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A Study on the Effects of Cellular Mobile Networks 

on People in Tikrit City Based on Power Density 

Measurements and Calculations 
 

Al-Hakam Ayad Salih 

College of Arts,  

Tikrit University, 
Tikrit, Iraq 

alhakam.ayad1987@gmail.com 

Amer T. Saeed 

Control of Petroleum Systems Dept., 

College of Petroleum & Minerals 
Engineering, Tikrit University, Iraq 

amer.saeed@tu.edu.iq 

Zaid Raad Saber 

Control of Petroleum Systems Dept., 

College of Petroleum & Minerals 
Engineering, Tikrit University, Iraq 

zaid@tu.edu.iq 
 

Abstract—In this paper, the emitted electromagnetic waves 

(EMW) from different cellular mobile base stations (BSs) have 

been measured and calculated in order to study their effects on 

public health. Moreover, a comparison between the effect of 

radiated power from the BSs on people who live near them and 

those who live away has been made by using OpenSignal software 

and calculated theoretically. The values of power density for 

different cells were also calculated to compare them with the 
maximum permissible exposure limit-the acceptable range values 

of power density. The measurements were done in Tikrit City 

considering ten cells and various locations and distances. The 

results show that most of the power density and EMV for the 

tested cells are within the acceptable range. However, power 

density and EMV for two of tested cells have hurtful effects in the 
long term for people who live near the BSs.  

Keywords-mobile effect (ME); electromagnetic waves (EMW); 

radiation; power density (PD) 

I. INTRODUCTION  

The percentage of people in Iraq who use mobile phones 
has been increasing exponentially, and the communication 
between people via mobile phones has become a commodity 
[1]. Since mobile devices or networks are considered essential 
means in the modern way of life, it is important to study the 
effects of mobile networks on humans. Some reports submitted 
by World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the 
emissions from the cell phones and BSs placed on house 
rooftops and in populated zones are causing some severe health 
risks [2] and the effects of EMW emitted by mobile phones and 
BSs depend on the time of mobile phone use. Before studying 
the effect of transmitted power by telecommunication towers 
on humans, we should know the range of the used frequencies. 
In general, 800MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 2450MHz 
represent the frequencies of EMW used for wireless mobile 
connections. The range of frequencies for Global System for 
Mobile Communications (GSM) is between 890 and 960MHz, 
these frequencies are divided into two groups: the frequencies 
from 890MHz to 915MHz are used for uplink while the 
frequencies from 935MHz to 960MHz are used for downlink as 
shown in Table I. There is also an Extended GSM (EGSM), the 

range of the uplink frequency for EGSM technology is between 
880 and 890MHz [2] while the downlink of this technology is 
between 925 and 935MHz). The bandwidth in GSM is 25MHz. 
Three main wireless mobile telecommunication providers are 
available in Iraq: Asiacell, Korek, and Zain. In this research, 
we focused only on GSM technology used by Asiacell in Tikrit 
(a city in the north of Iraq), and the test was done for towers of 
this company and in this city. The signals of 
telecommunication towers must spread on to cover the mobile 
devices. These towers, as a part of a wireless mobile 
communication network, are required to create a connection 
between phone devices and the network. Therefore, the 
commutation towers are distributed in all areas of Tikrit City to 
ensure providing services for all users as shown in Figure 1. 

TABLE I.  FREQUENCY SPECTRUM FOR TELECOMMUNICATION 
COMPANIES IN IRAQ. 

System 
Frequency 

Bandwidth 
Channel 

number Uplink Downlink 

EGSM 880-890 925-935 10 MHz 50 

GSM 890-915 935-960 25 MHz 125 

GSM 1800 1710-1785 1805-1880 75 MHz 375 

GSM 1900 1850-1910 1930-1990 60 MHz 300 

Korek 880.2-891.8 925.2-936.8 11.6 MHz 58 

Zen 891.8-903.4 936.8-948.4 11.6 MHz 58 

Asiacell 903.4 -915 948.4-960 11.6 MHz 58 

 

 
Fig. 1.  Asiacell’s communication towers in Tikrit by Open Signal 

Program 

Corresponding author: Amer T. Saeed



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The increase in the number of towers (base stations, Node 
B) leads to an increase in the population who are exposed to the 
EMW that are radiated from these towers. The EMW radiation 
is defined as a stream of photons in a given space, each photon 
having a quantity of energy, and this energy creates different 
types of radiation. These radiations produce the 
electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. EM radiation is divided into 
two types: 

• Ionizing radiation: The wave is a container of high energy 
that is stronger than the energy of the bonding of the 
electrons within atoms/molecules and the formation of ions, 
such as cosmic rays and gamma. 

• Non-ionizing radiation: These radiations do not have 
enough energy to form ions from atoms or particles of 
matter, such as radio waves and infrared radiation [3]. 

The density of EM radiation effect depends on 5 factors: 

• The frequency/wavelength of radio frequency (RF) 
transferred signal. 

• RF power radiated from the tower.  

• Time of intake of RF signal at a given space from the 
tower. Time/ frequency of recurring exposure.  

• Temperature degree, and level of wetness.  

Radiation ratio changes from one place to another. It 
depends on the person's distance from the BS, the rate of 
mobile daily use, and the power of the received signal. Tissues 
in the body are exposed to the EMW radiation emitted from 
mobile phones or communications towers, especially if these 
frequencies are high. The intensity of this effect depends on the 
location of the person, and the characteristics of the cell’s 
physiology [4]. In order to study the impacts of RF radiation on 
humans, it is essential to define the specific absorption rate 
(SAR). SAR is the quantity of RF energy absorbed per mass 
and time. Many governments and international agencies have 
been standardized the accepted range values of SAR, so if the 
value goes beyond this range, it will be considered unhealthy. 

SAR	 � �|�			|
       (1) 
Equation (1) is the main equation of SAR. |�	2	| is the root 

mean square of the intensity of the electrical field, σ is 

conductivity, and ρ is the mass density of tissue. Power density 
(PD), magnetic field strength B, and electric field strength E are 
the main factors of the EM field. In this paper, PDs for 
different BS cells have been studied and measured. Then a 
comparison between those values with the maximum 
permissible exposure limit was conducted and discussed. 

II. LITERATURE REVIEW  

EMF radiation on the human body causes biological 
changes and health effects. The biological changes are divided 
into two types: thermic effects and non-thermic effects. 
Thermic effects are caused by the absorption of EMW 
transmitted from towers while non-thermic effects are those 
that occur within the cells of the body and are possibly harmful. 
Health effects are any changes that take place in the cells of the 

body. Whether in a long time or for a short time, every person 
reacts in a different way in different levels of EM radiation. 
There are short-term and long-term effects from phone 
radiation. The earliest effects are snooze diseases, headaches, 
gloominess, etc., while long-time effects can be brain tumours, 
cancer, DNA corruption, memory weakness, etc. (Figure 2) [7]. 
Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world, with 
no specific treatment, so, often studies avoid dealing with it. In 
[3], the researchers found that the diagnosed cancer rate for 
persons who live in range of 500m from a mobile BS is three 
times higher than of the persons that live outside this range. 
Breast, prostate, liver, stomach, and blood cancer also increase 
near BSs [8]. Since the radiation effects on the body are 
cumulative, a handheld broadband radiation monitor 
(frequency range of 800MHz-2500MHz) has been established 
to measure total received power. Radiation measurements were 
carried out in a lady’s apartment, who had developed cancer 
within one year of the installation of a cell tower. The layout of 
the apartment and the measured readings are shown in Figure 
3. It may be noted that the emission level is very high and it is 
between -4 to -10dBm at 900MHz, when -10dBm received 
power is equivalent to 7,068µW/m

2
, which is higher than the 

accepted value in India, which is 4.7W/m
2
=4,700,000µW/m

2
 

[9]. Hormones are affected by EM emissions [10]. People from 
both genders were exposed to larger levels of EM emissions for 
an evening in the lab. Serum estrogen levels in women were 
grown. On the other hand, testosterone serum in men 
decreased. The increase in the levels of estrogen augmented the 
risk of cancer and the decreased level of testosterone has been 
correlated to the growth of prostate and testicular diseases [11].  

 

 
Fig. 2.  EMF radiation effects 

 
Fig. 3.  Measured power at a cancer patient’s residence. 

As a direct response to public concern, some significant 
studies with multiple contributors and diverse expertise have 
been published recently on the health effects of low frequency 
EM fields. The mobile phone frequencies have effects such as 
psychiatric, muscle weakness diseases, and others. In [12] 



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some steps to avoid the effects of cell phone exposure are 
proposed: 

• Using PSTN phone when it is available.  

• Reducing call times as much as possible.  

• Stay away from a call in case of bad coverage. 

• Switching off mobile when sleeping. 

• Holding a cell phone away from the heart and head during 
charging. 

The authors in[12] found that low-level EMF motivates the 
calcium to release ions from the cell wall. Infiltrate of calcium 
ions in the cytosol seems as a metabolic stimulant. This effects 
growth and healing, but also it supports the emergence of 
tumors. Loss of calcium ions makes leaks in the wall of 
lysosomes releasing DNA thus generating DNA corruption. 
Another probability of DNA corruption can be in growing free 
radical formation inside the cells, which further causes cellular 
damage in the mitochondria [13]. EM radiation increases 
heartbeat rate, changes body temperature, rises blood pressure, 
and causes breathing difficulties. In [14], a study was done on 
20 people (10 men and 10 women), aged between 20 and 60 
years. When the mobile was working in calling mode, rapid 
and arrhythmic heartbeat rate and changing in breathing time 
was recorded in 5% of the men in a group of 20–40 years after 
30 minutes of exposure, during which the handset was installed 
in the ear end to the brain. In [15], a study on the effects of EM 
radiation on sperm movement in men was presented. The study 
was based on a test of 27 men. Some of them were exposed to 
EM radiation. Samples were taken and then were classified into 
two groups. The first group was taken from people who were 
exposed to EMR (900MHz) while the second group included 
samples of non-exposed people. The results showed that EMR 
released by the antenna had effects on the sperm movement. In 
addition it lead to behavioral or architectural changes of the 
germ cell [16]. 

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation 
Protection (ICNIRP), World Health Organization (WHO), and 
other public interest organizations have not mentioned 
harmless radiation procedures [17]. There are many countries 
that accept radiation standards and guidelines, and define a 
limitation to the power released from towers and the time of 
healthy mobile use. On the other hand, the radiation limit is not 
strictly fixed, many countries are adopting their own radiation 
limits. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and many 
other international communication organizations such as IEEE 
have published guidelines of acceptable power density range in 
a frequency range of 300MHz-1500MHz. Based on the 
maximum permissible exposure limit, the value of safe health 
PD is 0.6W/m

2
 for general (900MHz) while 0.1W/m

2
 for 

frequencies more than 1500MHz (same as FCC guideline). 
However, some countries like Australia are very much stricter 
in terms of maximum radiation density values with a limit of 
0.000005W/m

2
 [5, 6]. 

III. POWER MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS 

The procedure was divided in two stages: the first stage was 
measuring the received power and finding the frequencies of 

Asiacell company by using specific software, and the second 
was conducting mathematical calculations. 

A. Software Results 

Two mobile software applications were used: CellMapper 
5.1.7 and OpenSignal 5.37. The first was used to acquire the 
frequencies of the tested cell ID and the received power, while 
the other one was used to show the BS towers’ location (Figure 
4). Received power, frequencies, and the running protocol for 
tested cell IDs were measured. In order to cover different 
environments, several cells with different protocols (GSM, 
UMTS, DCS 1800, etc.), frequencies, and distances were 
tested. The tested cell IDs were 50828, 52295, and 51515 at a 
distance of 100m, 51515 at 1000m, 50826, 52297, and 51511 
at 200m, and 51511 at 800m (Figures 5-7). The summary of the 
test results is presented in Table II. 

 

 
Fig. 4.  Locations and ID of the tested cells by OpenSignal 

 

 
Fig. 5.  Results of 5082 and 51511 cell IDs 

 

 
Fig. 6.  Results of 52295 and 51511 cells 



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Fig. 7.  Results of cell ID 51515 

TABLE II.  TEST RESULTS SUMMARY 

Cell ID Technique Frequency (MHz) Distance Power (dBm) 

50828 UMTS 2137.4 100 -59 

52295 UMTS 2132.4 50 -55 

51515 DCS 1800 1856.6 100 -55 

51515 DCS 1800 1856.6 1000 -75 

50826 DCS 1800 1853.8 100 -55 

52297 DCS 1800 1853.4 50 -53 

51511 UMTS 957.6 200 -53 

51511 UMTS 957.6 800 -83 

 

B. Mathematical Calculations 

In order to calculate the received signal (Pr) transmitted 
from a specific antenna BS, we will depend on (2):  


� � 	
�	 ∗ 	��	 ∗ 	��	 ∗	� �����	    (2) 
where Pt is the transmitted power, Pr the received power, D 
represents the distance between the transmit power source and 
the receiver, ��  is the transmit antenna gain, and ��  the 
received antenna gain. 

Equation (2) is usually written in dBm instead of Watts in 
the below form: 


� � 
� � �� � �� � 20���� ! ��"�#  
The theoretical calculation is done based on (2) and (4), 

then a comparison of those values with the practical power 
values (measured power) is made. 


$ � 	%&∗�"'(∗�)      (3) 
where Pd is power density, Gm the mobile gain, λ the 

wavelength which is equal to 
*+, c the speed of light=3×108m/s, 

and f is the frequency. Therefore, (3) becomes: 

Power	Density � 	%&∗��∗+)'(∗*)     (4) 
For all cells, the below values are used to find the power: 

Gt=0, Gr=0, Pt=30dBm for UMTS and 33 dBm for DCS 1800. 

1) Cell ID 50828  

At 100m distance, frequency of 2137.4MHz, UMTS. 


� � 30	$89, 
� � 
� � �� � �� � 20���� ! ��"�), : � *+ 


� � 30 � 0 � 0 � 20���� ! ;∗	<=>)<;?.A∗	<=B�"∗�  ) = -49.05dBm  
=12.45×10

-9
W 

	
�CD�	EDFGH�I � 	�	.�J∗� KL∗�"∗MNOPQ.R	∗� BS)�∗!T∗� >#) ��JU.TV	!	�JUW�VW.VU#∗�   X∗� <B =0.793mW/m2 
2) Cell ID 52295 

At a distance of 50m, frequency=2132.4MHz, UMTS 


� � 30	$89, 
� � 30 � 0 � 0 � 20���� ! ;∗	<=>)<;).A∗	<=B�"∗J ) 
=-43dBm=50.119×10

-9
W 


$ � 	J .��X∗� KL∗�"∗M	�T	.�∗� BS)�∗!T∗� >#) �	J .��X∗� KL∗�"∗�J�V�	X.VU∗� <)X∗� <B �31.8µW/m2. 
3) Cell ID 51515 

Frequency=1856.6MHz, DCS 1800, Pt=33dBm 

• At 100m 


� � 33 � 0 � 0 � 20log� ! ;∗	<=><>[B.B∗	<=B��∗�  )=-44.82  
=32.961×10

-9
W 


$ � 	T	.XU�∗� KL∗�"∗MO\]^.^	∗� BS)�∗!T∗� >#) 	�	T	.XU�∗� KL∗��∗T��UXUT.JU∗	� <)X∗� <B =15.853µW/m2	
• At 1000 m 


� � 33 � 0 � 0 � 20���� ! ;∗	<=><>[B.B∗	<=B�"∗�   )=-64.82dBm 
$=329.610x10-12W 
T	X.U� ∗� K<)∗�"∗T��UXUT.JU∗	� <)X∗� <B � 	0.158	µW/m2 

4) Cell ID 50826 

At 100m, f=1853.8MHz, DCS1800, Pt=33dBm 


� � 33 � 0 � 0 � 20���� b 3 ∗	10
W1853.8 ∗	10U4d ∗ 100 e �	 

- 44.81=33.037×10
-9
W 


$ � 	TT. TV∗� KL∗�"∗T�TUJV�.��∗� <)X∗� <B � 15.843µW/m2 
5) Cell ID 52297 

At 50m, f=1853.4MHz, DCS1800, Pt=33dBm 


� � 33 � 0 � 0 � 20���� ! ;∗	<=><>[;.A∗	<=B�"∗J ) = -38.79dbm 
=132.130×10

-9
W 



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$ � 	�T	.�T ∗� KL∗�"∗T�TUJV�.��∗� <)X∗� <B �63.368µW/m2 
6) Cell ID 51511 

Frequency=957.6MHz, UMTS, Pt=30dBm. 

• At a distance of 200m 


� � 30 � 0 � 0 � 20���� f ;∗	<=>L[?.B∗	<=B�"∗	  g=-45.09 
=30.974×10

-9
W 


$ � 	T .XV�∗� KL∗�"∗X�UXXV.VU∗� <)X∗� <B � 3.963µW/m2 
• At a distance of 800m 


� � 30 � 0 � 0 � 20���� ! ;∗	<=>L[?.B∗	<=B�"∗W  )= 
-57.31=1.858×10

-9
W 


$ � �.WJW∗� KL∗�"∗X�UXXV.VU∗� <)X∗� <B � 0.2377µW/m2 
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Figure 8 shows the comparison between the measured and 
the theoretical received power values. It is obvious that there is 
a difference between the measured and the theoretical values. 
For instance, the calculated power for cell ID (50828) was  
-49.05dBm while the measured power for the same cell ID was 
-59dBm. 

 

 
Fig. 8.  Measured and theoretical power for tested cell 

It can be noticed from the chart that 10dBm is the average 
difference between the calculated and the measured power for 
almost all cell IDs. This difference could have occurred due to 
neglecting the loss values in connectors and feeders when we 
calculated the power theoretically. Table III presents detailed 
information about the parameters of the tested cells and results 
in values of power. Those parameters are cell IDs, distance, 
amount of frequency for each cell, measured received power 
form each cell, theoretical calculation, and power density. It is 
clear that the received power depends on the distance from the 
transmitter, and the frequency. For cell ID 51515, there were 
two values of power measured, the power reduced from -55 to  
-75 because the first one was measured at a distance of 100m 
while the second measurement was at a distance of 1000m. 
However, the values of power also change if the value of 
frequency is changed even in the same distance as shown in the 
Table for cell ID 50826 and 50828.  

TABLE III.  CELL ID, POWER AND POWER DENSITY VALUES 

C
e
ll I

D
 

P
r
o
to
c
o
l 

f (M
H
z
) 

D
is
ta
n
c
e
 

M
e
a
su
r
e
d
 

P
o
w
e
r
 

(d
B
m
) 

T
h
e
o
r
e
tic
a
l 

P
o
w
e
r
 

(d
B
m
) 

P
o
w
e
r
 

D
e
n
s
ity

 

(µ
W
/m

2) 

50828 UMTS 2137.4 100 -59 -49.05 0.000793 

52295 UMTS 2132.4 50 -55 -43.00 31.8 

51515 DCS 1800 1856.6 100 -55 -44.82 15.853 

51515 DCS 1800 1856.6 1000 -75 -64.82 0.158 

50826 DCS 1800 1853.8 100 -55 -44.81 15.843 

52297 DCS 1800 1853.4 50 -53 -38.79 63.368 

51511 UMTS 957.6 200 -53 -45.09 3.963 

51511 UMTS 957.6 800 -83 -57.31 0.2377 

 

The range of power density values for the tested cells is 
between 0.000793 and 63.368µW/m

2
 as shown in Table III. 

The highest power density value was 63.368µW/m
2
 at a 

distance of 50m for Cell ID 52297 which used DCS 1800 and 
f=1853.4MHz while the value of power density for the same 
cell reduced to 15.843µW/m

2
 when the test was done at a 

distance of 100m. This means that the value of power density 
reduced by 75% when the distance changed from 50m to 100m 
whereas the lowest value of power density was 
0.000793µW/m

2
 at 100m distance for Cell ID 50828 which 

used UMTS protocol and 2137.4MHz frequency. The reason 
for that was that the telecommunication company uses lower 
power to transmit the signal in case of UMTS since it is rather 
designed to provide data than calls. So, when the transmitted 
power reduced, the power density decreased. The results also 
show the range of power density values for the tested cells is 
within the acceptable limits according to the maximum 
permissible exposure limit issued by the FCC and the IEEE. 
The values were below 0.6W/m

2
 for the general frequency 

900MHz and 0.1W/m
2
 for frequencies more than 1500MHz. 

However, some power density values for the tested cells such 
as 31.8, 15.853, 15.843, and 63.368µW/m

2
 for Cell IDs 52295, 

51515, 50826, and 52297 are considered unacceptable and 
harmful according to government agencies in Australia because 
they are higher than the Australian acceptable value of 
0.000005W/m

2
 [6]. 

V. CONCLUSION 

In this research, the received power for eight cells has been 
theoretically calculated and practically measured. A 
comparison between the theoretical and the measured received 
power was conducted. Power density values were calculated in 
order to decide if they are harmful or not based on safe range 
values issued by FCC, IEEE, and Australian agencies. The 
results demonstrate that the distance between the tower 
(BTS/Node B) and the receiver, and the used frequency have a 
major impact on power density. Pd was reduced by 75% when 
the distance between the transmitter and the receiver doubled. 
The highest Pd value was 63.368µW/m

2 
at a distance of 50m 

for DCS 1800 protocol, and frequency of 1853.4MHz while it 
reduced to 15.843µW/m

2
 when the test was done at a distance 

of 100m. The results show the range of power density values 
for the tested cells is within acceptable limits according to the 
guidelines and reports issued by FCC and IEEE. However, 



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some power density values are considered unacceptable and 
harmful according to the Australian government agencies. 

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