Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 5, 2018, 3329-3331 3329

www.etasr.com Oguntunde et al.: Crude Oil Importantion and Exportation in Nigeria: An exploratory and …

Crude Oil Importation and Exportation in Nigeria: An
Exploratory and Comparative Study

Pelumi E. Oguntunde
Department of Mathematics

Covenant University
Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

pelumi.oguntunde@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Omoleye A. Oguntunde
Department of Business Management

Covenant University
Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

omoleye.oguntunde@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Oluwadare O. Ojo
Department of Statistics

Federal University of Technology, Akure
Akure, Nigeria

daruu208075@yahoo.com

Hilary I. Okagbue
Department of Mathematics

Covenant University
Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

hilary.okagbue@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Abstract—Nigeria is an oil producing country and crude oil is an
important asset to its economy. This research focuses on the
analysis of importation and exportation of crude oil products
(measured in million barrels). Comparisons between the total
importation and exportation were made and descriptive analysis
was performed on the crude oil components. Poisson regression
was used to establish the relationship between total importation
and the importation of the petroleum products under
consideration. The results show that Nigeria makes more
importation than exportation of these products.

Keywords-crude oil; exploratory data analysis; exportation;
importation; Nigeria

I. INTRODUCTION
Crude oil, often called unrefined petroleum, is a natural

product. Just like other mineral resources, petroleum is found
through drilling. Crude oil is processed through distillation and
produces several other components. Table I shows the various
components of petroleum and their boiling point [1]. These
components are useful as transportation fuel, road tarring
materials, paints, cosmetics and so on. Various works on crude
oil production especially in Nigeria are contained in [2-4].

TABLE I. CRUDE OIL COMPONENTS [1]

Components Boiling Point
Fuel gas, LPG, refinery gas Below 250C

Gasoline-petrol 250C-750C
Naphtha 750C-1900C

Paraffin, kerosene 1900C-2500C
Diesel oil, gas oil 2500C-3500C

Residue (fuel oil, lubricating oil, waxes) >3500C
Bitumen 5000C-7000C

This research makes comparison between the importation

and exportation of these products in Nigeria. Crude oil is found
in several countries, but Nigeria is one of the countries that

extract light and sweet oil, otherwise known as brent crude oil.

II. MATERIALS AND METHDOS
The data presented in this article represent the amount of

imports and exports of crude oil products in Nigeria from 1986
to 2010. Total importation and exportation of crude oil,
importation and exportation of kerosene, motor gas, jet fuel,
distillate fuel and liquefied petroleum gasses were taken into
consideration. The data was obtained from [5]. Descriptive
analysis was performed and Poisson regression model was
fitted to the importation datasets. Total importation was the
dependent variable while importation of kerosene, motor
gasoline, jet fuel, distillate fuel oil and liquefied petroleum
gasses were the independent variables. The software used in
dataset analyzing was Minitab 17. The Poisson regression
model is of the form:

   0 1 1 2 2exp ...     k kE Y t X X X    (1)

where β0 is a constant and β1, β2,...,βk are the regression
coefficients. For the present study, Y is the total importation,
X1, X2, X3, X4 and X5 are the importation of kerosene, motor
gasoline, jet fuel, distillate fuel oil and liquefied petroleum
gasses respectively. Analysis contained in [6-8] can be used to
analyze the dataset.

III. RESULTS
The summary of the data used is provided in Tables II and

III. It is clear that Nigeria imports more than what it exports.
Specifically, the highest importation regards motor gasoline
while the highest exportation is for distillate fuel oil (among
the considered variables). The lowest importation is for
liquefied petroleum gasses while the lowest exportation is for
kerosene.

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 5, 2018, 3329-3331 3330

www.etasr.com Oguntunde et al.: Crude Oil Importantion and Exportation in Nigeria: An exploratory and …

TABLE II. CRUDE OIL IMPORTATION, 1986-2010 (MILLION BARRELS)

Variable Sum Mean
Standard
Deviation

Skewness Kurtosis

Total
Importation

2190.4 87.6 66.0 0.27 -1.50

Kerosene 243.60 9.74 8.74 1.14 0.92
Motor gasoline 1588.9 63.6 51.7 0.27 -1.69

Jet fuel 101.630 4.065 4.951 1.01 0.11
Distillate fuel oil 153.51 6.14 8.66 1.44 0.64

Liquefied
petroleum

gasses
5.60 0.224 0.2886 1.05 0.01

TABLE III. CRUDE OIL EXPORTATION, 1986-2010 (MILLION
BARRELS)

Variable Sum Mean
Standard
Deviation

Skewness Kurtosis

Total Exportation 591.66 23.67 17.79 0.64 0.13
Kerosene 9.841 0.394 1.145 4.76 23.28

Motor gasoline 14.192 0.568 1.413 4.01 17.33
Jet fuel 15.309 0.612 1.832 4.31 19.75

Distillate fuel oil 99.00 3.96 5.80 2.92 10.66
Liquefied

petroleum gasses
23.429 0.937 1.669 1.95 3.11

The comparison between total importation and total
exportation between 1986 and 2010 is provided in Figure 1.
The comparisons between importation and exportation of
kerosene, motor gasoline, jet fuel, distillate fuel oil, and
liquefied petroleum gasses for the period under study are
presented in Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively.

Fig. 1. Comparison between total importation and exportation of crude oil

Fig. 2. Comparison between importation and exportation of kerosene

Fig. 3. Comparison between importation and exportation of motor
gasoline

Fig. 4. Comparison between importation and exportation of jet fuel

Fig. 5. Comparison between importation and exportation of distillate fuel
oil

Fig. 6. Comparison between importation and exportation of liquefied
petroleum gasses

24222018161412108642

200

150

100

Index

D
at

Total Importation
Total Exportation

Variable

Time Series Plot of Total Importation, Total Exportation

24222018161412108642

Index

D
at

Importation of kerosene
Exportation of kerosene

Variable

Time Series Plot of Importation of kerosene, Exportation of kerosene

24222018161412108642

140

120

100

Index

D
at

Importation of motor gasoline
Exportation of motor gasoline

Variable

Time Series Plot of Importation of motor gas, Exportation of motor gas

24222018161412108642

Index

D
at

Importation of jet fuel
Exportation of jet fuel

Variable

Time Series Plot of Importation of jet fuel, Exportation of jet fuel

24222018161412108642

Index

D
at

Import of distillate fuel oil
Export of distillate fuel oil

Variable

Time Series Plot of Import of distillate fue, Export of distillate fue

24222018161412108642

Index

D
at

Import of liquefied pet. gasses
Export of liquefied pet. gasses

Variable

Time Series Plot of Import of liquefied pet., Export of liquefied pet.

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 8, No. 5, 2018, 3329-3331 3331

www.etasr.com Oguntunde et al.: Crude Oil Importantion and Exportation in Nigeria: An exploratory and …

 Poisson Regression Analysis

The Poisson regression equation is obtained as:

'
1 2

3 4 5

1.124 0.02239 0.01535

0.0214 0.0044 0.067

  
  

Y X X
X X X

(2)

where, Total importation equals
 'Ye . The coefficients

with the associated standard errors are presented in Table IV.
The result for the deviance is provided in Table V and the
model summary for the deviance is provided in Table VI. The
results for the goodness of fit test are provided in Table VII.

TABLE IV. REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS

Terms Coefficient
Standard

Error
VIF

Constant 1.124 0.225
Importation of kerosene 0.02239 0.00381 13.15

Importation of motor gasoline -0.01535 0.00605 17.98
Importation of jet fuel -0.0214 0.0169 1.40

Importation of distillate fuel oil -0.0044 0.0100 2.50
Importation of liquefied pet. gasses 0.067 0.347 2.22

TABLE V. DEVIANCE TABLE

Source DF
Adj.

Deviation
Adj. Mean

Chi-
Square

P-
Value

Regression 5 136.049 27.2099 136.05 0.000
Importation of

kerosene
1 34.209 34.2095 34.21 0.000

Importation of
motor gasoline

1 6.589 6.5888 6.59 0.010

Importation of jet
fuel

1 1.643 1.6430 1.64 0.200

Importation of
distillate fuel oil

1 0.189 0.1889 0.19 0.664

Importation of
liquefied pet. gasses

1 0.038 0.0375 0.04 0.846

Error 19 56.831 2.9911
Total 24 192.881

TABLE VI. MODEL SUMMARY FOR DEVIANCE

R-square Adj. R-square AIC
70.54% 67.94% 155.17

TABLE VII. GOODNESS OF FIT

Test DF Estimate Mean Chi-Square P-Value
Deviance 19 56.83119 2.99112 56.83 0.000
Pearson 19 50.22589 2.64347 50.23 0.000

IV. CONCLUSIONS
Datasets on importation and exportation of petroleum

products have been studied in this paper. The conclusion was
that the amount of total importation was greater than the
respective amount of total exportation in Nigeria. The bulk of
the importation is on motor gasoline while the bulk of the
exportation is on distillate fuel oil. There is a negative linear
relationship between total importation and variables X2, X3,
and X4 (importation of motor gasoline, importation of jet fuel
and importation of distillate fuel oil respectively). The results
of the Poisson regression provided regarded only importation

of petroleum products, further research can include analysis on
the exportation of these products.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The research was supported by the Covenant University.

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