Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 3, 2018, 2958-2962 2958 www.etasr.com Tunio et al.: Performance and Emission Analysis of a Diesel Engine Using Linseed Biodiesel Blends Performance and Emission Analysis of a Diesel Engine Using Linseed Biodiesel Blends M. M. Tunio Department of Energy and Environment Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan mureed.tunio@gmail.com M. R. Luhur Department of Mechanical Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan luhur@quest.edu.pk Z. M. Ali Department of Chemical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology Jamshoro, Pakistan zeenat.ali@faculty.muet.edu.pk U. Daher Department of Chemistry Govt. Degree (Boys) College Sakrand, Pakistan oooga82@gmail.com Abstract—The core object of this study is to examine the suitability of linseeds for biodiesel production. The performance of an engine at different proportions of linseed blends with petro- diesel and the amount of emissions rate were investigated. Initially, linseed biodiesel was produced through transesterification process, and then it was mixed with petro- diesel fuel (D100) blends at volumetric ratios of 10% (LB10), 20% (LB20), and 30% (LB30). The properties of linseed biodiesel and its blends were investigated and compared with petro-diesel properties with reference to ASTM standards. It has been observed that the fuel properties of produced biodiesel are within ASTM permissible limits. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) of LB10 blend has been found lesser compared to LB20 and LB30. SFC of D100 is slightly less than that of all the blends. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of LB30 is greater than that of pure diesel D100 at maximum load and greater than that of LB10 and LB20. The heat dissipation rate in all linseed blends is found to have been less than that of D100. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and NOx emissions of linseed blends are mostly lower in comparison with D100’s. Among all blends, LB10 was found more suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines and can be blended with petro diesel without engine modifications. It can be concluded that cultivation and production of linseed in Pakistan is very promising, therefore, it is recommended that proper exploitation and use of linseed for energy production may be encouraged through pertinent agencies of Pakistan. Keywords–linseed oil; transesterification; diesel-biodiesel blends; engine performance; emission analysis I. INTRODUCTION The demand of energy sources is increasing day by day due to population growth, urbanization and industrialization. Fossil fuels are conventional energy sources and are used for power production for a long time. However, they are finite sources of energy and cannot be replenished once consumed. Environmental consequences are also major drawbacks of fossil fuel consumption. Therefore, it is an inevitable to explore alternative energy sources which must be environmental friendly to fulfill growing energy demand [1]. Out of all agricultural sources, linseed is preferable because of its reasonable availability and easy accessibility, especially in Sindh and Punjab Pakistan provinces [2]. Pakistan is an energy deficient country, as demand is larger than production capacity. Energy shortage and frequent load shedding have created a chaotic situation in every corner of the country [3]. The Government of Pakistan is encouraging and promoting research and efforts to utilize renewable energy sources to supplement fossil fuels. Pakistan has a good potential of edible and non- edible crops for biodiesel (bio-energy) production. Among all non-edible feed stocks, linseed is recognized to be one of the most suitable sources for biodiesel production as it is an oil seed bearing plant [4]. Linseed oil is a non-edible vegetable oil and is considered as a potential alternative fuel for the compression ignition engines. It is a sulfur free, non-aromatic, nontoxic, and oxygenated oil. Moreover, Pakistani Government is eager to introduce blended petroleum (with biodiesel) at a national level in order to meet the increasing energy demand. It was decided that 5% by volume of diesel will be blended with biodiesel up to 2015 and gradually the analogy will increase up to 10% in 2025 [5]. However, this has not been achieved yet due to the delay in large scale biodiesel production level, less foreign investment and lack of infrastructure facilities. Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.) locally known as “alsi” is an annual winter plant grown for fiber and oil. It is a herbaceous annual-type plant that is cultivated in 59 countries for its fiber as well as its oil [6]. Linseed contains oil at 35-45% by weight and is high in unsaturated constitutes [7]. In Pakistan, linseed is cultivated on marginal and sub-marginal lands under irrigated conditions. Linseed is cultivated in Punjab and Sindh provinces in 762 and 2929 hectares of land respectively, and its whole country cultivation was around 3691 hectares during 2014-15. The quantity of linseed production was 2622 tons during 2014. Its yield in kg per hectare was 758 in Sindh and 697in Punjab, while its national average yield during 2014-15 was 710kg/ha [8]. Various chemical properties and characteristics of linseed seeds, extracted oil and biodiesel produced decide its suitability for the replacement of petro diesel in internal combustion engines and other industrial applications. This study aimed to produce linseed biodiesel using indigenous linseed seeds and to examine the performance of a die exh pro kin val eff coo em Ca PM kn cri att exc lin and dif lin Sin me scr giv lin me En At im rem col ste Oi est A. It equ the we bio me for me hou dri B. die La die 30 lin (M in Engineerin www.etasr esel engine by haust emissio operties of pro nematic viscos lue. The pe ficiency (BTE olant were eva mission, Nitrog arbon monoxi M10 were also own as a maj itical air pollut ention to the cellent alterna I The experim nseed oil as raw d emission c fferent blends nseeds were pu ndh, Pakistan. ethods like s rew press meth ves more yield nseed oil was echanical expe nergy and Env t first, the lins mpurities, forei maining on th llected in air erilized, washe l’s free fatty terification. Transesterifi Linseed biod was produce uipped with ermometer wit ere made at odiesel yield. echanical stirr r 30 minutes. ethyl ester wa urs. The crude ied to remove Blend Prepa Emissions The blends o esel were p aboratory. The esel at volume % (LB30) as nseed biodiese Model DWE-6/ Table I [12]. ng, Technology r.com y using its diffe on rates. The oduced biodie sity, cetane n erformance p E), fuel cons aluated at vary gen dioxide ide (CO), car analyzed. The jor contributor tant [9]. The o e synthesis of ate of petroleum II. MATERI mental work p w material. It a characteristics s and compar urchased from . The linseed solvent extrac hod. The screw ds and so it w extracted wi eller of the Bi vironment En seed seeds we ign particles a he outer seed’ r sealed glas ed with doubl y acid level fication Proces diesel was pro ed using a fi mechanical th cork reflux different mol The mixture w er by keeping At the end of as transferred e methyl ester its moisture co raton, Engine of varying rati prepared at e linseed bio etric ratios of s shown in Fi el were tested /10–JS–DV). T y & Applied Sci Tunio erent blends w study include esel, such as d number, pour arameters, li sumption, and ying loads. Re (NO2), Nitrog rbon dioxide e emission of p r to global wa objective of thi f linseed biod m diesel, espec ALS AND METH produced biod also investigat of linseed m red them with m the local mar oil can be ob ction, enzyma w press metho was adopted [ ith the help o iofuel Laborat ngineering, QU ere cleaned in and adhered a s surface. Th ss bottles wh le distilled wa l was reduce ss duced through ive hole lid r stirrer, temp x condenser. V lar ratio to o was agitated w g its speed at 6 f the transester into a separa r was washed w ontent and unw e Performance io of linseed b room tempe odiesel was b f 10% (LB10) igure 1. The on a slow sp The specificat ience Research et al.: Performa with petro dies es physcio-che density, flash point, and ca ike brake th d heat carrie garding exhau gen oxides (N (CO2), PM2 particulate ma arming as wel is study was to diesel, which cially in Pakis HODS diesel using re ted the perform methyl ester h petro diesel rkets of Hyder btained by dif atic extraction od is preferabl [10, 11]. The of the screw tory, Departm UEST, Nawab n order to avo agrochemical s e extracted oi hich were al ater and oven ed through h transesterific reactor which perature cont Various experi obtained max with the help 600rpm under rification, the ating funnel f with water and wanted reagen e and Exhaust biodiesel and erature in B blended with ), 20% (LB20 different blen peed diesel en tions are ment h V ance and Emiss el and emical point, lorific hermal ed by ust gas NOx), 2.5 & atter is ll as a o draw is an stan. efined mance using l. The rabad, fferent n and le as it crude press ment of bshah. oid the sprays il was lready dried. single cation. h was troller, iments ximum of the r 55°C crude for 24 d then nts. petro- Biofuel petro 0) and nds of ngine, tioned lubr and in incr of 3 of t was con Per con and tem Gas var dio PM No A. pro bio ceta ceta 52. disc Sul Vol. 8, No. 3, 20 sion Analysis of TABL Par M Numbe S Compr Starti O Max Rotati Coo Dyn Flo The engine ricating system d several senso an integrated reased gradua 3kW. The incr the engine fro s measured by nsumption wa rformance para nsumption (BS d outlet temper mperature and s analyzer 350 rious flue gas xide (CO2), a M10 were dete . 531S. I Fuel Properti The results o oduced linseed diesel was fou ane number a ane number w 5, which is m covered to be lfur was found 018, 2958-2962 of a Diesel Engi Fig. 1. Linse LE I. DIESE rameter Type Model er of cylinder Bore Stroke ression ratio ing method Output xium load ional Speed oling type amometer ow meter comprises m, fuel supply ors which are manner [12] ally (step: 0.75 rease of load om 2200 to 1 y an eddy cur as measured ameters like s SFC), lubricat ratures, suctio thermal effici 0 XL testo-met emissions like and nitrogen ermined by Pa II. RESULTS ies and Engine of the proper d biodiesel are und to have low and flash poi was found to b more than the A e more in LB2 d less in all b ine Using Linse eed biodiesel blen EL ENGINE SPECIFI Specificat Horizont DWE-6/10-J 1 80mm 95mm 23:01 Manual 8.5 PS 3kw 2200rpm Water coo Eddy current elec Float typ of several y system, wa attached with ]. The load o 5kW) from zer on the engine 200. The pow rrent electric d on volumetri speed, torque, tion oil tempe on and exhaust iency were exa ters were used e carbon mono oxides (NOX) articulate Met S AND DISCUSS e Performance rties of the d shown in Tab wer viscosity int. In blend be 53.5, where ASTM Standar 20 and LB30 blends than th 2959 eed Biodiesel B nds ICATIONS [12] ion tal S-DV l m oled ctro brake pe systems such ater cooling sy measuring de on the engine ro to the maxi e decreases the wer output (to dynamometer. ic basis [12, brake specific erature, water t pressures, ex amined. More d for the analy oxide (CO), ca ) [14]. PM2.5 ter Aerocet M SION e different blend le II. The prod and density, h LB10, maxi eas, in LB20 it rd. Flash poin 0 than petro d hat in 100% d Blends h as ystem evices e was imum e rpm orque) Fuel 13]. c fuel inlet xhaust eover, ysis of arbon 5 and Model ds of duced higher imum t was nt was diesel. diesel. Th all les cal ble fou the po out fou wa LB app the out ble ble LB and wit ble wo B. NO em Am qu car bio Engineerin www.etasr he calorific val fuel propertie ss kinematic v lorific values. end compared und better than e ones reporte wer output wa Q De Kinematic V Total A C Fig. 2. B Figure 3 sho tput for the d und to increas as found great B20 at maxim plied in Intern ermal efficienc t by coolant ends. The hea ends than that B20 and LB30 d LB10. Thi thout heating ends. Lubricat ould be econom Exhaust Emi Table III sho Ox NO, NO2, P missions of bi mong vehicula antities of rbonaceous m ofuels the env ng, Technology r.com lues were with es of LB10 bl viscosity, high B10 was fou d to LB20 and n petro diesel. ed in [15-16] as examined b Quality Paramete ensity at 15oC kg/ Viscosity at 40oC Sulfur %wt Flash point o C Acid Number mgK Pour point oC Cetane number alorific value MJ Brake power versu ows the deviat different blend se with increas ter than that mum load. LB nal Combustio cy. Figure 4 sh (HC) versus at dissipation r of D100. At z , whereas at fu s reveals tha resultantly w tion oil consum mical for the o issions ows the exhaus PM2.5 and PM iodiesel blend ar fuels, petro particulate material [17]. A vironmental im y & Applied Sci Tunio hin permissibl lend were foun her cetane num und to be mo d LB30. All b The results w ]. Engine per by load variatio TABL ers /Lit (mm2 / SEC) KOH/gm J/kg us brake specific f tion of BTE v ds of linseed b se of brake po of pure diese B30 blend co on (IC) engin hows the varia s brake powe rate was found zero load LB10 ull load LB30 at the engine with the use o mption could b operation of IC st emissions su M10 by load. I ds were comp o-diesel produ matters, wh As a result, by mpacts can be ience Research et al.: Performa le limits. Gene nd better in te mber, even ele ore suitable fe blend samples were found sim rformance or on. The variat LE II. FUEL Allowable limit 0.88 1.9–6.0 0.05 max 130 min 0.80 max -15 to +5 47 mini 37.5 - 42.80 fuel consumption versus brake p biodiesel. BTE ower. BTE of el D100, LB1 ould be pract ne due to its h ation of heat c er for the dif d less in all li 0 recorded les had less than can run smo of linseed bio be less, theref C engines. uch as CO, CO In this study ex pared with die uces slightly hich consist the use of alt e reduced. By h V ance and Emiss erally, erm of evated easible s were milar to brake tion in spe diff 0.7 wit blen max spe PROPERTIES OF LI ts Diesel 100 0.8401 3.06 0.735 74 0.249 0 52 44.2 power E was LB30 0 and tically higher carried fferent inseed ss than LB20 oothly odiesel fore, it O2 and xhaust esel’s. larger ts of ernate using dies LB resp whi 0.7 less in con dec F Fi flue Vol. 8, No. 3, 20 sion Analysis of ecific fuel co ferent fuel bl 5kW power, th the increas nd found less ximum brake ecific fuel cons INSEED BIODIESEL 0% LB 100 0.8809 4.17 0.0093 172 1.22 -3 45 42.85 sel the PM2.5 20 and Lb30 pectively. Sim ile in LB10, 32mg/m3 respe ser than diesel fuel-rich zon ntains more o creased [18]. Fig. 3. Brake p g. 4. Brake po CO is a form e gases, whic 018, 2958-2962 of a Diesel Engi onsumption (S lends is show SFC was fou se of brake p s as compare power D100 sumption (SFC L AND BLENDS % LB 10% 9 0.8945 3.57 3 0.125 74 1.48 -9 53.5 41.8 5 were record emissions wer milarly, PM1 , LB20 and ectively. Gene l’s. The PM f nes and high oxygen than d power versus brak ower versus heat mation mixtur h when put t ine Using Linse SFC) versus wn in Figure und maximum power. Howev ed to LB20 a performed w C). % LB 20% 0.8509 3.67 0.113 78 1.59 -9 52.5 41.5 ded 0.09mg/m re 0.002, 0.04 10 was obse Lb30 were erally biodiese formation proc h temperatures diesel, thereby ke thermal efficie carried out by co re of temperat together contr 2960 eed Biodiesel B brake power 2. In genera m, and it decre ver, SFC in L and LB30. A well with respe LB 30% 0.8561 3.81 0.1007 81 1.64 -6 50.5 40.8 m3, whereas L 40 and 0.010m rved 2.157m 1.356, 1.308 el’s PM emissi cess mainly o s. Since biod y PM emissio ency for the test fu olant for the test ture and unbu rol the rate of Blends r for al, at eased LB10 At the ect to LB10, mg/m3 mg/m3, and ion is occurs diesel on is uels fuels urned f fuel Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 3, 2018, 2958-2962 2961 www.etasr.com Tunio et al.: Performance and Emission Analysis of a Diesel Engine Using Linseed Biodiesel Blends decomposition and oxidation [19]. All biodiesel blends provide lesser CO emissions compared to petro diesel. LB10 blend gave slightly lower emission than LB20 and LB30. Similar results were also reported in [19-20]. The percentage of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was found increasing with the increase of biodiesel ratios at full load condition but remained lower than that of petro diesel. The nitrogen oxide levels (NOx) is an exhaust emission of diesel engines. It could create health hazards, when it is inhaled. It can cause many diseases, like tuberculosis, severe headache, respiratory problems, lung cancer, nausea, skin cancer etc. [21]. The NOx emissions of all blends were found lower than that of petro diesel. Among all blends, LB20 blend emission was much lower than the ones of LB10 and LB30. This reveals that the linseed biodiesel is feasible using blend forms for NOx reduction. Similarly, other pollutant results, like NO2, NO and CO2 remained lower than that of 100% diesel. TABLE III. COMPARISON OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS Parameters Diesel LB10 LB20 LB30 Engine load (%) 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 PM2.5 (mg/m3) 0.14 0.16 0.66 0.60 0.02 0.04 0.012 0.002 0.02 0.03 0.005 0.04 0.005 0.029 0.056 0.010 PM10 (mg/m3) 0.87 0.84 1.52 2.15 0.52 0.73 0.31 1.35 0.42 0.58 0.74 1.30 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.73 NO2 (ppm) 9.30 8.10 8.88 8.98 8.50 3.10 1.20 0.05 6.70 1.50 0.70 0.40 1.80 3.90 0.20 0.15 NOx (ppm) 98.0 79.0 37.0 77.0 48.0 59.0 65.0 30.0 57 66.0 63.0 11.0 46.0 88.0 45.0 15.0 CO (ppm) 425 480 510 530 182 188 269 365 161 200 201 328 210 235 264 372 NO2 (ppm) 65.0 73.0 70.0 68.0 40.0 55.0 64.0 29.0 51.0 65.0 63.0 60.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 60.0 CO2 %(ppm) 4.2 3.4 3.5 4.82 1.69 2.17 2.65 2.93 1.70 2.34 2.73 3.44 1.59 2.36 3.00 3.68 IV. CONCLUSIONS Linseed biodiesel was produced through transesterification process using indigenous linseeds. The produced biodiesel was blended with petro-diesel fuel (D100) at different volumetric ratios of 10% (LB10), 20% (LB20), and 30% (LB30). The fuel properties of produced biodiesel were found within ASTM permissible limits. The specific fuel consumption of LB10 blend was found less than that of LB20, and LB30. BTE of LB30 is greater than pure diesel’s D100 at the maximum load. The heat dissipation rate was found less in all blends of linseed than that of D100. This reveals that the diesel engines can run smoothly without heating with the use of linseed blends. Both particulate matters PM2.5 and PM10 results were investigated and it was found that PM emission is drastically less than petro-diesel’s at all loads. The CO2 and NOx emissions of linseed blends were found lower when compared to petro diesel fuel. Among all blends, LB10 was found to be more suitable alternative fuel for diesel engines and can be blended with petro diesel without engine modifications. 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