







































English Language Teaching,  
Applied Linguistics and Literature 

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024) 
Available online at https://jurnal.iainponorogo.ac.id/index.php/eltall 

 
 

64 

ELTALL 

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PHALLOCENTRISM AS 
ILLUSTRATED ON GRACE PALEY’S WANTS 

 
Rommel Utungga Pasopati 

Universitas Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, Indonesia 
rommel@unitomo.ac.id 

 
Cahyaningsih Pujimahanani 

Universitas Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, Indonesia 
cahyaningsih.pujimahanani@unitomo.ac.id 

 
Adinda Putri 

Universitas Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, Indonesia 
adindaput9@gmail.com 

 

ABSTRACT 

This article would like to expose matter of phallocentrism in short story written by Grace 
Paley entitled Wants. Phallocentrism itself plays role as the dictations of values of male 
against female beings. Grace Paley’s short story published in 1974 and tells a woman’s 
perspective that is so slow and simple in wanting anything. Her ex-husband has certain 
dream to be achieved, but she only wants to be a good mother and be happy. Through 
qualitative method on cultural studies, this paper depicts dictation of a man to his ex-
wife. This is in line with dictation of man in phallocentrism theorized by Ernest Jones. 
The woman actually has done many intangible things, but those meant nothing for the 
man as he wants tangible ones. The man wants to run but the woman prefers to walk. 
Both of them are lost in time of being together since the ex-husband’s side is too dominant 
for the ex-wife’s part. In conclusion, the short story explains total difference due to radical 
dominance instead of living dialogues between man and woman.  
 

Keywords: Ernest Jones; Grace Paley; phallocentrism; Wants 

 

INTRODUCTION 

Feminism in literature accentuates matter of women’s role beyond any men’s 

cultural dictations. Indeed, that matter is closely related to gender as how social 

structures indicate men and women in such different levels. There is problem of 

dualism between men and women that wants to be eroded by feminism (Essed 

et al., 2005; Ogunyemi, 2019). Dualism is how any difference is not equal but 

hierarchical. The side on the higher level could determine value of other on the 

lower level. Men are told to be able to state any value for women. Meanwhile, 



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women could only be objects of such value limited by men (Essed et al., 2005; 

Wiyatmi, 2012). This situation is known in the concept of phallocentrism as there 

is such full ability from men to regulate matters of everyday social life including 

women as its important aspect. 

 Published in 1974, Wants is Grace Paley’s short story that shows conflict 

between a woman and her former husband (Paley, 1998). The friction still 

continues as aftermath of the divorce. They talk about how the man had big 

dream ahead while the woman only wanted simple hope. The man gathered 

more money to buy material things, but the woman hoped for intangible matters. 

The man sought for hope beyond his own being while the woman only needed 

to realize small happiness inside the family. The man determined what was good 

for them but the woman always insisted to be otherwise. In short, the man 

became so dominant as it ended the marriage itself later. 

 Then, how is phallocentrism reflects dominance of man to womanin Grace 

Paley’s Wants? This paper depicts dictation of a man to his ex-wife. Both of them 

are lost in time of being together since the ex-husband’s side is too dominant for 

the ex-wife’s part. This preeminence is matter of phallocentrism in which total 

difference between man and woman is shaped due to radical influence of a side 

to the other. Any further dialogue has become impossible because of total control 

of the man. 

There are several previous studies that have been written regarding the 

theme of phallocentrism and Paley’s story of Wants. The first is done by Tom 

Boyle in 2021 entitled Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations in Grace Paley’s Wants 

(Boyle, 2021). This article speaks about semiotic aspects used in the short story 

and how structuralism shape the meanings in the story. The similarity of that 

article with this paper is the short story while the difference lies on the 

perspective being used. The second one is composed by Tanguy Berenger in 2015 

entitled “I don’t understand how time passes”: The Experience of Time in Grace Paley’s 

“Wants”and “Ruthy and Edie” (Berenger, 2015). This article underlines how the 

characters speak of time and how they experience the fluidity of temporality. 

Berenger’s article employs Paley’s short story too, but the difference is on the 

emphasis being articulated.  

The third one is written by Smriti Sneh in 2022 entitled Men Without 

Women: Exploring the Literal and Literary Phallocentrism in Murakami’s Works (Sneh, 

2022). This article underscores the male gaze against female beings in 

Murakami’s novels and anthology of short stories. Sneh uses the same 

perspective of phallocentrism similar to this paper, but the difference is the object 

being employed. The fourth one is done by Emre Say in 2024 entitled 

Psychoanalytic Reflections on Phallocentrism and Colonialism in Conrad’s Heart of 

Darkness (Say, 2024). Say’s paper puts the same idea of phallocentrism compared 

to this article, yet the difference is on the object of short story.  



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From four previous studies above, the novelty of this article is clear. The 

main idea is to bring the idea of phallocentrism to the short story of Wants that is 

never been analyzed before. Moreover, it also emphasizes the role of Paley as a 

woman writer that employs more to femininity aspects in her literary work. 

Furthermore, the perspective of the victim from the woman side is more 

indicated in this paper.  

 

METHODS 

By using qualitative method, correlations between Grace Paley’s Wants 

and phallocentrism point of view by Ernest Jones alongside literary concepts and 

gender ideas are explored. The data collection technique used is closed reading 

by indicating various patterns of phallocentrism in the story. The data analysis 

technique used is content analysis that includes attaining sources, reading 

sources carefully, comparing with other issues, quoting into paper, and writing 

down in references lists. The research data comes from both Paley’s short story 

and Jones’ arguments. Paley’s short story is the object while Jones’ idea is a tool 

to analyze. 

  

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION  
 
Conflictual Ideas of Man and Woman in Grace Paley’s Short Story 

This part underlines the data of prolonging conflicts within the man and 

woman. The story of Wants talks about the relationship of the main character with 

her past and her thoughts regarding time, marriage and herself (Paley, 1998). Her 

past is portrayed by the books she holds on to, the one that she tried to return to 

the library after eighteen years of keeping it. Before entering the library, she met 

her ex-husband outside and greeted him nicely. However, the man replied 

fiercely. She wants to evade any bad arguments but that awkward situation still 

comes. The situation is seen in the following quotation; 

“I saw my ex-husband in the street. I was sitting on the steps of the 

new library. 

 

Hello, my life, I said. We had once been married for twenty-seven 

years, so I felt justified. 

 

He said, What? What life? No life of mine. 

I said, O.K. I don’t argue when there’s real disagreement.”(Paley, 

1998) 

 

The main character finally returns the book which costs her $32 for 

eighteen years of late return. She says that she does not even deny anything since 



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she has the book in her hand. She intends to say that she is lost in her own time 

even if she always thinks of the book. She does not even understand how the time 

works. In this case, it shows how she wants to do something but she could never 

realize her own thought into real action. It is shown in following citation; 

“I got up and went into the library to see how much I owed them. The 

librarian said $32 even and you’ve owed it for eighteen years. I didn’t 

deny anything. Because I don’t understand how time passes. I have 

had those books. I have often thought of them. The library is only two 

blocks away.” (Paley, 1998) 

 

 Although administratively she is forgiven by the librarian, her ex-

husband on the other hand still clings on to the past marriage they used to have. 

He tells her things he remembered they have shared together as a couple. They 

start to talk about how she never invited other people to dinner where she 

clarifies by detailed agenda. She commemorates many detailed timelines in their 

former marriage, while the man only recalls to certain big-impacted matters. That 

conflict is continued from the above greeting in front of the library as shown in 

the following; 

“That’s possible, I said. But really, if you remember: first, my father 

was sick that Friday, then the children were born, then I had those 

Tuesday-night meetings, then the war began. Then we didn’t seem to 

know them anymore. But you’re right. I should have had them to 

dinner. 

 

A nice thing I do remember is breakfast, my ex-husband said. I was 

surprised. All we ever had was coffee. Then I remembered there was a 

hole in the back of the kitchen closet which opened into the apartment 

next door. There, they always ate sugar-cured smoked bacon. It gave 

us a very grand feeling about breakfast, but we never got stuffed and 

sluggish.” (Paley, 1998) 

 

The two then proceed and talk about what they have wanted in life. Her 

ex-husband pointed out that he wanted a sailboat while she wanted nothing at 

all throughout their marriage. She always thanks for every single condition that 

they had together, but he always complains about how he could never reach his 

own wants. Then, he gave her harsh comment, as the apex of the conflict between 

them two, before he left her afterward. He wanted material things while she only 

needed intangible matters. It is in the following quotation; 

“That was when we were poor, I said. 

When were we ever rich? he asked. 

 



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Oh, as time went on, as our responsibilities increased, we didn’t go 

in need. You took adequate financial care, I reminded him. The 

children went to camp four weeks a year and in decent ponchos with 

sleeping bags and boots, just like everyone else. They looked very 

nice. Our place was warm in winter, and we had nice red pillows 

and things. 

 

I wanted a sailboat, he said. But you didn’t want anything. 

Don’t be bitter, I said. It’s never too late. 

 

No, he said with a great deal of bitterness. I may get a sailboat. As a 

matter of fact, I have money down on an eighteen-foot two-rigger. 

I’m doing well this year and can look forward to better. But as for 

you, it’s too late. You’ll always want nothing.” (Paley, 1998) 

 

Then, she says how she was dominated by him. His words are so harsh to 

her that those went down directly to her heart. She feels choked all the time and 

what he has done is disappearing. And then, he did it again by leaving her 

standing alone in front of the library. Here is the quotation; 

“He had had a habit throughout the twenty-seven years of making a 

narrow remark which, like a plumber’s snake, could work its way 

through the ear down the throat, half-way to my heart. He would then 

disappear, leaving me choking with equipment. What I mean is, I sat 

down on the library steps and he went away.” (Paley, 1998) 

 

She tries to look back on the good old days and to remember what she 

actually wants. On the contrary with her ex-husband’s desire, she actually has 

her own preferences. She wants to be a different person. A woman who will 

return the books she borrowed right on time. It is asserted in the following; 

“I looked through The House of Mirth, but lost interest. I felt 

extremely accused. Now, it’s true, I’m short of requests and absolute 

requirements. But I do want something. I want, for instance, to be a 

different person. I want to be the woman who brings these two books 

back in two weeks.” (Paley, 1998)  

 

Her wants follow as she also wants to change bigger social structure. She 

starts from small wants then she hopes for bigger dreams to be achieved. She 

wants to change the school system in the urban center and to end war before her 

kids grow up. As in marriage, she wanted to be married forever to one person. 

She has decided that despite being ‘late’ as what her ex-husband pointed out 



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before, she will make a change needed to become a different person started by 

returning back the book she borrowed. Here is the quotation; 

“I want to be the woman who brings these two books back in two 

weeks. I want to be the effective citizen who changes the school 

system and addresses the Board of Estimate on the troubles of this 

dear urban center. 

I had promised my children to end the war before they grew up. 

 

I wanted to have been married forever to one person, my ex-husband 

or my present one. Either has enough character for a whole life, 

which as it turns out is really not such a long time. You couldn’t 

exhaust either man’s qualities or get under the rock of his reasons in 

one short life.”(Paley, 1998) 

 

She just wants to be a simple person who could watch time moves on. She 

wants to be better like the sycamore that grows up since being planted a long 

time ago. At the time, she understands her conflict with her ex-husband. They 

have their own different wants. She tries to mend the relationship but the man 

refuses. Even in the end of the marriage, the man is still dominant over her. She 

feels so small but she believes that by doing more action, she could shape better 

life out of his former marriage. It is illustrated in the following quotation; 

“Just this morning I looked out the window to watch the street for a 

while and saw that the little sycamores the city had dreamily planted 

a couple of years before the kids were born had come that day to the 

prime of their lives. 

 

Well! I decided to bring those two books back to the library. Which 

proves that when a person or an event comes along to jolt or appraise 

me I can take some appropriate action, although I am better known 

for my hospitable remarks.” (Paley, 1998) 

 

The short story from Paley indicates how conflictual ideas could shape 

such serious consequences. In this story, the divorce and its prolonged frictions 

are what she has to bear to her future life. The husband does not even care about 

her anymore. He has moved on into better realization of his wants, while she has 

to rethink about her own conditions. It is interesting since doer usually 

introspects what she or he has done before. However, in this story, the victim 

must bear that action by considering what should be fixed later on. His 

dominance is still over her, even after the marriage ended. She has many wants, 

yet she has just realized that appropriate action must be done to overcome any 

hesitation (Paley, 1998).  



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Phallocentrism and Its Discontent 

This part signifies any concept, discourse, and theory used to explore 

idea of phallocentrism in Paley’s story. The perception of phallocentrism comes 

from the word phallus which in psychoanalytic theory serves supreme symbol 

of masculinity that includes the power and the lack of feminine (Campbell, 2000; 

Jones, 1948; Rine, 2010). Indeed, the term involves dualism of hierarchy in which 

man is considered better than woman in every single aspect of life. Aside from 

being the symbol of masculinity, phallus is source of life of the world (Danielou, 

1995; Grogan, 2013). The urge of masculinity tends to deliver men into abusing 

their power towards women. The cultural construction imposes women as the 

main victims but also the most blamable sides. The definition of phallocentrism 

according to Ernest Jones is that he objects the notion of sexual enjoyment and 

total accentuation of how penis envy in women (Campbell, 2000; Jones, 1948; 

Picard, 2001). This is due to such normalized condition that men could always 

dictate any meaning for women since they are naturally capable of doing so.  

The concept of phallocentrism asserts behavior and characteristic of men 

but also its discontent. The representation of men are falsely shown as universal 

and abstract focusing on the norms for all humanity (Al-Fartoosi, 2021; Jones, 

1958; Rine, 2010). The term initially explains matter of dictation from man to 

woman while it also indicates such crucial criticism to that former matter. The 

main criticism for that concept is the existence of phallus as a symbolic sense 

where it become the prime signifier and the source of power (Grogan, 2013; 

Joodaki & Vajdi, 2013). The male domination is depicted as an active hero that 

saves female victim who is always passive. Women are illustrated as exhibit of 

sexual activity, libido, desires, and drives for pleasure and the decision to be 

perverse (Bonnici, 1998; Picard, 2001). Meanwhile, man always intercepts and 

realizes any dream imagined by woman. He is considered the one and only entity 

that could make everything into life. 

Moreover, criticism against phallocentrism also comes from feminism 

that criticizes matter of knowledge totally owned by men. Feminist argues that 

there is contention that philosophy is gendered masculine and unable to examine 

women’s matters constructively (Bonnici, 1998). Woman is always denied to 

enter better understandings with man. That phenomenon of denial of identity 

also reduces the qualities of feminine image of women’s real identity and 

independent nature (Al-Fartoosi, 2021; Ogunyemi, 2019). In this case, phallus is 

the main cause which determines both matters of sexual conditions and gender 

roles. Penis envy asserts sexual nature that female body holds lesser version of 

the male. In the ancient Greeks, they divine that human is seen as the most perfect 

life for and men are perfect than women (Danielou, 1995; Libbon, 2007). Gender 

roles are also ruled by man who is recognized to be more superior to woman. All 

of values are measured from mere masculine traits while feminine could only 



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follow its further certainties. It also builds worse consequences in how society 

treats double standards to man and woman (Joodaki & Vajdi, 2013; Wilson, 2003). 

Phallocentrism is also closely related to phallogocentrism. The main 

difference is the word logos that shows matter of sign of language. While 

phallocentrism focuses on the phallus, phallogocentrism accentuates language 

assigned to the superior and the inferior (Joodaki & Vajdi, 2013). There is no place 

for free-value in language as it always concerns idea of power-related. Here, man 

is considered as ultimate bringer of sameness whose aggressiveness controls 

meaning of everything (Libbon, 2007; Wilson, 2003). That dictation indeed 

applies to woman who speaks as otherness as sub-ordinance of the superior one. 

Main criticism to phallogocentrism remains in how being inferior is needed as 

total complementary to the superior one (Joodaki & Vajdi, 2013; Kleiner, 2009). 

Femininity indeed is crucial for definition of masculinity. However, the 

relationship between them is not equal at all since choices are given as a gift from 

man to woman. Female’s passiveness and weakness are not from her own 

identity but it is intended by man (Jones, 1948; Wilson, 2003). Women’s 

responsibility to bear children and to take care of the family are not a self-choice, 

but as their own destinies. Therefore, the idea that comes to surface is self-

alienation in phallogocentrism rather than self-realization (Joodaki & Vajdi, 2013; 

Shao, 2022). 

In advance, the matter of phallocentrism also asserts posture of 

consciousness. Consciousness is not monolithic at all nor could it define itself as 

seen in modern conception. Such awareness is intentional only regarding man as 

the main control of any kind of value (Macleod, 2007; Wilson, 2003). Feminism as 

the opposite of phallocentrism sounds the idea of how woman must be aware of 

her own condition without being hindered by male’s total indication. Woman 

should hear herself as she is the main owner of her own power. In a case, idea of 

maternal passion by Julia Kristeva pays attention to woman not as intermediary 

but the main cause of life itself (Shao, 2022; Yuliastuti et al., 2021). By taking 

points on the eyes of woman, asymmetrical condition included in phallocentrism 

could be eroded. While hierarchical dualism looks for man as the main control, 

duality takes place on symmetrical understandings between man and woman. It 

may not be totally equal as 50:50 but it could shape better inter-subjectivity to 

understand another better, not to undermine the other worse (Al-Fartoosi, 2021; 

Jones, 1958).  

In phallocentrism, man is recognized as a whole while woman is 

fragmented. Parts of woman are told as complementary for masculine being. This 

idea is generalized and even normalized through collective consciousness either 

(Gustafson, 2017; Macleod, 2007). It is shown in how gender bias works. A 

woman is indicated as if her sexual conditions define everything including her 



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major competencies. That is also reflected on man as the privileged subject while 

woman is the undermined object as explained through gender discriminations. 

Woman is viewed as dependent entity to man while man is independent and 

could define himself through patriarchal system (Libbon, 2007; Ogunyemi, 2019). 

Matter of phallocentrism is not only between man and woman as individuals but 

it includes societal matters where gender roles take place. Indeed, matter of 

phallus is about sexual reality but its application in phallocentrism involves 

wider communal circumstances on male-dominated societies (Libbon, 2007; 

Macleod, 2007).   

Conception of criticism to phallocentrism extends to matter of post-

modernism, post-structuralism, and even post-colonialism. In post-modernism, 

the phallic idea is opposed ultimately as cause of grand narration of modernism 

(Campbell, 2000; Gustafson, 2017). It shapes every single idea of binary 

opposition and sharpen differences through dualism. It regards otherness only 

as object to main sameness as the subject (Düzgün, 2020; Lam, 2020). Post-

structuralism retracts matters of women’s oppression to phallocentrism as an 

ideology that tightly binds human beings without any other choice. The old 

structure of steep dissimilarities between man and women must be eradicated 

through deconstruction of epistemic perspectives.  

Sexual and gender identities are not natural at all, but constructed through 

phallogocentric language. The knowledge is not equal for all, but merely from 

one main side to all sides (Kleiner, 2009; Lam, 2020). The discourse of the dictation 

from the father is opposed with idea of otherness of the mother. Post-colonialism 

is more critical in seeing expanded capitalism is the main cause to such 

phallocentric determinations. The sign is quite fixed while the signifier could 

move along by itself. Woman as the sign will never be signifier (Kleiner, 2009; 

Picard, 2001). It must be changed by shifting further perspective to the other side. 

Essentialism must be broken down through prolonging process to show 

existential matters of various identities. Those who are hidden should come to 

surface by their own definitions out of any total determinations from main power 

(Düzgün, 2020; Gustafson, 2017). All of those three streams of recent knowledge 

culminate to demands of further understanding, equality, and reciprocity from 

masculine to feminine matters. 
 

Dictation beyond Dialogue and Its Effects to Self 

This part explores the analysis of perspective of phallocentrism in short 

story of Wants. In this short story, Paley gives an illustration on how men’s 

desires are told to be much more accountable rather than women’s (Paley, 1998). 

She underlines desire as center of matter in the story. There are different desires 

between the two characters; the ex-wife and her ex-husband. The ex-wife is 

always blamed for her slow desire. Meanwhile, the ex-husband is full of desire 



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of having abundant things dictated to her. The woman actually has done many 

intangible things, but those meant nothing for the man as he wants tangible ones 

(Paley, 1998). The man wants to run but the woman prefers to walk. Both of them 

are lost in time of being together since the ex-husband’s side is too dominant for 

the ex-wife’s part.  

The short story explains total difference between man and woman due to 

radical dominance of a side to the other. There is critical point on dominant 

dictation by the man towards the woman. The ex-husband used to corner the ex-

wife about small things, for instance about invitation for the Bertrams for dinner 

(Paley, 1998). It is not clear who the Bertrams are, but the conversation points to 

the accusation of problem in the marriage that actually comes from the ex-wife. 

Another part shows the ex-husband’s desire to have better breakfast like their 

neighbor (Paley, 1998). He envies the neighbor next door by saying how he 

speaks his mind on how beautiful the neighbor’s life is instead of his. The desire 

of the ex-husband is full of bad accusation to the ex-wife. It slowly dictates the 

ex-wife as she starts to accept the victimization she has received for a long time 

in the broken marriage.  

Actually, the ex-wife says that she wants things that not only impact her 

personally, but for others as well especially her children. She wants more 

intangible things, but he wants more realistic things. He wants a sailboat, for 

example, and blames the ex-wife for wanting nothing (Paley, 1998). The ex-

husband thinks that the real desires only accountable when something could be 

touched, spoken out, and seen as realistic. The notion of phallocentrism shown 

from what the ex-husband’s says is how determined he is about getting the boat 

or the desire he wish to be fulfilled (Paley, 1998). Yet, at the end of his sentence, 

he judges the ex-wife on the life that she might live on the assumption of having 

no desire. His ego dominates his mindset on what a desire should be then it 

spreads to drive the ex-wife’s desire either. The man always urges to monopolize 

matters of cultural values, including his wife as part of his belongings (Grogan, 

2013; Lam, 2020). 

About desire, each person has own preference in life. Some people might 

focus on most of their desire in material things (Bonnici, 1998; Danielou, 1995). 

Some others might focus on something psychological than the tangible one. In 

this short story, there are differences between what the ex-wife wants and what 

the ex-husband’s wants. It is interesting how Paley shows wants as desire of 

human beings. The desire is not autonomous at all, but truly comes from one’s 

deep unconscious thoughts (Essed et al., 2005; Gustafson, 2017). When it comes 

to certain realization, a desire must face another that will bring in further conflict. 

As a conflict goes, a side is more dominant than another. The dominance comes 

furthermore beyond any dialogue. Desire must be fulfilled at once without any 



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compromise even if it must destroy others (Jones, 1948; Rine, 2010). In this case, 

the ex-wife is the one who is abused by the ex’s husband’s desire.   

The ex-husband truly points out that he wants a sailboat or in this case a 

subject of his own desire. Meanwhile, the ex-wife wants more into psychological 

issues such as on how she wants changes (Paley, 1998). She wants changes that 

not only for herself as a human being, but also for the sake of the world. She 

wants to change the system that has been going on in the world such as 

education. She also wants to stop the war, something that probably what people 

want during the era. However, those noble desire of hers must nod to the ex-

husband’s wants of material things. What she wants will never be equally 

compared to what he wants, but she has to follow him as she is part of the 

marriage (Paley, 1998). She must agree to all things that he wants as he is the ruler 

of meaning the family. She must face phallocentrism from his husband 

throughout the marriage.  

Besides, what the ex-husband wants actually affects personality of the ex-

wife. She could not realize any matter of the time passes by. She still takes care 

of her children, but she forgets how to be happy and to realize what she really 

desires. She could no longer recognize herself beside what the ex-husband 

dictates to her. Her knowledge will never extend although she reads books. Her 

self has changed not by her own understanding of the world, but by crucial 

dominance of the man against her (Wilson, 2003). She is only considered as 

fragmented even though she is a whole that could determine her own self in 

advance. Her recognition to herself is language from the ex-husband. She does 

not have voice to sound her own language (Kleiner, 2009). She is hindered by the 

man’s domination on phallocentrism.  

 

CONCLUSION 

The portrayal of women in literature sometimes being seen as someone 

who are weak and incomplete. The idea of phallocentrism supports that idea 

through understanding of superiority of male due to the presence of the phallus. 

In Paley’s short story, the ex-husband dictates and dominates the ex-wife from 

the idea of wants. The ex-husband wants tangible things, but the ex-wife wants 

more noble desire. However, she must follow what he wants every time without 

even considering herself as a whole person. This is reflected in matter of 

phallocentrism that needs to be refused since it prolongs man’s domination to 

woman. Man should not monopolize knowledge and force it to woman being. 

Desire is presence of human being so that it should be appreciated rather than 

dominated. 

 
 



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75 ELTALL : English Language Teaching, Applied Linguistics and Literature, Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024) 

 

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