Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 3, 2018, 3004-3008 3004  
 

www.etasr.com Munir and Qurashie: A Semi-Hexagonal Array (1×2) Antenna Using Half Mode Substrate Integrated … 
 

A Semi-Hexagonal Array (1×2) Antenna Using Half 
Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide for 

Short Range Communication Devices 
 

Mehr E. Munir 
Electrical Engineering Department 

Iqra National University 
Peshawar, Pakistan 

mehre.munir@inu.edu.pk 

Shahryar Shafique Qurashie 
Electrical Engineering Department 

Iqra National University 
Peshawar, Pakistan 

its_shahryar@hotmail.com
 

 

Abstract—In this paper, the authors propose a single element 
semi-hexagonal half mode substrate integrated waveguide 
(HMSIW) antenna split across the line joining the opposite edge 
center of a hexagonal cavity, such that the line of separation 
includes the radiating edge, while the other edges are lined with 
metallic vias. The antenna was designed and fabricated on Arlon 
AD270 and the substrate has a gain of 5.8 dB at 5.9 GHz. The 
proposed array element is then used to design a linear array 
(1×2) resonating at 5.95 GHz. Antennas are useful applications in 
vehicular communication systems, serving as internal parts of 
dedicated short range communication devices with frequency of 
operation laying in the IEEE 802.11p band. 

Keywords—semi-hexagonal array; short range; vehicular 
communication 

I. INTRODUCTION 
Dedicated short range communication (DSRC) is 

popularized worldwide as the wireless communication protocol 
for vehicles following Wi-Fi architecture [1] and it was initially 
focused on low overhead operations following IEEE 802.11a 
standards. However, with the advent of years and in 
compliance with development and modern needs to support 
high-speed moving vehicles and to further simplify the 
communication mechanisms, IEEE working group amended 
IEEE 802.11 standards to incorporate Wireless Access in 
Vehicular Environments (WAVE). WAVE formed the core of 
DSRC in supporting intelligent transportation systems’ (ITS) 
applications for short range communication. WAVE, following 
IEEE 802.11p standards, provides real-time traffic information, 
improves transportation safety, minimizes traffic congestion 
and helps maintaining transport sustainability. It helps 
establishing communication between vehicles (V2V) or 
between vehicles and roadside information (V2I) in the 5.9 
GHz band (5.85–5.925 GHz) [2-5]. With the involvement of 
several companies, car manufacturers and universities 
worldwide pursued extensive research to develop IEEE 
802.11p standard commercial products. Researchers extended 
their contribution in developing printed antennas and arrays to 
be used in conjunction with other devices for short range 
communication to support ITS applications [6-9]. 

Though hexagonal shaped substrate integrated waveguide 
(SIW) based components are widely popular [10-14], yet little 
has been reported about the unexplored domain of hexagonal 
SIW based antennas and arrays. As a result, in this paper, 
authors propose a novel semi-hexagonal HMSIW antenna 
operating at IEEE 802.11p frequency of 5.9 GHz and 
subsequently developed linear and planar arrays using the 
former as array elements. The 1×2 semi-hexagonal HMSIW 
array operates at a resonating frequency of 5.9 GHz with a gain 
of 8.2 dB. The antennas are designed and fabricated using 
Arlon AD270 substrate and the necessary full wave simulation 
are all carried out in ANSYS HFSS v15.0. The simulation 
obtained results are compared with experimentally obtained 
results. 

II. ANTENNA DESIGN 
The concept of hexagonal waveguide is further extended to 

a substrate integrated waveguide concept wherein the metallic 
walls lying along the direction of the propagation are replaced 
by metallic conducting vias and the whole waveguide is 
integrated into a dielectric filled PCB. Due to the resemblance 
of the hexagonal waveguide with the circular/cylindrical one, 
the former has been modeled in terms of its circular 
counterpart. The first twenty one normal modes and 
corresponding cut-off frequencies are all obtained for the E-
modes of waveguides with regular hexagonal cross-section. 
The cut-off frequency of the first mode for a hexagonal 
waveguide is given as the designing of antenna is achieved 
level by level in a appropriate way. The basic shape is shown in 
Figure 1[14-18].  = √     (1) 
where c is the speed of light in vacuum (≈3×1010cm×s-1), kcmn, 
is the cut-off wave number and s is the side length of the 
regular hexagon. The fundamental TM01 mode is chosen as the 
mode of operation as it provides maximum directional radiation 
from the antenna. The cut-off wave number of the TM01 mode 
obtained after putting m=0, n=1 and kc01=2.69 is RE

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Substrate Sel
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Patch Width 
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equency and C

Patch Length
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here								
d =

The hexago
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bisecting the 
bisection lie

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direct approxim
alue shown in
been used for
hexagonal wav
ture modeled 
eptance of the
rototypes. Th
full mode hex
is given by 	  

full-mode SIW
e length s=15
9GHz exciting
ncorporation a
to 13.5mm. S
off frequency 
1 mode obtain
frequency ob

otype and the
wn in Figure 
s are shown in

lectivity 
lectivity is the 
o its high p

Arlon AD270
[16]. 

lp of the follo
ed [17]. 

  

the relative
C is the rapidity

h  
lp of the follo
ed [17-18]. 2∆ 	 =

1
nal cavity is
ng the TM01

an obtain two t
cavity in two

s along the p
e-2, in which t
hexagon, as d

We chose the 

y & Applied Sci

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mation from a 
n [15]. The f
r approximatin
veguide, and a
as a substrate

e modified val
hus the formu
xagonal SIW c

W (FMSIW) 
5mm was desi
g the fundam
along its perip
ubstituting s=
of a full mo

ned is 5.9GHz
btained throug
e fundamenta
1 (b) and (c)

n Table I. 

first step whe
erformance a
 is chosen a

owing equatio

e constant w
y of light in va

owing equation

	 
/

 

s symmetrical
1 mode of the
types of half m

o ways: Type-
plane joining 
the line of bise
depicted in Fig
Type-1 HMS

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 (2)

circular wave
fact that num
ng the cutoff 
also, the appli
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lue as applica

ula for the cu
cavity, operat

 (3)

regular hexa
igned at the 

mental TM01 m
phery the actua
=13.5mm in (3
ode hexagonal
z which is eq
gh simulation
al TM01 mo
) respectively,

en designing a
and high relia
as substrate fo

on, the width 

 (4)

with f0 functi
acuum. 

n, the length 

 (5)

 (6)

 (7)

l about two 
e parent hexa
mode SIW ant
1, in which th
the opposite

ection lies alon
gures 2(a) and

SIW structure

 V

Semi-Hexagona

eguide 
merical 

wave 
cation 
cavity, 
able in 
ut off 
ting in 

agonal 
center 
mode. 
al side 
3), the 
l SIW 

qual to 
n. The 
ode at 
, their 

patch 
ability 
or the 

of the 

ioning 

of the 

axes. 
agonal 
tennas 
he line 
 edge 
ng the 
d 2(b) 

e. The 

HM
alon
dev
hex
Fig
(tm
loss
mm
con
diam
cen
inse
dist
stru
sup
nec

Fig. 
distr
of th

Fig. 
ante

L
60

Vol. 8, No. 3, 20

al Array (1×2) A

MSIW based se
ng the walls o

void, lying al
xagonal cavity
gure 3. The an
m) with 0.79 m

s tangent tan
m(L)×60 mm(W
nsidering the c
meter is 1 m

nter) is 1.5 mm
et feed of wid
tance of L5=8
ucture to mat
ppress reflect
cessary dimens

(b

1.  (a) Geom
ribution for the pr
he cavity. 

2.  Design of
enna 

TABLE I. 

L 
60 

TABLE I. 

L W h 
 60 0.78

018, 3004-3008

Antenna Using 

emi-hexagonal
of the hexagon
long the line 
y and excited
ntenna is devel
mm thickness
nδ=0.002 wi
W). The leng

corrected edge
mm while the 
m. To excite th
dth L7=0.58 m

8.22 mm from
tch with the 
tion inducing
sions of the an

b) 

metry of the FMS
rincipal TM01 m

(a)                     

f (a) Type-1 and

DIMENSIONS OF

W s 
60 15 0

DIMENSIONS OF 

I1 I2
15 30 

8 

Half Mode Sub

l antenna lined
n with the rad

of bisection 
d with inset f
loped on Arlo
s, dielectric co
ith its overa
gth of each si
e length, is s=1

inter-via sep
he fundamenta
mm is inserte

m the base of t
100 Ω impe

g spurious b
ntenna are enlis

 

(a) 

SIW hexagonal ca
mode at 5.9GHz. (

                        (b

d (b) Type-2 HM

F THE FMSIW HEX

h I1 I2
0.78 15 15

 THE FMSIW HEXA

I3 I4 
17 30 8.
 

3005  

bstrate Integrat

d with metallic
diating surface

of the full m
feed is depicte
on AD270 sub
onstant ɛr=2.7

all size being
de of the ant

13.5 mm. The 
paration (cente
al TM01 mode
ed at an optim
the semi-hexag
dance in ord

beams. The 
sted in Table I

 

(c) 

avity. (b) Electri
(c) Fabricated pro

) 

MSIW semi-hex

XAGONAL CAVITY

2 g 
5 15 

AGONAL CAVITY (

I5 I6
.21 1.72 0

ted … 

c vias 
, vias 
mode 
ed in 
strate 
7 and 
g 60 
tenna, 
vias’ 

er-to-
e, the 
mized 
gonal 

der to 
other 

II. 

c field 
ototype 

 

agonal 

(mm) 

(mm)  

I7
0.56 R

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(a) 

(b) 

g. 3.   (a) Geo
bricated prototype

g. 4.  Simulated
xagonal antenna fo

g. 5.  Electric 
M01 mode. 

The simulate
M01 mode of 
timized return
rrow impedan

ng, Technology

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ometry of the 
e of the cavity. 

d and measured 
for TM01 mode. 

Field Distributio

ed fundament
the single arr

n loss value (S
nce bandwidth 

y & Applied Sci

Munir and 

HMSIW semi-h

 

return loss value

 

on of the array e

tal resonating
rray element i
S11 parameter)

of 80 MHz (

ience Research

d Qurashie: A S

hexagonal antenn

e of the HMSIW

 

element at 5.9 G

g frequency fo
is 5.9 GHz w
) of -28.4 dB w
(5.93-5.85 GH

 V

Semi-Hexagona

na. (b) 

W semi-

GHz for 

or the 
with an 

with a 
Hz) i.e. 

1.36
mea
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mea
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sem
dist
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Fig
the 
MH
figu
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sim
4.8
both
the 

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illu
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S21
sep
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elem
occ
our
elem

Vol. 8, No. 3, 20

al Array (1×2) A

6% fractiona
asured throug
reby reflecting
asured values.
urn loss (S11 v
mi-hexagonal a
tribution for 
iation pattern

gure 6. The rad
help of Hittite

Hz–20 GHz) a
ure it is eviden
5.8 dBi while

mulated and me
dBi and 4.7d
h E- and H-pl
antenna is obs

(a) 

(b) 

6.  (a) E-plan
enna array elemen

III. MUTUA

Table IIII dep
milar HMSIW 

iations in inte
The results 

ustrates a vari
quency f for d
1=-24.26,-25.5
paration distanc
om the Figure
ment spacing
curs as reflecte
r antenna array
ments have

018, 3004-3008

Antenna Using 

al bandwidth
gh Anritsu V
g very close ag
. Figure 4 dep
value) for TM
antenna and F
the same mo

n of the singl
diation pattern
e HMC-T2100
and a Krytar 
nt that the sim
e the measur
easured value 
Bi respectivel

lane are found
served to have

ne and (b) H-plan
nt at 5.9GHz. S: S

AL COUPLING B

ELEM

picts the mutu
semi-hexagon

er-element spa
obtained are

iation plot of 
different value
51 and -25.79
ce d=37.42, 3
e, it is obser
, a small shi
ed in Table III
y element, the 

non radiatin

8 

Half Mode Sub

h. The same
VNA is -36.1 

greement betw
picts the simul

M01 mode for t
Figure 5 reflec
ode. The E-p
le array elem

n of the antenn
0 microwave s

9000B powe
mulated E-plane
red value is 5
co-pol values 
ly. The cross-p
d to be well be
e 89.5% radiat

 

ne radiation patter
Simulated Results

BETWEEN TWO

MENTS 

ual coupling s
nal antenna ar
acing (center-
 depicted in

f S11 and S2
es of d. The 

9 dB are obse
5.59 and 33.1

rved that with
ift in the res
I. Owing to th
lateral sides o

ng PEC wal

3006  

bstrate Integrat

e S11 param
dB at 5.93

ween simulated
lated and mea
the parent HM
cts its electric 
plane and H-p

ment is depicte
na is measured
signal generato
er meter. From
e co-polarized
5.6 dBi while
for the H-plan

polarized value
elow 20-30 dB
tion efficiency

rn of the single el
. M: Measured Re

O SIMILAR ARRA

study between
rray elements 
-to-center dist
n Figure 7 w
1 parameters 
coupling valu

erved for valu
8 mm respecti
h change in 
sonating frequ
he typical desi
f the adjacent 
lls which c

ted … 

meter 
GHz 

d and 
asured 
MSIW 

field 
plane 
ed in 

d with 
or (10 
m the 
d gain 
e the 
ne are 
es for 

Bi and 
. 

lement 
esults. 

AY 

n two 
with 

tance) 
which 

with 
ues of 
ues of 
ively. 
inter-
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ign of 
array 
auses 

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preciable low
ereby significa
nstituted with
gether to an ap
rays, the value
lues of S21=
osen. 

IV. ANTEN

Two linear 
ntenna-1 (1×2)
ing Arlon AD
xagonal anten
mensions liste
th a view to n
e scanning cap
tenna array i
twork and 
stribution netw
to each array e
her. In this c
twork for po
avelength (λ/4
ed to the 100 Ω

g. 7.  Variation
ferent inter eleme
een dashed line), 
e), d=33.18 mm (

TABLE II.  
HEXAGON

d (m
37.4
35.5
33.1

TABLE III.  

L1 L2 
80 34 

TABLE I.  

W1
45 

ng, Technology

r.com 

w values of m
antly reducing 
h such elemen
ppreciable ext
es of d=35.59
=-25.51 dB a

NNA DESIGNIN

AR

HMSIW sem
) elements ha

D270 substrate
nna structure a
ed in Table IV
not only incre
pabilities of th
is done with 
for the mos

work is design
element spaced
consideration, 
ower splitting 
4) impedance 
Ω inset feed lin

n of S11 and S2
ent spacing d. d=
d=35.59 mm (S

S11: Red solid lin

MUTUAL COUPL
NAL ANTENNA EL

m) f (GHz) 
42 5.91 
59 5.90 
18 5.88 

DIMENSIONS OF

L3 L4 
8.84 1.73

DIMENSIONS OF

 W2 W3 
2.1 0.59 

y & Applied Sci

Munir and 

mutual coupl
the total size 

nts as they ca
tent. Here, for

9 mm≡0.7λ0 
and S11=-28.

NG AND RESULT

RRAY 

mi-hexagonal a
ave been desig
e using the par
as shown in F

V and V. The 
ease the gain b
he antenna. Th

the help of 
st optimized 
ned in order to
d at a distance

we designed
and realized

transformers 
ne. 

 

21 for two anten
=37.42 mm (S11

S11: Black solid l
ne, S21: Red dash

LING STUDY BETW
EMENTS 

S11 (dB) 
-27.37 
-28.66 
-26.41 

F ANTENNA-1 (1×

L5 L6 
3 6 6.82 

F ANTENNA-1 (1×

W4 W5 
1.3 2.2 

 

ience Research

d Qurashie: A S

ling between 
of the antenna

an be brought 
r designing an
with correspo
.66 dB have 

TS OF 1×2 LINE

array antenna
gned and fabr
rent HMSIW 
Figure 8 with
arrays are des
but also to im
he realization 

power distrib
performance

o feed equal p
e of 0.7λ0 from
d a corporate
d it using qu
to match the 

nna array elemen
: Green solid lin
line, S21: Black 

hed line). 

WEEN TWO HMSIW

S21 (dB) 
-24.26 
-25.51 
-25.79 

×2 ELEMENTS) (mm

L7 L8
4 44 

×2 ELEMENTS) (mm

W6 
0.59 

 V

Semi-Hexagona

them 
a array 

close 
ntenna 
onding 

been 

EAR 

as, viz 
ricated 
semi-

h their 
signed 

mprove 
of the 
bution 
e the 
power 

m each 
e feed 
uarter-
50 Ω 

 
nts with 
ne, S21: 

dashed 

W SEMI-

m) 

m) 

(a)

(b)

Fig. 
ante

to o
34.6
VN
Ant
8.2d
For
pol
imp
com

des
gain

Vol. 8, No. 3, 20

al Array (1×2) A

) 
 

) 
 

8.  Antenna-1
enna. (b) Fabricate

V. ANTEN

From the simu
operate at 5.9
6dB while the

NA is -26.6dB
tenna (1×2), 
dBi with the 
r the same ante
arized gains ar
provement of 
mparison to the

Fig. 9.  Re

An HMSIW b
signed at IEEE
n of 5.8 dB. T

018, 3004-3008

Antenna Using 

1 (1×2 array ele
ed prototype 

NNA DESIGNING

AR

ulated results, 
1GHz. The ob
e correspondin

B at 5.86GHz
the simulated
corresponding

enna, the simu
re 8.1dBi and 

f 2.4dBi is ac
e single eleme

eturn loss (S11) p

VI. CO
based semi-he
E 802.11p fre
This parent ant

8 

Half Mode Sub

ements) (a) Geo

G AND RESULT

RRAY 

 the linear arra
btained simula
ng measure v

z. In Figure 1
d E-plane co
g measured v
ulated and me
7.9dBi respec

chieved with 
ent antenna. 

arameters of Ante

ONCLUSION 

exagonal anten
quency of 5.9
tenna is used a

3007  

bstrate Integrat

ometry of linear

TS OF 1×2 LINEA

ays (1×2) are f
ated return los
value using An
11 we see tha
o-polarized ga
value being 8
asured H-plan

ctively. Thus a
the 1×2 arra

enna (1×2) array

nna is proposed
9 GHz produc
as an array ele

ted … 

r array 

AR 

found 
ss is -
nritsu 
at for 
ain is 
.1dB. 

ne co-
a gain 
ay in 

 

d and 
cing a 
ement 

RE
TR

AC
TE

D



 

 

in 
5.9
is o
the
to 
arr
enh
1×
enh

Fig
mo

Fig
Sim

 

Un
con

[1] 

[2] 

[3] 

Engineerin

www.etasr

designing and
9 GHz and the
observed that 
e array elemen
a greater exte

rays with red
hancement ha
2 the corres
hancement by 

g. 10.  Electric f
de 

g. 11.  E-plane 
mulated results. M

The authors 
niversity for p
nstruction of t

D. Jiang, L. 
Standard for 
Vehicular Tec
2036–2040, 20

S. Eichler, “P
Communicatio
(VTC-2007), B

IEEE Standar
Vehicular Envi

ng, Technology

r.com 

d fabricating li
eir various para

the presence 
nts reduces th
ent thereby fa
duced sizes. 
as been succe
sponding gai
2.4 and 5.4 dB

field distribution 

pattern of antenn
M: Measured resul

ACKNOW

would like to
providing the 
the hardware m

REFE
Delgrossi, “IEE
Wireless Acces

chnology Confere
008 

Performance Eva
on Standard”, IE
Baltimore, USA, p

rd Committee, IE
ironments (WAV

y & Applied Sci

Munir and 

inear and plan
ameters are stu
of PEC walls 

he mutual coup
acilitating the 
The primary 

essfully achiev
in is 8.2 dB
B over the par

 

of Antenna-1 (1

 

na (1×2 antenna
lts. 

 

WLEDGEMENT 

o acknowledg
means and e

model. 

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EE 802.11p: To
ss in Vehicular 
ence (VTC-2008)

aluation of the 
EEE Vehicular T
pp. 2199–2203, 2

EEE Standard f
VE)-Networking S

ience Research

d Qurashie: A S

nar antenna arr
udied extensiv
on the two sid

pling between
design of co
objective of

ved. For the 
B indicating 
rent antenna. 

×2 elements) for

a array) at 5.91G

ge the Iqra Na
environment fo

owards an Intern
Environments”,

), Calgary, Cana

IEEE 802.11p 
Technology Con
007 

for Wireless Acc
Services, IEEE, 20

 V

Semi-Hexagona

rays at 
vely. It 
des of 

n them 
mpact 
f gain 
linear 

gain 

 
r TM01 

 
GHz. S: 

ational 
for the 

national 
, IEEE 
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[18]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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