Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees ISSN 2578-1359 (Print) ISSN 2578-1367 (Online) 139 Original Paper Recommended Optimal Land Utilization and Farming Techniques (ROLUFS) in Pendurthi Mandal, A Geospatial Approach, Vishakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Usha Chirala 1* & Bhavana Pedada 1 1 Department of Geo-Engineering, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, AP, INDIA * Usha Chirala, Department of Geo-Engineering, Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam, AP, 530003, INDIA Received: September 22, 2020 Accepted: October 8, 2020 Online Published: November 30, 2020 doi:10.22158/ees.v3n2p139 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v3n2p139 Abstract Integrating land and water resources is a major key in sustainable development. Managing agricultural land is a concerning task keeping the ever increasing population in mind as agriculture utilizes largest amount of water in the world. A case study of Pendurthi mandal, Vishakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India has been taken up for resource appraisal. Basic integration of land and water resources (BILWRUS), generation of thematic maps using remote sensing in conjunction with Geographical Information System, and ground laboratory techniques has been the major task. The proposed landuse has been assigned to all the 23 villages of the study area, using recommended optimal land utilization and farming techniques (ROLUFS) as per the norms set by National water Development Program for Rainfed areas (NWDPRA). Keywords bilwrus, rolufs, mandal 1. Introduction Indian civilization was rich and prosperous in the ancient past. However with the ever increasing population and the changing philosophy of the governments, the traditional methods of rural lifestyle and practices have become anachronistic. This has necessitated a change in the outlook and practices in so far as rural living, agriculture, arts, crafts and administrations are concerned. In the light of this application, modern and scientific methods has become necessary and mandatory too. Inappropriate and uncontrolled use of natural resources can downgrade their quality and destroy them. Sustainable www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 140 Published by SCHOLINK INC. development and optimized use of natural resources involves effective utilization of the existing resources without damaging the assets and preserves these valuable resources for the future generations. At Present, scientific and optimized management of agriculture and natural resources are considered to be important items in sustainable development. In order to achieve sustainability and optimized land allocation we can use linear programming, multi objective linear programming and Geographical Information System (GIS) approaches. Watershed Planning and management (2018). Land use is a crucial link between human activities and the natural environment. Large parts of the terrestrial land surface are used for agriculture, forestry, settlements and infrastructure. This has vast effects on the natural environment. Land use is the most important factor influencing biodiversity at the global scale. TijanaVulević et al. (2018), freshwater availability Rosegrant et al. (2002), Sala et al. (2000). Global biogeochemical cycles, McGuire et al. (2001), and climate Brovkin et al. (1999). Keeping the above objective in mind, the study area Pendurthi Mandal of Vishakhapatnam district with a total area of 120sqkms consisting of 23 villages, has been taken up for resource appraisal and utilization of its natural resources using modern techniques of remote sensing and GIS. With critical study, and analysis of a wealth of information related to the people of the mandal coupled with survey of India toposheets, geological maps, satellite imageries, thematic maps, Basic Integration of land and water resources (BILWRUS) has been generated, and integrated with landuse/landcover. Finally proposed landuse for all the 23mandals have been derived from Recommended optimal land utilization and farming system (ROLUFS) as per the norms set by National Water development Program for Rainfed areas (NWDPRA). 2. Review of Literature Few studies have been carried out in and around Pendurthi mandal and Meghadrigedda, the major river that flows through the mandal. Among them are Identification of soil erosion zones with special reference to silt deposition in Meghadrigedda reservoir,Usha Chirala, Ph.D Thesis (2013),Correlation of geometric parameters for the hydrological characterization of the Meghadrigedda watershed, Vishakhapatnam, A GIS approach, Usha Chirala et.al. (2012), Nageswara Rao and Narendra, (2009 & 2006), Mapping and evaluating the urban sprawl, Nageswara Rao et al. (2008), on the ground water quality of the Meghadrigedda Watershed, Narendra and Nageswara Rao (2006), Mapping of Hydrogeomorphic features in the Pendurthi mandal using IRS data Usha Chirala (2003). 3. Study Area The study area, Pendurthi mandal falls in Vishakhapatnam mandal in between 17 0 49’30” north latitudes and 82 0 12’13” east longitudes under SOI toposheet 650/1 and 0/2&3 on 1:50000 scale (Table 1). The total area is 120sqkm, 40m above MSL. The mandal headquarters is located 25km north-west of Vishakhapatnam and extends for a maximum distance of 20km in the north-south direction and 12km in east-west direction. The vegetation type is deciduous comprising mostly of deciduous dry and deciduous javascript:; www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 141 Published by SCHOLINK INC. scrub. Red soils predominates the area. Agriculture is the main economic activity of the people. Paddy is the main crop and other crops include sugarcane, groundnut, macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram), finger millet (ragi) and sesame. There is no irrigation system; the entire activity is under dug wells, bore well and tanks. The number of tanks found after delineation are 108 covering an area of 5.22 sqkm. as per 2020 Sentinel-2 satellite data. The location map of the study area is shown in Figure 1(a) and the sentinel data of the study area in 1(b). Table 1. Division of Mandals (Blocks) Narsipatnam division 13 Paderu agency division 11 Vishakhapatnam division 19 Total 43 Figure 1(a). Location Map of the Study Area www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 142 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Figure 1(b). Satellite Image of the Study Area 4. Physiography The study area forms part of Vishakhapatnam fold belt, and the foliation generally strikes NE-SW. In the central part of the EGGB there are four main tectono thermal events dated at 2600, 2200-1900, 1180-950 625-500Ma Fonarev et al. (1998). Majority of the area is plain and under agriculture, with hills in the eastern, northern and southern parts of the mandal. The predominant rock type is khondalite, followed by charnockites, kalonized clay and quartzite. The charnockites occur as outcrops in small patches. Some of the big rock (khondalite quarries) are at Juttada and Chinnamushiwada. Laterite with iron oxide concretions is exposed near Pendurthi. All the hills inside the study area are khondalites. Workable deposits of graphite are reported near Narava (Figure 2a). Figure 2(a). Geology Map and (b) Drainage Map www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 143 Published by SCHOLINK INC. The study area enjoys sub-tropical climatic conditions and the temperature ranges between min 14 0 -20 0 C during the month of December and maximum 33 0 -42 0 C during May. The area receives rainfall during June to December from both south-west and north-east monsoon and the average rainfall is 1110mm per annum (Source: Zilla Praja Parishad, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh). 5. Hydrology of Meghadrigedda Reservoir The study area has numerous ephemeral streams, and depicts dendritic type of drainage which is found in regions where rocks offer uniform resistance in a horizontal direction. The highest order obtained is 6 th , most part of this particular subbasin comes under the jurisdiction of the study area. Meghadrigedda is an east flowing river taking its rise from the Eastern Ghats from the Nandikonda hill. It flows south upto karupavani village and thereafter in south eastern direction until it joins the sea near Dolphin’s nose, Vishakhapatnam town (Figure 2b). Meghadrigedda reservoir drains an area of 220.77sqkm . The Meghadrigedda reservoir occupies 6.6 sqkm in the study area, hence deserves a mention separately. The geographical dam site is East Longitude 83 0 11’27’’ and North Latitude 17 0 45’54’’. Meghadrigedda reservoir was formed near the confluence of Meghadrigedda and Narava rivers to supply 8MGD drinking water to the people of the Vishakhapatnam city. The flood bank was formed on the left side of the reservoir to protect the Howarh-Vizianagaram railway line. The FRL of the reservoir is fixed at 61.00m. The gross capacity of the reservoir at FRL is estimated to be 1169mcft. The dead storage is 1043mcft. The catchment area is under the influence of S.Kota, Vishakhapatnam, Chodavaram and Anakapalli rain gauge stations. The catchment is studded with numerous tanks above the full reservoir level. Below the reservoir there exists wetland of 510 acres on the right sided which is stabilized under the reservoir scheme. Lower riparian rights have been considered while working out the proposals for the reservoir scheme. The catchment area is influenced by both south west and north east monsoons form June to September, and flash floods occur mostly in October and November due to the influence of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal (Source: Zilla Praja Parishad, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh). The drinking water facilities are met by 385 bore wells, 15 open wells and 1 piped water supply. The minor irrigation sources are 115, along with 15 sprinklers and 4 drips covering an ayacut of 1835 hectares (18.35sqkm) where tanks cover 1.24sqkm, tube wells 6.55sqkm dug wells 4.55sqkm, sprinklers 0.12sqkm and drip irrigation covering 0.03sqkm as per the year 2018-2019 (source: Chief Planning Officer, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh). 6. Methodology Sentinel data 2 has been georeferenced using Survey of India (SOI) topographical maps 65O/1 and 65O/2&3 on 1:50000 which cover the study area. The drainage network has been demarcated as a vector layer in *.shp format. Individual maps as well as thematic maps have been studied in combination. Generation of basic resources and thematic maps using remote sensing in conjunction with ground laboratory technique has been the major task for integration. Geology, geomorphology and structural www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 144 Published by SCHOLINK INC. maps have been combined to achieve at ground water potential zones. Basic Integration of land and water resources (BILWRUS) was generated using slope, soil, hydrogeomorphology and landuse/landcover (Table 6). Schematic chart showing methodology adopted for integrated resource analysis for the study area is shown in (Figure 8). Various intersecting polygons have been classified according to combinations, and the two composite maps have been integrated to arrive at Recommended optimal land utilization and farming techniques (ROLUFS). Finally present landuse and proposed landuse of the study area has been displayed in Table 7. Figure 3(a). Slope and 3(b) Hydrogeomorphology 7. Thematic Maps 7.1 Slope Slope, aspect and altitude are the important terrain parameters which influence micro climatic temperature regime and runoff which play a significant role in soil development, vegetation and crop productivity. Slope plays a very important role in the utilization of the prevailing land surface. A higher slope contributes very high erosion as compared to lower slope to less erosion. The first paper in which observed slope form is applied to the elucidation of the origin of landforms was studied by Sorby (1850) of the origin of the striking steep sided valleys. Significant contributions have been made in calculation of slope by Wentworth (1930), Raisz and Henry (1937), Robinson (1948), Miller (1953), and Strahler (1957). Highest slopes of more than 15 degrees to 35 degrees are confined to south-western, eastern and norther parts. Major part of the area is under less than 1 degree (Figure 3(a) and Table 2). www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 145 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Table 2. Contour Spacing Related to Percentage Slope 1 Slope Lower and upper limits of contour spacing 2 0-1 >4cm 3 1-3 1.33-4 4 3-5 0.8-1.33 5 5-10 0.4-0.8 6 10-15 0.26-0.4 7 15-35 0.11-0.26 8 >35 0.11 and less 7.2 Hydrogeomorphic Units According to Jean Bhunes, “there is no house or human habitation in the building of which man has not had to take into account the proximity of water” in the archaeological excavations of the Saraswati and Indus Valley civilizations well developed water works came to light. Vishnu Kautilya (4th century B.C) in his book “Artha Shastra” mentioned about the importance of water resources in the economy of the state. Varahamira (3 rd Century B.C) in his book “Brihat Samhita” discussed about the ground water exploration and quality. Extraction of hydrological parameters from remotely sensed data were done as early as by Jackson and Mcuen (1979) Kelly et al. (1977), Peck et al. (1981), Johnson et al. (1982), Peck et al. (1983). Hydrogeomorphology deals with the ground water occurrence, its distribution and has the interrelationships with rock types, geological structures, landforms and surface recharge conditions. Groundwater potential of any area is mainly dependent on geology (various rock types), geomorphology (different landforms) and structures (Lineaments, fractures etc.). The related hydrogeological characters have been considered, evaluated and presented together as hydrogeomorphological units. The occurrence of ground water plays an important role in sustainable agricultural operations. Twelve hydrogeomorphic units have been categorized in the study area viz, Pediplain moderate, Pediplain shallow, structural hills, Inselbergs, residual hills, pediment zone and pediment. The three geomorphic units made up of pediplain moderate, pediplain shallow, pediplain and pediment zones dominate the study area, followed by small patches of residual hills and inselbergs (Figure 3b and Table 3). Ground water prospects map of the study area shows a plenty of scope to increase ground water sources. There is no irrigation system; the entire activity is under dug wells, bore well and tanks. The total number of tanks are 108 tanks and tank area is 5.22sqkm, the smallest tank is in Juttada covering 0.01sqkm and the largest tank is in Pinagadi covering an area of 0.87sqkm (Sentinel data 2020, Figure 3(b) and Table 3). www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 146 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 7.2.1 Pediplainmoderate (PPM) There are plain table lands with very gentle to nil slopes (flat table lands) with ground water potential being moderate to good. It has moderately thick 5-20m over burden of weathered material of varying lithology. This unit covers the western and northern parts of the mandal lying in the contour interval of 10-30m. The pediment is overlaid with moderate layer of overburden (cobble to clay). Ground water prospects are moderate to good because the unit is adjacent to rivers Meghadrigedda and Naravagedda. 7.2.2 Pediplainshallow (PPM) These are flat and smooth surface of buried pediment with shallow 0-5m of overburden of weathered material of varying lithology. Ground water prospects are poor to moderate. This unit mostly covers the eastern part of the mandal, and lies to some extent in western and southern parts, and is between the contours 20-30m. In this layer the pediment is laid with a thin layer of overburden and is exposed to shallow depths. 7.2.3 Pediment Zone (PZ) It is a transitory zone between the debris slope and the next important hill slope element the Pediment. Nookaraju and Vaidhyanadhan (1971). This zone lies in the contour interval of 50-100m. It’s noticeable on the foot hills near the villages Porlupalem, Cheemalapalli, Vepagunta, Sowbhagyapuram and Mudapaka. Being at the foot of the hills they are composed of loose and rocky outcrops with a thin a veneer of detritus. The pediments in this unit have developed on charnockites and khondalites. Ground water potential depends on the thickness of the debris. Wide pediments have been observed on the eastern and southern sides of the mandal. Moderate ground water aquifers are identified in this zone. 7.2.4 Pediment (P) Pediment as stated by Twidale (1976) is a complex phenomenon and single explanation applies to all pediments; several different processes could apparently produce similar landforms. Pediment is noticeable in Chintagatla, Mudapaka and Vepagunta villages. It lies in the contour interval of 30-50m. It has a gentle slope and rocky surface. The joints in the khondalites will be the channels of recharge to groundwater. 7.2.5 Inselbergs (I) Expansion of the pediment or series of pediments may continue until all the remains of the original mountain mass are scattered knolls which rise above its surface. Such hills are analogue to Mouad rocks on a peneplain surface and were originally and to some extent are still, called Insebergs. Thornbury (1999). These inselbergs are noticed at four places lying in the contour interval of 100 to 200m near Sowbhagyapuram (281 and 211m), Mudapaka (169m) and in Chintagatla (211m) made of charnockites. The slope of these inselbergs is between 6 to 18 degrees. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 147 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 7.2.6 Residual Hills (RH) These residual forms are relic features lift out during scrap retrieval and pediplanation. These boulder maps owe their origin to mineralogical resistance (Twidale, 1976) and to primary parting/pacing Schumm and Chorley (1966) Garner (1974). These isolated hills are noticed at two places lying in the contour interval of (80-100m) Jerripotulpalem village (96m) and Pulagalipalem (98m) and are also made of charnockites. The slope of the hills varies from 12 to 18 degrees. The slope and sparse vegetation accounts to high runoff, hence ground water prospects are very poor. Mass wasting is prevalent in the form of soil creep. 7.2.7 Structural Hills (SH) There are five structural hills, Yerrakonda (370m), Narava (375m), Vepgunta (263m), Porlupalem (324m), and near Mudapaka (321m). These are made up of well jointed Khondalites. The slope of the hills is in between 12 to 13 degrees. The Yerrakona hill range in the reserve forest is named after the forest. The Narava hill and the reserved forest are named after the Narava village. Table 3. Hydrogeomorphic Units of the Study Area S.No Hydrogeomorphic unit Area in sqkm Percentage of the study area 1 Structural hills 17.70 14.75 2 Residual hills 0.50 0.41 3 Inselberg 0.52 0.43 4 Pediment zone 12.03 10.02 5 Pediment 3.10 2.58 6 Pediment shallow 39.22 32.68 7 Pediment moderate 46.02 38.35 8 Total 120 100.00 7.3 Ground Water Prospects and Water Quality Ground water hydrology may be defined as the science of the occurrence of the distribution and movement of water below the surface of the Earth Todd (1980). Ground water prospects map is prepared for the study area (Figure 4). 92 samples were collected from the 23 villages of the study area (Table 4). The hydrochemcial data includes the samples from both bore and open wells for certain parameters like pH, TDS, chlorides, flourides, hardness, alakalinity etc. These are determined by using the standard procedures (US salnity Laboratory, 1954; USGS, 1996; Hem, 1970; APHA, 1971) in the laboratory. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 148 Published by SCHOLINK INC. pH is determined elcetronically with a direct reading called public health meter. Chloride is estimated by tritating the water sample against shear nitrate solution (0.005N) using potassium chromate indicator. Total alakalinity of water sample is estimated by tritating against standard sulphuric acid using methyl orange as indicator and represented as cacosin mg/l. Hardness of the water sample is determined by tritating against EDTA solution (0.02N) and expressed as mg/l. Flouride is determined by the Zirinium alizarine method and is expressed as mg/l (Figure 5(a), (b) and (c)). Figure 4. Ground Water Prospects Map Figure 5. Water Quality Maps (a) Chorides (b) Fluroide (c) Total hardness www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 149 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 7.4 Soils and Soil Erodability Barring the hills and the water bodies the rest of the area is covered with alluvial soils and red loams and clays The gravelly loams are confined to the peripheral areas of the hills in the eastern and northern part of the study On the basis of the soil map prepared, the soils of the Pendurthi mandal have been categorized into alluvial, redloams and clays, gravelly loams and shallow skeletal sandy soils which are confined to the mountains. Figure 6(a). The soils of Pendurthi are free from salinity hazard, but the study area is subject to varying degrees of erosion hazard depending upon the topographic location. The soil fertility is low to medium, necessitating the application of both organic and chemical fertilizers for obtaining good yields. Soil samples were collected for estimation of physical and chemical characteristics in the Laboratory (Anakapalli soil Laboratory, Ankapalli, Vishakhapatnam district). Based on the soil analysis, it can be stated that the soil reaction (pH) is tending to be alkaline. The soluble salt content is normal (less than 0.1mhos/cm). The fertility status in respect of organic carbon is low, available Po5 is low to medium attaining good crop yields. The spatial distribution of the soils is shown in (Table 5). Table 4. Chemical Analysis of the Water Samples of the Study Area No Name of the Village Type of Source pH T.D.S Total Alkalinity as CaCo3 Total Hardness as CaCo3 Fluoride as Fd Chloride as Cl Nitrate Magne-sium as Mg Iron as Fe mg/lit Calcium as Ca Carbonate Hardness as CaCo3 Remarks mg/lit mg/lit mg/lit 1 Pendurthi (W.A) B. W 7.4 570 135 524 0.2 72 Nil 33 Nil 116 389 Potable 2 Pendurthi B. W 6.8 1500 220 324 0.2 256 Nil 28 Nil 208 104 Potable Near Vet Hos 3 Jerripotulapalem B. W 8.2 480 200 180 0.6 60 Nil 22 Nil 90 Nil Potable 4 MPWS Mudapaka colony B. W 8.2 570 240 180 0.4 60 Nil 20 Nil 100 Nil Potable 5 MPWS at Gurrampalem O. W 8.2 1680 310 320 0.4 300 Nil 50 Nil 110 10 Excess in TDS 6 MPWS SR Puram B. W 8.2 1630 340 460 0.4 340 Nil 36 Nil 310 120 Excess in TDS& Calcium 7 Juttada O. W 8.2 1390 340 420 0.2 230 Nil 44 Nil 240 80 Potable 8 Purushotam B. W 7.3 1200 450 380 0.1 160 Nil 60 Nil 120 Nil Potable puram 9 Pulagalipalem O. W 7.5 660 260 220 0.4 60 Nil 24 Nil 120 Nil Potable 10 Chinnamushidwada (MPWS) B. W 8 1010 350 400 0.4 160 Nil 65 Nil 130 150 Potable www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 150 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 11 MPWS Chimalapalalli O. W 8.5 960 370 240 0.2 100 Nil 65 Nil 130 150 Potable 12 Porlupalem O. W 8.5 2580 430 610 0.4 520 Nil 112 Nil 150 180 Excess in TDS 13 Vepagunta O. W 7.5 920 280 270 0.2 100 Nil 30 Nil 160 Nil Potable 14 MPWS at Peddagadi B. W 7.5 1480 230 280 0.4 270 Nil 60 Nil 30 50 Potable 15 MPWS at Pinagadi B. W 7.5 730 180 220 0.4 60 Nil 43 Nil 50 60 Potable 16 Rampuram B. W 7.5 1090 160 190 0.1 180 Nil 34 Nil 50 30 Potable 17 Gorapalli B. W 7 1500 160 320 0.4 340 Nil 60 Nil 70 160 Potable 18 MPWS at Saripalli B. W 8 1630 230 300 0.6 320 Nil 46 Nil 110 70 Excess in TDS 19 Rayyayapeta B. W 8 900 240 260 1 70 Nil 46 Nil 70 20 Potable 20 Peddagadi Elementary B. W 7.5 5240 Nil 1860 0.2 1880 Nil 136 Nil 1300 Nil Excess in TDS, TH, CL, Mg, Ca School 21 Saripalli SC colony B. W 8.5 2900 380 480 0.6 660 Nil 48 Nil 280 100 Excess in TDS &Ca 22 Pinagadi NH roadside B. W 8 1010 340 280 0.4 260 Nil 49 Nil 72 Nil Potable 23 Pinagadi B.W 8.2 1040 220 480 0.2 860 Nil 82 Nil 143 260 Excess in Ca hardness 24 Pinagadi O.W 8.2 3060 348 1240 0.2 240 Nil 288 Nil 80 890 Excess in TDS, TH, Mg&CH 25 Laxmipuram B.W 8.4 1500 296 610 0.2 280 Nil 130 Nil 64 310 Excess in TDS, TH, CH 26 Laxmipuram O.W 8.2 1720 292 630 2 1360 Nil 110 Nil 170 340 Excess in TDH, TH&CH 27 Laxmipuram O.W 8.4 3120 468 1080 0.3 430 Nil 243 Nil 56 610 Excess in TDH, TH&CH www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 151 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 28 Laxmipuram B.W 8.2 1770 260 690 0.2 1540 Nil 150 Nil 68 430 Excess in TDH, TH&CH 29 Laxmipuram B.W 8.2 1060 380 680 0.3 560 Nil 132 Nil 142 300 Excess in TH&CH 30 Laxmipuram B.W 8.4 1011 820 664 3 456 Nil 153 Nil 36 Nil Excess in TH, Fluoride And Mg 31 Laxmipuram B.W 8.6 1040 600 749 1.8 400 Nil 151 Nil 130 140 Excess in TH, Fluoride And Mg 32 Laxmipuram B.W 8.5 840 580 372 0.3 200 Nil 74 Nil 66 Nil Potable 33 Laxmipuram O.W 8.9 890 540 428 1 190 Nil 94 Nil 40 Nil Potable 34 Pinagadi O.W 8 5610 272 3040 0.2 1300 Nil 527 Nil 870 2760 Excess in TDH, TH, CL, Mg, Ca &CH 35 Pinagadi O.W 7.8 1900 332 1300 0.3 2280 Nil 277 Nil 160 970 Excess in TDH, TH, CL, Mg&CH 36 Pinagadi B.W 8.2 1880 590 524 0.3 260 Nil 110 Nil 42 Nil Excess in TDS 37 Pinagadi B.W 8.2 1040 480 240 0.3 140 Nil 50 Nil 26 Nil Potable 38 Porlupalem B.W 8.8 700 440 340 0.8 200 Nil 76 Nil 26 Nil Potable 39 Porlupalem O.W 8.7 1120 450 344 2.8 190 Nil 68 Nil 64 Nil Excess in Fluoride 40 Porlupalem B.W 8.8 1700 454 280 2 100 Nil 41 Nil 110 Nil Excess in TDS& Fluoride 41 Porlupalem O.W 8.6 3560 510 436 2 260 Nil 147 Nil 32 126 Excess in TDS& Fluoride 42 Pinagadi B.W 8.4 1210 488 932 0.4 336 Nil 82 Nil 48 Nil Potable www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 152 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 43 Pinagadi O.W 8.4 1840 362 656 0.2 488 Nil 135 Nil 96 304 Excess in TDS, TH, CH 44 Pinagadi B.W 9 1030 490 472 2.2 280 Nil 79 Nil 148 Nil Excess in Fluoride 45 Pinagadi O.W 8.8 790 548 380 2 190 Nil 60 Nil 110 Nil Excess in Fluoride 46 Pinagadi B.W 8.4 1050 410 368 2 360 Nil 77 Nil 52 Nil Excess in Fluoride 47 Pinagadi B.W 8.5 710 510 280 1.8 140 Nil 60 Nil 32 Nil Excess in Fluoride 48 Cheemalapalli B.W 8.4 700 350 320 2 144 Nil 34 Nil 180 Nil Excess in Fluoride 49 Cheemalapalli B.W 8.5 630 430 268 1.8 80 Nil 56 Nil 37 Nil Excess in Fluoride 50 Cheemalapalli B.W 8.4 650 490 290 1.8 20 Nil 63 Nil 32 Nil Excess in Fluoride 51 Cheemalapalli B.W 8.4 740 580 360 1.8 100 Nil 66 Nil 92 Nil Excess in Fluoride 52 Saripalli B.W 8.4 1830 480 660 0.8 752 Nil 138 Nil 92 180 Excess in TDS, TH 53 Saripalli B.W 8.6 1510 420 652 0.4 508 Nil 148 Nil 92 280 Excess in TDS, TH 54 Saripalli B.W 8.6 1680 440 790 0.8 404 Nil 178 Nil 40 350 Excess in TDS, TH &Mg 55 Saripalli B.W 8.5 1190 440 408 0.4 1180 Nil 75 Nil 90 Nil Excess in P.H 56 Saripalli O.W 9 1320 400 500 0.4 220 Nil 114 Nil 26 100 Excess in Fluoride 57 Saripalli B.W 9 960 320 220 2.2 160 Nil 39 Nil 58 100 Excess in Fluoride 58 Saripalli B.W 8.8 780 490 200 2.1 260 Nil 34 Nil 56 100 Potable 59 Rajayyapeta B.W 8.6 640 460 52 0.8 68 Nil 1 Nil 28 100 Potable 60 Rajayyapeta B.W 8.7 400 280 44 0.4 64 Nil 1 Nil 28 100 Potable 61 Rajayyapeta O.W 8.7 400 280 260 0.8 52 Nil 56 Nil 32 100 Potable www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 153 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 62 Rajayyapeta B.W 8.6 620 320 306 0.2 116 Nil 58 Nil 66 100 Potable 63 Gurrampalem O.W 9 960 460 370 0.3 462 Nil 80 Nil 42 100 Potable 64 Gurrampalem B.W 8.8 1000 400 440 0.6 240 Nil 92 Nil 60 40 Potable 65 Gurrampalem O.W 8.8 600 320 330 0.2 88 Nil 58 Nil 90 10 Potable 66 Gurrampalem B.W 8.4 840 370 640 1 160 Nil 140 Nil 52 270 Excess in TH&CH 67 Gurrampalem B.W 8.6 1400 600 210 2.6 360 Nil 44 Nil 26 Nil Excess in Fluoride 68 Gurrampalem B.W 8.2 1300 670 456 1 352 Nil 100 Nil 40 Nil Potable 69 Mudapaka O.W 8.2 1090 320 260 0.2 310 Nil 44 Nil 34 Nil Potable 70 Mudapaka B.W 8.6 440 260 220 0.2 100 Nil 32 Nil 86 Nil Potable 71 Mudapaka O.W 8.7 410 320 200 2.4 40 Nil 36 Nil 48 Nil Excess in Fluoride 72 Mudapaka B.W 8.3 1840 320 836 0.4 740 Nil 143 Nil 50 560 Excess in TDS, CH,C 73 Mudapaka B.W 8.8 520 380 272 0.6 410 Nil 41 Nil 100 Nil Potable 74 S.R. Puram B.W 8.4 1000 590 644 0.2 316 Nil 151 Nil 20 54 Excess in TH & MG 75 S.R. Puram B.W 8.5 820 260 600 0.2 128 Nil 126 Nil 78 384 Excess in TH & CH 76 S.R. Puram O.W 8.1 960 440 310 0.4 252 Nil 60 Nil 52 384 Potable 77 Saripalli B. W 8.4 1400 330 460 0.6 490 Nil 92 Nil 22 130 Potable MPWS 78 Chinamushivada PWGS B. W 8.6 880 260 460 0.6 138 Nil 94 Nil 74 200 Excess in TH, MG, CH ETC 79 Purushotam B. W 8.6 540 270 280 0.6 50 Nil 50 Nil 62 10 Potable Puram PWS 80 Purushotam B. W 8.5 940 560 440 0.4 150 Nil 80 Nil 84 Nil Potable Puram PWS 81 Pendurti OW B. W 8.4 730 280 220 0.3 90 Nil 40 Nil 53 Nil Potable 82 Mudapaka B. W 8.5 660 210 200 0.4 110 Nil 40 Nil 32 Nil Potable 83 Gurrampalem O. W 8.4 1900 240 420 0.4 84 Nil 94 Nil 28 180 Potable 84 Rampuram B.W 7.8 1600 200 624 0.6 420 Nil 115 Nil 48 420 Excess in TH, MG, www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 154 Published by SCHOLINK INC. CH ETC 85 Rampuram O.W 8.7 1720 270 490 0.4 500 Nil 92 Nil 110 270 Excess in TH, MG, CH etc 86 Rampuram O.W 8 1010 260 490 0.4 80 Nil 80 Nil 84 160 Potable 87 Rampuram B.W 8 2400 300 1200 0.3 1020 Nil 243 Nil 200 460 Excess in TDS, TH, CL, MG 88 Rampuram O.W 8 2400 300 1140 0.2 1060 Nil 219 Nil 84 160 Excess in TDS, TH, CL, MG 89 Rampuram B.W 8.2 200 260 1080 0.3 910 Nil 210 Nil 220 420 Excess in TDS, MG 90 S.R. Puram B.W 8.7 1240 300 380 0.8 246 Nil 78 Nil 55 80 Potable 91 Rampuram B.W 8.8 980 220 180 0.3 142 Nil 37 Nil 28 Nil Potable 92 Juttada O.W 8.4 1120 385 0.5 200 Nil 77 Nil 77 - Excess in TDS Note. * B.W( Bore well), O.W(Open Well). Figure 6(a). Soil and Figure 6(b). Soil Erodibility www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 155 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Soil erodibility map has also been prepared and has been categorized into three categories. Figure 6(b). Slight erosion(e1) these areas are flat having none to slight degradation in the form of sheet wash resulting in the loss of 0.5cm top soil. Moderate erosion(e2). In moderate erosion soil profile loses about 50-75 percent of the soil erosion. Severe erosion(e3) when the soil profile has lost the entire surface horizon, and also a part of subsurface erosion, it is said to be severely eroded. Table 5. Soils of the Study Area S.No Category Area in sqkm Percentage of the study area 1 Alluvial soil 39.22 32.68 2 Red loams and clays 41.56 34.63 3 Gravelly loams 15.20 12.66 4 Shallow skeletal sandy soils 16.45 13.70 5 Reservoir 6.60 5.50 Total 120 100 7.5 Landuse Landcover Landuse refers to “mans” activities and the various uses which are carried out on the land. Landcover refers to natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil besides any artificial cover that may result due to land transformation. The terms landuse and landcover are apparently very closely related and are mutually dependent. According to Vink (1975), the use to which land in a certain region at a certain time is put to use is known as landuse. Based on the 1920 census data (USA) Weaver 1954 published a land use map of that country. Based on Stamps (1950) land utilization system numerous studies were carried out in the Eastern European countries. Landuse maps were prepared by Avery (1965) for the USA and Bruyin (1974) for Netherlands. The world Atlas of Agriculture (1973) was based on the landuse survey map of Vink (1975). It is estimated that the human footprint has affected 83 percent of the global terrestrial land surface and has degraded about percent of the ecosystems services in the past 50 years alone. Land Use and land cover (LUCC) change has been the most visible indicator of the human footprint and the most important driver of loss of biodiversity and other forms of land degradation (SD21, 2012). The landuse/landcover information mapped have been arranged and grouped into a framework of landuse/landcover classification system primarily developed for interpretation with remotely sensed data. The landuse/landcover has been classified into level I and level II classes, National Remote www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 156 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Sensing Center (NRSA) Here, the “level” indicates the degree of information content. Higher the level, greater will be the information. Variations in multispectral responses of the different landcover categories enable detection, identification and categorization of different landuse classes commensurate with the scale of mapping. Temporal variability of landuse/landcover evidenced by seasonal changes in water bodies and agricultural crops as well as confusion arising from similar spectral response from the different landuse/landcover classes categories are resolved by resource to multi season remote sensing data and group verification. Systematic image interpretation involving detection, identification, classification and codification of the landuse/landcover with reference to image interpretation keys in conjunction with corresponding SOI topographical sheets and other ancillary maps were utilized (Figure 7 and Table 6). Figure 7. Landuse/Landcover 7.5.1 Built Up Land It is defined as an area of human habitation developed due to no agricultural use where the land is covered with residential, transportation, institutional industrial recreational in association. The built up land in this mandal accounts for 15.01sqkm, 8.45 percent of the land area. 7.5.2 Agricultural Land It is defined as the land primarily used for the cultivation of agricultural crops. The agriculture in the study area is irrigated by tanks and is rainfed. The major crops that are grown in the study area include 7.5.2.1 Double Crop Double Crop refers to the standing crop during both kharif and rabi season. It constitutes to 29.86sqkm, i.e., 24.88 percent of the of the study area. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 157 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 7.5.2.2 Kharif Unirrigated It is associated with rainfed crops under dryland farming covering 32.85sqkm of the mandal and accounting for 27.37 percent of the landuse. 7.5.3 Plantations Plantations are clearly identified in the crop lands during rabi season by their relatively low response particularly red and infrared regions related to their internal structure of their foliage and sizable open area of the soil exposed between the trees. Major plantations in the region are Cashew, Casuraina and Mango, covering 4.50sqkm and constitute 3.75 percent of the study area. 7.5.4 Forests It’s an area within the notified forest boundary having an association of trees and other vegetation types. The total forest area is 10.15sqkm covering 8.45 percent of the study area which is associated with trees and other vegetation cover. The scrub forest is an area of degraded forest mainly due to excessive biotic interference and natural causes which contain mainly bushes and scrubs. The degradation is mainly seen on steep slopes of the hills of the Pedurthi and Vepagunta area subject to severe erosion. Table 6. Landuse/Landcover Landuse Category Area in Hectares Area in percentage Forest 10.15 8.45 Settlements 15.01 12.50 Industrial 2.10 1.75 Tanks 5.22 4.35 Reservoir 6.60 5.50 Upland with dense scrub 4.51 3.75 Upland with sparse scrub 4.00 3.33 Public Institution 1.30 1.08 Plantations 4.50 3.75 Stone quarry 0.07 0.05 Mud quarry 1.09 0.90 Steep sloping hilly area 2.50 2.08 Double crop 29.86 24.88 Kharif unirrigated 32.85 27.37 Total 120 100 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 158 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 7.5.5 Water Bodies This class encompasses surface water bodies either impounded in the form of lakes ponds rivers, etc. 7.5.6 River/Stream It is a natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a defined channel. It may be seasonal or perennial. 7.5.7 Reservoir/Tanks A lake is a large body of surface impounded water natural or artificial within the landmass. Tanks are small lakes of impounded water. The reservoir constitutes 6.60sqkm, 5.50 percent of the study area and tanks 5.22sqkm comprising 4.35 percent of the study area. 7.5.8 Others Industrial and mining are has been combined in the landuse/landcover map. It covers 2.10sqkm comprising 1.75 percent of the study area. Figure 8. Schematic Chart Showing Methodology Adopted for Integrated Resource Analysis in the Study Area www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 159 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Table 7. Basic Integration of Land and Water Resources (BILWRUS) S.No Category Lithology Geomorpholog y Slope % Soil Land capability Landuse Groundwater prospects 1 Dryland agriculture Khondalite Pediplain shallow 0-3 Redloams and clays II Kharif unirrigated Moderate 2 Intensive agriculture 1 Khondalite Pediplain moderate 0-3 Alluvial II Double crop Good 3 Intensive agricluture-2 Khondalite Pediplain moderate 0-3 Redloams and clays III Kharif unirrigated Good 4 Intensive agriculture-2 Khondalite Pediplain moderate 0-3 Alluvial II Kharif unirrigated Good 5 Intensive agriculture-4 Khondalite Pediplain shallow 0-3 Redloams and clays III Double crop Moderate 6 Intensive agriculture-5 Khondalite Pediment 3-15 Alluvial II Double crop Poor 7 Agro horticulture-1 Khondalite Pediplain shallow 0-3 Red loams and clays III Plantation Moderate 8 Agro horticulture-1 Khondalite Pediplain shallow 0-3 Alluvial II Kharif unirrigated poor 9 Agro horticulture-1 Khondalite Pediment 0-3 Gravelly loams IV Kharif unirrigated poor 10 Agro horticulture-2 Khondalite Pediplain shallow 0-3 Alluvial II Plantation Moderate 11 Agro horticulture-2 Khondalite Pediplain shallow >15 Redloams and clays III Plantation Moderate 12 Agro horticulture-3 Khondalite Pediplain moderate 0-3 Alluvial III Upland with sparse scrub Good 13 Agro horticulture-4 Khondalite Pediment zone 0-3 Gravelly loams IV Plantation Poor 14 Agro horticulture-5 Khondalite Pediment 0-3 Gravelly loams IV Plantation Poor Agrohorticultu re-6 Khondalite Pediment zone 5-15 Gravelly loams IV Kharif unirrigated Poor 15 Horticulture-2 Khondalite Pediplain moderate 0-3 Alluvial II Plantation Moderate www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 160 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 16 Horticulture-2 Khondalite Pediplain moderate 3-5 Alluvial soil II Plantation Good 17 Horticulture-3 Khondalite Pediplain shallow 3-5 Red loams and clays III Plantation Poor 18 Afforestation Khondalite Inselberg >15 Alluvial VII Upland with dense scrub Poor 19 Afforestation Khondalite Pediment zone 0-3 Gravelly loams IV Dense scrub Poor 20 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Alluvial VII Upland with dense scrub poor 21 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII DO/DS Poor 22 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Dense scrub Poor 23 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Dense deciduous Poor 24 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Deciduous open/Decid uous scrub Poor 25 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill 3-5 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Deciduous open/Decid uous scrub Poor 26 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill 5-15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Dense scrub Poor 27 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Dense deciduous Poor 28 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Upland with sparse scrub Poor www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 161 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 29 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Poor 30 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill 5-15 Red loams and clays VII Deciduous scrub Poor 31 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Dense deciduous Poor 32 Afforestation Khondalite Colluvium 5-15 Red loams and clays III Dense scrub Poor 33 Afforestation Khondalite Structural hill 5-15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Upland with dense scrub Poor 34 Afforestation Khondalite Colluvium 5-15 Red loams and clays VII Upland with sparse scrub Poor 35 Afforestation- 1 Khondalite Colluvium 5-15 Red loams and clays III Deciduous open/decid uous scrub Poor 36 Afforestation- 1 Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Deciduous open/ Deciduous scrub Poor 37 Social forestry-2 Khondalite Residual hill >15 Alluvial VII Sparse scrub Poor 38 Social forestry-5 Khondalite Pediment zone 0-3 Gravelly loams IV Steep sloping hill area Poor 39 Social forestry-5 Khondalite Pediment zone 5-15 Gravelly loams IV Steep sloping hill area Poor 40 Social forestry-6 Khondalite Structural hill 5-15 Gravelly loams IV Pediment Poor 41 Social forestry-6 Khondalite Pediment zone 5-15 Gravelly loams IV Kharif unirrigated Poor 42 Social forestry-7 Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Upland with sparse scrub Poor www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 162 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 43 Social forestry-7 Khondalite Inselberg 0-3 Shallow skeletal sandy soils IV Upland with dense scrub Poor 44 Social forestry-7 Khondalite Structural hill >15 Shallow skeletal sandy soils VII Upland with dense scrub Poor 45 Silvi pasture-2 Khondalite Pediment zone 0-3 Gravelly loams IV Upland with sparse scrub Poor 46 Silvi pasture-3 Khondalite Pediplain shallow 5-15 Red loams and clays III Upland with sparse scrub moderate 47 Silvi pasture-3 Khondalite Pediplain shallow 0-3 Red loams and clays III Upland with sparse scrub Poor 48 Silvi pasture-4 Khondalite Residual hill >15 Red loams and clays III Upland with sparse scrub Poor 49 Barren stone area Khondalite Pediplain shallow 0-3 Gravelly loams IV Mud quarry Poor 50 Barren stone area Khondalite Pediment zone 3-5 Gravelly loams IV Mud quarry Poor 51 Barren stone area Khondalite Pediment zone 3-5 Gravelly loams IV Mud quarry Poor 52 Barren stone area Khondalite Structural hill >15 Gravelly loams VII Mud quarry Poor 53 Barren stone area Khondalite Pediment zone 3-15 Red loams and clays VII Stone quarry Poor www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 163 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Table 8. Recommended Optimal Land Utilization and Farming Techniques (ROLUFS) S.No Categories Conservation measures I Dryland Agriculture KU-PPS- II Vegetation barriers and contour bunding II Intensive Agriculture 1) DC-PPS, PPM-II 2) F, KU-PPM, VF-II, III Irrigation and water Management 3) DC-PPS, PPM-II(Sodic) Field bund maintenance 4) DC-PPS, III 5) P, DC II III Horticulture 1) P,PPS, PPM Contour trenches 2) PPM,P, II 3) PPS-II IV Agrohorticulture 1) F, KU, PPS,P, IV, V II, III 2) LS, PPS,P, II, III, IV 3) LS, PPM, II 4) P-PZ-IV 5) P-P-IV 6) KU-PZ, IV V Silvipasture 1) LS-P-V,VI Soil and moisture conservation 2) LS-PZ,IV Sodic 3) PPS-LS, III 4) RH-LS,III VI Social Forestry 1) LS-P,V,VI,VII 2) RH, LS,VIII 3) PPS Gully plugging, contour trenches with vegetation hedges 4) KU, hills-VI 5) PZ,IV 6) Hills, P,VII 7) Hills-LS, VII VII Afforestation www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 164 Published by SCHOLINK INC. SF-Hills Vegetation barriers across waterways. Quarrying 1) BSA-Hill Contour trenches with vegetation hedges. 2) BSA-P The expanded form of the abbreviated words listed in the above table can be seen in Table 7. 8. Development and Management Plans Inappropriate and uncontrolled use of natural resources can downgrade their quality and destroy them. Sustainable development and optimized use of natural resources involves effective utilization of the existing resources without damaging the assets and preserve these valuable resources for the future generations. At Present, scientific and optimized management of agriculture and natural resources are considered to be important items in sustainable development. In order to achieve sustainability and optimized land allocation we can use linear programming, multi objective linear programming and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) approaches (Watershed Planning and management 2018). The development of the landuse optimization tool called for a detailed understanding of the variation in productivity and physical characteristics on the field parcel scale, as these conditions are important drivers for land allocation and landuse changes. PirjoPeltonen-Sainio a et al. (2019). One of the most basic requirements for planning is the availability of timely accurate landuse data at the shortest possible time which was achieved here with the satellite data in the area of land use and more so in the agriculture land use. Following activities have been suggested pertaining to the hydrogeomorphology, slope, soil, and ground water prospects on the existing landuse/land cover for all the 23 villages to augment the income of the farmers as agrarian economy prevails in the study area. 8.1 Intensive Agriculture Intensified agriculture which aims at higher yields per unit area. This particular type of cropping involves high amount of labor and money. If it’s practiced in the allocated villages, it will increase the incomes of the families. 8.2 Agrohorticulture Alongside agricultural crops, horticulture sector has been suggested in the villages with a holistic growth of spices, fruits, vegetables, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, etc. as nearness to Vishakhapatnam city makes a good business for supply of fresh flowers as well. 8.3 Horticulture By switching on to species like local berries (ber), cluster beans, gooseberry (aonla) wood apple (custard apple) and pomegranate, the green cover can be increased to eight times. By adopting to drip irrigation the coverage increases to 32 times. The other moisture stress species are guava, cashew, pineapple and manilkarazapota, commonly known as sapodilla (Sapota). Flowers and aromatic plants can also be encouraged. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837718319781#! https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837718319781#! www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 165 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 8.4 Silvipasture Nourishment of cattle improves their working capacity, milk and meat production. Jowar, maize, bajra and horsegram are good fodder crops followed by cowpea, glycine, digitaria, pospalum, and tubers like casava, sweet potato, and arrowroot are some of the crops which can improve the health of the cattle. 8.5 Afforestation It grows maximum foliage next to forestry; an activity chiefly looked after the government. Wood industries are the chief consumers of plantations and forests, next only to fuel needs. Of them housing and paper industry takes the lions share. Wood dust boards must be used instead of main trunkbranches, and for paper, mesta based factories must be increased.NAP (National Afforestation Programme) NAP Scheme aims to support and accelerate the ongoing process of devolving forest protection, management and development functions to decentralized institutions of Joint Forest Management Committee (JFMC) at the village level, and Forest Development Agency (FDA) at the forest division level. (http://naeb.nic.in/NAP_glance.htm). NAP scheme could be taken as an aid by the mandal revenue office, and forward the proposed afforestation for the covered villages. Hibiscus Sabdarifa species yields 12-15 tonnes per hectare, while Cannabinus 10 to 17 tonnes/hectare. There are several species which spur out long branches in no time and they must be encouraged. EryhtinaIndica (local name, Dadap), ficusInfectoria (bunyan) and Firligosia (Pipa) are all very good to support afforestation, by implanting such ideas biomass growth can be increased. 8.6 Social Forestry Social forestry is an activity of utmost importance to the common man, hence must be practiced anywhere from high moisture zones like tank bunds, water harvesting structures, etc. Even broad casting of seeds in rock beds also will yield excellent results. The stress should be laid on local needs, growing a variety of plants and social fencing. Neglect of the organic matter of the trees by training at growing stage not only wastes biomasss, but also stunts growth and economy. Close density hastens vertical growth, trimming girth, growth, and biomass. Social fencing is a must for survival of greenery. 8.7 Barren Stone Area The quarrying is mostly done in the villages on the sides of the barren mountainous area. In the first place heavy quarrying must be stopped by the local government, however if the activity is being carried on with the support of the local or state government, then it must be encouraged in making large plunge holes in the center, in such a way that they become reservoirs of water in the monsoon season, especially near Vepagunta village. www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 166 Published by SCHOLINK INC. Figure 9. Proposed Landuse for the Study Area Table 9. Current Landuse and Proposed Land Use of the Study Area S.No. Name of the Village Present Landuse Proposed Landuse 1 Gorrapalle Rabi unirrigated, plantation, Double crop Dryland Agriculture, Agrohorticulture-2, 4, Intensive agriculture-1, 4 2 Saripalle Double crop, Rabi unirrigated, Plantation Intensive agriculture-1, Social forestry 3 Mudapaka Upland with dense scrub, Upland with sparse scrub, plantation, Rabi unirrigated Afforestation, Silvipasture, Agro horticulture-4,6, Dryland agriculture 4 Gurrampalem Upland with dense scrub, Upland with sparse scrub, plantation Afforestation, Horticulture-2, Silvi- pasture, Agro horticulture 5 Rajayyapeta Double crop, Rabi unirrigated, Plantation Social Forestry, Dryland agriculture, Silvipasture 6 S.R. Puram Rabi unirrigated Dryland agriculture, Horticulture-2 7 Valimeraka Plantation, forest, Rabi unirrigated, Upland with sparse scrub Agro horticulture-2, Horticulture-2, Intensive Agriculture-1, 2, Dryland Agriculture, Afforestation 8 Pulagalipalem Rabi unirrigated, Plantation Dryland Agriculture, Social Forestry-2 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 167 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 9 Juttada Plantation, Double crop Agro horticulture-2, Horticulture-2, Silvipasture 10 Chinnamushiwada Rabi unirrigated, Plantation, Settlements Dryland Agriculture, Agro horticulture-1, 2, 4, Intensive agriculture-1, Social forestry-2, 5, Silvipasture-2, Afforestation 11 Ramapuram Plantation, Double crop, Rabi unirrigated Agro horticulture-1,2, Horticulture-3 12 Pinagadi Plantation, Double crop, Rabi unirrigated, Industrial and mining area Intensive Agriculture-1, Agro horticulture-2, Dryland Agriculture 13 Pedagadi Double crop, Rabi unirrigated, mining area Agro horticulture-2, Dryland Agriculture, Horticulture, Intensive Agriculture-2 14 Chintagatla Double crop, Rabi unirrigated, Upland with sparse scrub, Plantation Agro horticulture-1, Silvipasture, Social Forestry 15 J.R. Palem Forest, Upland with dense scrub, Upland with sparse scrub, plantation Agro horticulture-4, Silvipasture-3, 4 16 Narava Forest, Upland with dense scrub, Double crop, Rabi unirrigated Silvipasture, Dryland Agriculture, Agro horticulture-1, 2, Horticulture-3 17 Porlupalem Upland with dense scrub, Upland with sparse scrub, Stone quarrying Afforestation, Silvipasture, Intensive agriculture-2 18 Chemalapalli Upland with dense scrub, Upland with sparse scrub, Rabi unirrigated, Stone quarrying Silvipasture-2, Dryland agriculture, Social Forestry, Afforestation 19 Lakshmipuram Double crop, Plantation Agro horticulture-1, 2 20 Krishnarayapuram Plantation, Rabi unirrigated, Industrial area, Settlements Social Forestry-2, Intensive agriculture-1, Agro horticulture-2 21 Purushotampuram Rabi unirrigated, Settlements, Plantation Dryland agriculture, Intensive agriculture-1, Agro horticulture-2 22 Vepagunta Double crop, Upland with sparse scrub, Rabi unirrigated, Plantation, Industrial area, Settlements Social forestry-2, 5, 7, Afforestation, Dryland agriculture, Agro horticulture-1, 2, 3, 4, Silvipasture-2, 3, Intensive agriculture-1 23 Pendurti Double crop, Plantation Rabi unirrigated, Mining and Industrial area Social forestry, Silvipasture-2, Dryland agriculture, Horticulture www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ees Energy and Earth Science Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020 168 Published by SCHOLINK INC. 9. Discussions National Water Development Program for rainfed areas (NWDPRA) norms have been followed in acheiveng at (BILWRUS) Basic Inegration of land and water resources by integrating Drainage, Slope, Soil, and Hydrgeomorphology, which has inturn been overlayed with Landuselandcover to arrive at Recommended Optimal Landutilization and Farming Techniques (ROLUFS). The Prepared BILWRUS (Table 7) has been set as a guidleine to match with the ROLUFS (Table 8) to arrive at conclusion for a propsed landuse for each and every village (Table 9). In Table 7, 55 categories of land utlization have been covered as against geology, geomorphology, slope, soil,landcapability, ground water prospects, and as per the pertaining landuse, the propsed land use has been suggested for all the 23 villages with sutiable conservation methods as well (Figure 9, Table 9). It is essential to develop rural technologies system with a proper setup of delivery modes in growing greens. The covered aspects are silivpasture, horticulture, social forestry afforestation and organic fertilization. Rain water strategy could be developed so that water is stored in underground channels during the rainy season when in plenty,and consumed duing the dry season, when water is scarce. This strategy will also complement the bore well technique which is much more expensive and sometimes non-functional. The constructiocn of rural roads must be backed with adequate transportation system so that the rural dweller should be able to transport their agriculture produce to the district headquarters. The farmers could organize marketing of their products to obtain better returns. Facilities must be extended to lease out machinary as most of the villagers lack the machinery, and have to expend most of their energy for physical work, their productivity is also very low, and their cycle of poverty becomes a viscous one. 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