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Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 

www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees 

ISSN 2578-1359 (Print)   ISSN 2578-1367 (Online) 

14 
 

Original Paper 

Doppler and an End of Expansion 

Paul Schroeder
1
 

1
 8244 Anna Ave., Wind Lake, Wisconsin 53185, USA 

 

Received: February 3, 2021     Accepted: February 22, 2020     Online Published: March 9, 2021 

doi:10.22158/ees.v4n1p14          URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v4n1p14 

 

Abstract 

The concept today is that our universe is in a state of expansion as everything is moving away from us, 

and away from everywhere. This idea is specifically a conclusion to the finding of the frequency of the 

waves of light from the source being distorted, theoretically by the motion of the source relative to the 

observer. The frequency variation is called Doppler which was originally assigned to distorted sound 

from arriving trains.  

This is an analysis of Doppler theory that revels that a redshift of star light beams occur when the stars 

are “revolving” relative to an observer (such as us on earth). Everything in space does revolve around 

an observer. Think about this! 

Keywords 

expansion, light wave frequency, doppler, revolution, rotation, Wikipedia, external gravity 

 

1. Introduction 

Astrophysics theory leading to expansion and the big bang is built around the original Doppler explaining 

that motion away causes frequency shifts. The theory is an extension of the Doppler theory developed in 

1832 and 1851 from considering sound frequency changes as a train approaches an observer. Light might 

also produce a Doppler shift of light frequency as the source approaches an observer causing a redshift. 

When red shifting of light in galaxies was initially observed by Edwin Hubble in the 1920‟s, Hubble and 

associated ultimately proposed the redshift source was caused by motion apart/away. There is logic to 

that so such a model was adopted. Later on the motion away was noticed to be greater as the star/galaxy 

was further away. That implies the idea of the motion increasing with distance. Thus the expansion idea 

came to be and was sold to the Physics world. Over time that led to unnatural ideas including the Big 

Bang.  

We can understand that initial thoughts about redshift implying motion away, logically. Motion away 

would stretch the wave within the beam as seen by the observer. It is now many years later that the 

additional Doppler concept found that revolution of sources would also redshift the light to a central 



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observer. Seeking logic, the redshift from revolving sources causing redshift is the more sensible idea. If 

you have now “thought about that” and contemplated this, logic says light will redshift when the source 

moves away, but light will also redshift, when the source revolves relative to us. Thus a retaining of 

distance will also redshift star lights. 

Understanding such things improves if you have a full model of the universe from a totally different 

perspective. There are a number of Physics concepts which have questionable grounds which are more 

easily seen such as my “Universe is Otherwise—External Gravitation” model of the universe.  

 

2. Wikipedia 

Wikipedia is an original and the ultimate “on line encyclopedia” of Physics and other Sciences. 

In The Wikipedia I found that Doppler redshift, originally known to be caused by motion toward or 

away, is also caused by revolving sources. The Wiki analysis is clear enough that one would expect it 

would have alerted Physics to the alternate redshift causes and led to debating the validity of the idea of 

expansion. Expansion and the conclusions that have resulted from it are one half of the standard model 

that leads all of physics. This is the Big Bang portion. The other half is the universe is-that all actions 

occur based on probability. The two pieces have been included together as they differ from each in 

understanding gravity.    

The proper view should be on that of the destination/detector as that is where the frequency is of 

concern, i.e., where we see it. The solution for ending expansion lies with Doppler‟s logical option. 

This comes from Wikipedia. See under Doppler of light-Relativistic Doppler effect-Wikipedia. I have 

copied here the three situations that lead to red shift. 

Beginning here, what I write will be in purple to segregate my ideas and comments from the specific 

Wiki writing. The rest in black is directly from Wikipedia. 

2.1 Moving Away Gives Redshift 

Relativistic Doppler shift for the longitudinal case, with source and receiver moving directly towards or 

away from each other, is often derived as if it were the classical phenomenon, but modified by the 

addition of a time dilation term  

2.2 Transverse, but not Directly Away Redshift 

Receiver sees the source as being at its closest point 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation


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Figure 1. Transverse Doppler Shift for the Scenario Where the Receiver Sees the Source as Being 

at Its Closest Point 

 

This scenario is equivalent to the receiver looking at a direct right angle to the path of the source. The 

analysis of this scenario is best conducted from the frame of the receiver. Figure 3 shows the receiver 

being illuminated by light from when the source was closest to the receiver, even though the source has 

moved on. Because the source‟s clock is time dilated as measured in the frame of the receiver, and 

because there is no longitudinal component of its motion, the light from the source, emitted from this 

closest point, is redshifted with frequency 

In the literature, most reports of transverse Doppler shift analyze the effect in terms of the receiver 

pointed at direct right angles to the path of the source, thus seeing the source as being at its closest point 

and observing a redshift. 

2.3 Circular Picture A Is not Relevant, B Is the Key. Note the Red Dots 

One object in circular motion around the other 

 

 

Figure 2. Transverse Doppler Effect for Two Scenarios: (a) Receiver Moving in a Circle around 

the Source; (b) Source Moving in a Circle around the Receiver 

 

Figure 5 illustrates two variants of this scenario. Both variants can be analyzed using simple time dilation 

arguments. Figure 5a is essentially equivalent to the scenario described in Figure 2b, and the receiver 

observes light from the source as being blue shifted by a factor of. 

Figure B here is the one that matters as it is what we see. Figure 5b is essentially equivalent to the 

scenario described in Figure 3, and the light is redshifted. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transverse_Doppler_effect_scenarios_4.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transverse_Doppler_effect_scenarios_5.svg


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3. Important Analysis 

Astronomers know of three sources of redshift/blueshift: Doppler shifts; gravitational redshifts (due to 

light exiting a gravitational field); and cosmological expansion (where space itself stretches). This article 

concerns itself only with Doppler shifts. 

Note that the third source by Wiki here is “cosmological expansion” which is the fantasy with no 

conformation beyond the early Doppler. Once the transfer in figure 5 B is understood, the redshift is 

much more likely to come from the rotation of the sky relative to us as observers. The picture in figure 3 

is also redshift that does not signal motion away. The idea of motion away becomes “circular” reasoning 

and may have never existed. 

The second source by Wiki, listed here, is the always ignored gravitational redshift. This cause agrees 

with the basis of my gravity theory as it overrides the idea of a constant speed c. The exit from a 

gravitational field results in a slowing of the speed of the light beam and thus thus red shift occurs. 

The first source here by Wiki is Doppler shifts. As shown Doppler gives various impressions of the 

motion of the source that must be resolved. A Doppler redshift can arrive from various relative motions 

of stars. So we can choose to accept that „the sky of all-stars‟ is in circular motion around earth. (or any 

other central body one chooses). That circular motion adds some redshift to the light sent by all stars. 

Everything in space revolves around us over time and we see, detect, and measure that flow. But any 

motion away in galaxies is not visible to us. The whole concept of expansion is a figment of guessing that 

redshift proves motion away. It doesn‟t! 

You may ask why revolving stars cause a redshift when we receive their light. The passage of light is 

never a straight line, neither for the source nor for the observer. Light emitted by a central body, the sun 

for earth or the earth for the moon must curve to arrive. Fortunately there is the rotation of the center body 

which helps cause the curve or bend. At the same time its rotation curves gravity beams that push the 

orbital body in its orbit path. 

 

4. Gravity 

I mentioned that the big bang and probability share the standard model because of conflicting views of 

gravity. My “Universe is Otherwise” model is all about gravity and it is the best explanation of gravity. 

First of all gravity must exist since it causes motions. To do so it must push! A pull or attraction by itself 

moves nothing and isn‟t logical. Then the push must be everywhere, so it is component of the universe 

and space. Notice that we are trying to define gravity. Space can‟t be empty as argued between Newton 

and Einstein models. Thus space is full of EM radiation so radiation is related to gravity. The EM 

radiation does move as we know, and being something, it can push. Physics has created problems by 

limiting pressure to moving matter. Separating radiation from matter has removed it from calculations of 

pressure. They identify radiation as non-particle. Removing the separation is a simple answer to the dual 

wave or matter conflict. Reality is that anything that moves can cause pressure.  

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueshift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_redshift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_expansion


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EM radiation and gravity are the components of space. They are “one” with multiple attributes. The flow 

of gravity is everywhere and essentially similar throughout.    

From Newton‟s time gravity has been assumed to be caused by matter. Local gravity is focused at the 

center of earth. To correct that, consider the less specific statement that the push of gravity is “affected 

by” matter. That requires defining some more activity. Since gravity and EM radiation flow throughout 

the universe, therefore they can penetrate and flow through matter. The time of the flow of gravity flow 

thru matter causes a reduction of the push pressure as well as a modification of the EM radiation in some 

form. The lesser push of exiting gravity beams interacts with unaffected downward flowing gravity 

beams and the net is the apparent attraction force. 

There are many different perspectives connected with this “pushing” gravity model identified throughout 

“The Universe is Otherwise”. One I will touch on here is the major issue of the infinite nature of the 

universe. 

Finity vs infinity are perhaps the principal forms of the universe that have been argued over the centuries. 

My Otherwise model requires an infinite universe. Radiation flows from everywhere and may carry light 

from stars. Refer to the Wiki statement above about redshift, gravitational redshifts (due to light exiting a 

gravitational field). So the stars net gravity affect upon its own light occurs, red shifting the beam, and 

continues as beams travel. The more distant, the more red shifting that occurs. At some very far distant 

from the star, its beam will have experienced redshift beyond red and into the microwave region. Thus we 

detect a microwave background approximately equal from all directions. The universe provides balance 

of light as the redshift that occurs over long distance travel is offset as beams of all frequency are 

upshifted to light as beams penetrate bodies. 

The big bang finite universe is supported by the church as it provides a beginning as the bible promotes. 

Any loss of the beginning is not acceptable. But really, the infinite universe allows an infinite God and 

the gravity of space serves as the Holy Ghost. We then jointly serve as the Son. These analogies are lost 

in the finite universe. 

 

5. Conclusion 

For considering the Doppler applied to redshift, the bottom line is that the curve of the beam path from a 

star to us stretches the wave length and thus reduces the frequency of a star‟s light just as motion away by 

the star reduces the frequency of its light. . 

This alternate Doppler Effect is quite logical within the nature of gravity. Gravity is space throughout and 

makes up the nature of all space. Attraction is simply a push upon arrival by a flowing pressure. That 

pressure is the flow of all forms of EM radiation. 

That EM radiation which serves as gravity for the transfer of a light beam jointly transfers the light beam. 

Any rotational motion of any star means you can‟t draw a straight line to earth for the beam. A beam 

starts toward earth and arrives after the star has moved some lateral distance relative to earth. Essentially 

the beam must offset that lateral distance as well as any direct line toward earth. Thus a longer path is 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_redshift


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assumed. It turns out that the rotation of the star itself can contribute to causing the long path. 

If you have accepted the perspectives given here perhaps you can help mankind reach that acceptance. 

 

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https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021119023985

