





























Ika Oktavianti / Journal of Economic Education 1 (2) (2012)

ELT FORUM 7 (1) (2018)

Journal of English Language Teaching

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/elt


TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN AND ACCURACY OF THE INDONESIAN SUBTITLES OF THE MOVIE PHILOMENA

Muhammad Abdul Latif 

Putri Anggraeni, et al / Journal of English Language Teaching 6 (1) (2017)
M. A. Latif / Journal of English Language Teaching 7 (1) (2018)
English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
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Article Info
________________

Article History: Received in April 2017

Approved in May 2017 Published in July 2017
________________

Keywords: accuracy; Indonesian subtitle; translation techniques.



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Abstract

___________________________________________________________________
This descriptive qualitative study describes the translation techniques and the accuracy of the dialogs found in the movie Philomena. The purposes of this study are to find out the translation techniques in and the accuracy of the Indonesian subtitle in its dialogs. The data of this study are English-Indonesian translations and the result accuracy rating instruments. The translation techniques applied to translate the Indonesian subtitle are determined and are later analyzed to find out the degree of accuracy of the Indonesian version. The result of the study showed that there are eighteen translation techniques used in the Indonesian subtitle. They are literal translation, reduction, amplification, established equivalent, linguistic compression, borrowing, transposition, calque, compensation, modulation, particularization, discursive creation, linguistic amplification, generalization, adaptation, substitution, description, and variation. The accuracy level is 97.89%.



	
	© 2018 Universitas Negeri Semarang

	
	

	 Correspondent Address:
	ISSN 2252-6706

	B3 Building FBS Unnes
	

	Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229
	

	E-mail: muhammadabdullatifunnes@gmail.com
	



INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, foreign movies are more popular than Indonesian movies. For example in Bandung, according to An-Nuur R. (2013), 6.424.761 out of 10.294.268 people had watched foreign movies for three years started in 2009 and the other 3.869.507 had watched Indonesian movies. Most of the foreign movies that dominate the market in Indonesia are Hollywood movies. It is proven by research done by An-Nuur R. (2013) who stated that 60% people watched Hollywood movie. Those movies use English as the means of communication. Thus, in order to make Indonesian people understand the content of movie, subtitling is needed.
Subtitling is the best way in understanding foreign movies. It is useful as a means of transferring information from the foreign movies. Diaz Cintaz, J., & Remael, A. (2007) states that “Subtitling is a linguistic practice which consists in offering, generally in lower portion of the screen, a written text which sets out to recount the actors’ dialogues and the discursive elements that form part of the image (letters, graffiti, captions, hoardings, etc.) or the sound track (songs, off-screen voices, etc.)”. 
There are several constraints in subtitling. According to Diaz Cintaz, J., & Remael, A. (2007), there are three kinds of technical constraints in making subtitle. Those constraints are in the context of space, time, as well as presentation. In the context of space, the translators are not allowed to make a long explanation due to the limit of space in movie. In the context of time, the translator has to adjust the time with the length of the words. In the context of presentation, the translator has to be readable which will make the viewing experience becomes more enjoyable. Because of those difficulties in making subtitle, appropriate techniques must be applied in order to solve those three constraints.  
A translator needs to know criteria of good quality of the translation. According to Larson (1984), there are at least three reasons to evaluate the translation products which are to see accuracy, clarity, and naturalness of a translation. One aspect that should be noticed is the accuracy of the subtitle because the length of words is quite limited in creating subtitle which makes the translator needs to adjust the actual translation.
In this study, the researcher will focus on the accuracy of the Indonesian subtitle of Philomena. Assessing accuracy of a translation is very important because it will reveal whether or not the translation communicates the same meaning as the meaning of the source language. If the accuracy level is great, the readers will get the same amount of information of the source language. Unfortunately, because of the technical constraints in creating subtitle, a translator may forget to maintain the accuracy of the product of translation. It can also be affected by the techniques used whether they are applied correctly in creating the subtitle.
There are two objectives in this stud. The first one is to find out the translation techniques used in the dialogs of the subtitle of the movie Philomena. Meanwhile the second objective is to find out the accuracy of the Indonesian subtitle in the dialogs of the movie Philomena.
Translation technique proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) was used in this study. It was used because the technique covers more techniques which is useful to analyse the translation better. reduction technique, substitution technique, and 
Nababan in his journal Translation Quality Assessment Strategies (2004) proposes a rubric to measure the accuracy of translation called Accuracy-rating instrument. Nababan, Nuraeni, Sumardiono (2012) propose three categories in assessing the accuracy of translation. Those categories are accurate, less accurate, and inaccurate. Accurate translation is given the score of 3, less accurate 2, and inaccurate 1.
METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH
In this research, the qualitative method was used in observing and analyzing the translation techniques found in the movie Philomena. The qualitative method was also used in making interpretations of the meaning of the accuracy level of the 
The subject of this study was the movie called Philomena. The writer used the original script (screenplay) and Indonesian subtitle as the data to be analysed. The duration of the movie was about 98 minutes. There are 1280 data from the original script and 1280 from the Indonesian subtitle.
In this research, the writer had a role as the data analyst. The researcher analysed the translation techniques of each dialog in the Indonesian subtitle of Philomena. Then, the translation techniques were classified using the translation theory proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). At last, the accuracy of the Indonesian subtitle was known by using the Nababan’s accuracy-rating instruments.
There were two types of data. Those were primary data and secondary data. The primary data were all the sentences of the dialogue and their translation in the form of subtitle. The data used in this research were taken from the movie entitled Philomena. The secondary data came from three informants. 
The data were obtained by collecting the lines in the dialogs of the original script and Indonesian translation. After that, a table was provided to analyse the English-Indonesian translation based on the translation techniques used and to find out the accuracy of the Indonesian subtitle. The unit of analysis in determining the translation techniques is in the form of word, phrase, clause, and sentence. 
After being classified, the data were counted to know the frequency and percentage of each technique used in Indonesian translation. Afterwards, the dominant technique used in the Indonesian subtitle of the movie Philomena could be seen.  
The next instrument was about the rubric in assessing the accuracy of the Indonesian subtitle. The accuracy rating instrument was made by using the theory proposed by of Nababan, Nuraeni, Sumardiono. There are three kinds of category in the translation accuracy. Level 1 is categorized into inaccurate. Level 2 is categorized into less accurate. Finally, level 3 is categorized into accurate.
The procedure of collecting data in this research was conducted through data analysis. The data were taken from the Indonesian subtitle and the original screenplay in the movie Philomena. The observation was done by watching the movie and identifying the translation techniques used in each dialog found in the movie. 
Furthermore, the writer used questionnaire for collecting the data to see the accuracy of the Indonesian subtitle. Hence, Nababan’s accuracy-rating instruments was used to assess the accuracy level of translation. The questionnaire was in the form of closed format. The closed question required the informants to choose one of the answer from some alternative answers. 
The last step was reporting the data. The data were reported in appendices. Overall data were included in appendices to help the readers understand this study. 
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In Table 1, it is shown that there are eighteen translation techniques that were used to analyze the Indonesian subtitle in the movie Philomena. In this study, there are eighteen translation techniques that are used to translate the English version of the movie Philomena into the Indonesian subtitle. 
Table 3.1 .
Translation Techniques used in the Indonesian Subtitle of the movie Philomena

	No
	Translation Technique
	Frequency
	Percentage

	1
	Literal Translation
	464
	37.49%

	2
	Reduction
	207
	16.65%

	3
	Amplification
	123
	10.54%

	4
	Established Equivalent
	111
	9.49%

	5
	Linguistic Compression
	78
	5.49%

	6
	Transposition
	52
	4.51%

	7
	Borrowing
	51
	4.51%

	8
	Modulation
	39
	3.14%

	9
	Compensation
	34
	2.74%

	10
	Calque
	22
	1.69%

	11
	Particularization
	17
	1.37%

	12
	Generalization
	13
	1.05%

	13
	Discursive Creation
	7
	0.64%

	14
	Linguistic Amplification
	3
	0.32%

	15
	Substitution
	2
	0.16%

	16
	Adaptation
	1
	0.08%

	17
	Description
	1
	0.08%

	18
	Variation
	1
	0.08%

	Total
	1226
	100%



The highest frequency of translation technique that is used to translate this movie is literal translation with the percentage of 37.49%. The other translation techniques are reduction (16.65%), amplification (10.54%), established equivalent (9.49%), linguistic compression (5.47%), borrowing (4.51%), transposition (4.51%), modulation (3.14%), compensation (2.72%), calque (1.69%), particularization (1.37%), generalization (1.05%), discursive creation (0.64%), linguistic amplification (0.32%), substitution (0.16%), adaptation (0.08%), description (0.08%), and variation (0.08%).
In Table 2, it is shown that the accuracy level of the subtitles is divided into three level of accuracy. Those are accurate, less accurate and inaccurate. The writer found that 97.89% of the translation is translated accurately. Meanwhile, 1.67% is translated less accurately and 0.44% is translated inaccurately. 
Table 3.2
Accuracy of Indonesian Subtitle in the Movie Philomena

	Indicator
	Number of Data
	Frequency

	Accurate
	3759
	96.89%

	Less Accurate
	64
	1.67%

	Inaccurate
	17
	0.44%

	Total
	3840
	100,00%


The findings can be explained as follows:
1. Literal Translation
Literal translation technique is the highest number of translation technique that is applied in Indonesian subtitle of the movie Philomena. There are 466 (37.49%) items that are found to be translated using literal translation technique. 
The literal translation technique in the theory of Molina and Albir (2002) corresponds to Nida’s formal equivalent and SCFA’s literal translation. SCFA’s literal translation is defined as word for word translation whereas Nida’s formal equivalent is when form coincides with function and meaning. 
(1)	ST: Blood pressure, 131 over 
92.
TT: Tekanan darah, 131/92.
BT: Blood pressure is 131/92. 
(Datum No. 5)
In Sample (1), the phrase blood pressure is translated into Indonesian as tekanan darah (blood pressure). Blood in Indonesian is translated literally into darah (blood) whereas pressure is translated into tekanan (pressure). Because the SL is translated into the TL using word for word translation, this technique is called literal translation. 
2. Reduction Technique
In this study, 207 (16.65%) items are translated into Indonesian using reduction technique. Reduction technique corresponds to SCFA’s and Delisle’s implicitation, Delisle’s concision, and Vázquez Ayora’s omission. 
(15)	ST: Father Tierney just asked 
me where you disappeared to.
TT: Pendeta Tierney barusan 
bertanya kemana kau 
menghilang.
BT: Tierney the Priest just asked 
where you disappeared. 
(Datum No. 27)
In Sample (15), the word me is omitted in the TT. This kind of translation belongs to Vázquez Ayora’s omission because it omits the redundancy that is characteristic in the SL. Since Vázquez Ayora’s omission corresponds to Molina and Albir’s reduction technique, the translation technique used in the translation is reduction technique.
3. Amplification Technique 
131 words or phrases are discovered to be translated using amplification technique. It is around 10.54% of the total data. This technique corresponds to SCFA’s explicitation, Delisle’s addition, Margot’s legitimate and illigitimate paraphrase, Newmark’s explicative paraphrase and Delisle’s periphrasis and paraphrase.
(31)	ST: Put your mind to your work 
and it will pass.
TT: Fokuskan pada pekerjaanmu 
dan sakitnya akan berlalu.
BT: Focus on your work and the 
pain will pass. 
(Datum No. 232)
In Sample (31), the term it found in the sentence “Put your mind to your work and it will pass.” is translated into Indonesian as sakitnya (the pain). Because the implicit information in the ST is introduced in the TT, this translation belongs to SCFA’s explicitation. Due to the fact thet SCFA’s explicitation corresponds to Molina and Albir’s amplification technique, the translation technique used in this translation is called amplification.
4. Established Equivalent Technique
There are 118 (9.49%) words or phrases which are translated into Indonesian using established equivalent technique. This technique corresponds to SCFA’s equivalence and literal translation. SCFA’s equivalence means that this type of translation accounts for the same situation using a completely different phrase. Meanwhile literal translation is translation terms in the SL using word for word translation.
(23)	ST: I couldn't help overhearing 
you're a journalist.
TT: Aku tak sengaja mendengar 
kau adalah jurnalis.
BT: I accidently hear that you are 
journalist. (Datum No. 118)
In Sample (23), the word journalist in the sentence “I couldn't help overhearing you're a journalist” is translated into Indonesian as jurnalis (journalist). The technique of this kind of translation is known as established equivalent. That is because the term journalist is commonly recognized as Amerika (American) in Indonesian. This type of translation also can be categorized as SCFA’s literal translation which makes it obvious that this translation uses established equivalent because of the correspondence between SCFA’s literal translation and Molina and Albir’s established equivalent and SCFA’s literal translation.
5. Linguistic Compression Technique
There are 68 (5.47%) words or phrases that are translated into Indonesian using linguistic compression technique.
(10)	ST: Well, I got the sack. I'm  
unemployed.	
TT: Begini, aku dipecat. Aku 
pengangguran.

BT: Like this, I was fired. I am 
unemployed. (Datum No. 15)
In Sample (10), the clause ”I got the sack” is simply translated into “aku dipecat” (I was fired). The SL literally means that “Aku mendapatkan pemecatan” (I got an ouster) however in Indonesian it is translated as “Aku dipecat” (I was fired). Because the linguistic element in the TT is synthesized, the translation technique used in this translation is linguistic compression.
6. Transposition Technique
In this study, 56 (4.41%) items are translated into Indonesian using transposition technique.
(46)	ST: so he takes up an interest 
in the horses so he can get in 
with the upper classes.
TT: Jadi pemuda ini mulai 
menaruh minat dalam berkuda 
sehingga bisa naik derajat.
BT: so this young man began to put 
interest in riding horses so he 
can rise degree. 
(Datum No. 533)
The term the horse in the SL is translated into berkuda (ride a horse) in the TT. The horse is a noun whereas berkuda (ride a horse) is a verb which makes it clear that the grammatical category in the SL is changed. That type of translation technique is called transposition.
7. Borrowing Technique 
In this study, there are 56 (4.51%) words or phrases that are translated into Indonesian using borrowing technique. The reason why borrowing technique is employed in translating subtitle is that there are items that cannot be transferred into Indonesian equivalently. Pure borrowing corresponds to SCFA’s borrowing whereas naturalized borrowing corresponds to Newmark’s naturalization technique.
(41)	ST: And Sally Mitchell, this is  
Martin Sixsmith, used to be the 
BBC's man in Moscow.
TT: Dan Sally Mitchell, ini Martin 
Sixsmith, dulunya jurnalis 
BBC di Moscow.
BT: And Sally Mitchell, this is  
Martin Sixsmith, previously, 
BBC’s journalist in Moscow. 
(Datum No. 92)
In Sample (41), the word Moscow is translated into Indonesian as Moscow. In Indonesian, the capital city of Russia doesn’t have any equivalence in Indonesian. The term used in the TT does not change at all so it is categorized as SCFA’s borrowing technique. Because it corresponds to Molina and Albir’s borrowing technique, the translation technique employed in this translation is borrowing technique.
8. Modulation Technique
In this study, 39 (3.14%) items are translated into Indonesian using modulation technique.
(62)	ST: I said the opposite of what I 
was sacked for.	

TT: Aku dipecat karena 
mengatakan sebaliknya.	
BT: I was fired because I said the 
opposite. (Datum No. 20)
In Sample (62), the sentence “I said the opposite of what I was sacked for” is translated into “Aku dipecat karena mengatakan sebaliknya” (: I was fired because I said the opposite). There is a change in terms of the focus in relation to the ST. It can be seen that the back translation of the TT is “I was fired because I said the opposite” which focuses on the clause I was sacked for rather than on I said the opposite. That is why this kind of translation technique is called modulation.
9. Compensation Technique
34 words, phrases, or clauses (2.74%) are found to be translated using compensation technique.
(59)	ST: It's just, why would God 
bestow upon us a sexual desire 
that he then wants us to resist?
TT: Hanya saja, mengapa Tuhan 
memberi kita nafsu birahi lalu 
dia ingin kita lawan?
BT: It's just, why would God give 
a sexual lust that he then wants 
us to resist? (Datum No. 413)
The phrase sexual desire in the sentence “It's just, why would God bestow upon us a sexual desire that he then wants us to resist?” is translated into Indonesian as nafsu birahi (sexual lust). It is translated using compensation technique because the element of information in the ST is not translated in the same place in the TT.
10. Calque Technique
21 words or phrases in the movie Philomena (1.69%) are translated into Indonesian using calque technique. 
(56)	ST: And what you're talking about 
would be what they call a 
human interest story.	
TT: Dan yang kau sebutkan 
bekenaan dengan cerita 
human interest.
BT: And what you mention is 
related with human interest 
story. (Datum No. 126)
In Sample (56), the phrase human interest story in the sentence “And what you're talking about would be what they call a human interest story” is translated into cerita human interest (human interest story) which belongs to calque translation technique. It is because the foreign phrase is translated literally.
11. Particularization Technique
In this study, 17 (1.37%) items are translated into Indonesian using particularization technique.
(65)	ST: I used to be an altar boy.
TT: Aku dulunya pelayan altar.	BT: I used to be an altar servant. 
(Datum No. 292)
The term an altar boy in Sample (65) is translated into Indonesian as pelayan altar. The word pelayan (servant) is more concrete that the one on the SL. Because the TL is more concrete that the SL, the translation technique employed in this translation is particularization.
12. Generalization Technique
There are 13 (1.05%) words or phrases that are translated into Indonesian using generalization technique.
(74)	ST: I borrowed a Box Brownie and 
took it when Reverend Mother 
wasn't looking.
TT: Aku meminjam album foto dan 
mengambilnya saat Ibu 
Pendeta tak melihat.
BT: I borrowed a photo album and 
took it when Reverend Mother
did not see. (Datum No. 724)
In Sample (74), the word Box Brownie in the sentence “I borrowed a Box Brownie and took it when Reverend Mother wasn't looking” is translated into Indonesian as album foto (photo album). The term Box Brownie itself is actually a brand of a photo album. The term foto album (photo album) is more general than the SL. That is why generalization technique is used in this translation.
13. Discursive Creation Technique
The are 8 (0.64%) of the English-Indonesian translation found in the subtitle of the movie Philomena that is translated using discursive creation technique/
(68)	ST: Yeah, collateral damage.		TT: Ya, akibat kurang hati-hati.
BT: The consequence of not being 
careful. (Datum No. 584)
In Sample (69) the phrase collateral damage is translated into Indonesian as akibat kurang hati-hati (the consequence of not being careful). This kind of translation employs discursive creation technique because SL is translated unpredictably out of context into Indonesian. In the Cambridge dictionary, collateral damage can be defined as “the unintentional deaths and injuries of people who are not soldiers, and damage that is caused to their homes, hospitals, schools, etc”. However, in the TT can be defined as the consequence of not being careful. That is why the translation is stated to be unpredictably out of context.
14. Linguistic Amplification Technique
There are 4 (0.32%) words or phrases that are translated into Indonesian using linguistic amplification technique.
(71)	ST: I don't know what to do!
TT: Aku tak tahu apa yang harus 
dilakukan!
BT: I don’t know what must be 
done. (Datum No. 66)
In Sample (71), the sentence “I don't know what to do” is translated into Indonesian as “Aku tak tahu apa yang harus dilakukan” (I don’t know what must be done.). There are several linguistic elements added into the TT. That can be seen from the back translation of the TT. The clause “apa yang harus dilakukan” (what must be done) can be interpreted as “what must be done”. That is why linguistic amplification technique is used in this translation.
15. Substitution Technique
In this study, 2 (0.16%) items are translated into Indonesian using substitution technique.
(77)	ST: Afraid I was a bit... 
TT: Aku agak cemas... 	
BT: I was a bit worried. 
(Datum No. 141)
In Sample (77), the word cemas (worried) in the TT is added to change the paralinguistic element in this case intonation into linguistic element. That is why this kind of translation technique is called substitution.
16. Adaptation Technique
There is only one phrase that is translated using adaptation technique or it can be said that the percentage is only 0.08%. The adaptation technique is found in the datum number 793.
(79)	ST: I remember that at the fair.
TT: Aku ingat hari itu saat di pasar 
malam.
BT: I remember that day at the 
night market. (Datum No. 793)
Sample (79) shows that the fair is translated into Indonesian as pasar malam (night market) using adaptation market which means the translator adapted the fair into night market. The word fair can be interpreted as a large public event where goods are bought and sold, usually from tables which have been specially arranged for the event, and where there is often entertainment. In Indonesian, pasar malam (night market) is an outside temporary market which sells food and goods and it is also a place where we can ride large machines for pleasure and play games to win prizes. The phrase pasar malam (night market) is translated into Indonesian as pasar malam (night market) because the cultural element in the source text is replaced by the one that the target culture has.
17. Description Technique
There is 1 (0.08%) sentence that is found to be translated using description technique. 
(80)	ST: Tell me, Martin, do we have 
what they call flexible tickets?
TT: Beritahu, Martin, apa kita 
punya tiket yang bisa ditukar?
BT: Tell me, Martin, do we have 
tickets that can be exchanged? 
(Datum No. 800)
In Sample (80), the phrase flexible tickets is translated into tiket yang bisa ditukar (tickets that can be exchanged). The ST is translated by replacing a term in the ST with a description of its function. It can be seen by the back translation which is written as tickets that can be exchanged. 
18. Variation Technique
In this study, 1	 (0.08%) item is translated into Indonesian using variation technique.
(81)	ST: I got it in yellow.
TT: Aku masukkan barangmu 
dalam mobil.
BT: I put your stuff into the car. 
(Datum No. 1077)
In Sample (81), the word yellow in the sentence “I got it in yellow” is translated into mobil (car) in Indonesian. This type of translation uses variation technique because the linguistic element yellow is changed into mobil (car) which indicates that it affects aspects of linguistic variation.
There are many techniques applied in this translation that contribute positively towards the accuracy of the translation result. 3750 out of 3850 data distributed to all respondents (97.89%) are translated accurately based on the accuracy rating instrument that had been filled in by all three expert.
The translation of 68 (1.67%) out of 3840 phrases, words, clauses, or sentences given to the three expert respondents belongs to less accurate one. From the collective data obtained by all respondents, it shows that there is only one datum that is unanimously stated that the translation in less accurate.
The translation of 22 (0.44%) out of 3840 phrases, words, clauses, or sentences distributed to the three expert respondents belongs to not accurate one. From the collective data obtained by all respondents, it shows that there is no single data that is unanimously less accurate.

CONCLUSIONS
Finding and describing the translation techniques applied in the English – Indonesian translation of the movie Philomena is the purpose of this research. This research also has a purpose to explain the accuracy of the English – Indonesian translation of the movie. 
This research finds out that all 18 translation techniques are applied in the English – Indonesian translation of the movie Philomena. Literal translation is the most frequent translation technique with the percentage of 37.49%. The other translation techniques are reduction (16.65%), amplification (10.54%), established equivalent (9.49%), linguistic compression (5.47%), borrowing (4.51%), transposition (4.51%), modulation (3.14%), compensation (2.74%), calque (1.69%), particularization (1.37%), generalization (1.05%), discursive creation (0.64%), linguistic amplification (0.32%), substitution (0.16%), adaptation (0.08%), description (0.08%), and variation (0.08%).
The English – Indonesian translations found in the subtitle that get the score of 3 are 97.89%. Meanwhile, the translations that gets the score of 2 are 1.67% followed by the inaccurate that get 0.44%. The English – Indonesian found in the subtitle of the movie Philomena is accurate due to the high level of accurate translation.
This research also shows the relation between translation techniques and the accuracy of its translated result. Adaptation, description, linguistic amplification, and variation technique gets the highest level of accuracy with the percentage of accurate translation of 100. The other translation techniques that get very high level of accuracy with the percentage of accurate translation above 90 are amplification (97.97%), borrowing (97.19%), calque (94.87%), compensation (96.06%), established equivalent (96.99%), generalization (92.86%), particularization (98.04%), linguistic compression (97.05%), literal translation (98.21%), modulation (98.29%), reduction (97.06%), and transposition (97.44%). There are only two translation techniques which get the level of accuracy below 90%. Those techniques are discursive creation (79.17%) and substitution (83.33%).

REFERENCES
An-Nuur R. 2013. Pengaruh Citra Film Indonesia terhadap Keputusan Menonton. Final Project Management FPEB UPI.
Diaz Cintaz, J., & Remael, A. 2007. Audio-visual Translation: Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Larson, M. L. 1984. Meaning Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. London and New York: University Press of America.
Nababan, M.R. 2004. Strategi Penilaian Kualitas Terjemahan. Jurnal Linguistic Bahasa. Volume 2, No. 1 Tahun 2004, 54-65, ISSN: 1412-0356. Surakarta: Program Studi Linguistik. Program Pascasarjana.
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