




































Putri Anggraeni, et al / Journal of English Language Teaching 6 (1) (2017) 

18 

 

 
ELT FORUM 7 (2) (2018) 

 

Journal of English Language Teaching 

 
http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/elt 

 
 

MODULATION IN INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF  

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ARTICLES 
(A Descriptive Qualitative Study) 

 

Hanif Pandu Setiawan, Issy Yuliasri  
 

English Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia

 

Article Info 
________________  
Article History: 

Received in October 

2018  
Approved in November 

2018  

Published in January 

2019 

________________  
Keywords: articles; 
magazine; modulation; 
National Geographic; 
strategy; translation  
____________________ 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract  
___________________________________________________________________ 
This study investigates the types of modulation which were used on the translation 

process of National Geographic Magazine of June 2014 both on USA and 

Indonesian issue. The purposes of this study areto describe the use of modulation in 

translating “National Geographic” from English to Indonesian and to describe the 

maintenance of the source target meaning in the target text. The qualitative 

approach was used to describe the quantitative data which was got from the 

analysis. The data of this study was collected using reading and inventorying stages 

and analyzed using comparing, identifying, and evaluating process. The collected 

data then was analyzed to investigate the modulation‟s impact on message 

maintenance. Based on those analyses, substitution has the highest rank of 

modulation type used on the magazine‟s articles (37.8% of total 111 data) followed 

by reversal (34.2%), deviation (14.4%), specification (8.1%), and generalization 

(5.4%) sequentially. This result is linear to the maintenance of message rating which 

was taken from five English Department lecturer raters. It shows that the highest 

number of score 3 (well delivered) percentage ratio is obtained by specification 

(75.5%) followed by reversal (72.6%), deviation (72.5%), substitution (71.2%) and 

generalization (60%). From the result above it can be seen that the more frequent 

occurrence does not always mean to be so effective compared to the less frequent 

one. The highest percentage of successful maintenance was obtained by 

specification, which is on 4th rank on the frequency of occurrence table. The most 

frequent type of modulation, substitution, only settles on 4th rank on the table of 

score 3. On the other hand, the most distorted type of modulation is gotten by 

reversal with 9.5% on score 1, while the least distorted one is gotten by 

generalization. 

  
 © 2018 Universitas Negeri Semarang 

  


 Correspondent Address: ISSN 2252-6706 
B3 Building FBS Unnes  

Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229  

E-mail: hanif.pandu@gmail.com  



H. P. Setiawan, I. Yuliasri / Journal of English Language Teaching 7 (2) (2018) 

19 

 

INTRODUCTION 

In the globalization era, English plays an important role in international communication both 

in thefield of development, technology, economy, and the education. English is also a lingua franca. 

It is the most widely used language around the world.  

Supporting this role, each country does many ways to improve their citizens‟ need in English. 

One of simple ways is providing bilingual books. It is translated from source language into target 

language. When people read books, they might have never been fully aware of a long and 

complicated process in translating a foreign language. It is based on the reality that many Indonesian 

people do not possess the knowledge of foreign language well in order to absorb information that is 

written in a foreign language.  

Nida and Taber (1969:11) states that translating is not a separate science, but it often does 

represent specialized skills and can also require aesthetic sensitivity.Skilled translators must have a 

special capacity for sensing the closest natural equivalent of a text, whether it is oral or written. 

However, translating is essentially a skill andlargely depends on a series of disciplines, for example 

linguistics, cultural, anthropology, philology, psychology, and theories of communication. 

Skilled professional translators should have several essential competences to support their 

translating process. PACTE group (2003:58) compromises several interacting sub competences and 

physiological mechanism. They are: Bilingual sub competence; Extra-linguistic sub competence; 

Translation knowledge sub competence; Instrumental sub competence; Strategic sub competence; 

Psycho-physiological components. PACTE considers the strategic sub competence as the most 

important as component, given its role of guaranteeing the control and efficiency of the translation 

process.  

Tyler as quoted by Bell (1991:6) also writes three principles of translating. Firstly, a translator 

should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work. Then, the style and manner of 

writing should be of the same character of the original. The last, the translation should have all the 

essay of the original composition. On the contrary, lack of knowledge of those three cases means 

that translators could not translate well. 

In order to produce a good translation, a translator has to utilize several kinds of techniques 

and procedures. Newmark (1988:19) states that a translator translates with four levels more or less 

consciously in mind, i.e.: the textual level; the referential level; the cohesive level; the level of 

naturalness. Those levels are required for producing a good quality translation.  

Among some of translation procedures, modulation is one of essential procedures in the 

process of translating. Modulation, in term of Newmark (1988:88) is a variation through a change of 

viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought.  It has 11 categories, namely: 

negated contrary; part of the whole; cause of effect; space and time; abstract for concrete; intervals 

and limits; change of symbols; and change of focus.      

Referring to the modulation procedure, National Geographic is one of multilingual magazines 

which utilize translation procedures so well. Therefore, the procedure that National Geographic uses 

is worth investigating, to be specific in the modulation stage (in this case meaning shift) based on 

Newmark term, especially for those who choose English for their major. 

METHODS 

The data analysed were in the form of clauses. Therefore a descriptive qualitative analysis was 

employed to analyze the translation. As stated by Neill (2007), qualitative research involves analysis 

of data such as words (e.g., from interviews), pictures (e.g., video), or objects (e.g., an artefact). 



H. P. Setiawan, I. Yuliasri / Journal of English Language Teaching 7 (2) (2018) 

20 

 

Furthermore, Bryman in Devetak (2010) states that qualitative research is an exploratory approach 

emphasizing words rather than quantification in gathering and analysing the data.   

According to Mujiyanto (2011: 23), qualitative approach tries to reveal the phenomenon 

comprehensively and appropriate with the context trough the natural data collection employing the 

researcher as key instrument of the study. In addition, this descriptive study tends to use inductive 

approach for the data analysis. 

The data analysed were in the form of clauses. Therefore a descriptive qualitative analysis was 

employed to analyze the translation. As stated by Neill (2007), qualitative research involves analysis 

of data such as words (e.g., from interviews), pictures (e.g., video), or objects (e.g., an artefact). 

Furthermore, Bryman in Devetak (2010) states that qualitative research is an exploratory approach 

emphasizing words rather than quantification in gathering and analysing the data.   

According to Mujiyanto (2011: 23), qualitative approach tries to reveal the phenomenon 

comprehensively and appropriate with the context trough the natural data collection employing the 

researcher as key instrument of the study. In addition, this descriptive study tends to use inductive 

approach for the data analysis.  

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

After the data were analyzed and classified, the dominant rising variation order of modulation 

in National Geographic articles were substitution, reversal, deviation, specification, and 

generalization. The finding consisted of some examples of each variation with descriptions. To see 

the whole data, see appendixes. 

The Use of Modulation in Translating “National Geographic” from English to Indonesian 

As it has been stated above that the grammar analysis is divided into some main constituents 

which are based on the theory of interpersonal meanings. The following is the result of the grammar 

analyis foe this study. 

The result shows that from the five variations of modulation of total 103 clauses (a clause may 

contain more than one type of modulation), substitution has the highest rank of modulation types 

used on the magazine‟s articles (37.8% out of total 111 modulation data) followed by reversal 

(34.2%), deviation (14.4%), specification (8.1%), and generalization (5.4%) sequentially.  

No. Type of Modulation Frequency Percentage (%) 

1 Generalization 6 5.4 

2 Specification 9 8.1 

3 Reversal 38 34.2 

4 Substitution 42 37.8 

5 Deviation 16 14.4 

  111 100 



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Generalization 

Generalization occurs when a text is translated from source language into target language‟s  

more general meaning. From the magazines‟s articles, there were six words/phrases/sentences with 

generalization found on the articles. The percentage is 5.4% of total data. It was the least used type 

of modulation used on the magazine. 

ST Along the summit of El Castillo the builders first carved out a subterranean chamber 

that became the imperial tomb. 

TT Di sepanjang puncak El Castillo, para pembangun mula-mula membuat ruang bawah tanah 

yang kemudian menjadi makam kerajaan. 

BT Along the summit of El Castillo, the builders firstly made the basement which became 

all the royal tombs. 

Specification 

Specification happens when the target text is specified from the original source text. There 

were nine words/phrases/sentences found with specification found on the articles. Resulting 

percentage of 8.1% of the whole data. The samples taken from magazine‟s articles are as follows: 

ST When they exhausted all the available spacethere, they engineered more, building stepped 

terraces all the way down the slopes of El Castillo and filling them with funerary towers 

and graves. 

TT Setelah semua tempat di sana habis, mereka memperluas lahan permakaman, dengan membangun 

teras bertingkat di lereng El Castillo hingga ke kaki bukit, lalu memenuhinya dengan menara dan 

makam. 

BT After all where there exhausted, they expand the cemetery land, building terraced on the 

slopes of El Castillo to the foot of the hill, then fill it with towers and tombs. 

The word „engineered‟ (merencanakan; mengatur; membangun) was translated into „memperluas‟ 

(expand; broaden; widen), which specifically explains the explanation of the funeral area based on the 

context. „Expand‟ itself is a part of „engineereing.   

 The term „engineered‟ is something related to physical development. In this context were 

towers and graves. It would be too generalised if the word „engineered‟ was not specified into 

„expand‟ (memperluas). Thye translator used „memperluas‟ here to explain the readers what kind of 

engineering it was on the El Castillo. Thus, the „memperluas‟ was used as a part of explaining the 

word „engineering‟ and as substitution to make the actual meaning clearer for the common target 

readers.  

 Related to message maintainance, of total five raters, four raters put this text into score 3 

and only one raters put it into score 2. This implies that the text is fairly well delivered. There were 

still some distortion remaining on this text that could leave the message misunderstood by the target 

readers. 

 It can be concluded that the change above was made to maintain the message of the text in 

order to give clearer description of „expand‟. Thus, the specification has occured on this text.  



H. P. Setiawan, I. Yuliasri / Journal of English Language Teaching 7 (2) (2018) 

22 

 

Reversal 

Reversal occurs when translator changes from active for passive, negative to positive. 

Moreover, it is supported by Oxford dictionary that reversal is an exchange of position, function and 

else between two languages. There were 38 words/phrases/sentences with reversal found on the 

articles. From the magazines‟s articles, there were 38 words/phrases/sentences with generalization 

found on the articles or had 34.2% of total data.The samples taken from magazine‟s articles are as 

follows: 

ST Concern, however, is starting to shadow the faces of those who study puffins. 

TT Namun, para peneliti puffin mulai dilanda kekhawatiran. 

BT However, puffin researchers began to be hit by concerns. 

On the text above, active sentence was used on the source text. When it was translated into 

Indonesia, the sentence turned into passive. If the text was not reversed, it would be „Kekhawatiran, 

bagaimanapun, mulai membayangi wajah-wajah dari mereka yang meneliti puffin.‟ There‟s nothing 

wrong or confusing with that.   

However, it is more common to make use of passive sentence when it comes to an abstract 

thing, in this case „concern‟. Thus, it‟s a good decision for the translator to make it passive in order 

to make the readers feel like they reading from directly from the source text.  

Related to message maintainance, of total five raters, two raters put this text into score 3, two 

raters put it into score 2, and one rater put it into score 1, and one rater put it into score 1. This 

implies that the text is fairly well delivered. There were still some distortion remaining on this text 

that could leave the message misunderstood by the target readers. 

The change from active sentence to passive sentence above above implied that the translator 

had used reversal, in this case the active-passive one procedure to give the readers clearer and more 

relevant message about the context of the text above. Therefore, reversal had occured on this text.  

Substitution 

Substitution involves replacing a specific SL item or expression with a TL item, which does 

not have the same proportional meaning, but it is likely to have a similar impact on the target reader. 

There were 42 words/phrases/sentences with reversal found on the articles. From the magazines‟s 

articles, there were 42 words/phrases/sentences with generalization found on the articles or had 

37.8% of total data. It had the most frequency of occurence among other four types of modulation.  

ST After a week on the Matvei Mudrov, life settles into a rhythm that is soothing in its 

repetition: the green pines of the surrounding forest, the guttural rumble of the train‟s engine, 

the hypnotic clop clop clop of the tracks below. 

TT Setelah seminggu naik Matvei Mudrov, kehidupan kini mengikuti irama berulang yang menenangkan: 

pinus hijau dari hutan di sekitarnya, deru parau mesin kereta api, suara jess jess jess rel di bawah yang 

menghipnotis. 

BT After a week rose Matvey Mudrov, now life follows the rhythm of recurring soothing: pine 

green of the surrounding forest, the raucous roar of the train engine, sound jess jess jess 

hypnotic tracks below. 



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There are two substitutions made on the text above. The first, the phrase „settles into‟, which 

roughly translated as „menetap ke dalam’, was subtituted by the word ‘mengikuti’ which more relevent 

to the context in Bahasa. The second one is the word „clop clop cloop‟ that was subtituted by the 

word ‘suara jess jess jess’. The readers might not understand if the translator keep that sound of train 

due tue cultural difference in expressing something.   

 The word „settles into‟ here means stick and follow something. The change was made to 

clearly tell the readers what the writer actually want to tell without using any kinds of metaphor. 

The seconfd one, sound „clop cloop clop‟ was made due to culture difference in expressing sounds, 

just like how they express sound of cat by using „miaow‟ while in Indonesia, we express it by saying 

„meong‟ for example. 

Related to message maintainance, of total five raters, four raters put this text into score 3, and 

one raters put it into score 2. This implies that the text is fairly well delivered. There were still some 

distortion remaining on this text that could leave the message misunderstood by the target readers. 

 It can be concluded that the change between two words above was a result of substitution 

that the translator used to maintain the text‟s message. Thus, substitution has occured on this text. 

Deviation 

Deviation involves shift in meaning that entail different aspects between SL and TL.There 

were 16 words/phrases/sentences with reversal found on the articles. From the magazines‟s articles, 

there were 16 words/phrases/sentences with generalization found on the articles or had 14.4% of 

total data 

ST Trying to come to terms with his new life. 

TT Berusaha berdamai dengan kehidupan barunya. 

BT Trying to make peace  with her new life. 

The verb „come to terms‟ above has little equivalence to the word ‘berdamai’ though the 

meaning is same. „Come to terms‟ has a meaning „datang dengan ketentuan-ketentuan‟ or „mencapai 

kata sepakat‟ to be more specific, which is different to ‘berdamai’, that has a meaning „make peace‟ in 

English. That deviation was made for the sake of making it easy for common readers to understand 

the message. 

 It would be unusual for the target readers to use term „datang dengan ketentuan-ketentuan‟ 

even though it‟s logically not wrong. However, the text would be not smooth as the original article 

and the readers would feel they read a forcibly-translated article. Despite of finding equivalence, the 

use of modulation here was to make the readers feel like they are reading from the original source.   

 Related to message maintainance, of total five raters, four raters put this text into score 3, 

one rater put it into score 2, and one rater put it into score 1. This implies that the text is fairly well 

delivered. There were still some distortion remaining on this text that could leave the message 

misunderstood by the target readers. 

 It can be concluded that the change between two idioms above was a result of deviation that 

the translator used to maintain the text‟s message. Thus, substitution has occured on this text. 



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Maintenance of Message 

The result shows that the translator translated the articles by using modulation as the 

procedure to maintain the message of the source text. The rating, taking from five English 

Department lecturer raters, shows that the highest number of score 3 (well delivered) is obtained by 

substitution (150 data), followed by reversal (138), deviation (58), specification (34) and 

generalization (18).  

 

No. Types of 

Modulation 

Freq. 

of  

Occurence 

Maintenance of Message 

 Score.3 Score 2 Score 1 

f % f % f % 

1 Generalization 30 18 60 10 33.3 2 6.6 

2 Specification 45 34 75.5 7 15.5 4 8.8 

3 Reversal 190 138 72.6 34 17.8 16 9.5 

4 Substitution 210 150 71.42 41 19.5 19 9.04 

5 Deviation 80 58 72.5 16 20 6 7.5 

 Total 555 398 

 

 117  47  

 

Generalization 

From the table above, generalization technique has the biggest percentage, 60% on score 3 

(well delivered). score 2 and score 3 has 33.3% and 6.6% consequently. Moreover, it had the biggest 

percentage among other types on score 2, making it the most fairly well-delivered type of 

modulation used on this magazine. It can be concluded that the texts using this kind of modulation 

are significantly well-maintained when it comes to target readers. The samples can be seen as 

follows: 

No. 47 (2) 

ST In different ways, it seemed, they were both itemized gear, 

TT Dengan kata lain, sepertinya, mereka berdua merupakan alat, 

BT In other words, it seems, they both are tools, 

The raters put this text into score 2, which was fairly maintained. However, the generalization 

here ditched the word „itemized‟ and it could lead to readers‟ confusion of what kind of gear was 

that. 

Specification 

Specification is not so different from generalization related to maintenance of message. The 

path of percentage distribution is 75.5% on score 3, 15.5% on score 2, and 8.8% on score 1. Its 



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25 

 

successfful maintenance occured because most of the replacement words or phrases were 

contextualized with specifified adjustment that made the articles easily comprehend by common 

target readers. It had the highest amount of percentage of score 3 (well-delivered) among other types. 

Therefore, this kind of modulation has significant effect in maintaining the message of the texts. The 

samples can be seen as follows: 

No. 66 (3) 

ST When they exhausted all the available space there, they engineered more, building stepped 

terraces all the way down the slopes of El Castillo and filling them with funerary towers 

and graves. 

TT Setelah semua tempat di sana habis, mereka memperluas lahan permakaman, dengan 

membangun teras bertingkat di lereng El Castillo hingga ke kaki bukit, lalu memenuhinya 

dengan menara dan makam. 

BT After all where there exhausted, they expand the cemetery land, building terraced on the 

slopes of El Castillo to the foot of the hill, then fill it with towers and tombs.  

The term „engineered‟ is something related to physical development. In this context were 

towers and graves. It would be too generalised if the word „engineered‟ was not specified into 

„expand‟ (memperluas). Thye translator used „memperluas‟ here to explain the readers what kind of 

engineering it was on the El Castillo. Thus, the „memperluas‟ was used as a part of explaining the 

word „engineering‟ and as substitution to make the actual meaning clearer for the common target 

readers.  

 Related to message maintainance, of total five raters, four raters put this text into score 3 

and only one raters put it into score 2. This implies that the text is well delivered. There were still 

some distortion remaining on this text that could leave the message misunderstood by the target 

readers. 

Reversal  

Reversal has the same path of percentage distribution with the previous two types of 

modulation. It has 72.6% on score 3, 17.8% on score 2, and 9.5% on score 1. However, despite 

having high amount of occurance, this type of modulation was the first rank on score 1 percentage 

(9.5%), highest among other types. Meanwhile, looking from score 3 percentage rank, it reached 

fourth place among other types. It proved that the frequency of occurence didn‟t always go with 

maintenance of message. The difference of language structure system, culture, and social were the 

main reason of this high percentage of distorted message.The samples can be seen as follows: 

No. 18 (2) 

ST “Every day something was getting blown up. 

TT “Ledakan terjadi setiap hari. 

BT “Explosion happened every day. 

On the text above, passive sentence was used on the source text. When it was translated into 

Indonesia, the sentence turned into active. The text is fairly well delivered. However, there were still 

some distortion remaining on this text that could leave the message misunderstood by the target 

readers, like what was  the specific  meaning of „something‟ on the source text.  



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Substitution  

The most used type of modulation in this magazine with 42 occurences, substitution, has 

71.42%, 19.5%, and 9.04% on score 3, score 2, and score 1 consequently. This type has the highest 

amount the occurence among other types of modulation. It happened due to differenct culture aspect 

that require many adjustment of vocabulary to find the required equivalence. Thus, it can be 

concluded that substitution is the most significant type of modulation among all five types. The 

samples can be seen as follows: 

ST feet scrambling, excited too. 

TT mengais-ngais tanah, turut gelisah. 

BT pawing the ground, nervous as well. 

On the text above, the word „excited‟ when traslated to bahasa would become „bergembira‟ 

(happy or glad). However, based on the context of the text, it did not refer to happy. Instead, it was 

something that make someone worry about. Thus, the translator substitute the word „excited‟ with 

„turut gelisah‟ (nervous). The message on this text had a probability to be misunderstood or biased by 

common readers. 

Deviation 

Deviation,  the third most used type of modulation is only slightly different from reversal 

related to the percentage of maintaining the message with 72.5% on score 3, 20% on score 2, and 

7.5% on score 1. The conclusion that can be pulled is no different from previous types of 

modulation. The messages are not poorly distorted from the source language texts. They are 

delivered really well. The samples can be seen as follows: 

No. 62 (3) 

ST But the rich finds at El Castillo, a journey of some 500 miles from the Wari capital, are 

filling in many blanks. 

TT Tetapi, temuan melimpah di El Castillo, yang terletak sekitar 850 kilometer dari ibu 

kota bangsa Wari, menjelaskan banyak hal. 

BT However, finding abundant in El Castillo, located approximately 850 kilometers from 

the capital city of the nation Wari, are explaining a lot. 

The clause „filling many blanks‟ on the text above was actually a metaphore of „explaining 

many things‟ (menjalaskan banyak hal). The translator did not translate that clause roughly. Instead, 

it was the real meaning, which deviates a lot from the source text (filling and explaining), that was 

put into the translation  because there are cultural differences between the two language, which leads 

to different use of metaphore, idiom, and other analogies. Related to maintenance of message, the 

raters rated this text as well-delivered, meaning common readers would eaasily understand the 

message of the text. 

CONCLUSIONS 

The topic of this research is about the translator‟s strategy on how the translation of bilingual 

(or multilingual) magazine done without sacarficing the core message of the texts due to some 

different aspects, whether it is linguistics or cultural. The research focuses only from procedure 

aspect of translating, to be specific in the frame of modulation on what kinds of modulation mostly 



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used on the articles and how they maintain the message from source language to target language. 

After the magazine was analyzed, there were modulations occurred on the articles in the variation of 

generalization, specification, reversal, substitution, and deviation.  

From the five types of modulation, substitution has the highest rank of modulation type used 

on the magazine‟s articles (37.8% of total 111 data) followed by reversal (34.2%), deviation (14.4%), 

specification (8.1%), and generalization (5.4%) sequentially.   

This result is linear to the maintenance of message rating. The result, taken from five English 

Department lecturer raters, shows that the highest number of category 3 (well delivered) percentage 

ratio is obtained by specification (75.5%) followed by reversal (72.6%), deviation (72.5%), 

substitution (71.2%) and generalization (60%). From the result above it can be seen that the more 

frequent occurence does not always mean to be so effective compared to the less frequent one. The 

highest percentage of successful maintainance is obtained by specification, which is on 4th rank on  

the frequency of ocuurence table. The most frequent type of modulation, substitution, only settles on 

4th rank on the category 3 table. On the other hand, the most distorted type of modulation is gotten 

by reversal with 9.5% on category 1, while the least distorted one is gotten by generalization. This 

type has the highest frequency of the occurence among other types of modulation.  

Generally, modulation technique is required in translating due to differenct culture aspect that 

require many adjustment of vocabulary to find the equivalence. Thus, the translated texts would 

flow smoothly and the target readers would not feel like they read translated texts and easily 

comprehend the information and message of the texts. 

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