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ELTALL (ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING, APPLIED LINGUISTICS 
AND LITERATURE) 

Vol. 1 No. 1, 2020  
Available online at https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/eltall 

 
 
 
 

 LOGICO	SEMANTIC	RELATION	ANALYSIS		
OF	CLAUSE	COMPLEX	IN	CNN	NEWS	

	
Niken	Sri	Noviandari;	Dolar	Yuwono	

Institut	Agama	Islam	Negeri	(IAIN)	Ponorogo	
	

Abstract	
This	study	deals	with	Logico	Semantic	Relation	in	CNN	News	text.	The	objectives	
of	this	study	is	to	discover	the	types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	of	Clause	Complex	
Used	in	CNN	News	and	to	know	the	dominant	type		of	logical	semantic	systems	
interpreted	in	CNN	News.		The	researcher	applied	qualitative	approach	and	used	
content	analysis	design.		The	technique	of	collecting	data	was	documentation.	The	
data	of	 the	 research	was	Logico	Semantic	Relation	meanwhile	 the	news	 text	of	
CNN	was	 as	 the	 data	 source	 of	 the	 research.	 	 The	 data	were	 analyzed	 by	 data	
reduction,	data	display,	and	conclusion	drawing/verification.	The	findings	showed	
that	(1)	The	types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	used	in	the	five	news	texts	of	CNN	
were	 Expansion	 (Elaboration,	 Enhancement,	 and	 Extension)	 and	 Projection	
(Locution).	The	total	number	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	was	201	or	100%	which	
consisted	 of	 153	 items	 or	 76,10%	 of	 expansion	 and	 48	 items	 or	 23,90%	 of	
projection.		(2)		Expansion	(Elaboration)	was	the	most	dominant	type	among	all	
kinds	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	which	appeared	 in	92	 times	or	45,80%.	The	
second	 rank	was	projection	 (locution)	 that	was	48	 times	or	23,90%.	The	 third	
position	 was	 expansion	 (Enhancement)	 which	 occurred	 33	 times	 or	 16,40%.	
Meanwhile,	Expansion	(Extension)	appeared	28	times	or	13,90%,	and	the	last	one	
was	 projection	 (idea),	 which	 had	 no	 percentage	 (0	 times	 or	 0.00%).	 The	
researcher	concludes	that	there	are	two	types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	used	in	
the	 CNN	 news	 text,	 those	 are	 Expansion	 (Elaboration,	 Enhancement,	 and	
Extension)	and	Projection	(Locution).	The	most	dominant	type	of	Logico	Semantic	
Relation	that	appears	in	the	text	is	Expansion	(Elaboration).			

Keywords:	CNN	News,	Clause	complex,	logico-semantic	relation.	
	
INTRODUCTION	

In	this	millennium	era,	learning	English	has	a	very	significant	role.	English	
is	the	language	that	is	used	to	communicate	in	the	whole	world.	By	being	able	to	
speak	 English	 well,	 somebody	 can	 be	 easily	 to	 express	 their	 message	 to	 the	
people	 from	 the	 other	 countries	 or	 to	 catch	 the	 message	 from	 the	 foreigner	
whether	oral	or	written.	It	helps	everyone	who	comes	from	different	language	
and	countries	to	interact	easily.	However,	if	people	do	not	have	ability	to	speak	
English	well,	they	will	have	some	difficulties	to	interact	with	foreigner.	Moreover,	
mastering	English	 is	a	must	 for	 the	 students	who	study	 in	a	university	which	
contributes	to	their	professional	career	in	the	future,	because	nowadays	almost	
all	new	technology	uses	English	as	the	language.	Besides,	most	of	universities	in	
Indonesia	have	applied	English	test	to	select	and	to	increase	the	quality	of	the	



 

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ELTALL (ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING, APPLIED LINGUISTICS 
AND LITERATURE) 

Vol. 1 No. 1, 2020  
Available online at https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/eltall 

 
 
 
 

 
students.	 Especially	 for	 students	who	want	 to	 continue	 their	 study	 abroad	or	
whoever	who	want	to	get	a	good	job,	the	must	have	a	certificate	of	English	test	
such	as	TOEIC,	TEFL,	IELT	with	a	certain	score.	All	of	these	cannot	be	reached	
easily	without	a	good	ability	of	English.	So,	the	importance	of	mastering	English	
in	this	millennium	era	cannot	be	avoided.	

English	 consists	 of	 four	 language	 skills,	 those	 are	 writing,	 reading,	
speaking,	and	 listening	which	are	mastered	by	students.	 In	 Indonesia,	English	
language	teaching	concerns	with	text	or	genre.	Consequently,	it	is	important	to	
apply	 SFL	 (Systemic	Functional	 Linguistic)	 in	writing	 a	 text	 or	 constructing	 a	
sentence.	It	is	as	important	as	applying	grammar	or	structure.	Meanwhile,	SFL	
plays	an	important	role	in	English	language	teaching.	

To	understand	the	meaning	of	a	text,	we	can	analyze	it	by	its	sentence.	
Sentence	 must	 consist	 of	 some	 units,	 such	 as	 words,	 phrase,	 and	 clause.	 In	
composing	a	good	sentence,	people	cannot	be	only	focused	on	the	grammar	or	
the	structure	but	also	to	the	meaning.	Besides,	to	make	a	meaningful	sentence,	
people	also	must	concern	how	the	structure	construct	the	meaning	and	also	the	
structure	of	each	clause	because	to	know	whether	a	sentence	is	good	nor	not	we	
can	see	from	the	structure	of	each	clause.	

There	are	two	kinds	of	clause	that	important	to	be	understood.	Those	are	
clause	simplex	and	clause	complex.	Clause	complex	is	the	term	systematists	used	
for	 the	grammatical	and	semantic	unit	 formed	when	 two	or	more	clauses	are	
linked	together	in	certain	systematic	and	meaningful	ways,	while	clause	simplex	
refers	 to	single	clause	units	 (or	sentence	of	only	one	clause)	 (Suzzane	Eggins,	
2004).	A	 clause	 complex	 is	 composed	of	one	 clause	after	another	 clause	after	
another	 clause.	 In	 other	words,	 a	 sentence	 can	 be	 called	 as	 a	 clause	 complex	
when	 the	 sentence	 consists	 of	 some	 clause	 which	 have	 good	 structure	 and	
meaning.	 Each	 clause	must	 have	 relation	with	 the	 other	 clause.	 	 Therefore,	 if	
there	is	a	sentence	that	consists	of	some	clauses	but	there	is	no	relation	among	
the	clauses,	it	cannot	be	called	as	a	clause	comlpex.	Regarding	to	clause	complex	
and	its	relation	to	meaning,	Halliday	(1985:193)	stated	that	we	shall	consider	the	
connections	 between	 the	 clauses	 as	 the	 logical	 component	 of	 the	 linguistic	
system:	 the	 functional	 semantic	 relationships	 which	 constitute	 the	 logic	 of	
natural	language.	It	concludes	that	a	clause	complex	should	have	a	cohesive	unit	
in	which	there	is	a	 logical	relation	regarding	to	a	semantic	view	mentioned	as	
logical	 semantic	 relation.	 The	 categories	 of	 clause	 complex	 relation	 actually	
apply	over	other	areas	of	the	grammar	as	whole:	not	just	clauses	but	also	groups	
and	 phrases	 form	 ‘complex’	 and	 they	 do	 so	 along	 the	 same	 principles	 as	 the	
clause.	Thus,	the	writer	chooses	to	analyze	clause	complex	over	clause	simplex.		

Therefore,	in	understanding	the	meaning	of	a	sentence	the	students	need	
to	have	ability	about	logico	semantic	analysis	system.	Logico-semantic	system	is	
the	system	that	defines	the	particular	form	of	relationship	of	meaning	between	
related	clauses	(Suzzane	Eggins,	2004).	It	studies	about	the	incorporation	either	



 

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ELTALL (ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING, APPLIED LINGUISTICS 
AND LITERATURE) 

Vol. 1 No. 1, 2020  
Available online at https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/eltall 

 
 
 
 

 
dependent	or	independent	clause.	There	are	two	main	options	clauses	may	be	
related	through	projection	or	expansion.		Therefore,	logico	semantic	is	important	
to	be	understood	by	the	students.Whereas,	logico	semanticis	the	subject	which	
needs	more	concentration	and	more	focus	to	undersand.	It	is	very	important	to	
analys	the	meaning			of	clause	especially	in	a	claus	colmplex.	Thus,	based	on	the	
background	above	the	researcher	is	encouraged	to	conduct	a	research	dealing	
with	Logico	Semantic	Relation	Anylis	of	Clause	Complex	Based	on	SFL	in	CNN	
News.	
	
METHODS	

In	 this	 study,	 the	 researcher	 conducted	 a	 qualitative	 research	method.	
Khotari	(1990)	mentioned	that	qualitative		research	is	a	research	that	concerns	
qualitative	phenomena.			Donald	Ary	(2010)	stated	that	qualitative	researchers	
seek	to	understand	a	phenomenon	rather	than	breaking	it	down	into	variables	
by	 focusing	 on	 the	 overall	 picture.	 In	 other	 words,	 qualitative	 research	 is	
research	 that	 focuses	 on	 analyzing	 the	 data	 in	 form	 of	 words	 rather	 than	
numerical	data.	While	the	research	design,	the	researcher	applies	a	content	or	
document	 analysis	 as	 the	 research	 design.	 Content	 or	 document	 analysis	 is	 a	
form	of	analysis	applied	to	written	or	visual	materials	to	classify	defined	material	
characteristics.	The	analyzed	resources	may	be	journals,	magazines,	web	sites,	
interviews,	tv	programmers,	commercials,	musical	works,	or	any	of	a	variety	of	
other	types	of	records	(Donald	et	al.,	2010).	

In	this	research,	data	source	that	the	researcher	used	are	the	students	of	
English	Department	who	are	taught	Systemic	Functional	Linguistic	and	the	text	
of	CNN	news.	Interview	and	documentation	are	used	to	obtain	the	data	about	the	
student’s	perspective	about	Systemic	Functional	Linguistic	subject	and	to	obtain	
the	data	about	logico	semantic	relation.		

As	a	consequence,	the	data	collected	should	be	analyzed	and	reported	by	
the	 researcher	 as	 the	 result.	 The	 researcher	 arrives	 to	 do	 the	 study	 after	
gathering	the	data	to	find	out	the	research	questions	in	this	study.	Qualitative	
data	analysis	is	a	process	in	which	data	are	checked	and	organized,	and	extracted	
from	observation,	interview	and	recording.	Qualitative	data	analysis	consists	of	
three	current	activity	flows:	data	reduction,	display,	and	verification	of	the	data.	
Qualitative	research	can	make	their	research	findings	more	credible	by	drawing	
from	 evidence	 from	 a	 variety	 of	 data	 sources.	 After	 that,	 a	 triangulation	
technique	is	used	to	validate	the	data.	Triangulation	was	suggested	as	a	means	
to	improve	validation	levels	or	to	strengthen	the	legitimacy	of	research	studies	
by	contrasting	the	outcomes	of	various	methods	with	a	common	unit	of	analysis.	
	
FINDINGS		
1. Types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	

The	findings	of	this	research	present	the	data	from	documentation.	Data	



 

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AND LITERATURE) 

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analysis	in	this	part	describes	logico-semantic	relation	system	used	in	CNN	
News	Texts	 that	consist	of	projection	(locution	and	 idea)	and	expansion	
(extension,	elaboration,	and	enhancement).		
a. Types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	Used	in	Texts	1	

Based	on	the	text	entitled	“Skipping	Breakfast	Tied	to	Higher	Risk	of	
Heart-Related	 Death,	 Study	 Finds.”,	 it	 was	 found	 that	 there	 are	 35	
sentences	 in	text	1,	which	27	of	them	are	clause	complex.	 It	also	found	
that	 the	text	contains	some	types	of	 logico	semantic	relation,	 those	are	
Projection	 (Locution)	 and	 Expansion	 (Extension,	 Elaboration,	 and	
Enhancement).	 There	 are	 12	 items	 of	 locution,	 7	 Extension,	 27	
Elaboration,	and	5	Enhancement,	with	total	number	is	52	logico-semantic	
relation.	The	most	dominant	of	text	1	is	Expansion	(Elaboration).	

	
b. Types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	Used	in	Texts	2	

The	title	of	the	text	2	is	“Girl’s	Deadly	Reaction	to	Toothpaste	Is	
Extremely	Rare,	Allergist	Reminds	Parents.”.	It	was	found	that	there	are	
17	sentences	in	text	2	 	(“which	14	of	them	are	clause	complex.	 It	also	
found	that	the	text	contains	some	types	of	logico	semantic	relation,	those	
are	Projection	 (Locution)	 and	Expansion	 (Extension,	Elaboration,	 and	
Enhancement).	 There	 are	 9	 items	 of	 locution,	 6	 Extension	 10	
Elaboration,	 and	 4	 Enhancement,	 with	 total	 number	 is	 29	 logico-
semantic	 relation.	 The	 most	 dominant	 of	 text	 2	 is	 Expansion	
(Elaboration).	

	
c. Types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	Used	in	Texts	3	

There	are	34	sentences	 in	text	3	“Stop	Letting	Your	Kids	Stare	at	
iPads	 in	 Restaurants,	 Science	 Says.”),	 which	 19	 of	 them	 are	 clause	
complex.	It	also	found	that	the	text	contains	some	types	of	logico	semantic	
relation,	 those	 are	 Projection	 (Locution)	 and	 Expansion	 (Extension,	
Elaboration,	 and	 Enhancement).	 There	 are	 1	 items	 of	 locution,	 4	
Extension	16	Elaboration,	and	9	Enhancement,	with	total	number	is	30	
logico-semantic	 relation.	 The	 most	 dominant	 of	 text	 3	 is	 Expansion	
(Elaboration).	

	
d. Types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	Used	in	Texts	4	

There	 are	 22	 sentences	 in	 text	 4	 	 (“Climate	 Changes	 is	 Helping	
Spread	 a	 Fungus	 that	 Attacks	 Bananas”),	which	 13	 of	 them	 are	 clause	
complex.	It	also	found	that	the	text	contains	some	types	of	logico	semantic	
relation,	 those	 are	 Projection	 (Locution)	 and	 Expansion	 (Extension,	
Elaboration,	 and	 Enhancement).	 There	 are	 5	 items	 of	 locution,	 4	
Extension	 6	 Elaboration,	 and	 5	 Enhancement,	with	 total	 number	 is	 30	
logico-semantic	 relation.	 The	 most	 dominant	 of	 text	 4	 is	 Expansion	



 

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AND LITERATURE) 

Vol. 1 No. 1, 2020  
Available online at https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/eltall 

 
 
 
 

 
(Elaboration).	

	
e.	Types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	Used	in	Texts	5	

There	are	51	sentences	in	text	5		“Sunscreen	Enters	Bloodstream	
after	 Just	 One	 Day	 of	 Use,	 Study	 Says”),	 which	 38	 of	 them	 are	 clause	
complex.	It	also	found	that	the	text	contains	some	types	of	logico	semantic	
relation,	 those	 are	 Projection	 (Locution)	 and	 Expansion	 (Extension,	
Elaboration,	 and	 Enhancement).	 There	 are	 20	 items	 of	 locution,	 7	
Extension	33	Elaboration,	and	10	Enhancement,	with	total	number	is	30	
logico-semantic	 relation.	 The	 most	 dominant	 of	 text	 5	 is	 Expansion	
(Elaboration).	

	
2. The	dominant	Types	of	Logico	Semantic	Relation	Used	in	CNN	News	

There	are	201	logico-sematic	relations	or	100.00%	of	total	number	or	
logico-semantic	 relations,	 	 which	 consisted	 of	 153	 items	 or	 76,10%	 of	
expansion	 and	 48	 items	 or	 23,90%	 of	 projection.	 From	 the	 table	 above,	
Expansion	 (Elaboration)	 is	 the	most	 frequent	 type	 among	 all	 the	 types	 of	
logico-semantic	relations	which	appears	92	times	or	45,80%.	it	based	on	this	
calculation	 !"

"#$
𝑥100%.	 It	 means	 that	 Elaboration	 is	 the	 dominant	 type	 of	

Logico	 Semantic	 Relation	 used	 in	 the	 text.	 The	 second	 rank	 is	 projection	
(locution)	that	is	48	times	or	23,90%,	it	based		on	this	calculation	 %&

"#$
𝑥100%.		

The	 third	 position	 is	 expansion	 (Enhancement)	which	 occurs	 33	 times	 or	
16,40%,	 it	 based	 on	 this	 calculation	 ''

"#$
𝑥100%.	 Meanwhile,	 Expansion	

(Extension)	 appears	 28	 times	 or	 13,90%,	 it	 based	 on	 this	 calculation	
"&
"#$

𝑥100%.		And	the	last	one	is	projection	(idea),	which	has	no	percentage	(0	
times	or	0.00%).	

	
DISCUSSION	

There	are	92	items	or	45,80	%	of	elaboration	used	in	the	5	CNN	News	texts.	
Elaboration	is	used	the	most	in	the	text.	Elaboration	is	shown	through	the	equal	
(=)	symbol.	While	the	symbol	alpha	(𝛼)	and	beta		(𝛽)	indicates	the	independent	
and	dependent	clauses.	Alpha	(𝛼)	 	 indicates	the	 independent	clause	and	beta	
(𝛽)		indicates	the	dependent	clause.	The	following	are	examples	of	elaboration	
which	are	taken	from	text	3	and	text	5	:	
	 𝛼	 	There	are	no	studies		

	 =𝛽	 that	warns	against	having	too	many	hours	of	those	activities.	
	 	 (Text	:	3,	Sentence:	33)		

(2)	 𝛼	 The	new	FDA	study	enrolled	24	healthy	volunteers		
	 =𝛽	 who	were	randomly	assigned	to	a	spray	or	lotion	screen	
	 	 (Text	:	5,	Sentence:	19)	



 

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(3)	 𝛼	 So	oxybenzone	remains	in	use;		
	 𝛽	 in	fact,	a	2018	report	by	the	new	EWG	estimated		
	 =𝛽	 that	it	was	two-third	of	chemically	based	sunscreens	sold	in	the	

United	States.	
	 	 (Text	:	5,	Sentence:	33)	

	
The	 word	 that	 in	 the	 second	 clause	 is	 identified	 as	 expansion	

(elaboration).	 	And	 ‘in	 fact’	on	 the	 third	 sentence	also	act	as	 the	 indication	of	
elaboration.	The	words	are	 indicated	 for	 specifying	 in	greater	detail	of	 clause	
complex.	

There	are	28	items	or	13,90	%	of	extension	used	in	the	CNN	News	text.	
Extension	is	marked	by	the	plus	(+)	symbol.	While	the	number	1,2,3	and	so	on,		
indicates	the	initiating	and	continuing	clauses.	The	symbol	of	number	1		indicates	
the	initiating	clause	and	number	2,3,	and	so	on		indicates	the	continuing	clauses.	
The	following	are	examples	of	extension	which	are	taken	from	text	1	and	text	5:	
(1)	 1	 	Breakfast	is	traditionally	believed	as	the	most	or	at	least	one	of	

the	most	important	meals	of	the	day,	
	 +2	 But	there	are	not	much	data	available	to	say	‘yes’	or	‘no’	to	this	

belief.	
	 	 (Text	:	1,	Sentence:4)	
(2)	 1	 	More	research	is	needed	to	determine	whether	missing	the	meal	

actually		
	 +2	 And	why	such	an	association	exists.	
	 	 (Text	:	1,	Sentence	:	21)	
(3)	 1	 Oxybenzone	was	absorbed	into	the	body	at	about	50	to	100	times	

higher	concentration	
	 +2	 Than	any	of	these	other	three	chemical	they	tested.	
	 	 	

	
The	word	but	 in	the	first	example	above	is	identified	as	expansion	(extension)	
and	the	word	and,	and	than		in	the	second	and	third		examples	are	also	identified	
as	 expansion	 (extension).	 Those	 words	 indicate	 for	 giving	 an	 exception	 and	
adding	some	new	element	in	a	clause	complex.	

There	are	33	items	or	16,40	%	of	extension	used	in	the	CNN	News	text.	
Enhancement	is	shown	through	the	(x)	symbol.	While	the	number	1,2,3	and	so	
on,	 indicates	 the	 initiating	 and	 continuing	 clauses.	 The	 symbol	 of	 number	 1	
indicates	 the	 initiating	 clause	 and	 number	 2,3,	 and	 so	 on	 	 indicates	 the	
continuing	clauses.	The	 following	are	examples	of	extension	which	are	 taken	
from	text	1,	2,	and	5:	

(1)	 x1	 	Or	B.	if	you	need	to	do	16	hours,	



 

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	 2	 Try	to	consider	skipping	dinner	and	not	breakfast	or	lunch.	
	 	 (Text	:	1,Sentencez:	35)	
(2)	 1	 	We	don’t	want	to	trivialize	this,		
	 x2	 Because	we	want	people	to	be	careful.	
	 	 (Text	:	2,Sentencez:	15)	
(3)	 x2	 While	science	continues	to	answer	question	about	sunscreen,	
	 1	 Callif	and	other	experts	call	for	the	public	to	continue	to	protect	

their	skin	from	the	dangerous	rays	of	the	sun.	
	 	 (Text	:	5,Sentencez:	46)	

The	 word	 if	 in	 the	 first	 example	 above	 is	 identified	 as	 expansion	
(enhancement),	 the	word	because	 in	 the	 second	 example	 is	 also	 identified	 as	
expansion	 (enhancement)	 and	 the	 word	 while	 in	 the	 third	 example	 is	 also	
identified	 as	 enhancement.	 Those	 words	 are	 indicated	 for	 qualifying	
circumstantial	of	condition	in	a	clause	complex.	

There	 is	 48	 item	 or	 23,90	%	 of	 logico-semantic	 relations	 of	 locution	
which	were	used	in	the	CNN	News	texts.	Locution	which	is	mostly	used	in	the	
texts	 is	 parataxis.	 It	 has	 function	 to	 present	 a	 construction	 of	 wording.	 The	
following	are	the	examples	of	locution	which	taken	from	text	1	and	4:	
(1)	 “2	 	Our	 paper	 is	 among	 the	 ones	 that	 provide	 evidence	 to	

support	long-term	benefits,	
	 1	 Bao	said.	
	 	 (Text	:	1,Sentencez:	5)	
(2)	 1	 	Longo	warns	
	 “2	 Be	careful	
	 	 (Text	:	1,Sentencez:	32)	
(3)	 𝜶	 New	research	suggest	
	 𝜷	 That	 climate	 change	 is	 aiding	 the	 spread	 of	 this	 highly	

destructive	plant	infection.	

	 	 (Text	:	4,Sentencez:	2)	
	

The	verbal	words	such	as	‘said’,	‘warns’,	‘suggests’,	indicate	the	projection	
of	locution.	There	is	0	%	idea	used	in	the	CNN	News	text.	It	means,	idea	is	the	
least	used	in	the	text.	

	
CONCLUSION	

The	types	of	logico	semantic	relation	that	is	used	in	the	five	news	texts	of	
CNN	are	Expansion	(Elaboration,	Enhancement,	and	Extension)	and	Projection	
(Locution).	The	total	number	of	logico	semantic	relation	is	201	or	100%	in	which	
in	which	153	items	or	76,10%	of	expansion	and	48	items	or	23,90%	of	projection.	



 

31 
 

ELTALL (ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING, APPLIED LINGUISTICS 
AND LITERATURE) 

Vol. 1 No. 1, 2020  
Available online at https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/eltall 

 
 
 
 

 
The	 most	 dominant	 type	 of	 logico	 semantic	 relation	 is	 Expansion	

(Elaboration),	 which	 appears	 in	 92	 times	 or	 45,80%.	 The	 second	 rank	 is	
projection	(locution)	that	is	48	times	or	23,90%.	The	third	position	is	expansion	
(Enhancement)	 which	 occurs	 33	 times	 or	 16,40%.	 Meanwhile,	 Expansion	
(Extension)	appears	28	times	or	13,90%,	and	the	last	one	is	projection	(idea),	
which	has	no	percentage	(0	times	or	0.00%)	

	
	
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