Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018, 2770-2774 2770 www.etasr.com Sohu et al.: Significant Mitigation Measures for Critical Factors of Cost Overrun in Highway Projects … Significant Mitigation Measures for Critical Factors of Cost Overrun in Highway Projects of Pakistan Samiullah Sohu Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia sohoosamiullah@gmail.com Abd Halid Abdullah Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia abdhalid@uthm.edu.my Sasitharan Nagapan Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia sasitharan@uthm.edu.my Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia. aajhatial@hotmail.com Kaleem Ullah Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia gf150051@siswa.uthm.edu.my Imtiaz Ali Bhatti Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia gf170069@siswa.uthm.edu.my Abstract—Stakeholders of the construction industry and academia are often facing problems of cost overrun. It has been observed that many constructions of highway projects are not completed at the approved cost due to certain factors. The objective of this research is to identify the cost overrun critical factors involved in highway projects with their significant mitigation measures. In this regard, literature review helped to identify 64 factors of cost overrun. Based on these 64 common factors, a preliminary survey was carried out among 30 selected respondents of highway projects to identify the critical factors of cost overrun and its possible mitigation measures. Results of the preliminary study reported 8 critical factors and 42 possible mitigation measures for the identified factors. Another questionnaire was established on the findings of the preliminary survey and was distributed among 350 stakeholders of highway projects to identify the significant mitigation measures of finding critical factors of cost overrun. In total, 8 significant mitigation measures were identified as causative and critical factors of cost overrun. The findings of this research would be helpful for the construction practitioners who are dealing with cost overrun issues in the highway projects of Pakistan. Keywords-mitigation measures; critical factors; cost overrun; highway projects; Pakistan I. INTRODUCTION A project is successful when it is accomplished in the agreed cost, time fame and standard quality [1]. The definition of cost overrun according to [2] is “project is not successfully completed in the approved cost” [3]. Cost overrun is a serious issue for both developed and developing countries like Pakistan. Pakistan construction industry is facing this issue for many decades and many projects are facing cost overrun exceeding beyond 100% of the initial cost [4]. According to [5], cost overrun has a draining effect on project parties including client, contractor and consultant. Cost overrun creates issues related to litigation, cash flow, mistrust and arbitration in construction projects. According to [6], the construction projects do not perform as estimated in terms of costs. They reported that almost 9 out of 10 construction projects fall victim to significant cost overrun. The current literature review was conducted to find out studies supporting the impact of cost overrun on construction projects. Not a single study has been carried to identify the mitigation measures of cost overrun in construction of highway projects in state of Sindh, Pakistan. The main aim of this research is to find out the significant mitigation measures for causative and critical factors of cost overrun in highway projects of Pakistan particularly in the province of Sindh. II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Cost Overrun Many studies have been conducted on the identification of factors of project cost overrun. By carrying a survey approach, authors in [7] found the significant factors for cost overrun in Indian construction projects. Findings of their survey show that top significant factors of cost overrun in construction projects are high charges of transportation, change in materials specifications, escalation of materials price, lack of communication in the design phase, rework and changes in money exchange rates. Authors in [8] identified the causes of cost overrun were bad weather impact, inflation, schedule delay and change in scope, the pressure of local government, strikes and technical faults. Another survey was conducted among construction stakeholders in construction projects of Pakistan [9]. Results showed that significant factors which cause cost ov loc ina con qu eng cos sch ina app stu 15 res cos sho del un con Au ov spe del du B. of Mi pla pla fac (co res reg fac con int ma of and    div hel Ba and ide Engineerin www.etasr errun were th cation of a p accurate proje nstruction pro estionnaire wa gineers. The s st overrun wer hedule delay, accurate time proval of desi udy was carrie 0 construction sults of the sur st overrun na ortage of mate lay in work b availability o nstruction, lab uthors in [12] r errun in con ecifications by lay payment p e to contractor Mitigation M A research w cost overrun f itigation meas anning of proj anning should ctor), appoi ontractor’s si sources in the gular coordina ctor). In [14] ntractors wer terviews. Stu anagement, ap proper method d clear commu The objective To find out lead to cost o To determine critical factor To find out s I To attain the vided into tw lped us find t ased on the id d distributed entify the mos ng, Technology r.com he unavailabi project, securi ect estimation. ojects of Bah as developed survey outcom re construction , poor super e and cost e gn and drawin ed out by cond n industry ex rvey identified amely market erials, fluctuat by subcontract of skilled lab bor disputes an recognized the nstruction proj y clients, chang progress, chan r mistakes. Measures was carried ou factors in Mal sures for cost ect (project m be adopted (d intment of ite managem e construction ation between mitigation me re identified dy findings ppointment of d of constructi unication betw III. RESEA es of this resea the most crit overrun in high e the possible rs of cost over significant miti IV. RESEARC main objectiv wo stages. In the 64 most c entified factor among 30 e st critical facto y & Applied Sci Sohu et al.: ility of suitab ity issues, low Factors caus hrain were s and dispersed mes showed th n mistakes, ma rvision, poor estimates, del ngs at the time ducting a ques xperts in Afg d the top ten s inflation, corr tion in price of tors, lack of p or, changes nd inadequate e major factor jects were ch ges in design d nge in the mat ut to identify m aysian constru t overrun fact management rel design and do experienced ment), develo n industry (lab n parties (com easures of cos by conducti were: prope experienced s ion, coordinati ween parties. ARCH OBJECTIV arch are: tical and caus hway/road pro mitigation me rrun. igation measur CH METHODOL ves of this stu the first stage common facto rs a questionn experts of hi ors. After anal ience Research : Significant Mi ble contractor w productivity ing cost overr studied in [1 d among 103 e hat major fact any design cha site manage lay in prepar e of tender. An stionnaire surv ghanistan [11] ignificant fact rruption in pro f selected mat roject coordin in drawing d number of wo s which cause hanges in ma during constru terial prices, re mitigation mea uction industry tors were: str lated factor), p cumentation r d sub-contr opment of h bor related fa mmunication r st overrun for ng semi-struc er supervision sub-contractor ion between p VES ative factors w ojects. easures of iden res. LOGY udy, this resea e, literature r ors of cost ov naire was deve ighway projec lysis of survey h V Mitigation Measu rs, the y and run in 0]. A expert tors of anges, ement, ration, nother vey on ]. The tors of ojects, terials, nation, during orkers. ed cost aterial uction, ework asures y [13]. rategic proper related ractors human actor), related small ctured n and rs, use arties, which ntified arch is review verrun. eloped cts to y data, a to A s the 30 for que surv gen the proj dete eac var imp resp Res crit que que reje The Vol. 8, No. 2, 20 ures for Critica otal of 8 critic semi-structure 8 found critic experts for d the identified estionnaire wa vey. The surv neral informati mitigation m ojects. A fiv ermination of ch critical fact ried from 1 portant”. The pondents of h spondents wer tical factor of estionnaires we estionnaires w ected. A total e total valid re TABLE I. Type of o C Con Con T Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 018, 2770-2774 al Factors of Co cal factors wer ed questionnair cal factors and determination d factors. In as designed on vey consisted ion of the res measures for c ve-point Like f significance or of cost ove for “not im questionnair highway proje re asked to ra f cost overrun ere received b were received l of 259 valid esponse was 74 SUMMARY OF organization Client nsultant ntractors Total Summary of Status summary ost Overrun in H re identified ou re was design d was distribute of possible m the second s n the findings d of two parts spondents whi cost overrun f ert scale wa level for mitig errun. The val mportant” to re was distrib ects of Sindh ank each miti n. As shown back in a 3 mo with incompl d questionnair 4%. F QUESTIONNAIRE Distributed q 6 1 1 3 f questionnaire dis y of distributed qu 2771 Highway Proje ut of the initia ned on the bas ed among the mitigation mea stage, a struc of the prelim s. Part A incl ile part B incl factors in high as used for gation measur lues of Likert 5 for “extre buted among h region (Tab igation measu in Figure 2, nth time perio lete data and res were anal E DISTRIBUTION questionnaires 61 101 188 350 stribution uestionnaires ects … al 64. sis of same asures ctured minary luded luded hway r the res of scale emely 350 le I). ure of , 281 od. 22 were lyzed. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018, 2770-2774 2772 www.etasr.com Sohu et al.: Significant Mitigation Measures for Critical Factors of Cost Overrun in Highway Projects … V. RELIABILITY TEST The reliability test was carried out to check consistency and stability of collected data. It was conducted by Cronbach's alpha method, which is mostly used by researchers. The reliability of data is considered low when the value of Cronbach's alpha is less than 0.3 which means data is not acceptable and if the value of Cronbach's alpha is more than 0.7 then the data would be considered acceptable and reliable [15]. In this study, SPSS V22 was used to calculate the value of Cronbach's alpha, which gave a result of 0.837. This indicated that the collected data is reliable and acceptable. VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the first survey, total 8 critical factors for cost overrun were identified and 43 possible mitigation measures were determined. There were several mitigation measures found to control each critical factor. However, the level of effectiveness for each critical factor was different. In the final survey, the findings of the significant mitigation measures of critical factors for cost overrun are shown in Table II. These measures are listed in ascending order according to their calculated mean values. In Table III the most significant mitigation measures are listed. These measures with highest mean value were selected as significant mitigation measures for each critical factor of cost overrun. TABLE II. MITIGATION MEASURES OF CRITICAL FACTORS OF COST OVERRUN Critical Factor Mitigation measures Mean Value Critical Factor Mitigation measures Mean Value 1 . D el a y i n P ro ce ss o f P a y m en t b y C li en t 1. Sufficient funds for project should be allocated. 4.529 2 . In a d eq u a te P la n n in g 1. Client should make strategic planning before starting of project. 4.666 2. Many changes in regulatory authority should be avoided. 4.000 2. The planning committee should visit project site before tendering. 4.475 3. Forex restrict ration should be avoided. 3.529 3. Competent staff should be appointed by the client. 3.936 4. Client should stop influencing the projects politically. 3.508 4. Cost of project should be estimated properly. 3.818 5. Payment to contractor should be expedited by client 3.372 5.Effective planning should be adopted for project. 3.598 6. The time duration of the project should be estimated properly. 3.460 3 . C li en t In te rf er en ce 1.Favoured contractor should not be appointed by client. 4.691 4 . P o o r C o n tr a ct M a n a g em en t 1. Contracts should be awarded on merit basis 4.607 2. Approvals of work should be on time. 4.431 2. Contract document should be clear to understand. 4.176 3. Transfer of key posts in project should be avoided in top management. 4.004 3. Well reputed and well-experienced consultant should be hired for the project. 3.558 4. Political influence should be avoided by client. 3.717 4.Contract documents should be well detailed. 3.333 5.Policies of project should not be revised on basis of favouritism. 3.686 5. Experienced staff should be employed for making comprehensive contract document 3.201 5 . D el a y i n D ec is io n M a k in g 1. Proper decisions should be made on time. 4.356 6 . L a w s a n d R eg u la ti o n s o f F ra m ew o rk 1.General policies for all project should be adopted by client. 4.779 2. The competent and qualified team should be employed. 4.225 2. Laws and regulations should be clear so that contractor can understand easily. 4.117 3. Favouritism and nepotism should be avoided. 3.862 3. Laws, regulations, and policies should be revised every year. 3.637 4.Communication between parties should continue to take proper decisions. 3.759 4. Law and regulations of different departments also be understood before starting of project. 3.411 5. Client should arrange frequent meetings. 3.593 7 . C h a n g e in S co p e o f P ro je ct 1. Proper assessment of construction site should be done. 4.150 8 . F in a n ci a l D if fi cu lt ie s F a ce d b y C li en t 1. Adequate funds should be kept for each running project. 4.740 2. Climatic conditions and environmental impacts of the site should be foreseen. 4.004 2 The donor should start a project on the availability of funds. 4.529 3. Accessibility of different resources should be inspected. 3.710 3. Funds should not be transferred to any other project. 4.009 4. Political influence should be avoided 3.558 4. Finance should allocate funds on time to the client. 3.764 5. The client should release funds to contractors as per work was done at the site. 3.436 A. Delay in Process of Payment by Owner The factor named “delay in process of payment by the owner” had five possible mitigation measures suggested by experts. Among these five mitigation measures, the “sufficient allocation of each project” was found significant having maximum mean value of 4.53 Contractor plays an important role in the completion of the project but unfortunately contractors always faces the problem of payment from the client. Many projects have suffered from cost overrun due to delay in process of payment by the client [16]. B. Poor Planning The second factor “poor planning” had six possible mitigation measures suggested by experienced respondents. “client should make strategic planning before starting of project” is ranked as most significant with mean value of 4.67. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 2, 2018, 2770-2774 2773 www.etasr.com Sohu et al.: Significant Mitigation Measures for Critical Factors of Cost Overrun in Highway Projects … Adequate planning is necessary for each project but unfortunately many projects have faced the problem of cost overrun due to inadequate planning in project by client [17]. TABLE III. SIGNIFICANT MITIGATION MEASURES FOR CRITICAL FACTORS OF COST OVERRUN S. No. Critical Factor Significant Mitigation Measures 01 Delay in process of payment by owner Sufficient funds for project should be allocated. 02 Poor planning Client should make strategic planning before starting of project 03 Owner interference Favoured contractor should not be appointed by client. 04 Inadequate contract management Contracts should be awarded on merit basis 05 Delay in decisions Proper decisions should be made on time 06 Regulations of framework Laws and regulations of framework 07 Sudden changes in project scope Proper assessment of construction site should be done 08 Financial issues faced by client Adequate funds should be kept for each running project C. Owner Interference Five possible mitigation measures were recommended by experts for this factor of cost overrun. From these five measures “favored contractor should not be appointed by client” was observed as the most significant measure with mean value of 4.96. Client interference which includes appointment of favored contractor, change in administrative posts, or changes in design on favoritism basis, leads to cost overrun in projects [18]. D. Inadequate Contract Management For this factor highway experts advised five controlling measures. “Contracts should be awarded on merit basis” mitigation measure was found most significant with mean value of 4.61. Contract document should be clear to all stakeholders of the project and easy to understand. It has been observed that projects faced cost overrun because of poor contract management [19]. E. Delay in Descisions Five mitigation measures were proposed by highway experts for this factor of cost overrun. Among these “proper decisions should be made on time” had mean value of 4.36 and was identified as the significant one. Most of the decisions are taken by client and consultants and delay may result in suspension of construction activities. Delay in taking decisions may cause cost overrun in construction projects [20]. F. Regulations of Framework Four mitigation measures were advised by highway experts for this factor. “General policies on all projects should be adopted by the client” was the most significant measure with mean value of 4.78. Unclear policies, laws and regulations related to project may arise disputes during execution process, which could be another cause of cost overrun in construction projects [21]. G. Sudden Changes in Project Scope Four potential mitigation measures were suggested by highly experienced respondents for this factor of cost overrun. Out of four mitigation measures, “proper assessment of construction site should be done” was found most significant with mean value of 4.15. Change in scope refers to bringing in activities during execution of the project which were never planned. This is commonly due to sudden demands from the client side. Changes in the form of reduction, addition or modification, can consequentially effect on the overall cost of the project. Changes in scope can influence the prime cost of materials and also lead the project in cost overrun [22]. H. Financial Issues Faced by Client Experts of highway recommended five possible controlling measures for this factor. After analysis “adequate funds should be kept for each running project” was identified as the most significant mitigation measure with mean value of 4.74. Availability of funds should be managed by client for each project. Unfortunately, it has been observed that, in many construction projects the client has insufficient financial support which causes cost overrun in the project [23]. VII. CONCLUSION In this research, an attempt was made to identify critical factors of cost overrun in highway projects in Pakistan, particularly in Sindh province. 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