Sebuah Kajian Pustaka: Febryanto: Analysis of Structure of Background… 67 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE OF BACKGROUND OF STUDENTS’ FINAL PROJECT Mohammad Febryanto m.febryanto@polban.ac.id POLITEKNIK NEGERI BANDUNG ABSTRACT Research must pay attention to the background of the research. The research background provides all the illustrations for the research paper. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the structure of the background of the students’ final project by looking at the moves and steps. Descriptive qualitative was used as a research method. In this study, there were 9 (nine) students' final project used as research objects. The data collection technique used was the document analysis. The results showed that moves 1 establishing a research territory and move 3 Occupying the niche found in the background of the students’ final project. Steps contained in move 1 were steps 1 and 3, namely making topic generalization by providing background information about the topic and reviewing an item of previous research by introducing and reviewing the results of research previously in the area. The step-in move 3 was the outlining purposes. Keywords: background, move, step, final project A. INTRODUCTION Writing the final project is important for Politeknik Negeri Bandung (Polban) students because it will determine their graduation. Rhedding-Jones (2005) mentions research is a written text produced by students to get a bachelor's degree similar to a thesis and dissertation. One part of the research that must be considered is the background of the study. The research background provides all the illustrations for a study. In other words, this section is a door for the reader as mentioned by Emilia (2008), "making mistakes is not allowed in this introduction because the reader will determine whether to continue reading or stop reading". This means that the researcher or writer must write the background well. The background part of the research is a complete explanation of the topic (regional subject) research. This is related to the research problem chosen by the researcher and why research should be carried out in this topic and problem. The background must lead to gaps in the field in which the research aims to fill these gaps. Paltridge and Stairfield (2007) say that the writer or researcher must pay attention to the structure that is in the background, by determining the area of research, setting gaps and so on. According to Emilia (2012), "the organizational structure of the introductory chapter can be said to move from the general picture of the research area to specific problems carried out through three major moves that can describe the introductory chapter". Moves are steps used to find ordinary patterns or structures and create research space (Swales and Feak, 2004) ELTIN Journal, Volume 8/No 1, April 2020 68 Like the introduction, the background also usually consists of several elements/structures. According to Swales and Feak (1994) and Buton (2002, in Paltridge and Stairfield, 2007) the moves in the background are: Move 1 Establishing a region, Move 2 Establishing a niche, Move 3 Occupying a niche consisting of several steps and sub steps some previous studies also used this as a CARS model to analyze the structure of article writing. Several studies have been carried out to analyze the abstract global organization of research (Ning Zhen-ye, 2008; Dong Hai-lin, 2010; Kasyfur Rahman, 2012; Safnil Arsyad, 2013). Among them, the most accepted frameworks are the IMRD format and the CARS model by Swales. Some studies describe the abstract structure of RA by following the IMRD format but their results have some deviations from the standard IMRD pattern. Previous studies focused on all aspects of the abstract, while this study focuses on analyzing the structure of the steps (moves) and steps (steps) that exist in the background in the student's final project (research paper). B. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Research Paper Final project in this research is similar to research paper. Final project is written texts produced by the students to get a college degree. Winkler and Metherell (2008) mention that research papers are formal written work that must await the procedures of scientific writing. In addition, Kothari (2004: l) claims "research as a systematic systematic search for reliable information about a particular topic". The purpose of research paper as mentioned byWallwork (2011) is to build a communication about the results of the research among the readers. It shows that research paper becomes the device in communicating the truth of the news ideas. It can be said that the purpose of research is to facilitate the communication about the findings about one topic to society as the readers. 2. Structure of the Research Background Research background is the first element that has an important role in composing research writing. The research background explains topics related to the area, the problem chosen and why conducting research on the topic and problem. According to Glatthom and Joyner (2005) states, "certain background factors can also be discussed in the introduction, such as social background, intellectual background, professional background, and research background". Meanwhile Bailey (2003: 39) says "the background is very important, not only for what is said about the topic, but for what the reader says about the author's style and approach". Every good research background certainly has a structure that forms the background of the research itself. According to Paltridge and Starfield (2007), the components or structure of the research background are: 1. Move 1 Establishing a research territory. This move explains the research area. Paltridge and Stairfield (in Emilia, 2012: 144) say the introductory in English when using different steps will usually use different forms of words. For example, in step 1 statements that Febryanto: Analysis of Structure of Background… 69 show the importance of research often use present tense. Following are the Steps in Move 1: a. Step 1: Claiming Centrality. This step can be done by showing that the research area is very important, interesting, or relevant (optional). b. Step 2: Make Generalization Topics. In this step, the writer can provide information related to the background of the research topic (optional). c. Step 3: Reviewing the Results of Previous Research. This step introduces and reviews the results of previous studies in the area (required). 2. Move 2 Establishing a specific area or topic of study (establishing a research a niche). The move determines the place or position of the study. Emillia (2011 12: 144) says move 2 shows gaps or special areas (or gaps that need to be filled) in previous studies to be filled in. Following are the Steps in Move 2: a. Step 1: Make a rebuttal to the claims of other researchers (Counter Claiming). In step 1, the writer can provide a rebuttal to the other research that are considered weak, inappropriate or problematic. b. Step 2: Show a Gap (Indicating a Gap). This step the researcher can show a gap in previous research by asking questions related to research problems or expanding the area of previous research in a certain way (mandatory). c. Step 3: Make new questions that have not been answered in other studies (Question- Raising). Researcher can identify problems / needs (optional). d. Step 4: Continuing a Tradition. What can be done in this step is to continue research in the fields that have not been thoroughly researched. 3. Move 3 Describe your own study (Occupying the niche). At this move the writers describe the research study by stating the purpose of the study, as well as showing how the research can fill the existing gaps. According to Emilia (2012: 145) "researchers must be able to show that they are doing important research". Move 3 is describing the organizational structure that must be present in research. Following are the Steps in Move 3: a. Step 1A: Outline Purposes. The researcher can explain the purpose or state the nature of the study or the research question / hypothesis (mandatory). b. Step 1B: Announce Current Research (Announcing present research). In this step the researcher can announce the main findings / state the value of the study (optional). c. Step 2: Name important findings (Announcing principal findings). In this step you can state the main findings of the study. d. Step 3: Explain the structure of the study (Indicating the Strucuture of Reserach Article). This can be done by mentioning or giving an overview of the research structure. C. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research is qualitative because it analyzes the structure of the background of the students’ final project by looking at the moves and steps. Sugiono (2013) said that the qualitative research method was called "post positivistic" because it is based on the philosophy of post positivism. This study used descriptive design. This method describes the data found in the word explanation. Kothari (2004) adds a descriptive design that focuses on describing certain characteristics of individuals or groups and decides the frequency with which something happens and its relationship with others. ELTIN Journal, Volume 8/No 1, April 2020 70 The data collection technique used was the document analysis. Nine final projects of the English Department students of Polban who graduated in 2017 were selected as research objects. The research objects determined by using the Purposive Sampling method to select data. According to Fraenkel & Wallen (2008), this method is believed that the data collected will provide the information needed, and the data chosen will be representative of the population. Then, nine final project were analyzed based on the the components or structure of the research background as proposed by Paltridge and Starfield (2007). This study adopts the systematic analysis developed by Miles and Huberman (1994) with the following systematic. The first is data reduction or data reduction. This stage of analysis refers to the process of selecting and simplifying the data obtained. By making the selection process, the data will be simpler and will simplify the data analysis process. Second is the stage of displaying data. The data obtained is displayed by describing the findings and using a table. The third step is to make conclusions or verify data. In this step the interpretation of the data is carried out so that several conclusions can be drawn relating to the research question. D. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION After the process of analyzing the data of the final project documents, the moves and steps can be found in the background of the student's final project. The data obtained shows that the move of establishing a research territory or can be said with Move 1 is always found in the background of the student's final project. For example, the findings of respondent 1 (S1) As a foreign language learner, someone may have made some errors while learning English due to the lake of knowledge. The errors made by foreign language learners can be used as a study to ease foreign researchers or teachers to find what errors mostly made. The study of errors made by the learners is called error analysis. Then the data that can be found in respondent 2 (S2) Grammar must be fully understood because it plays an important role in learning a foreign language. However, some students majoring English think that grammar is difficult to understand. It is because grammar rules are complicated. Another example of finding is from respondent 3 (S3) One of the speeches is his opening speech at Asian African Conference 1955. Thus, it is interesting to analyze how Soekarno can deliver such a good speech. As explained in the literature review that each Move has steps. In move 1, step 1 is Claiming Centrality. Based on the results of the analysis all backgrounds use this step. Example of findings can be seen from respondent 4 (S4) An analysis of spoken language in the press conference of football is selected as the topic of the final project. Another example is respondent 5 (S5) This mistranslation could cause the cold war at that time changed to be a real one. Therefore, translating a speech which is delivered by an important person should be careful especially when facing the changes of the grammar from source language (SL) to target language (TL) in order to achieve an equivalent of meaning. This step can also be found in respondent 6 (S6) Song is one of media used by people to express their emotions, feelings, ideas, and opinions or thoughts. Song usually relate with music arrangement. When song and music are combined and arranged proportionally, it can create a wonderful form of art when it is played. Every song has its own meaning and message which represent the writers’ thoughts. Febryanto: Analysis of Structure of Background… 71 In move 2, there is also step 2 used in writing the background. All respondents used this step. Step 2 is called generalizing the research field (Making Topic Generalization). The following are examples of findings using step 2. Respondent 7 (S7) Persuasive language comes from every angle of life, it is used by every single person in the world to reach their aims. It can be found from all kinds of texts, from brochures, and even from speeches. And also respondent 8 (S8) Travel guidebooks are the most commonly used media that offer lots of information about tourism. Some of them are written in English to make the tourist from foreign country understand the explanation. Respondent 9 (S9) also used this step, as example The second reason is people often find difficulties in translating the idiomatic expression such as phrasal verbs. It is often occurred because idiomatic expression such as phrasal verbs cannot be translated literally. The findings show that not all respondents use move 3. Move 3 is Reviewing Item of Previous Research. There are at least 4 (four) respondents who use this step. Respondent 1 (S1) is the one who used step 3. This is an example of the findings found in the background of respondent 1 (S1) As Holtzclaw (2014) stated that the written language used represents directly the company professional standards both in online and offline communication. Some mistakes in spelling, punctuation and grammar will cause very bad impression on the business. Another extract that can be found is respondent 2 (S2) Students may not realize if they make errors in both speaking and writing (Novita, 2014) since they lack knowledge about grammar. In addition, respondent 3 (S3) also used this step. This is the extract from the final project: Rhetoric has been studied since at the beginning of the 5th Century, when democracy in Athens forced the young man to stand in front of people to speak and persuade the people to vote for or against legislation. The findings also show that move 3 is found in the background of the student's final project. Move 3 is describing the topic of the study itself. At this move, it can be done in 3 (three) steps, but only 5 respondents were found who used step 1a, namely outlining the purpose of the study. Following are the findings, respondent 1 (S1) Analyzing kinds of errors that found in social media caption of EIGERINDO’s products and recognizing the most grammatical errors that frequently occurred are the purposes of the study, responden 2 (S2) Therefore, the present study can help lecturers identify the most common grammatical and mechanical errors found in their students’ essays, so they can prevent the students making the same errors in their English essays, responden 3 (S3) The project examines the urgency of the speech delivery, the speech structure, and the uses of rhetorical appeals along with the intended meanings or purposes of using them, responden 7 (S7) So perhaps the analysis of rhetorical devices is going to be an interesting topic to be conducted to find the similarities and the differences in terms of rhetorical devices used in their speeches, responden 8 (S8) Regarding those problems, a study about grammatical error analysis on these travel guidebooks is nedded, because this analysis is beneficial to improve the quality of the information texts in travel guidebooks. Based on the findings of the move and steps above, the following is a description of the background structure of the students’ final project. ELTIN Journal, Volume 8/No 1, April 2020 72 Table 1. Structure of Background of Final Project Respondents Move (M) Step (S) S1 M1- M3 S1- S2- S3 (M1) – S1 (M3) S2 M1- M3 S1- S2- S3 (M1) – S1 (M3) S2 M1- M3 S1- S2- S3 (M1) – S1 (M3) S4 M1 S1- S2 (M1) S5 M1 S1- S2- S3 (M1) S6 M1 S1- S2 (M1) S7 M1- M3 S1- S2 (M1) – S1 (M3) S8 M1- M3 S1- S2 (M1) – S1 (M3) S9 M1 S1- S2 (M1) The table above shows that the background of the final project consists of only 2 move, namely move 1 of establishing an research territory and move 3 of describing one's own niche. While the steps in step 1 are steps 1 and 2 found in all backgrounds, steps 2 and step 3 are found in 4 (four) respondents. For step 3, only step 1 for 5 respondents was found. DISCUSSION As already mention that the background structure can use 3 Moves, but if you look at table 1, the move that exist in the background of the student's final assignment are move 1 and move 3. Move 1 is found in all background of the final project. This shows that establishing a research territory is very important for students. This move can provide an overview for the reader about what will be examined. This is as said by Emilia (2012) in this section the author must explain research research with the region showing that the field of research being studied is generally central and important, relevant, interesting or problematic, so in this section it also gives researchers information on background topics behind research. Move 1 development can be done using 3 steps. The three steps are found in the background of the student's final project but not all backgrounds have a complete third step. There were 4 respondents who were found using three steps while 4 other respondents only used 2 steps. This could be due to the desire of the respondents to give an overview of the background information of the study that this research is very interesting and important to study. According to Paltridge and Stairfield (in Emilia, 2012: 144) that Step 1 shows that the area of research is very important, interesting, or relevant (optional). Step 2 provides background information related to the research topic (optional). Step 3 introduces and reviews the results of previous studies in the area (required). Move 3 is a move that is also found in all backgrounds of students' final assignments. Move 3 is describing your own study (Occupying the niche). This move also has a very important role, by using this move the writer can give an overview of what is studied in his research. This helps the reader to get an overview and preliminary information from the research he is reading. According to Emillia (2012) said, "this section occupies a place of research, the author, by showing the purpose of the study, shows the reader how the proposed research will fill the existing gap". In using this move, it can actually be done in 3 steps, but the data shows that there was only 1 step found in the background of student's final project. That step is step 1A, namely the Outlining Purposes. The author in this case the respondent only mentioned the purpose of Febryanto: Analysis of Structure of Background… 73 the research he was doing. In line with what was stated by Swales (1994) that step 1A is to state the outline of objectives can be done by setting out the objectives, or stating the nature of research or research questions / hypotheses (mandatory). E. CONCLUSION Based on the findings and discussion, it can be seen that the Moves in the background are only move 1 and move 3. In move 1, there are 3 steps that are used by students to develop move 1. In move 3 only 1 step is found. step 3, but only 5 respondents used this step. From the description above, it can be concluded that the structure of the background of the student's final project only builds a research area (establishing a research territory) and describes its own study (Occupying the niche). The steps in the background are the Claiming Centrality Steps, showing that the research area is very important, interesting, or relevant, the step of making a generalization topic (Making topic Generalization) by providing background information about the topic, and the Step of reviewing the results of previous studies (Reviewing Item of Previous Research) introduces and reviews the results of previous research in the area, as well as the Steps outlining the objectives (Outlining Purposes). F. ACKNOWLWDGEMENT This research was funded by the Politeknik Negeri Bandung in 2018 with a contract number: Number: 856.14/PL1.R7/LT/2018. G. REFERENCES Arsyad, S. (2013). 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