





































Putri Anggraeni, et al / Journal of English Language Teaching 6 (1) (2017) 

41 

 

 
ELT FORUM 11(1) (2022) 

 
Journal of English Language Teaching 

 
http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/elt 

 

 

Task-Based Instruction in teaching 21st Century literature from the Philippines and 

the world: Learners’ views and reflections  

 

Richard E. Parcon1 

 
1Tañong High School, DepEd Marikina Philippines 

 

Article Info 
________________ 
Article History: 
Received on 9 
December 2021 

Approved on 25 March 
2022 
Published on 30 March 
2022 

________________ 
Keywords: 
Task-Based 
Instruction; Language 
Teaaching; Literature 
Teaaching; 21st 
Century Literature;  
____________________ 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abstract 
___________________________________________________________________ 
This study aimed to determine the learners' views and reflections on task-based 
instruction in teaching 21st Century literature from the Philippines and the World Subject. 

Specifically, the following objectives were attained: to determine the understanding of 
learners in the concept of task and task-based instruction, to know learners' perceptions in 

the implementation of task and task-based instruction used by the teacher in teaching 21st 

Century Literature subject, to point out the problems encountered by the students and 
how the students overcome those problems in performing task-based activities. 73 grade 

11 students served as the respondents of this study. Using the descriptive method, 
specifically survey and interview, the study revealed that most students clearly 

understood the concept of task and task-based instruction. However, some students only 
agreed that performing tasks and the teacher's task-based instruction in teaching 21st 

Century Literature use the English language. The majority of the respondents strongly 

agreed that task and task-based instruction is implemented in their 21st Century 
Literature class. External factors, language used in the instructions written in the module, 

interest in literature and familiarity with literary materials, and difficulty level of task-
based activities in the module are problems that the respondents encountered during the 

implementation of task-based instruction in their 21st Century Literature class. While 
seeking classmates' and teacher's assistance, teacher's motivation and teaching strategies, 

and self-initiative and motivation are the means for the students to overcome the 

difficulties they encountered in implementing the task and task-based instruction in 21st 
Century Literature class. 

 

  


Correspondent Address: p-ISSN 2252-6706 | e-ISSN 2721-4532 
Tañong High School, DepEd Marikina  

NCR, Philippines 1802  

E-mail: richardparcon04@gmail.com  

http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1333515478&1&&
http://issn.pdii.lipi.go.id/issn.cgi?daftar&1576658845&1&&


Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

42 

 

INTRODUCTION 

As the call in delivering quality instruction in the classroom, teachers are doing their best to use 

instructional practices to help the students learn new ways and ways of coping with the demand 

of 21st-century opportunities. Teachers do tailor the learning objectives to their motivation, 

discussion, and performance tasks up to the assessment to deliver their lessons effectively. In 

addition, 21st-century teaching and learning require new strategies and dedication to successful 

teaching and learning. Teachers need to implement various strategies and practices in helping 

the learners to think critically regarding the world they are living in, immerse themselves with 

digital and social media, and utilize collaboration and communication skills needed for the 

learning environment.  

Literature can help the learners to achieve 21st-century skills through reading literary 

materials suited to the learner's ages and interests. Therefore the goal of every literature teacher 

is to teach the learners to love literature. Traditionally, literature was considered the primary 

source in teaching language classes during the Grammar-Translation method (Khatib et al., 

2011). It also asserts that literature is life, regarded as the entrance in the outside world, and can 

be a means of knowing who the people are, what they are, and what they used to be (Magulod, 

2018). Moreover, teaching and reading literary text play an essential role in learning the English 

language, such as improving communicative competence and the best tool for intensive and 

extensive reading, which can help the learners to improve their reading skills (Khan & 

Alasmari, 2018). In the era of globalization, a classroom can promote cultural and intercultural 

awareness through teaching literature. Literature can flourish sociolinguistic and pragmatic 

competence through its authenticity as reflected in the communicative model (Khatib & 

Nourzadeh, 2011).  

In teaching English through literature, the L2 can be considered an additional corpus that 

answers a grammar based on firm rules and focuses on a fixed canon of literary text as a source, 

tool, and model for composition (Ghani & Din, 2017). Experts in literature teaching suggested 

some techniques in integrating literature in the classroom; first, teachers should work for 

students' connection with literary texts. Second, literature should be a source for language 

learning in language classrooms and not as an end itself. Third, the involvement of literary texts 

does not mean the elimination of other literary texts. Fourth, students should have the 

opportunity to utilize the literary language in innovative ways. Fifth, teachers should secure the 

accessibility of literary materials for their language classrooms. Sixth, teachers integrate macro 

skills in teaching literature in the classroom. Lastly, teachers should give scaffold assistance with 

literary materials (Khatib & Nourzadeh, 2011). The study about instructional practices in 

teaching literature revealed that instructional practices conducted by the teachers in teaching 

literature should be connected to the learner's development as reflected in the goal and 

instructional objectives of the lesson (Mustakim et al., 2018). While the findings on the study 

regarding the approaches in teaching literature employed by senior high school teachers found 

out that the ultimate objective in teaching literature is to let the learners appreciate the content 

through the use of various approaches reflected from the techniques utilized by the teachers 

(Parojenog, 2020). Regarding the study on the relationship of literature-based activities on 

learner's emotional intelligence showed that literature-based activities had a positive impact on 

learner's emotional intelligence as well as the measures of fluency, complexity, and accuracy 

also had a positive correlation with students' scores in the test (Shiriyan & Nejadansari, 2014). 

The reader-based post-structuralist analysis method in teaching literature helps learners 

reform into their cognitive structure and perceive the world from multiple perspectives (Yaqoob, 

2011). While literature use in EFL teaching and learning process believed that short stories are 

considered the most effective means of teaching literature and language classes (Pardede, 2021). 

In studying literature regarding the contemporary environment and accessing its impact on 

educational policies and curriculum may affect the choice of literary materials and literature 

itself as a desirable curriculum (Dazz, 2014).  

In the Philippine context, particularly with the implementation of the Enhanced Basic 

Education Act of 2013, also known as the K-12 Program, one of the core subjects that the senior 

high school students need to take is 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World. 

As reflected in K-12 Curriculum Guide on 21st Century Literature, this subject intends to 

immerse the learners in appreciation and critical study of 21st-century literature from the 

Philippines and the World comprising many dimensions, genres, elements, structure, contexts, 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

43 

 

and traditions (21st Century literature, Curriculum Guide). With this, teachers can choose the 

teaching strategies that they can use to teach this subject. These are the suggested approaches in 

teaching literature; Information-Based approach, Personal-Response, Language-Based, 

Pharaphrastic Approach, Moral-Philosophical, and Stylistic Approach (Mustakim et al., 2018). 

But, in teaching literature, Task-Based Instruction can also be used by the teachers. The use of 

language tasks improves the learner's communicative ability (Bhandari, 2020). In addition, task-

based instruction aims to develop the learner's linguistic repertoire of L2 by letting the learners 

get involved in classroom activities using authentic materials (Nhem, 2020). In line with 

literature teaching, task-based instruction is anchored with whole literary engagement wherein 

task is defined as “Piece of language that linguistically, physically, emotionally, intellectually, 

socially, critically, meaningfully, creatively, consciously, or subconsciously, aesthetically, 

spontaneously, motivationally, and experientially involves learners in the process of learning.” 

(Khatib et al., 2011, p.216). 

Therefore, literature is a basis where the whole engagement can be easily achieved given 

that the teachers consider various ways in which students can be wholly involved. In order to 

fully involve and immerse the 21st century learners in learning and appreciating literary 

materials, the cited study aboved introduced task-based instruction in teaching world literature. 

Based on this empirical observation, the researcher was prompted to conduct this initial study 

by determining the views and reflections of learners on the use of task-based instruction in 

teaching the subject of 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World. Specifically, 

it sought to answer the following research questions.  

1. How do students understand the concepts of task and task-based instruction their 

teacher uses in teaching 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World? 

2. How do students perceive the implementation of task-based instruction in their 21st 

Century Literature from the Philippines and World subject? 

3. What are the problems that the students encountered in performing task-based 

activities? 

4. How do students overcome the constraints that they encounter in performing task-

based activities?  

This study can serve as an additional contribution to teaching literature course in this 

21st-century era. It can help the teachers to have various options or teaching strategies that they 

can use in teaching literature. The focus of the study is determining the learners' views and 

reflections on the use of task-based instruction. It will serve as a guide to design an instruction 

that is appropriate to the needs and knowledge of the learners regarding task-based instruction. 

Lastly, it will serve as a baseline for future researchers to conduct studies regarding various 

teaching literature strategies.  

 

METHODS 

This study used a descriptive method to gather pertinent information relevant to this research. The 

descriptive method identifies attributes of a particular phenomenon based on an observational basis 

(Creswell, 2009). The Quantitative technique through the descriptive survey was used to determine 

the respondents' understanding and perception of task-based instruction in teaching 21st Century 

Literature. Qualitative technique through open-ended interview was utilized to determine the 

constraints that respondents encountered in performing task-based activities and their way to 

overcome the limitations they encountered.  

The respondents in this study were the Grade 11 students from the two sections of 

Accountancy Business and Management Strand and 1 section from Technical Vocational 

Livelihood Track-Bread and Pastry Strand of Tañong High School in Marikina City. They were 

enrolled in 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and World subject during the second 

semester of 2020-2021. Table 1 presents the distribution of respondents according to their track and 

strand.  

As reflected in Table 1, 34 and 14 respondents were from Accountancy Business and 

Management Strand while 25 were from the TVL track. The researcher used a total of 73 

respondents in this study.  

 
 

 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

44 

 

Table 1. Distribution of Respondents 
Grade and Section Track and Strand Number of Respondents Percentage 

11-Consistency Academic 

Track/Accountancy 
Business and Management 

Strand 

34 46.58 

11-Competency Academic 

Track/Accountancy 

Business and Management 
Strand 

14 19.18 

11-Diplomacy Technical Vocational 
Livelihood Track-Bread 

and Pastry Strand 

25 34.25 

Total   73 100 

 

The researcher used two instruments to gather the data needed—the Likert questionnaire 

adopted from the study of (Jeon & Hahn, 2006). Originally the instrument was composed of 

Likert-type questionnaires with 15 item questions. Seven (7) questions focused on teacher’s 

understanding of task and task-based and eight (8) questions focused on teachers’ views in 

implementing task-based instruction in language classroom.  To fit this questionnaire with this 

study, the researcher modified the questionnaire and integrated some literature and literature 

teaching aspects and contextualized it for learners since the original questionnaire is intended 

for teachers.  

From fifteen (15) item questions, it became sixteen (16) item questions. Five (5) questions 

were intended to measure the understanding of students about task and task-based instruction 

and eleven (11) questions to determine students' views in the implementation of task-based 

instruction. The second instrument was the researcher-made open-ended questionnaire for the 

interview to determine the problems the respondents encountered during the implementation of 

task-based instruction and how they overcame those identified problems. The researcher sought 

the assistance of experts in literature teaching and task-based instruction to validate the content 

of the adapted research instrument. 

In gathering the data, the researcher first sought permission from the office of Schools 

Division Superintendent of Division of Marikina to conduct the study. After the validation of 

instrument, the researcher administered the survey questionnaire through an online platform, 

and interviewed the respondents through the Google Meet platform. The researcher conducted 

all these procedures to comply with the minimum health standard protocol guidelines to prevent 

the COVID-19 virus. The responses of the students were transcribed, coded, formulate the 

recurring themes based on the responses of participants in the interview, then the data were 

analyzed, and interpreted. 
 

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 

Students' understanding of the concept of task and task-based instruction 

Table 2 shows that 38 or 52% of the respondents strongly agreed with the first indicator, a task is a 

communicative goal, while 34 or 47% of the respondents only agreed. Only one respondent disagreed 

on the first indicator. In the second indicator, 40 or 59% of the respondents strongly agreed that task-

based instruction implemented in the classroom is composed of Pre-task, during the task, and post-

task. Meanwhile, 32 or 44% of respondents agreed and only one respondent disagreed in the second 

indicator. In response to indicator 4, 40 or 42% of the respondents agreed that a task primarily 

focuses on meaning. While in indicator 5, most of the respondents (39 or 53%) strongly agreed that 

the objectives of the lesson were attained through performing the task given. Lastly, in response to 

indicator 5, most of the respondents only agreed (43 or 59%) that a task in any lesson/activity used 

the target language (English) by the learners themselves. 

As manifested in the survey result regarding the students' understanding of the concept of task 

and task-based instruction, most of the students showed a clear understanding of the concept of task 

and task-based instruction. This clear understanding of task and task-based instruction was made 

possible by systematically discussing the literature lessons with the students. By following the cycle, 

pre-task, during task, and post-task, used by the teacher, task-based instruction in the literature 

classroom was already familiar to the students. With regard to the tasks implemented in their 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

45 

 

literature class, students perceived it as student-centered by nature because the teacher included them 

in planning the task and allowed them to do the task gradually until they became independent in 

doing the task. It also reflected that the students understand the task they were performing in their 

literature class clearly defined in the goal of the literature lesson.  
 

Table 2. Students' understanding of the concept of tasks and task-based instruction 
Item SA % 

 
A % 

 
D % 

 
SD % 

A Task is communicative goal directed 38 52 
 

34 47 
 

1 1 
 

0 0 

Task-Based Instruction is based on student-centered 

approach 

43 59 
 

28 38 
 

2 3 
 

0 0 

Task-Based instruction implemented in the class 
comprises pre-task (lecture or discussion provided 

before doing the performance task). During task 
(The teacher gives the activities, guided with 

instructions discussed in the pre-task, and shows 
the students doing the task). Post-task (students' 

output of performance is being assessed and 

evaluated using a rubric intended for a specific 
topic  

40 55 
 

32 44 
 

1 1 
 

0 0 

A task involves primary focus on meaning 29 40 
 

42 58 
 

2 3 
 

0 0 

A task performed in the class is clearly defined in the 

goal of the lesson 

39 53 
 

33 45 
 

1 1 
 

0 0 

A task in any lesson/activity used the target 
language (English) by the learners 

27 37 
 

43 59 
 

3 4 
 

0 0 

 

On the other hand, it also observed that the student only agreed that a task in any lesson or 

activity used the target language (English) in literature class. This understanding of students on this 

specific indicator is affected by the language used in online classrooms. Since there is an 

implementation of a distance learning class, learners are encouraged to speak in the language they 

are comfortable with, especially when conducting an online class to promoted active participation in 

online classroom discussion. However, it does not mean that the target language, English, is not 

promoted or used. Based on their responses in the activities and output in their task, most students 

used English. With this, the students need to have a positive attitude regarding the concept of task 

and task-based instruction to achieve the desired outcome (Hadi, 2013). Moreover, a communicative 

approach is appropriate to promote a better understanding of task and task-based instruction in 

teaching the macro skills or teaching literature (Du et al., 2017). It also observes that the students 

participating in task-based classroom activities improve students' interest in and motivation in 

learning the lesson and learning the target language (Hadi, 2013; Mozgalina, 2015; Park, 2012).  

 

Students' perceptions on the implementation of task and task-based instruction in their 21st 

Century Literature class 

 

Table 3. Students' perception of the implementation of task-based instruction in their 21st 

Century Literature class 
Item SA % A % D % SD % 

My teacher presents the Learning Competency and specific 
objectives before the implementation of Task-Based Instruction 

in the 21st Century Literature Class 

47 64 25 34 1 1   0 

I'm very interested in the implementation of Task-Based 
Instruction in 21st Century Literature class 

33 45 40 55   0   0 

Task-Based instruction in 21st Century Literature class provides me 

a flexible atmosphere and environment in promoting target 

language (English) use 

38 52 35 48   0   0 

Task-Based instruction helps me to activate my needs and interest 
in doing the tasks given in our 21st Century Literature class 

39 53 33 45 1 1   0 

Task-Based instruction in 21st Century Literature class helps me to 
develop and integrate my skills in the distance learning 

35 48 38 52   0   0 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

46 

 

Task-Based instruction in 21st Century Literature class requires me 

to use more time in preparation of doing the task compared to 
the traditional approach used in the class 

39 53 34 47   0   0 

Task-Based instruction in 21st Century Literature helps me to have 

a deeper understanding of literary terms 

35 48 38 52   0   0 

Task-Based instruction in 21st Century Literature class provides me 
an avenue to appreciate various literary materials used in the 

class 

41 56 32 44   0   0 

Task-Based instruction helps me to activate my critical and 
analytical thinking skills in analyzing literary materials.  

37 51 36 49   0   0 

Task-Based instruction helps me to create my literary materials 
during their implementation in the classroom 

38 52 34 47 1 1   0 

In using Task-Based Instruction, my teacher provides appropriate 

materials (Module and Video clips of literary Materials) that we 
can use as a guide in performing various tasks in our 21st Century 

Literature Class.  

41 56 32 44   0   0 

 

Table 3 presents the respondents' perceptions in the implementation task and task-based instruction 

in their 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World subject. In indicator 1, most of 

the respondents (47 or 64%) strongly agreed that their teacher presents the learning competency and 

specific objectives before implementing task-based instruction in their class. In response to indicator 

2, 40 or 55% of the respondents only agreed to implement task-based instruction in their 21st-century 

literature class. While 38 or 52% of the respondents strongly agreed that task-based instruction in 

21st-century literature class provides them a flexible atmosphere and environment in promoting 

target language (English) use. For indicator 4, most of the respondents (39 or 53%) strongly agreed 

that task-based instruction helped them activate their needs and interest in doing the task given in 

their 21st Century Literature class. In response to indicator 5, only 38 or 52% of the respondents 

agreed that task-based instruction in 21st Century Literature class helps them develop and integrate 

their skills in distance learning. While 39 or 53% of the respondents strongly agreed that task-based 

instruction in 21st Century Literature class requires them to use more time to prepare for the task 

than the traditional approach used in the classroom. 

Regarding indicator 7, most of the respondents (38 or 52%) only agreed that task-based 

instruction helped them have a deeper understanding of literary terms. In response to indicator 8, 41 

or 56% of the respondents strongly agreed that task-based instruction in their 21st Century Literature 

class provided them the avenue to appreciate various literary materials used in the class. For 

indicator 9, 37 or 51% strongly agreed that task-based instruction helped them activate their critical 

and analytical thinking skills in analyzing literary materials. While 38 or 52% of the respondents 

strongly agreed that task-based instruction helped them create their literary materials during its 

implementation in the distance learning classroom. Lastly, 41 or 56% of the respondents strongly 

agreed that in using task-based instruction, their teacher provided them with appropriate materials 

(Module and Video lesson) that they can use as a guide in performing various tasks in their 21st 

Century Literature class. 

 Based on the survey result regarding the perceptions on the implementation of task and task-

based instruction in the 21st Century Literature class, students strongly agreed on the majority of the 

indicators presented. It shows that the teacher provided the learning competencies and the specific 

objectives of the lesson. Through task-based instruction, students were able to arouse their interest 

and motivation in doing the task given in the 21st Century Literature class. Moreover, the teacher 

provided ample time for the students while they were doing the task given. However, some students 

were not using the target language fluently. It also observed that task-based instruction provided a 

flexible atmosphere and environment to gradually learn to use the target language (English) in their 

communication in online classroom discussion or written communication while doing their module 

and written tasks. 

It also shows that the students asserted that they appreciate the literary materials discussed in 

their 21st Century literature class through performing various tasks related to the literary materials 

and anchored with the learning competencies and their specific objectives. In addition, by 

performing the task and with the help of task-based instruction in 21st Century Literature class, 

students developed and activated their critical and analytical skills interpreting literature materials. 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

47 

 

This observation led them to create their literary materials by integrating ICT to create and 

disseminate their literary materials. Lastly, with the help of appropriate instructional materials 

aligned with the learning objectives, students perceived that this strategy helped them appreciate 

task-based instruction and 21st Century literature using the task implemented.  

Students' willingness to adapt another strategy used by the teacher to teach specific subjects, 

especially task-based instruction, showed a positive effect in developing their interest in language 

teaching (Hashim et al., 2014). In addition, tasks used in the classroom should have a sense of 

completeness that the improvisation of a literary text can do within its various forms or levels 

(Khatib et al., 2011). With the help of literature and literature-based teaching, students can get 

tangible benefits from exposure to other literature. It can serve as a new language learning 

experience in improving engagement with others, improving personal development, and becoming 

responsible for regulating their learning (Tuğrul, 2021). 
 

Problems encountered by the students in performing task-based activities in their 21st 

Century Literature Class 

External Factors 

 

"Loss of internet connection" 

"my problems were about the signal and load, then that's it" 

"The cellphone used is not good." 

"Sometimes I do not attend the class nor answer the module because my sister and I are sharing 

materials have the same schedule of the class." 

“ang problema ko lang po ay pag di ako nakaka attend sa klase kaya pag dating sa module ang 

iba di ko masagutan” 

"Poor internet" 

 

As reflected in their responses, technical difficulties are problems they encountered in performing 

task-based activities in their 21st Century Literature class. With the abrupt changes in the learning 

mode, students need to abreast themselves in using technology and other means to adapt to the new 

normal education. Consequently, learners encounter problems such as internet connection because 

the setup is in distance learning class, lack of signal, and gadget for the online class. This result is the 

same in the situation in which the learning environment may affect the learners' learning outcomes, 

such as school supplies or materials and inappropriate learning place or hub, which can distract 

students from attending the class or performing various tasks (Gilavand, 2016). 

The language used in the instructions written in the module 

 

"There are some instructions that aren't clear to me." 

"Sometimes, I don't understand what to do." 

"Sometimes I don't understand the instructions written in the module, so I have to 

read and study the module many times to understand it." 

 

In this part, the students found the language used in the instructions written in the module difficult to 

understand. The use of language is one of the considerations that writers and even teachers should 

consider in doing instructional materials so that the student can easily understand the module's 

instructions and context. The importance of using appropriate language may assist the learners in 

comprehending the materials, the instructions in the tasks, and engage the learners in collaborative 

dialogue in the online classroom may enhance the language learning among the students (Wen-

Cheng et al., 2011).  

 

Interest in literature and familiarity in the literary materials 

 

"The only problem is that I'm not really interested in literature." 

"Sometimes, I'm not familiar with the lesson or the topic." 

"Understanding the context Knowing author context and Comparing and contrasting between 

genres." 

 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

48 

 

The students' responses show that some of them are not interested in literature or reading 

literary text. This is the common reason students are having  hard time learning and 

appreciating literature because they are not interested in it or have a passion for reading. 

Literature promotes students' creativity and increases their emotional awareness. 

Moreover, using literature in language teaching encourages students to read and 

experience it for their enrichment (Ceylan, 2016).   

 
Difficulty Level of task-based activities in the module 

 

"Difficulty in making mp4-video format adaptation and also creative digital picture 

presentation." 

"I found some of the tasks were difficult to do." 

"Since it requires us to do the task with the use of technology, there were tasks that were too 

difficult to do." 

 

The responses clearly stated that the level of difficulty was considered one of the students' problems. 

Some activities or tasks given in the module require technology to come up with an output. Higher 

skills are also needed to do the task required. Therefore, as early as junior high school, teachers 

should expose the learners to the tasks that measure their skills and abilities. In the study regarding 

the perspective on second language task difficulty, teachers should consider the linguistic background 

or factors of the students in providing a certain difficulty level of the task. Also, modification of task-

difficulty should consider the conceptual factors such as: reducing the number of items in the task, 

including more visual representation, level of students, and providing rewards (Révész & Gurzynski-

Weiss, 2016).  

 

Students' means to overcome the problem they encountered in performing task-based 

activities 

Seeking classmates and teacher's assistance 

 

"I will ask my teacher if they can do the task. In solo, and ask clearly way." 

"By asking my teacher how to do it." 

"Since our teacher is always there to help, I always him to clarify and re-explain the 

instructions and tasks in a simple language." 

"I always admire how the teacher explains the instructions and tasks in a way that we can 

understand it." 

"Since I belong to the modular class, I always rely on the recorded video discussion of our 

teacher posted on the Facebook page and Google Classroom." 

 

Based on these responses, the students sought the assistance and guidance of their teachers in doing 

various tasks in their 21st Century Literature class. This strategy helped them to do the tasks and 

comply with the output needed in every lesson. The study's findings regarding teacher's and student's 

scaffolding in an EFL classroom revealed that not only can the teachers help the students, but a 

student can also successfully scaffold their peers. One must understand that every language learner 

has different strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the teacher should use it properly in the classroom 

(Samana, 2013). 

 

Teacher's motivation and teaching strategies 

 

"I started to love literature because of the guide and teacher. 

"I positively answer the module because of how our teacher taught a lesson and always 

motivated us to the tasks by relating the topic in our real-life situation." 

"Whether it is online or modular class, the strategy of the teacher used in teaching 21 st 

Century Literature is effective because the difficult tasks in the module became easy for us." 

"I always listen attentively to our teacher during the discussion." 

 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

49 

 

It is observed that students start to love literature. Students are also interested in doing the tasks in 

21st Century Literature lessons. It is one of the teacher’s strategies in motivating students in 

performing a specific task.  

Task-based teaching and learning reinforce the learners to learn and absorb language skills 

and develop their creativity. Moreover, interaction is also an effective means to achieve significant 

results by stimulating learners' motivation and willingness to learn and promote English language 

(Pietri, 2015). 

 

Self-initiative and motivation 

"I overcame my problem in doing task-based activities by focusing on the tasks." 

"I try my best to do my task. I searched if I did not understand the question." 

"There's none, but for me, I can possibly overcome it by simply asking related questions that 

are beneficial in discovering accurate and valid information needed." 

"By researching that certain topic." 

"first self -confidence second understanding of what is being read third listening to class." 

"By thinking that in every problem, there is always a solution." 

"I buy loads of data." 

"Just focus on the module." 

"I give myself time to relax and think clearly when I'm okay then I do chores." 

I gave time and effort to doing activities/tasks that our teacher gave. And I want to improve 

myself and be the best version of myself while doing all the tasks. 

I was thinking of the positive that would happen to me, and I put aside the problem I am 

facing now 

Because I'm a working student, I can't participate in the online class, so I look at our FB 

page or google classroom to find out what to do, and I pass my output even late 

I prioritize the easy 

 

Lastly, most of the students responded that the strategy they are using to overcome the problems they 

encountered in 21st Century Literature is self-initiation. It observes that students are doing their 

strategy to cope with the assigned tasks and lessen the difficulty level that they experience in 

performing tasks. This situation is similar to the study findings of fostering language learning through 

literature and task-based instruction. The use of reading guide and self-initiative of the students, the 

student's motivation to accomplish the task-based reading and writing project was high and had a 

positive impact on improving their language skills (Arboleda-Arboleda & Castro-Garcés, 2019). 

 

CONCLUSIONS 

Based on the findings of the study, the researcher drawn the following conclusions: First, as reflected 

in the result of the study, students showed a clear understanding of the concept of task and task-

based instruction; however, some students only agreed that performing tasks and the task-based 

instruction used by the teacher in teaching 21st Century Literature use the target language (English). 

Therefore, teachers should intensify and maximize the use of the English language in discussion and 

in performing the given task. Second, most respondents strongly agreed that task and task-based 

instruction is implemented in their 21st Century Literature class. So based on the perceptions of the 

respondents, the implementation of tasks and task-based instruction is an effective strategy for them. 

Third, external factors, language used in the instructions written in the module, interest in literature 

and familiarity with literary materials, and difficulty level of task-based activities in the module are 

problems that the respondents encountered during the implementation of task-based instruction in 

their 21st Century Literature class. Therefore, teachers should consider these factors in producing 

instructional materials and teaching 21st Century Literature classes among the students. Lastly, 

seeking classmates' and teacher's assistance, teacher's motivation and teaching strategies, and self-

initiative and motivation are the means for the students to overcome the difficulties they 

encountered in implementing the task and task-based instruction in 21st Century Literature class.  

This study does not intend to shift the paradigm of teaching literature using task-based 

instruction firmly. It only reveals that based on the learner's views and perceptions, task-based 

instruction used by their teacher in teaching 21st Century Literature can be considered as a different 

approach to teach literature, specifically in the 21st-century era. Though literature teaching is 

classroom-oriented and task-based instruction is quite a different concept, it is recommended that 



Richard E. Parcon | ELT Forum 11(1) (2022) 

50 

 

language teachers and literature teachers embrace the use of task-based instruction to develop 

language skills needed and help the students appreciate literature well (Nawaz, 2019). Since this 

initial study focused on learners' views and understanding regarding task-based instruction in 

teaching 21st Century literature, aspiring researchers may conduct a quantitative study to determine 

the effectiveness of task-based instruction in teaching 21st Century Literature. 

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

The researcher would like to express their grateful appreciation to the DepEd Marikina specifically 

Ms. Sheryll T. Gayola, the Schools Division Superintendent and Mr. Antonio G. Andres, School 

Principal for allowing the researcher to conduct the study in Tañong High School Grade 11 Students 

who served as the participants of the study. 

 

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