Microsoft Word - 5-2698_s_ETASR_V9_N3_pp4105-4107 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019, 4105-4107 4105 www.etasr.com Memon et al.: Marble Powder As Fine Aggregates in Concrete Marble Powder As Fine Aggregates in Concrete Muhammad Jaffar Memon Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus, Khairpur Mirs’, Pakistan Jaffar.memon@muetkhp.edu.pk Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus, Khairpur Mirs’, Pakistan ashfaqueahmed@muetkhp.edu.pk Zaryab Ahmed Rid Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus, Khairpur Mirs’, Pakistan zaryabrid@gmail.com Touqeer Ali Rind Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus, Khairpur Mirs’, Pakistan touqeerali@muetkhp.edu.pk Abdul Razzaque Sandhu Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus, Khairpur Mirs’, Pakistan abdulrazzaque@muetkhp.edu.pk Abstract—Marble industry contributes significantly to the socio- economic development of any country. Due to the abundance of marble reserves, Pakistan relies on marble industry, which in turn contributes to its GDP. Marble powder (MP), produced from the marble industry is also increasing, which constantly remains a source of hazards to the environment. At the same time, natural sand deposits are decreasing, causing an acute need for a product that matches the properties of sand in concrete. This study has been conducted to demonstrate the possibility of using MP as a replacement of sand in the manufacturing of concrete. The MP was used in 5 different dosage percentages ranging from 0% to 100% by weight of sand with an increment of 25%. The effect of MP on the strength behavior of concrete was studied at three different curing ages (7, 14 and 28 days). It was observed from the results that MP could potentially replace sand up to a certain limit without compromising on strength. It was also noticed that 50% sand replacement with MP was optimum at which 13.52% and 35.54% increase in compressive and flexural strength was achieved compared to the control sample. Based on the results of this experimental study, it is clear that MP can partially be used in place of sand in concrete. Keywords-partial fine aggregates replacement; marble powder; solid waste materials; concrete; natural resources conservation I. INTRODUCTION Construction industry is vital for the development of a country’s economy and infrastructure [1, 2]. In the modern era, concrete has become the most widely used construction building material in the world [2], due to its availability, flexibility, serviceability and durability [3, 4]. Concrete is an artificial material comprised of cement, aggregates (fine and coarse) and water. Aggregates represent approximately 60%- 75% of the total concrete’s volume [5], therefore, they play a significant role in the fresh and hardened concrete properties [6]. In construction industry, aggregates obtained from natural resources are utilized in the manufacturing of concrete. Throughout the years, the consumption of concrete throughout the world has reached overwhelming scales. It has been reported that 11.5 billion tons of concrete is consumed every year out of which 9 billion tons of aggregates [7]. The alarmingly high amount of consumption of aggregates has become an environmental concern, depleting natural resources at much faster rate than they are being regenerated. Due to the natural resource depletion and its negative impact on the environment [8], research has focused on finding alternative materials to be used as aggregates. There are many solid waste materials that have the potential to be used as fine and coarse aggregate replacements. These materials are being generated through agro-industrial processes and are typically disposed-off into landfills causing additional health and environmental issues. This experimental work studies the effect of one such solid waste material, Marble Powder (MP), on the strength properties of concrete when utilized as fine aggregate replacement. Marble is one of the most extensively used types of rock/stone nowadays. It is the end-product of the metamorphism process of sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock [9]. Marble has retained its importance over time, due to its attractive decorative purposes [10] and its variety of appearances and colors. In ancient times, marble was mainly used in sculptures. Nowadays, marble is most likely to be found in and on buildings. Marble has the tendency to withstand elements, and survive for a long time while retaining its look. Marbles are utilized in floors, stairs, walls, counters, sinks and foundations etc. Despite its attractiveness, the powder produced from marble waste has significantly adverse impact on the environment and public health [11, 12]. MP is a by-product which is typically produced during the sawing and polishing of marble blocks [11]. It has been reported that approximately 25% of the processed marble is converted into powder form [11]. The production of marble has been increasing, thus the marble powder generation is on the rise as well. Like other waste materials, the disposal of the marble powder has become a serious environmental problem [13, 14]. The marble industry Corresponding author: Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019, 4105-4107 4106 www.etasr.com Memon et al.: Marble Powder As Fine Aggregates in Concrete impacts significantly on the socio-economic development of developing countries, such as Pakistan, by providing jobs to thousands of people, as well as contributing to the GDP of the country [15]. According to TDAP [16], it is estimated that Pakistan has marble reserves of approximately 300 billion tons, mainly in three provinces (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Baluchistan). The finally generated waste material (MP) is usually dumped at open grounds. With industrial growth, waste has also tremendously grown which is a serious threat to the environment and people. So, to overcome this serious problem we can use several types of waste coming from the industry, e.g. by replacing or partially replacing the constituents of concrete (cement, sand or aggregates) thus conserving natural resources. Marble industry is producing a huge amount of waste. As a fine aggregate which is very important component of concrete, natural river sand is mostly used. Marble waste can be utilized in various ways and marble slurry can be used as fine aggregates in concrete replacing, at least partially, river sand. The utilization of marble dust powder (MDP) as cement replacement was studied in [12]. The cement was partially replaced with MDP up to 20% by weight with an increment of 5%. It was determined that 10% to 15% MDP achieved maximum higher strength compared to control sample, suggesting that MDP could be potentially be used as supplementary cementitious material, reducing the cement content in concrete. Authors in [17] also conducted an experiment on MP as partial cement replacement. Their findings agreed with [12], determining 10% to be the optimum replacement. The MP has been reported to be used as partial cement replacement in [18-20], with the optimum dosage ranging from 5% to 15%. Though MP has been studied by various researchers as partial cement replacement material, the study on the utilization of MP as fine aggregate replacement is limited to certain dosage, maximum 50% [9, 19, 21, 22]. Therefore, in this experimental work, the effect of MP as fine aggregates on the strength properties of concrete is studied. II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Materials In this study, the mix ratio of 1:2:4 was utilized with water- cement ratio of 0.55. Marble waste was obtained from the Karachi Marble factory situated in Khairpur Mirs’, Pakistan. To achieve MP, the obtained marble waste was crushed into powder form. The fine aggregates were replaced using MP from 0% to 100% with an increment of 25% as shown in Table I. The MP chemical composition is shown in Table II. B. Experimental Procedure To determine the effect of MP on the strength properties of concrete, when utilized as fine aggregate, cubes of 150mm dimension were cast and tested for compressive strength according to ASTM C39/C39M-18 [24]. Also, beams of 100mm×100mm×500mm were cast and tested for flexural strength in accorance to ASTM C78/C78M-18 [25]. Every batch contained 3 cubes and 3 beams. The concrete was taken out of the moulds after 24h and was taken for curing. After the curing process, the specimens were tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days to check the strength at different ages. TABLE I. MIX PROPORTIONS Mix Proportion Name Sand (%) Marble (%) MP0 100 0 MP25 75 25 MP50 50 50 MP75 25 75 MP100 0 100 TABLE II. MP VS NATURAL AGGREGATES COMPOSITION [23] Component Marble waste (%) Natural aggregates (%) LOI 45.07 5.08 SiO2 3.75 53.7 CaO 33.12 4.83 MgO 17.91 2.01 Fe2O3 0.13 10.66 Al2O3 Traces Nil Sulphate content Nil Nil III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Compressive Strength The results of average compressive strength tests of concrete incorporating MP as fine aggregate replacement are shown in Table III. MP25 and MP50 showed increase in comparison with control (MP0). However, as the percentage of MP increased to 75% and 100%, the samples showed a decline in compressive strength. The rise was observed to be 13.52% on MP50 while declination of 28.22% was noted at MP100 in comparison to control. The results are in line with the findings in [26-28]. Powdered material contains the characteristic of a filler thus could increase the strength of concrete up to a certain level. It can be said that the desired result can be achieved in concrete with smaller amounts of MP, due to its filler role, because slight increments in the total amount of cement help achieving the targeted compressive strength levels. TABLE III. CONCRETE AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Mix Compressive Strength (MPa) 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days MP0 23.53 28.43 31.80 MP25 25.69 30.81 34.20 MP50 27.08 32.54 36.10 MP75 22.45 26.66 29.96 MP100 18.37 22.29 24.80 B. Flexural Strength The average flexural strength of concrete incorporating different percentages of MP as fine aggregates is shown in Table IV. The behavior of concrete flexural strength is similar to that of its compressive strength with the incorporation of MP. Samples containing 25% and 50% of MP showed gain in flexural strength compared to the control sample, a maximum of 35.54% increase was noticed at 50% replacement. Further increase in MP resulted in decline on all curing stages, suggesting that the optimum replacement is 50%. The decline in strength can be attributed to the granular surface of the MP which is exposed as the crack developed under the load [29]. The samples containing 75% MP (MP75) showed the least decline of 4.27% in strength, which could also be utilized taken into account the rapid rate of depletion of natural resources. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019, 4105-4107 4107 www.etasr.com Memon et al.: Marble Powder As Fine Aggregates in Concrete TABLE IV. CONCRETE AVERAGE FLEXURAL STRENGTH Mix Flexural Strength (MPa) 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days MP0 3.47 4.12 4.22 MP25 4.14 4.90 5.47 MP50 4.31 5.05 5.72 MP75 3.14 3.46 4.04 MP100 2.96 3.42 3.93 IV. 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