! E L M E N T SE "#! $!%&' &( "#! )!*(+, !"#$%&!'(&!"' &)$ $#*+,&!*" *- &)$ .$""/ .0$%% ("1 &)$ $22(",$+ 3),03) 2,01$0% ALSO FEATURING • The Digital Pandemic • The Force on the Front!"# $%&#'(')&$)!# '#*#)'+" ,-$'%). -/ 0-*!-% +-..#(#-. +/ ' 0 2 0 21 · 1 &* 2 % ! 1 7 · / -- 2 ! 1 !"#$ %&%'( )'$*(#+'$ !"' *,--'*!#,- +'!.''- !"' /,,)$ .' '&! &-) ,0( +(&#- "'&1!". #! &$$'$$'$ !"' '//'*!$ ,/ *'(!&#- -0!(#'-! 2(,0%$ ,- !"' +(&#- &-) !"'#( (,1' #- !"' %&!",2'-'$#$ ,/ &13"'#4'(’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’$ #-*#)'-*'$, +0! !"' 4#-) )#'! %(,8'$ #!$'1/ !, +' 4,(' #4%&*!/01 !"&- !"' )&$" )0' !, #!$ $%'*#/#* '4%"&$#$ ,- !"' *,-$04%!#,- ,/ /,,)$ "#2" #- &-!#,7#)&-!$. !""# !"$ %&"'(&% Researching nutrition’s mitigating e!ects on the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease *&(,1#-' *,"'- '2"+/"/&'’- $!"!+%/'3"/&' &( &1!+3** #!3*"# Food has e4ects on your body and overall health that may not be completely obvious from the outside. Many people believe that regardless of food choices, having a smaller body frame means being healthy. However, nutrition re- search has shown that certain nutrient groups have vari- ous e4ects on the body, including the brain, that prevent or promote the development of diseases and other health problems. Following a nutrient-specific diet plan over one’s lifespan can serve as a preventative measure for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Numerous studies suggest that guided consumption of vitamin C, vi- tamin E, antioxidants, and essential fatty acids can miti- gate the progression of amyloid-beta plaques, tau tangles, and oxidative stress, thus constituting a preventative and therapeutic, non-pharmaceutical approach to tackling AD. 3*5#!/%!+’- +/-6 (37"&+- 3'$ 7&%%&' )+3/' 3)'&+%3*/"/!- The hallmark brain markers found in AD patients are pri- marily tau tangles and amyloid-beta plaques. The pres- ence of both of these lead to the impairment of memory that characterizes the illness. The accumulation of beta- amyloid protein forms these plaques and triggers both synaptic and memory loss, therefore facilitating AD devel- opment (Nakandakari et al., 2019). Tau tangles are com- posed of aggregated tau proteins that interfere with cellu- lar mechanisms, ultimately causing the cell to die (ibid). The diminishing size of the brain is a result of neuronal and synaptic death, which are more strongly correlated with the memory loss in AD than beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles (Samadi et al., 2019). Slowing the progres- sion of plaques and tangles would elicit cessation, or at least slowing, of the development of the illness and is something that nutrition can feasibly do. In addition to these precursors, obesity is a main risk fac- tor for AD (Szczechowiak et al., 2019). This is widely un- known, for it is not typically mentioned among the com- monly known health risks associated with obesity such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Given the ris- ing rate of obesity today, the associated risk of Alzheimer’s with obesity should be made known to the public. The cur- rent lack of awareness stems directly from the common disassociation made by consumers between what they eat and their health beyond body weight. Food is meant to nourish and fuel the body, but when food choices are made ignorantly, they may lead to unexpected risks. (3" 7&'-2%."/&' 300+313"!- )!"3-3%,- *&/$ .+&"!/' 3772%2*3"/&' 3'$ (&+%3- "/&' &( "32 "3'0*!- High fat consumption has been shown to exaggerate beta- amyloid and tau protein aggregation. Nakandakari et al., 2019 conducted a study in which mice were given either standard chow or a short-term high-fat diet to assess the e4ects of a high-fat diet on the AD precursors. It was shown that consumption of the high-fat diet increased beta amyloid content and tau phosphorylation, which leads to tau tangles and neuronal death. The high fat diet was shown to trigger apoptotic alterations in the hippo- campus, thus catalyzing the diminishing size of the hip- pocampus in AD. Next, the researchers looked specifically at the impact of saturated fats, which are believed to be the most unhealthy and are recommended to be consumed in moderation. They directly applied palmitate, a component of saturated fatty acids, to neurons and microglial cells over a ten-day period. Direct application of palmitate increased beta-amy- loid and tau protein content. These results suggest that diets in saturated fat, amplify the production of beta-amy- loid plaques and tau tangles. Saturated fat is therefore a nutrient that should be consumed sparingly due to its neu- rodegenerative e4ects (Nakandakari et al., 2019). “The diminishing size of the brain is a result of neuronal and synaptic death, which are more strongly correlated with the meomry loss in AD than beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles.” 68 !"!#!$%& : : &'()$* 2021 Another study conducted by Theriault et al. in 2016 repli- cated these results with mice being fed a high-fat diet con- taining high levels of saturated fatty acids for four months. It was found that the mice given this high-fat diet showed increased amyloid-beta content in cerebral microvascula- ture compared to control animals (Theriault et al., 2016). These results support the hypothesis that a high-fat diet exacerbates the development of AD. .&-/"/1! !((!7"- &( 3 $/!" *&8 /' -3"2+3"- !$ (3": "#! %/'$ $/!" The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegen- erative Delay (MIND) diet focuses on the consumption of plant-based foods and fish to limit the intake of animal food sources and saturated fats. This diet is a hybrid be- tween the Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, created with the goal of improving brain health. The MIND and DASH diets are compared later in this paper to examine the varying ef- fectiveness of each due to a key di4erence in foods incor- porated. Following the guidelines of the MIND diet has been shown to slow the development of the typical precur- sors of AD. When studied in mice, it was found that high intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish sources had the opposite e4ects of saturated fat. N-3 fat consumption was found to decrease beta-amyloid formation and oxidative stress and increase synaptic proteins and dendritic spine density (Berendsen et al., 2018 as reviewed by Samadi et al., 2019). This increase in synaptic proteins and dendritic spine den- sity serves as a preventative mechanism from AD symp- toms, given that losses in these entities have the greatest association with the memory impairments seen in AD. The n-3 fatty acids found in fish typically include omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EHA) (Vauzour et al., 2015 as reviewed by Szczechowiak et al., 2019). All of these components have been shown to improve neuronal transmission and regulate the excitabil- ity of neuronal membranes, thus improving memory and learning in healthy, non-AD individuals (ibid). Additional- ly, it has been found that these n-3 fatty acids can promote immunity in patients who have been diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and have therefore not yet pro- gressed to the level of decline that would constitute their impairment as AD. This immunity refers to n-3 fatty acids promoting the phagocytosis of amyloid-beta proteins, therefore dissolving plaque aggregation and reducing memory loss symptoms (Fiala et al., 2017 as reviewed by Szczechowiak et al., 2019). An additional study conducted by Schaefer et al. in 2006 reported these same results of further deteriorating mem- ory. Elderly people were given a questionnaire regarding their fish intake habits and were then placed into quartiles based on their levels of consumption of fish that is high in DHA. Those found to consume the most DHA-containing fish had a 47% lower risk of dementia relative to those in the bottom three quartiles (Schaefer et al., 2006). This fur- ther demonstrates that DHA consumption in fish is cor- related with lower risk of cognitive decline. "#! %/'$ $/!" /- !3-/!+ "& (&**&8 3'$ %&+! !((!7"/1! "#3' $3-# A well-balanced diet is one that naturally contains all of the vital nutrients without the need for supplementation. An example of a diet within this category is the DASH diet, which emphasizes the consumption of non-processed, plant-based foods and limits the intake of animal products and other foods high in saturated fat (Samadi et al., 2019). Studies of this diet in elderly people show that subjects who followed the diet the most strictly and received high DASH diet scores, were seen to have a 39% reduction in Alzheimer’s incidence compared to those who received the lowest DASH diet scores (Morris et al., 2015). Evidently, following a healthful, plant-based diet has the ability to lower the risk of Alzhimer’s development considerably. One study conducted by Morris et al. in 2015 observed that those following the MIND diet had an even greater preven- tative e4ect on Alzheimer’s incidence than did those fol- lowing DASH. The DASH and MIND diets focus on the same target and avoidance foods, but the MIND diet spe- cifically incorporates berries and green leafy vegetables. As a result of this addition, MIND diet consumers were “...the mice given this high-fat diet showed increased amyloid-beta content in cerebral microvasculature compared to control animals.” 69 !""# !"$ %&"'(&% shown to have slower cognitive decline than DASH con- sumers. Those who complied most strongly to the MIND diet and fell into the top tertile of MIND diet scores had a 53% reduction in the incidence of AD, compared to those who fell in the lowest tertile of MIND diet scores. Those who fell in the middle tertile of MIND diet scores still had a 35% reduction in the rate of AD development. Even low compliance showed significant results, similar to those with the greatest compliance to DASH. This indicates that the DASH diet must be followed strictly to achieve the same results as a loose following of the MIND diet (Morris et al., 2015). It is important to note that the DASH diet’s guidelines are far more demanding than those of the MIND, and yet the MIND diet is more powerful even at low compliance. To achieve a high MIND diet score, consumption includes only two servings of vegetables per day, two servings of berries per week, and only one serving of fish per week (Morris et al., 2015). In contrast, a high DASH diet score requires three to four servings of fruits and three to four servings of vegetables per day, in addition to six or more servings of fish per week (ibid). The MIND diet is far easi- er to follow and results in greater protection against AD. So what is it that makes the addition of blueberries and green leafy vegetables so significant? This answer lies within the high antioxidant content of these additions compared to other fruits and vegetable choices that may be made in the DASH diet due to no specification. 3'"/&9/$3'" "+!3"%!'" /%.+&1!$ *!3+'- /'0 3'$ %!%&+, /' %/7! Oxidative stress refers to a damaging interaction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and vital compounds in their surroundings in the brain that are associated with the amyloid beta plaque and tau tangle precursors (Huang et al., 2016). Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance be- tween antioxidants and oxidants, which occurs due to ei- ther decreased antioxidant defense or increased free radi- cal concentration. Free radicals contain at least one unpaired electron in their valence shell, which comes from the reduction of the oxygen in water. This reduction reac- tion creates strongly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which are a type of ROS. These reactive hydroxyl radicals react with fats, proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules and alter their functions and structures. Oxidative stress occurs when ROS molecules are created in excess concentrations, thus creating the imbalance between antioxidants and oxi- dants. Antioxidants serve to prevent the formation of ROS and are therefore an important component in protecting the brain (ibid). Cells in the body typically contain antioxi- dant defense mechanisms to protect against oxidative stress on their own, but it has been found that AD patients have low levels of these anti-oxidative molecules in their cells (Ansari et al., 2010 as reviewed by Thapa et al., 2017). This suggests that these low levels of endogenous antioxi- dants may contribute to the ROS overload that produces oxidative stress in AD patients. This endogenous anti-oxi- dative mechanism diminishes with age, therefore putting elderly people at a greater risk for developing AD (ibid). This demonstrates the importance for the elderly popula- tion and those knowingly at risk of AD to consume anti- oxidants through food sources. Studies have tested the e4ects on oxidative stress of dis- tributing the antioxidant ascorbic acid to mice, where it was shown that ascorbic acid and vitamin E treatment pro- moted facilitatory e4ects on memory retrieval and learn- ing (Shahidi et al., 2008 as reviewed by De Oliveira et al., 2019). High levels of anxiety have been proven to impair learning capabilities and memory. The ascorbic acid given to the mice served to decrease oxidative stress and lower their anxiety levels, thus increasing their ability to both learn and draw from their memories (Hasanein et al., 2010 as reviewed by De Oliveira et al., 2019). The second portion of the study gave vitamin E in addition to the ascor- bic acid to diabetic mice, in whom they found both im- proved memory and reversal of memory deficits (ibid). This addition of antioxidants in both groups served to di- minish oxidative stress by reestablishing the balance be- tween oxidants and antioxidants in the brain, thus mitigat- ing the problems of memory loss seen that result from oxidative stress. It can therefore be concluded that con- suming foods rich in antioxidants have the ability to re- duce oxidative stress and improve deficits in learning and “...the DASH diet’s guidelines are far more demanding than those of the MIND, and yet the MIND diet is more powerful even at low compliance.” 70 !"!#!$%& : : &'()$* 2021 memory seen in AD and could thereby be used as a poten- tial therapeutic or prevention mechanism for the disease. "#! %/'$ $/!" /- %&+! !((!7"/1! "#3' $3-# $2! "& /"- !%.#3-/- &' 3'"/&9/$3'" /'"36! "#+&20# )!++/!- 3'$ *!3(, 0+!!' 1!0!"3)*!- The MIND specifically incorporates berries as a guideline for its fruit intake, which contain higher levels of antioxi- dants than other fruits. A study conducted by Joseph et al. in 1999 shows the power of berries in mitigating oxidative stress which explains the heightened e4ectiveness of the MIND diet over the DASH, which does not specify berry consumption. The study was done on adult rats to deter- mine the e4ects of both blueberry and strawberry con- sumption on brain health. Rats were given blueberry or strawberry extract in their water for eight weeks. After the eight week period, the e4ects on oxidative stress were mea- sured based on the production of ROS in the rats’ brain tissues. Results showed that the rats that consumed straw- berries and blueberries showed greater oxidative stress protection than the rats in the control group, with the blueberry group showing slightly higher protection than the strawberry group (Joseph et al., 1999). Blueberry ex- tract has been shown to reduce oxidative stress in the brain by increasing the synthesis of glutathione, which is an antioxidant (Brewer et al., 2010 as reviewed by Subash et al., 2014). Berries contain higher antioxidant content than most other fruits, which is why they are added to the criteria of the MIND diet and is ultimately what makes it more successful in reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s. While the research on the e4ects of green leafy vegetables on the brain is inconclusive, it can be speculated that due to their high vitamin E content, their impact is the same as was shown in the study conducted by De Oliveira et al. in 2019. 7&'7*2-/&' Figure 1 shows the relationship between eating a healthy diet and having a healthy brain. In this context, a healthy diet is classified as a high intake of antioxidants and n-3 fatty acids, and an unhealthy diet consists of high con- sumption of saturated fats, trans fats, and simple carbohy- drates. As has been outlined in this paper, the nutrients in the healthy diet decrease oxidative stress, thereby decreas- ing amyloid-beta plaque and tau tangle formation, thus mitigating the e4ects of AD. In contrast, consuming the nutrients within the unhealthy diet produces the opposite e4ects in each component. These e4ects serve to deem a healthy diet as a neuroprotective mechanism, and an un- healthy diet a neurodegenerative mechanism. Nutrition is a non-pharmaceutical approach to decrease risk against AD, which is a highly feasible and easily !"#$%& 1: !"#$%&' &(" $)*+,")%" -* ./0$-,' ),&0$")& 10-,#' -) */%&-0' &(/& #+/2 / 0-+" $) &(" #/&(-1")"'$' -* /+3("$4"0’'. $& !"4-)'&0/&"' &5- '#"%&0,4' -* ),&0$&$-) !"%+/0"! /' ("/+&(2 ."0',' ,)("/+&(2 /)! 5("&("0 &("$0 ),&0$")&' (/." 6"") '(-5) &- /!4$& )",0-#0-&"%&$." "**"%&' -0 )",0-!"1")"0/&$." "**"%&', 0"'#"%&$."+2. &($' 10/#($% +/2' -,& &(" !$0"%& %-))"%&$-) 6"&5"") !$"& /)! 60/$) ("/+&( &(/& %/) #0-&"%& *0-4 -0 %-)&0$6,&" &- &(" !"1")"0/&$-) -* &(" 60/$) $) /+3("$4"0’' !$'"/'". (*0-4 '/4/!$ "&. /+) 71 !""# !"$ %&"'(&% controllable factor that individuals can take upon themselves with minimal e4ort. Given the little knowledge of the average person about the connection between the foods they eat and their brain health, the government should distribute a public service announcement to promote the importance of nutrition and how it can impact not just your weight and your heart, but also the brain. There are many claims about other nutrient groups, such as foods high in zinc and aluminum, however the evidence found is limited. With the current research available, it is di:cult to deduce the details to make a nutritional approach concretely e4ective. These gray areas include the duration of time this dietary approach needs to be followed for it to be e4ective, as well as how strictly. While one may argue that there are too many alternative factors involved to report a connection between food and the brain, with the few therapies available for Alzheimer’s currently, any step toward a potential cure should be considered. We ought to take advantage of such scientific findings and promote more informed consumption as a society to increase longevity and influence the factors that contribute to chronic illness where we can. +!(!+!'7!- Oliveira, I. J. L. D., Souza, V. V. D., Carvalho, A. C. P., Tomaz, C., & Da-Silva, S. L. (2019). E4ects of ascorbic acid combined to environmental enrichment on anxiety and memory. Psychology & Neuroscience, 12(3), 363–378. doi: 10.1037/pne0000171 Huang, W.-J., Zhang, X., & Chen, W.-W. (2016). Role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomedical Re- ports, 4(5), 519–522. doi: 10.3892/br.2016.630 Joseph, J. A., Shukitt-Hale, B., Denisova, N. A., Bielinski, D., Martin, A., Mcewen, J. J., & Bickford, P. C. (1999). Re- versals of Age-Related Declines in Neuronal Signal Trans- duction, Cognitive, and Motor Behavioral Deficits with Blueberry, Spinach, or Strawberry Dietary Supplementa- tion. The Journal of Neuroscience, 19(18), 8114–8121. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.19-18-08114.1999 Morris, M. C., Tangney, C. C., Wang, Y., Sacks, F. M., Ben- nett, D. A., & Aggarwal, N. T. (2015). MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheim- er’s & Dementia, 11(9), 1007–1014. doi: 10.1016/j. jalz.2014.11.009 Nakandakari, S. C. B. R., Muñoz, V. R., Kuga, G. K., Gas- par, R. C., Santana, M. R., Pavan, I. C. B., & Pauli, J. R. (2019). Short-term high-fat diet modulates several inflam- matory, ER stress, and apoptosis markers in the hippo- campus of young mice. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 79, 284–293. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.016 Samadi, M., Moradi, S., Moradinazar, M., Mostafai, R., & Pasdar, Y. (2019). Dietary pattern in relation to the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Neurological Sci- ences, 40(10), 2031–2043. doi: 10.1007/s10072-019- 03976-3 Schaefer, E. J., Bongard, V., Beiser, A. S., Lamon-Fava, S., Robins, S. J., Au, R., & Wolf, P. A. (2006). Plasma Phos- phatidylcholine Docosahexaenoic Acid Content and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease. Archives of Neu- rology, 63(11), 1545. doi: 10.1001/archneur.63.11.1545 Subash, S., Al-Adawi, S., Memon, M., Manivasagam, T., Akbar, M., & Essa, M. (2014). Neuroprotective e4ects of berry fruits on neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Re- generation Research, 9(16), 1557. doi: 10.4103/1673- 5374.139483 Szczechowiak, K., Diniz, B. S., & Leszek, J. (2019). Diet and Alzheimer’s dementia – Nutritional approach to mod- ulate inflammation. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Be- havior, 184, 172743. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172743 Thapa, A., & Carroll, N. J. (2017). Dietary Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(7), 1583. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijms18071583 Thériault, P., Elali, A., & Rivest, S. (2016). High fat diet exacerbates Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology in AP- Pswe/PS1 mice. Oncotarget, 7(42). doi: 10.18632/oncotar- get.12179 72 !"!#!$%& : : &'()$* 2021 */-" &( 3+"8&+6 !"# $%!!&# '( !"# )'**# +'*,+: !"# )!'-. '( /,&&,%* *+(%01#%2 © Creative Centenaries. (n.d.). The Battle Of The Somme comic: The story of William McFadzean | CCEA. CEA. Retrieved January 19, 2022, from https://ccea.org.uk/learning-resources/understanding-1916/creative-centena- ries/battle-somme-comic-story-william 13 15 28 28 28 28 29 29 (,34-# 1 © originally tweeted by User:@realDonaldTrump (account suspended) on 26 May, 2020. #%)!#- 5-'+&%*%!,'2 '( 1916 © originally uploaded to the English Wikipedia by w:User:Jtdirl (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png), „Easter Proclamation of 1916“, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-old (,34-# 2 © GDI report: Ad-funded COVID-19 Disinformation: Money, Brands, and Tech (https://disinformationindex. org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GDI_Ad-funded-COVID-19-Disinformation-1.pdf), „Share of ad revenues generated by COVID Disinfo Sites“. (,34-# 3, 5%2#& % © originally published in Bursztyn, Rao, Roth, Yanagaziwa-Drott: Misinformation During a Pandemic (https:// www.nber.org/papers/w27417), „RF estimates of e4ect of di4erential viewership on cases and deaths (extend- ed)“. (,34-# 3, 5%2#& $ © originally published in Bursztyn, Rao, Roth, Yanagaziwa-Drott: Misinformation During a Pandemic (https:// www.nber.org/papers/w27417), „2SLS estimates of e4ect of di4erential viewership on cases and deaths (ex- tended)“. (,34-# 4, 5%2#& % © originally published in Bursztyn, Rao, Roth, Yanagaziwa-Drott: Misinformation During a Pandemic (https:// www.nber.org/papers/w27417), „Implied COVID-19 Curves, Panel A: Estimates on Cases“. 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"#- )!40#2!), 1893 © Unknown authorUnknown author (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blanche_Lamont_with_stu- dents.jpg), „Blanche Lamont with students“, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-US !"#'0'-# 04--%2!’) *43)"'! © originally published in Report of the trial of William Henry Theodore Durrant (https://archive.org/details/ reportoftrialofw00durr/page/10/mode/2up), marked as public domain. 60 61 61 61 3-%5" ,&&4)!-%!,23 !"# )",(!) ,2 5-,+# %20 74%2!,!. )455&. © originally published in 31.11 E:ciency and Deadweight Loss (https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_economics- theory-through-applications/s35-11-e:ciency-and-deadweight-loss.html), „Figure 31.8 Deadweight Loss“ 3-%5") )"'/,23 !"# 24*$#- %20 8%&4# '( *#-3#-) %20 %+74,),!,'2) © originally published in Statista: Mergers and acquisitions in the United States (https://www.statista.com/ study/65232/mergers-and-acquisitions-in-the-united-states). 3-%5") )"'/,23 3&'$%& 74#-. )"%-# $. )##&+! )#%-+" #23,2#) © originally published in Statista: Global market share of search engines 2010-2022 (https://www.statista.com/ statistics/216573/worldwide-market-share-of-search-engines). 3-%5") )"'/,23 0'*#)!,+ 4) )#%-+" 74#-. )"%-# $. )#&#+! )#%-+" #23,2#) © originally published in Statista: Market share of search engines in the United States 2008-2022 (https:// www.statista.com/statistics/267161/market-share-of-search-engines-in-the-united-states). */-" &( 3+"8&+6 +'-5'-%!# !#+"2'&'3. ,2('-*%!,'2 )#-8,+#) © unpublished tabulation from Corptech Database 62 62 71 75 78 80 82 (,34-# 1 © Samadi, Moradi, Moradinazar, Mostafai, Pasdar: Dietary pattern in relation to the risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-019-03976-3), „Figure 2: Healthy and unhealthy diet in relation to AD.“ !"# $-#%90'/2 '( '5,2,'2 -#3%-0,23 $-#%9,23 45 ‘$,3 !#+"’ © Statista : Majority of Americans in Favor of Breaking up Big Tech (https://www.statista.com/chart/19440/ survey-responses-breaking-up-big-tech) 5'!#2!,%& ),32%!'-,#), ),32%!'-,#), %20 5%-!,#) !' !"# %,,$ © L.tak (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode +",2%’) '23',23 !#--,!'-,%& 0,)54!#)] © O:ce of the Secretary of Defense (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China’s_Disputed_Territories. 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'( 64)!,+# %*'23 '!"#-) %22'42+#0 23 +-,*,2%& +"%-3#) © U.S. Department of Justice (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Commerce_Secretary_Wilbur_ Ross,_Acting_Attorney_General_Matthew_Whitaker,_Homeland_Security_Secretary_Kirstjen_Nielsen,_FBI_ Director_Christopher_Wray_Announces_23_Criminal_Charges_Against_China’s_Huawei_&_Wanzhou_ Meng.jpg), „U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross, Acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker, Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, FBI Director Christopher Wray Announces 23 Criminal Charges Against China’s Huawei & Wanzhou Meng“, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Commons: https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-US %*#-,+% 3&'$%& !-%0# 0#(,+,! © Statista: U.S. Trade Deficit in Goods Reaches Record High, (https://www.statista.com/chart/17281/us-trade- balance). 98 +"%-&#) +'43"&,2, &#%0#- '( !"# +"-,)!,%2 (-'2! © Craine, Detroit (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CharlesCouglinCraineDetroitPortrait.jpg), „CharlesCouglinCraineDetroitPortrait“, marked as public domain, more details on Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:PD-US 100 3#-*%2 %*#-,+%2 $420 -%&&., 2#/ .'-9, *%0,)'2 )74%-# 3%-#2, (#$ 1939 © Department of Defense. 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