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www.etasr.com Tung & Khoa: An Arduino-Based System for Monitoring and Protecting Overvoltage and Undervoltage 

 

An Arduino-Based System for Monitoring and 

Protecting Overvoltage and Undervoltage 

Doan Duc Tung 

Faculty of Engineering and Technology 
Quy Nhon University 

Quy Nhon City, Binh Dinh, Vietnam 

doanductung@qnu.edu.vn 

Ngo Minh Khoa  

Faculty of Engineering and Technology 
Quy Nhon University 

Quy Nhon City, Binh Dinh, Vietnam 

ngominhkhoa@qnu.edu.vn 
 

 

Abstract—In this paper, an experimental system based on 

Arduino Uno microcontroller board was developed for 

measuring electrical quantities and protecting overvoltage and 

undervoltage conditions in a single-phase power supply. The 

main components are described in detail, including the hardware 

and software to build the system in which an Arduino Uno 

platform is implemented as a vital microcontroller to read 

voltage and current measurement from a voltage sensor 

(ZMPT101B) and a current sensor (ACS712) respectively. In 
addition, the Arduino is also used to send all measurement to a 

PC through a serial port for monitoring the measured data 

graphically. The proposed method for designing the software uses 

the root mean square (RMS) method for measuring electrical 

quantities and then the RMS voltage measurement is compared 

with the minimum voltage and the maximum voltage to switch on 

or switch off the load. The monitoring GUI is designed with the 
use of the free and open-source Telemetry Viewer v0.5 software 

to monitor RMS voltage, RMS current, active power, and trip 

signal of the experimental system. The experimental results in 

this paper demonstrate that the system operated correctly. 

Keywords-experiment system; overvoltage; undervoltage; real-

time measurement; voltage relay 

I. INTRODUCTION 

In modern power systems, voltage quality is becoming 
increasingly important with their growth in power electronics 
and their high sensitivity of electronic equipment. Voltage 
quality covers a wide range of voltage disturbances and 
deviations in voltage magnitude or waveform from the 
optimum values. Disturbances related to voltage quality could 
occur as a consequence of the operation of the power grid 
and/or of units connected to the grid. On the other hand, 
voltage irregularities are the major issues the industry and 
home users are facing and are often responsible for damages in 
sensitive equipment [1-2]. Overvoltage or undervoltage often 
result in damaging equipment. Electronic loads increase day by 
day and they are very sensitive to voltage variations [3]. 

In [4], authors proposed a method for monitoring voltage 
disturbances based on discrete wavelet transform and adaptive 
linear network. The types of voltage disturbances studied 
included voltage sag, voltage swell and voltage interruption. 
After applying the method, the voltage disturbances were 

classified according to IEEE Std. 1159-2009. Authors in [5] 
proposed an algorithm based on a deep belief network for 
online voltage sags recognition. The causes and waveform 
characters of voltage sags were analyzed. Then according to the 
characters of different sag waveforms, ten voltage sag 
characteristic parameters were proposed and proven to be 
effective, and finally a deep belief network model was built 
using the parameters to complete automatic recognition of the 
sag event types. An adaptive approach for voltage sag 
automatic segmentation was presented in [6]. An adaptive 
threshold for different waveforms was addressed, in which sag 
depth, mean square error, and entropy of the sag waveform 
were considered. Because of the effects of voltage sags on 
power system operation, the dynamic voltage restorer, one of 
the most effective solutions for mitigating voltage sag in power 
system, was proposed in [7-8]. Authors in [7] presented a 
configuration and control strategy for dynamic voltage restorer 
which used a closed-loop PI control law in the d-q reference 
frame and a linear Kalman filter was employed to estimate 
three-phase voltage sag. In [8], a new control method of 
multifunctional dynamic voltage restorer for voltage quality 
correction was presented. The control method was designed in 
the stationary frame by combining proportional resonant 
controllers and sequence-decouple resonant controllers. The 
method can mitigate many different conditions such as voltage 
swell, voltage sag due to symmetrical and unsymmetrical short 
circuit, starting of motors, and voltage distortion. The aim of 
this work was to design and implement an experimental system 
based on an Arduino Uno microcontroller board that can 
monitor electrical quantities and protect over/under voltage in a 
power supply. The voltage sensor (ZMPT101B) and the current 
sensor (ACS712) are embedded as the sensors which transmit 
continuously real-time data of a single-phase power supply to 
the Arduino Uno board, and then the data are processed to 
measure all necessary measurements. 

II. HARDWARE DESIGN 

The hardware of the experimental system is designed to 
measure electrical quantities and then to protect overvoltage 
and undervoltage conditions in single-phase power supply as 
shown in Figure 1. It includes the following main components: 
The voltage sensor ZMPT101B used in this work is a voltage 
transformer ideal to measure the single-phase AC voltage. It 

Corresponding author: Ngo Minh Khoa 



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www.etasr.com Tung & Khoa: An Arduino-Based System for Monitoring and Protecting Overvoltage and Undervoltage 

 

has high accuracy, good consistency for voltage and power 
measurement and it can measure up to 250V AC. It is simple to 
use and comes with a multi turn trim potentiometer for 
adjusting the analog-digital converter output. Its features 
consist of measurement within 250V AC, onboard micro-
precision voltage transformer, analog output corresponding 
quantity can be adjusted, good consistency, for voltage and 
power measurement and high efficiency and accuracy. The 
current sensor ACS712 provides economical and precise 
solutions for AC or DC current sensing in industrial, 
automotive, commercial, and communications systems. The 
device package allows easy implementation by the customer. 
Its typical applications include motor control, load detection 
and management, switched-mode power supplies, and 
overcurrent fault protection. In this paper it is used to measure 
the AC current of the single-phase power supply. The Arduino 
Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 
20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM 
outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs), a 16MHz 
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an in-circuit system 
programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains 
everything needed to support the microcontroller, it just simply 
needs to be connected to a computer (or appropriate wall power 
adapter) with a USB cable or with a AC-to-DC adapter or 
battery to get started. In addition, other components are used to 
build the experimental system such as an LCD to display all 
data measurements, a relay to switch the circuit when 
overvoltage or undervoltage occurs, push buttons for 
automatic/manual mode, trip and close command of the 
system. The completed experimental system for protecting 
overvoltage and undervoltage in this work built from the 
aforementioned components is shown in Figure 2. 

 

 
Fig. 1.  The single-phase overvoltage and undervoltage protection system 

based on Arduino Uno. 

III. SOFTWARE DESIGN 

A. Real-Time Measurement of Electrical Quantities 

In general, the output signals of the voltage sensor 
ZMPT101B and the current sensor ACS712 are sinusoidal 
voltage waveforms which have their amplitude between 0V 
and 5V in order to coincide with the analog input of the 
Arduino Uno. The signals are continuously sampled with a 
specific sampling time which depends on the processing speed 
of the microcontroller board. For the Arduino Uno 
microcontroller board, both voltage and current signals from 
the voltage and current sensors have sampling time Ts=4ms. 
The AC voltage source used to supply the experimental system 
in this work has a fundamental frequency f=50Hz so the cycle 

duration is 20ms. This means there are 5 samples per cycle of 
the fundamental frequency. 

 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 
1. LCD, 2. Trip button, 3. Close button, 4. Auto/Manual 

switch, 5. Switch of the bulb, 6. 220VAC 60W bulb, 7. 

Voltage sensor ZMPT101B, 8. Current sensor ACS712, 9. 

Relay, 10. Arduino Uno, 11. USB cable, 12. Breadboard 

Fig. 2.  The overvoltage and undervoltage protection system: (a) front (b) 

back  

It is assumed that the equations representing the value of 
the k

th
 sample of voltage and current from the analog pin A0 

and A1 of the Arduino are: The voltage value at the k
th
 sample 

is below: 

( ) ( )sin= ωm sv k V k T    (1) 

where Vm is the voltage amplitude, ω=2πf (f is the fundamental 
frequency), Ts is the sampling time (s), and k is the k

th
 sample. 

The RMS voltage value can be measured as follows: 

2

1

1
N

rms k

k

V v
N =

= ∑   (2) 

where vk is the voltage at the k
th
 sample and N is the total 

number of samples. 

The current value at the k
th
 sample is: 

( ) ( )sin= ω −ϕm si k I k T   (3) 

where Im is the current amplitude, and φ is the initial phase 
angle of the current. 

The RMS current value can be measured as: 

2

1

1

=

= ∑
N

rms k

k

I i
N

  (4) 

where ik is the current at the k
th
 sample. 

The instantaneous power at the k
th
 sample is: 

( ) ( ) ( )= ×p k v k i k   (5) 

Therefore, the active and apparent power are defined as: 

AC-to-DC supply

Voltage sensor

Current sensor

PC monitoring

Arduino
Uno
micro-
processor

board

Display block

Relay block

Auto/Trip/Close

Single-

phase
AC

voltage

source



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www.etasr.com Tung & Khoa: An Arduino-Based System for Monitoring and Protecting Overvoltage and Undervoltage 

 

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1

1 1

= =

= =∑ ∑
N N

k k

P p k v k i k
N N

  (6) 

= ×rms rmsS V I   (7) 

B. The Proposed Algorithm 

In this research work, the Arduino software is applied to 
write code and the code is then uploaded to the Arduino Uno 
board. The code is written according to the algorithm shown in 
Figure 3 to measure electrical quantities such as voltage, 
current, and active power and to protect overvoltage and 
undervoltage. The proposed algorithm includes three main 
stages. Stage 1 is to initialize parameters which represent the 
selection of auto/manual operation mode (if Auto=0 the manual 
mode is selected and if Auto=1 the automatic mode is selected), 
the trip signal to the relay (if Relay=0 the circuit is closed and if 
Relay=1 the circuit is open), and the position of the trip button 
and close button (if Trip=1 the trip button is pressed and if 
Close=1 the close button is pressed). Then, the electrical 
quantities including voltage, current, and power are measured 
in Stage 2. In this stage, voltage and current samples from the 
voltage sensor and the current sensor are continuously read 
from pins A0 and A1 of the board. Then the samples are used 
to calculate RMS voltage, RMS current, apparent power, and 
active power based on the method mentioned in the previous 
section. After the RMS voltage is measured at Stage 2, it is 
used as an input of Stage 3 to detect and protect overvoltage 
and undervoltage. In Figure 3, the protection can be 
accomplished by automatic or manual mode. For automatic 
mode, the RMS voltage will be compared with the minimum 
voltage (Vmin) and the maximum voltage (Vmax) to detect and 
protect overvoltage and undervoltage automatically. The 
proposed algorithm’s steps are: 

Step 1. Start. 

Step 2. Initialize the parameters including the selection of 
auto/manual operation mode (Auto), the trip signal to the relay 
(Relay), and the position of the trip button and close button 
(Trip and Close): 

0; 0; 0; 0Auto Relay Trip Close= = = =   (8) 

Step 3. Set the variables including voltage square (vsquare), 
current square (isquare), instantaneous power (pinst), and sample 
(k): 

0; 0; 0; 1square square instv i p k= = = =   (9) 

Step 4. Read the voltage sample v(k) and the current sample 
i(k) from pins A0 and A1 of the Arduino Uno board where the 
voltage sensor ZMPT101B and the current sensor ACS712 are 
connected. 

Step 5. Update vsquare, isquare, and pinst using the values of 
voltage and current samples in Step 3 as follows: 

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

= + ×


= + ×


= + ×

square square

square square

inst inst

v v v k v k

i i i k i k

p p v k i k
 

 (10) 

Step 6. If k=N, go to Step 7. Otherwise, set k=k+1 and go 
back to Step 5. 

Step 7. Calculate RMS voltage (Vrms), RMS current (Irms), 
active power (P), and apparent power (S) using (11). 

; ;
square square inst

rms rms

v i p
V I P

N N N
= = =

 
 (11) 

Step 8. If Auto=1, go to Step 9. Otherwise, go to Step 12. 

Step 9. If Vrms<Vmin the relay will be tripped (Relay=1). 
Otherwise, go to Step 10. 

Step 10. If Vrms>Vmax, the relay will be tripped (Relay=1). 
Otherwise, go to Step 13. 

Step 11. If Trip=1, the relay will be tripped (Relay=1). 
Otherwise, go to Step 12. 

Step 12. If Close=1, the relay will be closed (Relay=0). 
Otherwise, go to Step 13. 

Step 13. If we need to stop, go to Step 14. Otherwise, back 
to Step 3. 

Step 14. End. 

 

 

Fig. 3.  The proposed algorithm of the experimental system for measuring 

electrical quantities and protecting overvoltage and undervoltage. 

k = N  ?

   Auto = 0;

   Trip = 0;

   Relay = 0

   Close = 0

   vsquare = 0;

   pinst = 0;

   isquare = 0

   k = 1

   Read v(k) from Pin A0

   Read i(k) from Pin A1

   vsquare = vsquare + v(k)×v(k)

   isquare = isquare + i(k)×i(k)

   pinst = pinst + v(k)×i(k)

Vrms =
vsquare

N
Irms =

isquare

N
;

S = Vrms×Irms ; P =
p inst

N

Auto = 1 ?

Vrms < V min?

Vrms > Vmax?

Relay = 1

Relay = 1

Trip = 1 ?

Close = 1 ?

Relay = 1

Relay = 0

Stop ?

k = k + 1

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Start

End



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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

To test the overvoltage and undervoltage protection 
function of the experimental system, an experimental setup was 
established as shown in Figure 4. In Figure 4, three additional 
parts, namely a variable transformer, a PC monitoring, and a 
voltmeter are added to the setup. The key task of the variable 
transformer is to generate a variable voltage source. Therefore, 
various voltage conditions including normal voltage, 
overvoltage, and undervoltage can be created by tuning the 
knob on the front of the variable transformer. Then, its output 
voltage is used to supply the experimental system. All electrical 
quantities are measured and displayed locally on the LCD on 
the front of the system. Moreover, the status of the electrical 
circuit which is closed or open is also monitored and displayed 
on the LCD. In order to validate the voltage measurement of 
the experimental system, the voltmeter is added and connected 
to the output of the variable transformer. The measurement 
results from the experimental system and the voltmeter can be 
compared. Moreover, the monitoring software on a PC 
connected to the experimental system through a USB cable is 
designed to monitor all electrical quantities remotely. All 
measurements are continuously transmitted from the Arduino 
Uno board to the PC and are displayed on the PC's monitor 
graphically. From the monitoring software, we can observe and 
save all measurement data to a csv file, therefore, we can use 
the data for any further analysis. 

 

 
Fig. 4.  The set of the experimental system for testing overvoltage and 

undervoltage protection. 

In order to measure RMS voltage and current of a circuit, 
the voltage and current signals from the voltage sensor and 
current sensor are sampled in the Arduino Uno. With the 
processing speed of the Arduino Uno, the sampling time for 
both voltage and current signals equals to 4ms. This means 
there are 5 samples of voltage or current per cycle. The AC 
power supply generated by a variable transformer is nominally 
230V AC 50Hz. Using the variable transformer to generate 
different voltage conditions, in this paper, one voltage 
condition is established by reducing the voltage magnitude in a 
period of about 10s. The voltage waveform is recorded in the 
csv format file by the monitoring software and then it is plotted 
in Matlab as shown in Figure 5(b). Moreover, we can 
obviously see the voltage waveform using its magnification 
from 5.2s to 5.6s as shown in Figure 5(a). To consider the 
current through the circuit, a bulb is assumed as a fixed load of 
the experimental system. In addition, other loads can be 
connected to the system through the outlet on the front of the 
system. When the load changes, the current waveform through 
the circuit recorded by the monitoring software also changes. 
Figure 5(d) shows a current waveform plotted in Matlab from 
the data of the csv file. Similarly, we can obviously see the 

current waveform using its magnification from 5.2s to 5.6s as 
shown in Figure 5(c). The time in Figure 5(c) is 0.4s 
corresponding to 20 cycles, therefore, there are 100 samples in 
the Figure. From these samples of voltage and current, the 
proposed algorithm is applied to measure the aforementioned 
electrical quantities RMS voltage, RMS current, active power, 
etc. and then the RMS voltage is used for detecting and 
protecting overvoltage and undervoltage. 

 

 
Fig. 5.  Voltage and current waveforms. (a-b) Voltage waveform from the 

pin A0; (c-d) current waveform from the pin A1. 

The proposed algorithm is uploaded to the Arduino Uno 
microcontroller board and is used to measure electrical 
quantities. The measurement results of the RMS voltage and 
current are recorded and are presented in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), 
respectively. With 4ms sampling time of the experimental 
system, the RMS voltage is calculated and is shown as the blue 
line in Figure 6(a). However, to display the RMS voltage value 
on the LCD on the front of the experimental system, the RMS 
voltage value is updated every 1.0s. In this case, the source 
voltage is reduced from 5s to 14s as shown in Figure 6(a), 
therefore, the RMS voltage measured from the proposed 
method is also reduced. Consequently, the experimental system 
can use the RMS voltage value to detect and protect the load 
from an overvoltage or undervoltage condition in the power 
supply, if the voltage is over the maximum value (Vmax) or 
under the minimum value (Vmin). Depending on the nominal 
voltage of the grid, Vmax and Vmin can be set at different values 
and in this study they are set at 220V and 180V respectively. 
Moreover, the current through the circuit is also measured in 



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order to calculate the power consumed by the load of the 
system. The current waveform shown in Figure 5(d) is applied 
to test the method for calculating the RMS current and this 
result is shown in Figure 6(b). Similarly, the current is also 
updated to display on the LCD of the system per 1.0s shown by 
the black dots in Figure 6(b). 

 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

Fig. 6.  Voltage and current measurements using the proposed algorithm 

on Arduino Uno. 

According to the design of the experimental system 
presented above, there are two operation modes, the automatic 
mode and the manual mode. In the manual mode, the two 
buttons, namely the trip and closed button in the front of the 
system are used to switch the relay manually. In this design, the 
trip signal generated by pressing the trip button will be 
processed in the Arduino Uno microcontroller board and then 
transmitted to the relay to switch off the circuit. On the other 
hand, the closed signal generated by pressing the closed button 
will be also processed in the Arduino Uno microcontroller and 
then transmitted to the relay to switch on the circuit. Therefore, 
if there is an overvoltage or undervoltage condition in the 
power supply, the trip button can be used manually to protect 
the load. After that, if the voltage of the power supply is 
remained within Vmin and Vmax, the closed button can be also 
used manually to switch on to continue supplying power. To 
evaluate the manual mode of the experimental system, a 
sequence of the trip-closed-trip-closed order is established 
while the voltage of the power supply will remain within 
acceptable limits as shown in Figure 7(a). Because the trip and 
closed buttons are pressed according to the order shown in 
Figure 7(d), the relay will switch off and switch on the circuit, 
therefore, the current and the active power of the circuit will be 
changed as shown in Figures 7(b) and 7(c) respectively. In the 
automatic mode, the system will trip overvoltage and 
undervoltage conditions to isolate the load out of the power 
supply. Then the load will be supplied again if the voltage of 
power supply is between Vmin and Vmax.  

 

 
Fig. 7.  The experimental results of the manual mode: (a) RMS voltage, (b) 

RMS current, (c) active power, and (d) trip signal. 

In order to evaluate the automatic mode, the overvoltage 
and undervoltage conditions generated by the variable 
transformer are recorded in a period of 20s and are displayed 
on the PC monitoring software. The experimental results are 
saved in a csv file and Matlab is used to plot all the results as 
shown in Figure 8 which exhibits the experimental results 
including RMS voltage, RMS current, active power, and the 
trip signal as shown in Figures 8(a)-(d) respectively. In this 
normal condition, the load of the system is a 220V AC 60W 
bulb, therefore, the RMS current and the active power shown in 
Figures 8(b)-(c) are consumed by the bulb. However, the RMS 
current and the active power are equal to zero when there is an 
undervoltage or overvoltage condition in the power supply. As 
shown in Figure 8(a), an undervoltage occurs between 20s and 
40s and an overvoltage occurs between 55s and 75s. The 
overvoltage and undervoltage protection of the experimental 
system is shown obviously in Figure 8(d) which demonstrates 
the trip signal transmitted to the relay in the system to protect 
the bulb. In addition, when the voltage of the power supply 
remains within Vmin and Vmax, the closed signal is transmitted to 
the relay to continue supplying the bulb with power. This is 
also demonstrated as the period from 40s to 55s in Figure 8(a). 

 



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Fig. 8.  Experimental results of the automatic mode: (a) RMS voltage, (b) 

RMS current, (c) active power, and (d) trip signal. 

V. CONCLUSIONS 

In this research work, an experimental system based on the 
Arduino Uno microcontroller board was developed for 
measuring electrical quantities and protecting onvervoltage and 
undervoltage of a single-phase power supply. The hardware 
and software of the system were designed and tested in a 
laboratory at our University. In order to evaluate the 
effectiveness of the system, we generated many different 
scenarios including automatic and manual mode to demonstrate 
and test the operation of the system. The real-time 
measurement results are locally monitored at an LCD on the 
front of the experimental system. Moreover, they can be 
graphically monitored through the monitoring GUI software on 
a PC and they can be also saved in a csv file for further 
analysis. The main contribution of this work is the propose of 
an experimental method to build a system based on an Arduino 
Uno microcontroller board for protecting overvoltage and 
undervoltage in single-phase power supplies and to implement 
a simple method which is uploaded to the board for measuring 
electrical quantities. 

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[10] P. P. Machado, T. P. Abud, M. Z. Fortes, B. S. M. C. Borba, “Power 

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[11] E. Viciana, A. Alcayde, F. G. Montoya, R. Banos, F. M. Arrabal-
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Time (s)
(a)

20 40 60 80 100
0

100

200

Undervoltage Overvoltage

Time (s)

(b)

0 20 40 60 80 100

0

0.2

0.4

Time (s)
(c)

0 20 40 60 80 100

0

50

100

Time (s)
(d)

0 20 40 60 80 100
-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5
Auto trip 1 Auto trip 2

Auto close 1 Auto close 2