatti, G., & Gentilucci, M. (1988). Motor and visual-motor functions of the premotor cortex. Neurobiology of Neocortex, 42, 269-284. Ruggiero, A., & Vos, M. (2014). Social media monitoring for crisis communica- tion: Process, methods and trends in the scientific literature. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 4(1). Salvatore, S., Fini, V., Mannarini, T., Veltri, G. A., Avdi, E., Battaglia, F., …, & Re.Cri.Re. Consortium (2018). Symbolic universes between present and future of Europe: First results of the map of European societies’ cultural milieu. PloS One, 13(1), e0189885. Salvatore, S., Mannarini, T., Gennaro, A., Celia, G., De Dominicis, S., De Luca Pi cione, R., …, & Rocchi, G. (2023). The affective regulation of uncer- tainty: The Semiotic Dimensionality Model (SDM). Social Sciences, 12(4), 217. Salvatore, S., Ruggieri, R. A., Bucci, F., Cordella, B., Freda, M. F., Lombardo, C., …, & Zennaro, A. (2022). Compartmentalization and unity of profes- sional psychology: A road map for the future of the discipline. Rivista di Psicologia Clinica, 1. Scarr, S. (1985). A rapprochement of biology psychology and philosophy. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 16-18. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 149 Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (2013). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Psychology Press. Scott, H., & Woods, H. (2016). Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41-49. Shapiro, L. (2007). The embodied cognition research programme. Philosophy Com- pass, 2(2), 338-346. Sirko, S., Behrendt, G., Johansson, P. A., Tripathi, P., Costa, M. R., Bek, S., …, & Götz, M. (2013). Reactive glia in the injured brain acquire stem cell properties in response to sonic hedgehog. Cell Stem Cell, 12(4), 426-439. Solovey, E. T., Girouard, A., Chauncey, K., Hirshfield, L. M., Sassaroli, A., Zheng, F., …, & Jacob, R. J. (2009). Using fNIRS brain sensing in real- istic HCI settings: Experiments and guidelines. In Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM Symposium on user interface software and technology, Victoria, BC, Canada, October 4-7, 2009 (pp. 157-166). New York: Association for Computing Machinery. Staiano, A. E., Abraham, A. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2013). Adolescent exergame play for weight loss and psychosocial improvement: A controlled physical activity intervention. Obesity, 21(3), 598-601. Stanton, T. R., Leake, H. B., Chalmers, K. J., & Moseley, G. L. (2016). Evidence of impaired proprioception in chronic, idiopathic neck pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy, 96(6), 876-887. Stepper, S., & Strack, F. (1993). Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and non- emotional feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(2), 211. Stern, D. N. (1999). Vitality contours: The temporal contour of feelings as a basic unit for constructing the infant’s social experience. In P. Rochat (Ed.), Early social cognition: Understanding others in the first months of life (pp. 67-80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1978). A theory of procedure. California Law Review, 66, 541-566. Thomas, L. E., & Lleras, A. (2009). Swinging into thought: Directed movement guides insight in problem solving. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 719- 723. Thompson, N. A., & Weiss, D. A. (2011). A framework for the development of computerized adaptive tests. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 16(1), 1. Tower, R. B., & Scarr, S. (1985). The measurement of three lifestyle values: Resourcefulness, responsibility and relationships to others. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 5(2), 167-189. Üstün, T. B. (Ed.). (2010). Measuring health and disability: Manual for WHO disabil- ity assessment schedule WHODAS 2.0. Genève: World Health Organization. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Alessandro De Santis - Stefania Fantinelli 150 Wang, W., Du, X., Guo, Y., Li, W., Zhang, S., Zhang, W., …, & Lu, C. (2021). Associations among screen time, sleep duration and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 69-74. Weiss, M. D., Baer, S., Allan, B. A., Saran, K., & Schibuk, H. (2011). The screens culture: Impact on ADHD. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders – ADHD, 3, 327-334. Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth. Science, 322(5901), 606-607. Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (1994). An introduction to mass media research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2019). Merging the biological and cognitive processes of sleep and screens. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 5, 150-155. Worchel, S., Cooper, J., & Rhodewalt, F. (1983). Study guide to accompany under- standing social psychology. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press. Sitografia Google (2023). Digital wellbeing. https://wellbeing.google Statista (2023). Forecast number of mobile users worldwide from 2020 to 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/218984/number-of-global-mobile- users-since-2010/ United States Census Bureau (2023). U.S. and World Population Clock. https://www.census.gov/popclock/world Riassunto Da quando la tecnologia è entrata nella vita quotidiana degli esseri umani, gli indi- vidui hanno stabilito un rapporto profondo con la tecnologia digitale, è nato così un legame incarnato tra persone e strumenti digitali. Ciò è particolarmente evidenziato dalla recente letteratura sullo screen time (durata del tempo trascorso dall’individuo nell’utilizzo di media elettronici/digitali come televisori, smartphone, tablet o com- puter), che influenza in modo significativo diverse dimensioni dell’essere umano: fun- zioni fisiche, psicologiche e neurologiche. L’impatto della tecnologia digitale sugli esseri umani può essere considerato come il risultato di un funzionamento sintonico volto a migliorare diversi ambiti della vita delle persone (ad esempio, lavoro, relazioni sociali o intime, apprendimento), mentre la relazione distonica è evidenziata come risultato della dipendenza umana da tecnologia digitale. Il presente studio si propone di fornire una prospettiva di psicologia cognitiva e sociale su come il tempo trascorso davanti allo Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://wellbeing.google https://www.statista.com/statistics/218984/number-of-global-mobile-users-since-2010/ https://www.statista.com/statistics/218984/number-of-global-mobile-users-since-2010/ https://www.census.gov/popclock/world https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs 151 schermo sta cambiando le nostre esistenze, definendo la tecnologia digitale come un dono di cui le persone dovrebbero essere consapevoli in termini di conseguenze positive ma anche negative nella vita di tutti i giorni. Copyright (©) 2023 Alessandro De Santis, Stefania Fantinelli Editorial format and graphical layout: copyright (©) LED Edizioni Universitarie This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. How to cite this paper: De Santis, A., & Fantinelli, S. (2023). Digital well-being as a new kind of adaptation to the new millennium needs: A state-of-the-art analysis. Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives, 3(1-2), 135-151. doi: https://doi.org/10.7358/ elementa-2023-0102-safa Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives – 3 (2023) 1-2 https://www.ledonline.it/elementa - Online ISSN 2785-4426 - Print ISSN 2785-4558 https://doi.org/10.7358/elementa-2023-0102-safa https://doi.org/10.7358/elementa-2023-0102-safa https://www.ledonline.it/elementa Elementa_3-2023-1-2_00b_Sommario.pdf Editorial What Is the Gift Paradigm? A Reading Guide First Section Recent Extensions of the Gift The Enduring Relevance of Mauss’ Essai sur le don The Gift Paradigm: Towards a Science of “total social facts” Ricœur, Gift and Poetics Second Section Praise as a Gift in the Relationship between Teachers and Their Students The Gift of Desire: The “inner voice” between Neuroscience and Theory of Attachment Various The Gifted Student: Gifts and Talents Development Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs: A State-of-the-Art Analysis Education and Culture: Pluralism in the Age of Globalization