Microsoft Word - 22-2855_s1_ETASR_V9_N4_pp4433-4439 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 4, 2019, 4433-4439 4433 www.etasr.com Karkush et al.: Magnetic Field Influence on The Properties of Water Treated by Reverse Osmosis Magnetic Field Influence on The Properties of Water Treated by Reverse Osmosis Mahdi O. Karkush Civil Engineering Department University of Baghdad Baghdad, Iraq mahdi_karkush@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq Mahmoud D. Ahmed Civil Engineering Department University of Baghdad Baghdad, Iraq mahmoud_baghdad@yahoo.com Salem M. A. Al-Ani Civil Engineering Department University of Baghdad Baghdad, Iraq salimalani39@yahoo.com Abstract—The current study is focused on reviewing the rapid growing of magnetic water use in different science fields and in measuring the influence of several intensities of magnetization on the chemical and electrical properties of tap water treated by reverse osmosis. This work includes water circulation for 24h in magnetic fields of intensities 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000G. The magnetization of water increases some ions in the water such as Mg, K, Na, Cl, and SiO2 and decreases Ca and SO3. The main application of magnetic water is the improvement of the geotechnical properties of soft and swelling soil through precipitation of calcite in pores which increases the bond between soil particles and the strength of the soil. Keywords-magnetic field; water; cheimical properties; electric properties; reverse osmosis I. INTRODUCTION Water is a polar molecule in a V-shaped order of dipoles. Magnetic water is defined as raw or treated water passed through magnetic field of various intensities and circulation periods. Water properties include magnetic sensitivity and when subjected to a magnetic field, these properties change. The changes could be of negative or positive impact according to the use. Water meniscus is not homogeneous and depends on the applied pressure and temperature. Magnetization can affect the two forces that control the water structure, chemical hydrogen bond and Van der Waal’s forces, where magnetization can break down its structure, reduce the linkage angle and increase solubility [1, 2]. It is found that the magnetic field changes the size of the water clusters which in turn changes the physical properties of water [3, 4]. Increase in the intensity of magnetic field causes decrease of the surface tension of tested water samples, which reduces the capillary rise of water [5]. The magnetic field application in wastewater has improved its physical and biological property performance in terms of solid-liquid separation through aggregation of colloidal particles and improvement of bacterial activity [6]. The compression strength of concrete produced using magnetic water is increased by 10%-23% compared to the concrete mixture prepared with plain tap water [7]. The circulation of raw salt water in magnetic field of 2000G intensity increased the K, Mg, Na, and Al cations and decreased anions (Cl and SO3). The results of the treatment of irrigation water by magnetic field showed beneficial effects on the germination of seeds, plant growth and development, and crop yield [8]. Authors in [9] investigated the effects of magnetization on the ability of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, synthesized by chemical co-precipitation, in removing metal ions from water. The nanoparticles of magnetite are promising potential adsorbents and exhibit remarkable reusability for removal of metal ions from water and wastewater. The effect of magnetic field dependent viscosity on free convection heat transfer of a nanofluid in an enclosure considering Brownian motion had been studied in [10], where the bottom wall had constant heating flux. The results showed that the Nusselt number is an ascending function of the Rayleigh number and the nanoparticle volume fraction, but it is a descending function of viscosity parameter and Hartmann number. There was significant decrease in salinity measured in terms of electrical conductivity (EC), Na, and Cl content, in soil irrigated with saline water treated by magnetization. In contrast, there were created non-significant effects on Mg 2+ and HCO3̄ . The deficiency or high cost of potable water pushed farmers to use saline water for irrigation, but the saline water needed to be treated before use. The test results showed that salt contents in soil increased with increasing depth in the column of soil treated with magnetic water where the salts moved deeper during the treatment process [11]. The top layer of soil is very important in agriculture [12]. The influence of magnetization of water on the rate of calcite precipitation and formation on the membranes of reverse osmosis process had been studied in [13]. Tests were conducted on tap water using a module of spiral wound with reverse osmosis membranes. The results did not show any effect for magnetization on the precipitation and formation of calcite. The present study is focused on reviewing the applications of magnetized water in different science fields, especially in water treatment and improvement of the chemical and geotechnical properties of soil. Also, the influence of magnetic field of several intensities on the chemical and electrical properties of water treated by reverse osmosis and ozone has been studied. This water can be used in improving the geotechnical properties of swelling soils. II. MAGNETIC WATER APPLICATIONS The magnetized water has many applications in different science fields and in industry, especially in green technology. Corresponding author: Mahdi O. Karkush Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 4, 2019, 4433-4439 4434 www.etasr.com Karkush et al.: Magnetic Field Influence on The Properties of Water Treated by Reverse Osmosis The circulation of water in magnetic field can change some of its properties. These changes may be useful in industries associated with water properties like pH, surface tension, electrical resistivity, viscosity, and calcite formation inhibition. Magnetized water has many applications in green technology, e.g. in the remediation of contaminated soil and water. Also, magnetized water can be used as injection fluid in oil recovering areas [14]. A. Water Purification The treatment of water can be classified according to its source: domestic, natural, and wastewater. According to the quality of water, a specific plan of action will be adopted for reuse, treatment, or disposal. The treatment of water depends on the type and the specifications of effluents. The available techniques of water purification are adsorption, catalytic processes, biotechnology, membrane treatment, ionizing radiation, and magnetization processes. High gradient magnetic separator (HGMS) is a technique commonly used in the separation of particles [15-18]. The application of a magnetic field across a column of water will produce a magnetic gradient along the column and will attract magnetized particles to the surface and help trap these particles, so the collection of particles depends on the magnetic gradient, particle size, and maybe their shape. B. Wastewater Treatment There are many chemical, physical, and biological techniques used for wastewater treatment. The quantity of wastewater is mainly related to the size of population and the level of development. Rapid industry development and growing population produce different types of wastewater which require different types of technology for reuse or treatment. The magnetic field have been used in treatment of wastewater for several purposes such as the removal of colors, heavy metals, suspended solids and turbidity, organic compounds, and toxic chemicals [19-21]. However, more research is required in this field. C. Formation of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) The formation of CaCO3 has the attention of many researchers because of its wide range of applications in engineering processes, e.g. as cementing agent, adsorbent material, and brightener filler [22-26]. The sedimentation of CaCO3 causes damages and operational problems such as blocking of pipes, clogging of membranes, and efficiency decay in heaters. Several methods have been used to prevent precipitation of CaCO3 (scaling) such as water decarbonization through electrochemical processes and addition of acid and chemical inhibitors. Keeping in mind that chemical treatment may be harmful to public health, therefore, physical techniques have been developed to avoid the use of chemicals. One of these techniques is the magnetic treatment of hard water [26- 27]. The precipitation of different types of crystals under the existence of a magnetic field proved that CaCO3 is considered the most thermodynamically stable crystal at standard temperature and pressure and forms thick layers that are difficult to be removed mechanically [28-30]. Improvement and remediation of soil is considered one of the important fields in geotechnical engineering. The application of magnetic field to the water circulated through weak, swelling or contaminated soils may help to build bonding between particles of soil through precipitation of calcite in soil pores. These bonds depend mainly on the quantity of calcite precipitated in the pores and the ability of calcite in absorbing the contaminants from soil. D. Synthesis of PHAs from Biomass Sludge The application of magnetic field on bacteria cultivations enhanced their growth [31-33], depending on the gradient of magnetic field and the type of existing microorganisms. Many studies investigated the effects of magnetization on the growth of microorganisms, yet the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) under a magnetic field has not been investigated in details. Also, carbon waste such as activated sludge can be used to reduce the cost of processing [34-37]. Using acetate of concentration more than 200Cmmol/l can prevent cell growth and PHA formation [38]. Therefore, magnetization treatment can be used to enhance the production of PHA under unfavorable conditions. E. Magnetic Water Treatment in Agriculture The magnetization of water changes its chemical and physical properties and these changes will affect the soil-water- plant-system. The irrigation of soil with magnetic water will increase the available alkalines such as Na, K, and Mg significantly. The magnetic susceptibility of nutrients will determine its behavior under the magnetic field. Generally, the molecules in nonmagnetic water are in loose state, but they cluster together due to attraction forces provided by magnetization. These forces may help pollutants, especially the toxic ones, to move inside the water molecule cluster. Also, the large structure of water molecule clusters or toxic molecules can clog the membrane when they pass through a membrane cell [39-41]. The magnetization of water will prevent the toxic agents from entering its structure, therefore the magnetic water is considered as a bio friendly fluid. Using magnetic water in agriculture will help increase crop yield and benefit the health of biomass. Using magnetic water will help conserve fresh water supplies for the expected water crisis [39, 40, 42]. III. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pure water as a dipolar and associative liquid can alter its intermolecular bonds under the application of magnetic field and transform to a metastable state [43]. The magnetic field will affect both physical and chemical processes of crystallization and dissolution of water molecules [44]. There are two main different types of magnetic field effects. The direct field which affects the biochemical reactions and the indirect field which affects the surroundings [45]. In the first type of magnetic field, the concern might be the possible genetic influences on living organisms, but the second type of magnetic field may have secondary effects such as temperature, pressure, or mechanical stirring. In the present study, the water container was made from plastic fiber (acrylic) material. The used water pump has the following properties: 25W power, 18m head, 1000L/h flow rate, and AC 220V, 50Hz and the provided magnetic fields were 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000G in a with plastic tube of 12mm diameter. All these parts were connected together in a basin of water containing 10L of water Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 4, 2019, 4433-4439 4435 www.etasr.com Karkush et al.: Magnetic Field Influence on The Properties of Water Treated by Reverse Osmosis treated by reverse osmosis (RO) as shown in Figure 1. The water magnetization device was supplied from a local factory. Water treated with RO will be the reference for comparison. The procedure of magnetization of water can be easily described by putting 10L of the reference water in the plastic box. The box is supplied with a submersible pump and the magnetization equipment is fixed on the top of the box. The submersible pump is connected to the magnetization equipment by the 12mm tube. The circulation of water in the magnetic field was continued for 5 days, but the water’s most chemical and electrical properties remained approximately constant after 24h. The practical use of water magnetic treatment is based on certain changes in its physical and chemical properties. Intensification and stabilization of small initial changes in properties can occur with the help of intermediate mechanisms increasing many times these changes. Water Tank Submersible Pump Power SupplyRegulator Regulator pH Meter Magnets Tube Tube Direction of Flow Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the magnetic system. TABLE I. WATER ANALYSIS METHODS Parameter Symbol Specification pH pH value ASTM, D1293 Electrical conductivity Ec ASTM, D1125 Total alkaline Alkaline ASTM, D1067 Total dissolved salts TDS ASTM, D5907 Silicon dioxide SiO2 ASTM, D859 Chloride content Cl¯ ASTM, D512 Sulfate SO4 ASTM, D516 Magnesium, Calcium Mg, Ca, ASTM, D511 Sodium Na ASTM, D4191 Potassium K ASTM, D4192 In most cases, such intensification is inherent to heterogeneous systems and their phase transitions. For example, the slightest stimulation of crystal formation can cause avalanche irreversible bulk crystallization, with all the process consequences. A slight decrease in the hydration degree of solid particles under certain conditions can lead to their mass coagulation, significant improvement in filtration, etc. The tested chemical and electrical properties of water are listed in Table I. IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Previous studies demonstrated that magnetic water treatment influences the molecular and physicochemical properties of water that alter its quality. The effects of magnetic treatment on irrigation water include increasing the number of crystallization centers and altering the free gas content [33]. The factors affecting the magnetization process are flow rate, circulation time, magnetic field intensity, carbonate water hardness of more than 50mg/L, and the concentration of hydrogen ions in water at pH value>7.2. To determine the influence of magnetic field intensity on the properties of water, several intensities ranging from 500G to 2000G produced by common lab devices were applied to water treated by RO. The circulation of water in the magnetic field continued for 5 days, but almost all properties remained constant after 24h. Experimental studies have shown that magnetic treatment can increase the number of crystallization and modulates the free gas content of the solution [46]. Magnetic treatment on water plays important role in different procedures influencing the crystallization process such as association, dissociation, and nucleation rates [29, 33, 47] A. Effects of Magnetization on pH Pure water is considered neutral when having a pH value of 7 at room temperature (25°C), where the amounts of H + ions and OH¯ ions are equal. Water becomes more volatile as a result of magnetic processing due to the weakening of the hydrogen bonds between its molecules [48]. The magnetic process can change the pH of water [49]. Decrease in pH is caused by the formation of calcite nuclei resulting from the liberation of H + ions. �� � � � � � ⇌ � � �� � (1) � � �� � � � � ��� � (2) �� � � ��� � ⟶ ���� � � � (3) Fig. 2. Concentration of pH vs magnetic field intensity Figure 2 shows the variation of pH under magnetic field of different intensities. When water passed through the magnetic field, the pH value increased by 6% to 34.34% when the magnetic field intensity increased from 500G to 2000G under 6,4 6,8 7,5 7,9 8,6 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 p H v a lu e Magnetic field (G) Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 4, 2019, 4433-4439 4436 www.etasr.com Karkush et al.: Magnetic Field Influence on The Properties of Water Treated by Reverse Osmosis constant flow rate of 1000L/h. For flow rate higher than 2160L/h, the pH value was stable under various magnetic fields [50]. According to the results, the pH value increases with increasing magnetic field intensity, which means absorption of H + ions and increasing number of OH¯ ions in the water. These finding were confirmed by previous studies, but with increasing percentage of 0.53% to 5.6% [51-53], this difference is mainly due to the quality of the used water and the physicochemical parameters. B. Effects of Magnetization on Alkalines The alkaline metals are basic when dissolved in water with pH value greater than 7.0. Generally, the water forms more carbonate without magnetization which accelerates the precipitation of calcite. Magnetic field inhibits the precipitation of bicarbonates, and inhibits the formation of calcites, but the magnetization increases the precipitation of Na, K, and Mg. Mostly, the alkaline metals increase with increasing magnetic field intensity. Also, the magnetic field induces faster proton transfer from hydrogen carbonate to water due to the inversion spin of protons in the diamagnetic field of salts. Figure 3 shows the variation of alkaline concentration with different intensities of magnetic field, where the alkaline concentration increased from 238% to 450% when the magnetic field increased from 500G to 2000G. The test results demonstrated significant increase in the concentration of alkaline minerals with increasing magnetic field intensity. The alkalines may be affected by flow velocity. The intensity of magnetic field did not affect the alkaline content at the highest flow velocity, but had significant effects on the content of alkaline at low flow velocity [54]. Fig. 3. Concentration of alkalines vs magnetic field intensity Figure 4 shows the variation of concentration of alkaline minerals: magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) with different magnetic field intensities. The concentration of Mg and K in water increased significantly with increased magnetic field intensity. Na does not occur freely in nature and is prepared chemically from compounds. Na salts are highly soluble in water. The concentration of Na increased significantly when the magnetic field intensity increased. The pH value increases with increasing magnetic field intensity and the concentration of Ca ions decreased. In other words, the high precipitation of CaCO3 makes a significant drop in the calcium content. The magnetic field inhibits the growth of crystal particles [54]. The concentration of Ca decreases with increasing magnetic field intensity. Fig. 4. Concentration of Mg, Na, Ca, and K vs magnetic field intensity C. Effects of Magnetization on Chloride Chloride (Cl − ) is an anion formed when the Cl element gains an electron or when a compound such as hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Chloride salts are very soluble in water. Figure 5 shows the variation of Cl¯ concentration with different magnetic field intensities. The concentration of Cl¯ increased by 20, 45, 75, 100% for magnetic field of 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000G intensity respectively Fig. 5. Concentration of Cl¯ vs magnetic field intensity D. Effects of Magnetization on Silicon Dioxide Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a chemical compound extensively found in quartz, sand, and in living organisms. This compound is not very reactive because the polarity of its molecule is zero. Silica is a major compound of sandy soils having many uses in chemical, electronic and pharmaceutical industries. Fig. 6. Concentration of SiO2 vs magnetic field intensity 16 54 70 81 88 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 A lk a li n e (m g /L ) Magnetic field (G) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 500 1000 1500 2000 M in e ra l C o n te n t (% ) Magnetic field (G) Mg Content Na Content Ca Content K Content 20 24 29 35 41 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 500 1000 1500 2000 C l¯ (m g /l ) Magnetic field (G) 2,1 2,7 3,3 3,7 4,1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 500 1000 1500 2000 S iO 2 (% ) Magnetic Field (G) Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 4, 2019, 4433-4439 4437 www.etasr.com Karkush et al.: Magnetic Field Influence on The Properties of Water Treated by Reverse Osmosis Figure 6 shows the variation of SiO2 concentration with different intensities of magnetic field, where SiO2 concentration increased by 28, 57, 76, and 95% when the reference water passed through magnetic field of of 500, 1000, 15000, and 2000G intensity respectively. E. Effects of Magnetization on Electrical Conductivity (EC) EC is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity. It represents the material’s ability to conduct electric current. Figure 7 shows the change in EC for different magnetic field intensities at a flow rate of 1000L/h, where EC increased from 56 to 264µS/cm with increasing intensity of magnetic field from 0 to 2000G. The flow rate does not have a significant effect on EC [54]. The EC depends on the ion content. It is observed that decreasing the content of Ca with increasing intensity of magnetic field causes increase in the EC [54]. Fig. 7. EC vs magnetic field intensity F. Effects of Magnetization on Total Dissolve Solids (TDS) TDS is a measure of the dissolved inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro- granular suspended form. Specific types of TDS mainly include calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, iron, lead and sulfates. The common sources of dissolved solids in water come from weathering of rocks and erosion of earth’s surface. Many minerals are soluble in water, so high contents will be accumulated over time through the constantly reoccurring process of precipitation and evaporation. Groundwater usually has higher contents of TDS than surface water, due to longer duration of contact with the underlying rocks and sediments. Figure 8 shows the variation of TDS content with different magnetic field intensities. We can see that the TDS content in magnetized water increases with increasing magnetic field intensity. Fig. 8. Concentration of TDS vs magnetic field intensity G. Effects of Magnetization on Sulfate Sulfate (SO4) is a polyatomic anion found in water. The sulfate compounds occur from the oxidation of sulfite ores, the presence of shales, and industrial wastewater. Sulfate is considered one of the most common dissolved salts in rainwater. Figure 9 shows the variation of SO4 concentration with different magnetic field intensities, where the circulation of water in a magnetic field causes decreasing in the SO4 content with increasing magnetic field intensity. Fig. 9. Concentration of SO4 vs magnetic field intensity V. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that the circulation of water in a magnetic field increases the pH which indicates increasing water alkalinity. The nucleation of alkaline content increased from 16mg/L for reference water to 88mg/L for water treated with magnetic field of 2000G intensity. Also, the magnetic treatment reduces the nucleation of calcium mineral and sulfate content. The results from this research are focused on the influences of magnetic field of varying intensity on the chemical and electrical properties of water treated by reverse osmosis. 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