Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018, 2735-2740 2735 www.etasr.com Soomro et al.: Fading Legacy of the Architectural Heritage of the Historic Core of Karachi Fading Legacy of the Architectural Heritage of the Historic Core of Karachi Tania Ali Soomro Department of Architecture and Planning Dawood University of Engineering & Technology Karachi, Pakistan Mohsin Ali Soomro Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan drmohsin@quest.edu.pk Abdul Nasir Laghari Department of Chemical Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan Daddan K. Bangwar Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan Mukhtiar Ali Soomro Department of Civil Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan Abstract-In 1839 British East India Company captured the town of Karachi. After an effortless resistance from the locals the fort was conquered by the British commander sir Charles Napier. The village of Kolachi then was annexed to British India and the city was labeled as Karachi. With the British occupation a phase of new sophisticated architecture and development started. Before that the city was based upon the vernacular mud architecture. These developments resulted in an influx of economic migrants who helped in making Karachi as a multinational and a multicultural city. This paper investigates the architectural attributes that the historic core of the city offers. It also discusses the side by side development of the native and British towns. The paper also researches about the existing state of the architecture precedent of the British colonial past of the city and the urban blight occurred to them over time in various forms like vandalism, encroachments, illegal repairs, etc. Keywords-architecture; Karachi; legacy; urban; development I. INTRODUCTION The city of Karachi was established in 1729 as a fortified port settlement which used to be part of the greater British Raj together with the present day countries of India and Bangladesh. Although the city is only 250 years old, there are places of pilgrimage within that go back to more than 2000 years. Most of them are still active [1]. Karachi used to be a small fishing village at the time when it was occupied by the British in 1839 and with this annexation a new era of development and construction started. Karachi remained a British colony from 1839 to 1947 for 108 years. In 1843 the whole province of Sindh was captured by British and Karachi was made its capital. New business opened up with the development of its harbor for shipping. The foundations of a city municipal government were laid down and infrastructure development was undertaken. At that time, the British realized the significance of the city as a military cantonment and laid foundation of a new division. The cantonment was a mock-up of an English industrial parent-city, in other words, a basis of the 'white' town, where the local population had restricted rights of entry, where work and residential spaces were separated [2]. At present day the city is divided into 6 different zones and each of the zones is divided further into towns/municipalities. Altogether there are 18 elected municipal administrations for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation, and municipal services with some functions being retained by the KMC. The towns are further sub-divided into 178 localities (each town has its own number of localities). II. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORIC CORE OF KARACHI Historically, the city was divided into 18 different quarters as it grew after the British annexation (demarcated by Alexander F. Bailie, the municipal engineer then). These 18 parts are now referred to as the historic core or the center of the city. Among 18 quarters, 13 are closely located and the rest are located at a distance. The boundaries of these quarters do not usually coincide with the town boundaries. Therefore, the Saddar Town and the Saddar Bazaar quarter should not be confused to be the same. These quarters contain much of the oldest parts of the city which signifies the colonial history of Karachi, in particular the Saddar Bazaar and the neighboring areas of Kharadar and Mithadar. The town is further subdivided in 11 municipal localities, including Saddar Bazaar as one of the locality. The present day historic center was developed by the British during the colonial era and housed magnificent stru dis wo or bec sta nei Au we gri dem stru (de eas rup loc nam som Sc Vir An nor mi acc the she the all gov the nu Sa of con inc off ho ob Pa con tra wa tra mi mi evi Zo her apa lib the his un pro sta sup qu Sa Engineerin www.etasr ructures of gre strict of the ci ord Saddar is the supreme came a main alls under on ighborhood co uthor in [3] rem ell planned set id iron pattern marcations. H ructures within emolished late stern end of t pees and the cated along the med after the me of the very otch Presbyte r Baijee Soo nother quarter rthwest (back) ilitary arsenal cess from pre e quarter was eds, some cell e quarter was ocated for vernment adm e Sindh Asse mber of emba Cantonment addar Bazaar w Sindh. It wa ntaining all b cluding Britis ficers, British/ spitals, churc servatory etc. atrick’s Cathed nnected and a ansportation sy as discontinue ams were cons iddle of the ro ix of the peo ident from th oroastrian fire ritage consists artments, man braries etc. At e rest of the c storic properti derstand the operties a surv ate is develop pposed to be e arters but due addar Bazaar q ng, Technology r.com eat importance ity with Sadda derived from and it develo bazaar of the ne roof, but ontaining a n members Sadd ttlement havin ns with proper He mentions n that area spec er, location un the Bazaar), b Parsi infant e southeast (fr first ‘Bazaar y important str erian church, k opariwalla Pa r is Artillery ) side of the S that was locat edy Street. Du s dedicated to ls for detention just a large gr government ministrative bu embly Buildin assies [2]. from the sout was developed as essentially t building type sh army offi /native adminis ches, canteen One of the dral and the Sc accessed well ystem. There ed during the sidered a traff ad [4]. Moreo ople from var he presence of e temple with s of both priv nsions, instituti present, the q city but unlike ies have gon present con vey is conduct ped. The scop extended to the e to constrain quarter only. Th y & Applied Sci e. It became a ar as the main Arabic which oped as a baz e town, not o t it grew a number of sto dar as the mo ng wide stone r pedestrian a about few cifically the C nknown proba built in 1861, school. Pree ront) side of th Master’ of Ka ructures includ known as St. arsi (BVS) B Maidan whic Saddar Bazaar ted in the north uring the late o the horse k n and a small round. Later t purposes, an uildings were b ng, High cou theast to the n d shortly after t the domain o es necessary cer’s resident stration, reside ns, stores, p magnificent s chool complex by other loc used to be a 1960s. As a fic hazard as t over these quar rious religiou f mosques, ch hin them. The vate and publi ions of dispen quarters are w e their original ne through dr servation stat ted and a map e of the exer e Saddar Baza nt of time, it he survey show ience Research Soomro et a a highly fashio n market place h means chief, zaar that ultim only as a mark as a sophist ores and shop st sophisticate paved streets and vehicular t of the land Cunynghame M ably situated o at a cost of 1 edy quarter th he Saddar Baz arachi [2]. It h ding the magni Andrew’s an Boys high sc h is located t r. It used to ho h – east corne 1880s, one p keeper’s lines hospital and r that empty par nd a numbe built there incl urt building a northeast side the British con of the British for their com tial colony, j ential lines, sc parade ground structures is th x. These quarte calities via a p tram system w matter of fac they stopped rters are a harm us groups wh hurch, Hindu e rich archite ic premises su sary, schools, well connected l state, even th rastic change te of the he pping of the c rcise was orig aar and its adjo was limited t ws that the ma h V al.: Fading Lega onable e. The , main mately ket of ticated ps [3]. ed and set of traffic dmark Market on the 17,500 hat is zaar is houses ificent nd Bai chool. to the ouse a er with part of s, gun rest of rt was er of luding and a of the nquest army, mfort, junior hools, d, an he St. ers are public which ct, the in the monic ich is and a ectural uch as office d with hough es. To eritage current ginally oining to the ajority of t sma mai con sho rath hist tim few seen Suc dete high A. freq arch styl then with is c iden mor way the Kar bui to app form the to phi alre edif colo ope to t ped gril wor are Giz fini Vol. 8, No. 2, 20 acy of the Arch the buildings, all number of intained’. The ndition of the r ould not be con her a state tha toric building me. A few of t w are under co n as having ju ch type of eriorated’, the h threats of co Fig. 1. Kris III. ARCHIT Description o Anglo vernac quent termin hitecture (prio les imitate a ce n contempora h the regional concerned, th ntified in Kara re as a respon ys rather than city as a po rachi became lders, masons travel to Kar proach is refle m of an innov built environm Karachi play lanthropist - eady well-kno fices inspired The most fre onial period enings, recesse the certain lev diments. Regi ll iron works a rk in fine woo often seen w zri stone as a ish, is most c 018, 2735-2740 hitectural Herita almost 60% o f buildings fa e degree of th rest of the buil nsidered as a p at is distinguis gs have been them have new onstruction. A ust standing fa buildings a ey are in a hig omplete demol shna Mansion in S TECTURAL ANA of the Colonial cular, colonial nologies by or to 1947) o ertain type of a ary Europe, p context of the here is no co achi. This cou nse to the gro n a planned sc ort town in la a dynamic co s, craftsmen an rachi to avail ected in the h vative mix of ment of Karac ed their part the qualities own in Bomb by the Europe equent recurrin are the arca ed windows, cr vel and the use onal features and the orname od strips and th with the semic main building ommonly see age of the Histo of them, are pa all under the he maintenanc ldings in the q perfectly resto shing from oth demolished o wly constructe certain numb acades of the are identified ghly vandaliz lition (Figure 1 Saddar Bazaar (hi ALYSIS OF THE l Architecture l or the dome which the of Karachi is architectural a particularly in e area. As far a oncept of the uld be because owing needs in cheme. With th ate 19th and e ommercial cen nd others from l the work o hybrid archite imported and chi. Parsi fam as the great for which th bay [2]. They ean forms. ng architectur aded colonna rowning corni e of pilasters include Jodh entation in flor he intricate con circular gothic g component, n. Moreover 2736 oric Core of Ka artly maintaine category of e is relative t quarter. Howev ored condition her buildings. over the perio ed structures a ber of building original prope d as the ‘h ed state and u 1). ighly deteriorated E HISTORIC CO of Karachi estic gothic ar pre independ referred to. T approach popu England, ado as the city plan e parallel plan the city devel n many unpla he developme early 20th cen nter. This attr m different re opportunities. ectural approac d regional form milies who mig t builders and he community y built impre al attributes o aded porticos ices that projec and sometime hpuri style tu ral patterns. L ncrete mashra c arched open in dressed su most sources arachi ed. A ‘well to the ver, it n, but, Few od of and a gs are erties. highly under d) RE re the dence These ular in opted nning nning loped anned ent of ntury, racted gions Such ch in ms to grated d the y was essive of the and ct out es the urrets, attice abiyas nings. urface have als Ita col com the Ka orn dem res inn app sou adm con adm als sup sys for lig lam tho len exc trib and on Br tow Ar for had Da kn wa tow the dev adm bu wo str and the the wa nat clo its cov ma wa Hin arc Mo Engineerin www.etasr so quoted the alian Renaiss lonnaded por mmon in the b e buildings of atrakParsi Ma namental as th monstrate a spect to the novation of propriately use und knowledg ministrators to nstruction o ministrators n so executed s pply system stems, road ne rm of Tram. ghting. He has mps every nig ousand lamps ngth of over 6 changed for ke IV. Today’s met bes from Balo d was named e of the ruling ritish conques wnship and b rabian sea wi rtified by a fo d two entran arwaaza (brac own as Meet ater of the rive wn area is still e conquest o velopment aro ministrators e ilt stone struc orks of sanitat reets, proper d d horse-drawn ese amenities w e elite. Native The British alled city of K tive city and t ose to the port suburbs. It w vering every aneuvering. Du as less space ndu and Musl chitecture was ost often the ng, Technology r.com late 19th - earl sance architec rticos, vestib buildings cons f Mitharam ho ansion. Thou hey are in Ita blend of the regional con f the Italia ed here is the ge of using th o achieve extr of magnifice not only emph some of the p for the settle etworks and pu Author in [4 s expressed tha ght. He has fu are installed in 60 miles, for w erosene oil in CHRONOLO tropolitan city ochistan and M Kolachi. It w g dynasties in st. The villag by late 1720 ith Oman an ort built by the nces, one fac ckish gate) an tha Darwaaza er). The fort do l referred to as of Karachi ose and the vil established Eu ctures. They tion and trans drains, street sw n trolleys, etc. were only acc people were d built separate Kolachi and cl the British nei t and consisted was extremely y bit of sp ue to the dens for vegetation lim merchants a mix of low houses were y & Applied Sci ly 20th century ctural approa ules and co structed during ostel, Sewajunj ugh the churc aly, but in cer e Renaissance ntext of Kara an Romane ‘vault’. Vaults hem together, raordinary acc ent structure hasized on the public works ements, sewe ublic transport 4] has elabora at the city is l further added n the roads and which, since 1 the lamps. OGICAL DEVELO was founded Makran as a sm was ruled by t the province ge developed s, it started nd Persian gu e local Sindhi cing the sea, nd other facin a (sweet gate oes not exist a s Kharradar an a new phas llage upgraded uropean inhab also set up a sportation, suc weepers, and . One downsid cessible by the deprived of suc e settlements early created ighborhoods. T d of the old p y congested an pace with n se developmen n. As it was as well as the mud hovels a made of win ience Research Soomro et a y architecture ach. The us ourtyards are g this phase su j, Mendoza an ches are not rtain ways, th e forms used achi. The for esque archit s and arches an helped the co complishment es. The co e built structur such as the erage and dra tation facility ated the syste lightened by t that approxim d streets, cove 1870, coconut OPMENT by the local B mall fishing v the Talpur dy of Sindh befo into a small trading acros ulf. The town i populace. Th known as K ng the Lyari because of anymore but th nd Meethadar. se of archite d to a city. Co bited quarters a number of p ch as gravel a network of de was that m e British or so ch facilities. next to the n a bifurcation The native cit re-British tow nd highly den narrow streets nt in the town, dominated by e working clas and tall mud ho dowless mud h V al.: Fading Lega as the se of seen uch as nd the t that hey do d with remost ecture nd the olonial in the olonial re but water ainage in the em of the oil mate a ering a t oil is Baloch village ynasty, ore the l port ss the n was he fort Kharra river sweet he old . With ectural olonial s, and public paved trams most of ome of native as the ty was wn and nsified s for , there y both ss, the ouses. walls with surr bui sign who can mo gro city very com min pop spa of B the mar ann the civi Eur the Eur city all Tod Brit con Fig. Sern trou Ind of sign nee acc esta Baz area Bab Vol. 8, No. 2, 20 acy of the Arch h flat roofs. rounded by a lt upon humb nificant archit olesale marke ntonment, civi st part was i oup of Parsi an y. It contained y similar to mmunities w norities). This pulated low-ris aces and little British neighb occupation o rkets in the nexation of Sin European pop il servants ropeanized Ind time of part ropean city an y over flown th the directions day’s city is tish. At prese nsidered as the 2. Top left: nagati building ( ugh. V. HISTOR The city rec dian subcontine newly forme nificant physic ed of developin commodating ablished in th zaar. Most cou a. Also a uni ba-i-Urdu road 018, 2735-2740 hitectural Herita Bad-girs or a tumble-down ble platform tectural featur ets of the city il lines and th inhabited by t nd Goan elite c d posh retail m those in Eu who still re s part of K se settlement, plantation. Sa borhood was cr of Karachi as native city ndh in 1843, pulation of Ka and military dian communi tition Karachi nd native city he boundaries having new c much bigger ent the British e historic nucle Mendoza buildi (used to house B RIC CITY CENT eived a sudd ent partition, w ed Pakistan i cal and cultur ng new institu the federal he Artillery M untries establis iversity was e d in the Aramb age of the Histo the ventilator n curtain-cum of mud-cove re [5]. It cont y. British city he Saddar Ba the British po came to settle d markets, shops urope (the m main have Karachi develo with wide th addar Bazaar, reated in 1839 a competitor y. However, it evolved as arachi which c y personnel ities made Sad i was clearly . With further s of British tow colonies and sa than the one h town along eus of the city ing in Rambagh British Council TER - PRESENT den change o when Karachi in 1947. Thi ral changes to utions in the ci government Maidan quarte shed their emb established on bagh quarter ( 2737 oric Core of Ka rs (wind catc m-bastions of ered rock wa tained most o y consisted o azaar quarters. opulation. A down in the B s and eating p members of become cu oped as a t horoughfares, g one of the qua 9 immediately r to the whol after the B a retail marke consisted main [5]. Over ddar their hom divided into r developmen wn and extend atellite towns developed by with the nati of Karachi. h quarter. Bottom library), Right: DAY SITUATIO f census afte became the ca is change bro the city. Wit ity, a secretari institutions er next to Sa bassies in civil n what is now (formerly Ram arachi chers) mud, s the of the of the . The large British places these ultural thinly green arters y after lesale British et for nly of time, me. At two: nt, the ded in built. y the ive is m left: Water ON er the apital ought th the at for was addar lines w the mbagh Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018, 2735-2740 2738 www.etasr.com Soomro et al.: Fading Legacy of the Architectural Heritage of the Historic Core of Karachi quarter). The refugee population occupied most of the buildings abandoned by Hindus including public and religious in the native city and the open spaces in the cantonment and lines area near Sadder in a multi-class settlement structure. They included government officers, poets, artists, journalists and intellectuals. People from all walks of life made Karachi a multi-class high density metropolis with the Saddar Bazaar as a rising intellectual and entertainment center. A. Current Status of the Colonial Architecture in Karachi The Saddar Bazaar, which developed as the cultural hub of the city along with the rest of the quarters is now a victim of environmental degradation. The change of land and building use by laws has transformed the majority of the low rise historic structures into high rise plazas. The process of dilapidation started when the wealthier people moved out of center to the newly developed cooperative societies during the 1960s, leaving the earlier inhabited area as a transit area of the movement between the newly developed satellite towns of Korangi and Landhi and the work areas of the city [6]. The colonial buildings after the Indian subcontinent partition went through a lot of transformations, in the worst cases they were demolished. The demolition process stopped due to the enlistment system for the protected heritage in 1970s. Perhaps this act helped structures to sustain but the vandalism kept on going in the form of inappropriate changes in historic significance properties. For instance, the empress market along with a few nearby structures has survived despite the additions and modifications having largely retained the function for which they were originally constructed. Eduljee-Dinshaw dispensary building a few blocks away from the empress market has undergone several changes from the adding up of minor alterations to the addition of masses to its fabric. The same happened to the Khyber hotel building, which is a magnificent corner building with impressive arcaded openings on ground floor. It had gone through several alterations such as the closing of the arcade permanently, application of ceramic tiles over stone wall and so on. B. Urban Blight of the Heritage Properties in the Historic Center Based upon the study of the present conservation status of the heritage buildings, an analysis of the urban decay in the historic core of the city is made which illustrates how this decay eventually threatens the city’s heritage properties. Within a decade of the independence the city extended its limits as new cooperative housing societies and satellite towns for the working class refugee population were established on the fringes of the city. This deprived the historic center of its elite class population as more influential and wealthier families in the refugee colonies shifted to those colonies leaving behind the historic buildings occupied by them earlier. On the one hand, when city grew outward for residential purpose, at the same time it grew inward from the commercial point of view. The major whole sale markets located within the city center extended their limits over time. As there was no more space for their extension they eventually occupied the historic structures and converted them into godowns and storage spaces, etc. Transportation crises emerged as to cater the distant located colonies and towns to the city center. Since there was no proper transportation network, the whole movement was through Saddar. This transformed Saddar into a transit camp, congested with people, badly maintained busses and badly maintained traffic [5]. In the 1960 the university was moved from the Rambagh quarter to its present location. This caused a rundown of student population and academic life in Rambagh. Moreover, amendments in the building by laws and land use regulations in 1972 caused a great deal of damage to the heritage buildings as well as open spaces. Earlier the plots which were eligible for ground floor construction are now qualified to go till G+8 structures. This put a great threat to the historic structures. A large number of important heritage buildings are pulled down and replaced by new high and medium rise structures. The changing demographic patterns have a great impact on the city. It has always been a threatening factor to the wellbeing of historic structures. Karachi being the metropolitan city and a commercial hub has to cater a large number of population. Apart from the annual rural urban migrations, the city has received three phases of the influx of refugees:  Phase 1. Refugees from Indian subcontinent partition in 1947  Phase 2. Refugees from Pakistan Bangladesh Partition in 1971  Phase 3. Refugees from Afghan Russian war in 1980. Apart from this the population tends to increase every year as the average household size increases. According to a recent research on the Population Division (2014), World Urbanization Prospects: the 2014 Review by the United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs, the city of Karachi is considered among world’s top 10 populated cities. Its population is estimated to be 24,837,881 in 2030 from 16,125,936 in 2014 [8]. Constant population growth with increasing economic pressures and least economic incentives exerts pressure on the buildings in order to fulfill the requirements of the dwellers,and under the inadequate law enforcement, the situation results in the poor state of conservation of architectural heritage.In the historic center of Karachi, exists an informal renting system called pugree or the good-will system. In this system the property is leased for over 99 years with a condition of bare minimum rental amount per month. Most of the historic premises in the historic core are rented on pugree that means they are rented and owned by different persons. The owner receives almost nothing whereas on the other hand the situation is pretty fair for the tenant who has to pay very little amount. The arrangement wields a great threat to the wellbeing of the architectural heritage. As the owner gets the minimal amount, it makes him least bothered about the well-being of his property and the tenant considers it as a rented property and not his own. In the end the property suffers. C. Repercussions of the Urban Blight in the Historic Center 1) Urban Densification The historic center of the city is densely populated with high rise structures giving a portrait of a thick concrete jungle wit dev stru of no 2) wit ter inh exp con inc inf the rea thi enc 3) all tra vie inc act spa the ori me a w of bar ent tak are per eve exa 4) by oth bu the Sa net dem his Em aro Pa tim its Be thr age Engineerin www.etasr th a limited velopment pr ructures. Only the plots whi w occupied by Encroachme The whole ar th lack of ec rms of modi habitants. Lim pertise and th nservation of creasing pop frastructure an e parking spa asons the anti is process [6 croachment an Unwanted or The city of K historic qua ansformations ew. In center crease in co tivities on gro aces are encro e educational iginal function eet the growin wide range of these alteratio rely construct tire floors hav king into acco e attached to. rhaps cannot t entually collap ample. Traffic Evolu At the time o a network of her. The tramw siness district e construction addar. The tram twork was re mand which storic quarter. mpress Market ound it and al akistan Secreta me Karachi gre fringes addi ecause of its lo rough Saddar. encies (gover ng, Technology r.com number of s ressure puts a the listed buil ich once used y high rise sky ents rea is greatly e conomic incen ification to f mited availabi e expensive te historic struct pulation exer nd results in en aces etc. Due i-encroachmen 6]. Figure 3 nd vandalism. r Illegal Repai Karachi experi arters. The qu both in functi several reside ommercializati ound floors. M oached to con buildings ha n so far. To ke g needs of spa f substandard a ons is very ra ed with good ve been added ount the stabili The structure tolerate the de pse or crack s ution of partition Sa f trams that con way was avail and the port. n of new hou mway was no quired. Bus s resulted in in All bus servic t since it was lso because it ariat offices in ew more and n ing pressure ocation, very l . The city kep rnment and pr y & Applied Sci surviving histo a great threa ldings are left d to have low yscrapers. encroached. In ntives puts pr fulfill the re lity of appro echniques resu tures of the qu rts pressure ncroachments to corruption nt operations 3 shows a irs ienced an exp uarters have ionality and ap ential apartme ion have acq Many religious nstruct new b ave survived a ep the buildin ace, these build alterations. Th apid as these a quality mater to the existing ity of the stru es are therefo ead load applie severely [9]. F ddar was linke nnected one en able for those The major ch using schemes ot enough and services were ncreased vehi ces used to en a landmark th t was at walk n Artillary Ma new satellite t on the trans arge transit m pt on growing rivate) could ience Research Soomro et a oric premises at to those hi untouched, th w rise structure ncreasing hous ressure buildin quirements o priate conserv ults in poor st uarter. Moreov on the p of roads, park n and several have failed to few example pansion with ti undergone s ppearance poi ent buildings d quired comm buildings and buildings. How and sustained ngs still going a dings have acq he decaying pr added structur rial. At some p g structures w cture to which re over loade ed to them and Figure 4 show ed to the rest o nd of the city e who worked hange occurred s that were o d a proper veh added to me cular traffic i nd in the vicin hat had open s king distance aidan quarter. towns develop sportation net movement took g and the tran not cope wit h V al.: Fading Lega s. The istoric he rest es are sehold ngs in of the vation tate of ver the public ks and other o stop es of ime in everal ints of due to mercial d open wever, d their and to quired rocess res are places without h they ed and d may ws one of city to the in the d with outside hicular eet the in the nity of spaces to the With ped on twork. k place nsport th the hug intr wis no of p per incr mo till in t in term tran Fig. histo Fig. surfa 5) pro whi com and Peo for fina bui of cha of t Vol. 8, No. 2, 20 acy of the Arch ge increase in roduced a fre shing to opera subsidies and proper large b mits for affo rease of popu st important t today. This m the absence of the emergen minals and bu nsport. 3. Images sh oric buildings. 4. Image sho face decoration ov Commercializ During the pa operties has be ich puts the mmercializatio d their replacem ople prefer dem a systematic ancial capabili ldings is also a the demolish anging buildin the heritage p 018, 2735-2740 hitectural Herita n commuters ee transport p ate a bus could bank loans or busses were of ordable mini-b ulation in year transport mod massive overcro f a rational tra nce of hawke us stops and a howing encroachm owing unwanted r ver stone facade zation Pressur ast decades the en transforme whole area u on. The rate of ment by high r molition as an conservation ity being the m an approach to hed constructio ng regulations properties of K age of the Histo . As a resul policy whereb d be given a r r even any aud ffered, individu buses and sm s ahead mini de in Karachi owding of com ansport plan fo ers, encroach an aggressive ments and various repairs in form of re e function of m d from residen under a great f demolition of rise structures n easy way ou strategy due most importan o earn easy rev on materials are also threa Karachi paving 2739 oric Core of Ka lt the govern by any indiv route permit. S dit for the purc uals acquired mall coaches. busses becam which is prev mmuters and b or the city, res hers, informal services sect s forms of vandali f application of pa most of the his ntial to comme t threat of fu f historic struc is alarmingly ut rather than g to several rea nt. Demolishin venue as antiqu can be sold. atening the sur g the way for arachi nment vidual Since chase route With me the valent buses, sulted l bus tor to ism on aints as storic ercial urther ctures high. going asons, ng old uities The rvival r new dev of hav un 6) att set com pre bei rec acc but new 7) to is cha bil ins sho def Fig Em and fun inh the con and com inc per pro his col [1] [2] Engineerin www.etasr velopment pro technology, m ve played a g wanted for pre Violence Violence in acks, vandali tting fire to b mmon phenom ecious buildin ing restored, construct the b ceptable if th t reconstructin w objective ca Political Pre One of the ve historic build referred to a alking in for llboards defac serted in ever own in the Fi facement. g. 5. Image sh mpress Market Over time m d what remain nctioning. The habited. The m e state of the nsolidated wit d the user con mmercializatio creasing numb rplexing. The omote awaren storic premise lonial architec J. Ruskin, The H. Khuhro, A Oxford Univer ng, Technology r.com ojects. The ec modernism an great part in esent day worl case of herita isms etc. The buildings, in menon. There h ngs were burnt the damage building. The e building ha ng the deliber an only be clas essure ery widesprea ings is politic a combination rm of graffiti cing the bui ry corner. The igure 5 is a p howing graffiti VI. C much of the arc ns is either in v e buildings wh main conclusio e urban bligh th the non-pre nflicts. The gr on forces, la mber of users e best solution ness on local le s because des cture still offer REFE Seven Lamps of . Mooraf, Karach rsity Press, 2010 y & Applied Sci conomic chan nd the changin making old ( ld. age properties e intentionall order to get have been cas t and then van ed edifices w process of rec ad been dama rately damage ssified as vand ad and powerfu al pressure. T n of damages of the polit ilding facades e image of th erfect descrip and flags of po CONCLUSION chitectural heri very dilapidate hich are structu on drawn throu ht to the her evailing situat round realities ack of awaren make this s n to mitigate evel regarding spite enduring rs preservation ERENCES Architecture, Cou hi; Megacity of o ience Research Soomro et a nges, transform ng human beh (historic) stru manifests as ly and malic rid of them ses in the past w ndalized. Inste were dismantl construction is aged unintentio ed buildings w dalism. ul causes of da This type of da s such as the tical slogans, s and party he Empress m tion of this ty olitical parties h itage has gone ed state or no l urally sound ar ugh this study ritage propert tion of heritag s like overpow ness and the subject even this situation g the significan severe chang n potential. urier Corporation our Times, 2nd E h V al.: Fading Lega mation havior uctures arson iously m, is a where ead of led to s only onally with a amage amage e wall party flags market ype of hung in e away longer re still is that ties is ge law wering e ever more n is to nce of ges the n, 1989 Edition, [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] Vol. 8, No. 2, 20 acy of the Arch A. W. Hughes, Sons, 1876 A. Hasan, A. S Publishing Inter F. S. Aijazuddi 1992 A. Hasan, Und City Press Publ H. Haroon, M. Empire, Pakista United Nations Division, World K. V. Balen, “F Other Way Aro Consolidation Restoration, Vo 018, 2735-2740 hitectural Herita , Gazetteer of th . Polak, C. Polak rnational, 2008 in, Historical Im derstanding Karac ication, 1999 A. Baig, Karach an Herald Publica Department of E d Urbanization Pr From Conservatio ound: How Is M of Masonry: A ol. 1, pp. 135-144 age of the Histo he Province of S , The Hawkers of mages of Pakistan chi, Planning & R hi Under the Raj ations (PVT) Ltd, Economic and So rospects: The 201 on Principles to Materialization Gu Advances in M , 2003 2740 oric Core of Ka Sindh, George Be f Saddar Bazaar, n, Ferozsons (Pvt Reform for the F j 1843-1947 Visi 2004 ocial Affairs/Popu 4 Revision, 2014 Materialization ( uided by Princip Materials Science arachi ell and Ushba t) Ltd., Future, ions of ulation 4 Or the ples?)”, e and