Microsoft Word - 9-3021_s_ETASR_V9_N5_pp4623-4626 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 5, 2019, 4623-4626 4623 www.etasr.com Buller et al.: Influence of Coarse Aggregate Gradation on the Mechnical Properties of Concrete, Part II … Influence of Coarse Aggregate Gradation on the Mechnical Properties of Concrete, Part II: No-Fines Vs. Ordinary Concrete Abdul Salam Buller Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Larkana Campus, Sindh, Pakistan buller.salam@quest.edu.pk Zaheer Ahmed Tunio Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan zaheerahmedtunio@gmail.com Fahad-ul-Rehman Abro Department of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan fahad.abro@gmail.com Tariq Ali Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan tariqdehraj@gmail.com Karam Ali Jamali Department of Civil Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan tespublic@yahoo.com Abstract—This study aims to investigate the effect of different gradations of coarse aggregates on mechanical properties of no- fines concrete (NFC). NFC reduces a structure’s self-weight, thus minimizing cost. The effects of coarse aggregate gradation on mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were studied and compared at the end of 28-day water curing. A fixed cement- to-aggregate proportion 1:6 with 0.5 water/cement (w/c) ratio was adopted. Four gradations of coarse aggregates ranging between specific maximum and minimum size were used, namely 5mm-4mm, 10mm-4mm, 20mm-4mm and 20mm-15mm. The results of this study reveal the substantial effect of the gradation of coarse aggregates on strength properties compressive and tensile strength of NFC. Keywords-no-fines;aggregate graddation;cement to agggregate proportion;compressive strength;texture I. INTRODUCTION Concrete without fines is a type of lightweight porous concrete acquired by removing the sand from the ordinary concrete mix. It is a material of two phases, rough aggregates, surrounded by a thin layer of cement paste without fine aggregates. NFC is a type of lightweight concrete produced from only cement water and coarse aggregates. The coarse aggregates are covered with cement paste and linked point-to- point with thin cement paste holding aggregates in a matrix, augmenting concrete strength. It is recognized that self-weight constitutes a very big percentage of the complete structure load in concrete buildings. There are significant benefits in decreasing the concrete unit weight. Appropriate resistance of structural light weight aggregate concrete (LWAC) is now prevalent in use. In frame structures, the petition walls are free of charge where the construction of these non-structural elements with low-strength lightweight concrete would result in a subsequent reduction in the overall weight of the structure. NFC has many applications, [1-13], described in Part I [14]. Civil engineers have been challenged to transform waste into helpful building materials [13, 15] and large quantities of raw materials and waste, in particular demolition waste, are used as recycled aggregates for the construction and use of non- finished concrete waste, making it more economical compared to standard concrete [16, 17]. NFC is an environmentally friendly paving material because it has much higher voids in its body than those of normal concrete resulting in rainwater runoff from it [11]. NFC’s cement/aggregate ratio usually varies from 1:6 to 1:10 and aggregate is usually used from 20mm to 10mm [14, 16] and the proportion of water to cement ranges from 0.28 to 0.40 [18]. No concrete fines normally used are single sized coarse aggregates. This resulted to the concept of carrying out an experimental study to explore the impact of various gradations of coarse aggregates used in concrete no- fines in the first Part [14]. In this Part, the impact of coarse aggregates’ size have been researched regarding mechanical characteristics. Compressive and tensile strength tests were performed in samples cast from four distinct lots of coarse aggregates. The results of NFC were compared with that of conventional concrete. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The main aim of this study is to investigate unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of no-fines and ordinary concrete. Cement-aggregate (c-a) proportions 1:6 of NFC and 1:2:4 of ordinary concrete were adopted. Four different coarse aggregate gradations, Corresponding author: Abdul Salam Buller Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 5, 2019, 4623-4626 4624 www.etasr.com Buller et al.: Influence of Coarse Aggregate Gradation on the Mechnical Properties of Concrete, Part II … namely 5mm-4mm, 10mm-4mm, 20mm-4mm, and 20mm- 15mm, were used. NFC and ordinary concrete were cast with 0.5 w/c ratio. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as per standard of ASTM C150 was used to manufacture the specimens of both concretes. Crushed stones obtained from the local market were used as coarse aggregates. They were washed, air dried to SSD, and sieved accordingly to achieve each specified aggregate gradation. Potable water was used for casting and curing of all specimens. All the ingredients of each respective mix were batched accordingly following the proper mixing procedure in an electric operated mixer and were cast accordingly. A total number of 20 cube specimens for NFC and 20 for ordinary concrete (NC) of standard size of 150mm×150mm×150mm, 20 cylinders for NFC and NC of standard size of 150mm×300mm and 20 prisms for NFC and NC of standard size of 100mm×100mmx500mm were cast. The specimens were demoulded after 24 hours of casting and were kept in a curing tank up for 28 days. Before testing the specimens for compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength, all the specimens were weighed to determine their unit weight. To determine compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength, the cubes, cylinders, and prisms were tested in a universal testing machine (UTM) (see Part I [14] for more UTM testing pictures). The ultimate loads at the failure of specimens were recorded. Five cubes, cylinders, and prisms for NFC and NC were cast from each batch. The ultimate compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength, and the unit weight of each of the five specimens was measured and the average was used as the final value. Fig. 1. Specimens under curing III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Compressive Strength of NFC The results of average compressive strength are presented in Table I. TABLE I. AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND UNIT WEIGHT OF NFC S.No. Aggregate gradation (mm) c-a proportion w/c ratio Compressive strength (MPa) Unit weight (kg/m 3 ) 1 5-4 1:6 0.5 4.9 1687 2 10-4 1:6 0.5 8.2 1843 3 20-4 1:6 0.5 9.8 1891 4 20-15 1:6 0.5 6.4 1735 B. Splitting Tensile Strength of NFC The results of average splitting tensile strength are presented in Table II. TABLE II. AVERAGE SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH AND UNIT WEIGHT OF NFC S.No. Aggregate gradation (mm) c-a proportion w/c ratio Splitting tensile strength (MPa) Unit weight (kg/m 3 ) 1 5-4 1:6 0.5 0.6 1687 2 10-4 1:6 0.5 1.3 1843 3 20-4 1:6 0.5 1.7 1891 4 20-15 1:6 0.5 1.1 1735 C. Flexural strength of NFC The results of average flexural strength are presented in Table III. TABLE III. AVERAGE FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND UNIT WEIGHT OF NFC S.No. Aggregate gradation (mm) c-a proportion w/c ratio Flexural strength (MPa) Unit weight (kg/m 3 ) 1 (5-4) 1:6 0.5 1.2 1687 2 (10-4) 1:6 0.5 2.4 1843 3 (20-4) 1:6 0.5 3.8 1891 4 (20-15) 1:6 0.5 2.1 1735 Fig. 2. View of a prism sample before and after testing in UTM D. Compressive strength of NC The results of average compressive strength are presented in Table IV. TABLE IV. AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND UNIT WEIGHT OF ORDINARY CONCRETE S.No. Aggregate gradation (mm) Mix proportion w/c ratio Compressive strength (MPa) Unit weight (kg/m 3 ) 1 5-4 1:2:4 0.5 21.2 2339 2 10-4 1:2:5 0.5 29 2366 3 (20-4) 1:2:4 0.5 30.4 2445z Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 5, 2019, 4623-4626 4625 www.etasr.com Buller et al.: Influence of Coarse Aggregate Gradation on the Mechnical Properties of Concrete, Part II … E. Splitting Tensile Strength of NC The results of average splitting tensile strength are presented in Table V. TABLE V. AVERAGE SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH AND UNIT WEIGHT OF ORDINARY CONCRETE S.No. Aggregate gradation (mm) c-a proportion w/c ratio Splitting tensile strength (MPa) Unit weight (kg/m 3 ) 1 5-4 1:2:4 0.5 2.2 2339 2 10-4 1:2:4 0.5 2.7 2366 3 20-4 1:2:4 0.5 3.4 2445 F. Flexural strength of NC The results of average compressive strength are presented in Table VI. TABLE VI. AVERAGE FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND UNIT WEIGHT OF ORDINARY CONCRETE S.No. Aggregate gradation (mm) c-a proportion w/c ratio Flexural strength (MPa) Unit weight (kg/m 3 ) 1 5-4 1:2:4 0.5 3.4 2339 2 10-4 1:2:4 0.5 3.5 2366 3 20-4 1:2:4 0.5 3.8 2445 Fig. 3. Compressive, spilitting tensile, and flexural strength of NFC vs. aggregate gradation and c-a proportion at 0.5 w/c ratio Fig. 4. Compressive, spilitting tensile, and flexural strength of NC vs. aggregate gradation and c-a proportion at 0.5 w/c ratio The results reveal the pronounced effect of aggregate gradation and c-a proportion on the compressive strength. Figures 3-4 depict the effect of various course aggregate gradations on the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength of NFC and NC. The significant effect of aggregate gradation is self-evident from the Tables’ values and Figures. NFC manufactured with 20mm-4mm gradation exhibited the and the NFC with 5mm-4mm gradation yielded the lowest compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength of the respective group of NFC having the same c-a 1:6 proportion and 0.5 w/c ratio. On the other hand, 20mm-4mm had high compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength at 1:2:4 mix proportion and 0.5 w/c ratio. This infers the significance of aggregate gradation, c-a proportion on the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength of both NFC and NC. Fig. 5. Comparision between unit weight of NFC and NC G. Unit Weight Table I also shows the values of average unit weight of NFC produced with different aggregate gradation, 1:6 c-a proportion and 0.5 w/c ratio. The 20mm-4mm coarse aggregate gradation had 1891kg/m 3 and the 5mm-4mm coarse aggregate gradation had 1687kg/m 3 unit weight respectively. The difference between the maximum and minimum values of unit weight is calculated to be only 12.1% while the difference percentage of NFC and NC is 33%.The unit weight of NFC is slightly affected due to variation in aggregate gradation, c-a proportion and w/c ratio but without any significant trend regarding those parameters. This may be observed in Figure 5 where the unit weight values are compared graphically. IV. CONCLUSION • Aggregate gradation significantly affects compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength of NFC. • A difference of 50%, 64% and 68% was observed between the maximum and minimum compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength respectively of NFC due to variation in aggregate gradation and c-a proportion. • NFC produced with 20mm-4mm gradation 1:6 c-a proportion and 0.5 w/c ratio exhibited the highest compressive strength of 9.8MPa. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 9, No. 5, 2019, 4623-4626 4626 www.etasr.com Buller et al.: Influence of Coarse Aggregate Gradation on the Mechnical Properties of Concrete, Part II … • The minimum compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength was found to be 4.9MPa, 0.6MPa, and 1.2 MPa in the case of NFC with 5mm-4mm aggregate gradation, 1:6 c-a proportion at 0.5 w/c ratio. • A difference of 30%, 35% and 10% was observed between the maximum and minimum compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength respectively of NC due to variation in aggregate gradations. • NC produced with 20mm-4mm gradation mix proportion 1:2:4 at 0.5 w/c ratio exhibited the highest compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength of 30.4MPa, 3.4MPa, and 3.8MPa, respectively. • The minimum compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength of NC was found to be 4.9MPa, 0.6MPa, and 1.2MPa when using 5-4mm aggregate gradation, 1:2:4 mix proportion at 0.5 w/c ratio. • The unit weight of NFC was found to be marginally affected by the variation in aggregate gradation, c-a proportion and w/c ratio. • The maximum difference between the minimum and maximum unit weight (1687kg/m 3 and 1891kg/m 3 ) was found to be only about 10%. • The unit weight of NC was found not to be marginally affected by the variation in aggregate gradation, c-a proportion and w/c ratio. • In NC the maximum difference between the minimum and maximum unit weight (2339kg/m 3 and 2445kg/m 3 ) was found to be only about 4%. 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