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   Perspectives 
Perspectives of Heat Stroke Shield: An IoT based 

Solution for the Detection and Preliminary Treatment 
of Heat Stroke 

 

Sadia Javed 
Department of Computer Science and 

Software Engineering 
Jinnah University for Women 

Karachi, Pakistan 
sadi0921@gmail.com 

Samia Ghazala 
Department of Computer Science and 

Software Engineering 
Jinnah University for Women 

Karachi, Pakistan 
samia_ghazala@yahoo.com 

Ummay Faseeha 
Department of Computer Science and 

Software Engineering 
Jinnah University for Women 

Karachi, Pakistan 
uf_uit@yahoo.com 

 

 

Abstract—Heat stroke is considered a major problem in Karachi, 
with a considerable number of people recorded as victims each 
year. The proposed Internet-of-Things (IoT) based heat stroke 
shield works under heat stroke conditions, depending on a heat 
index value (atmospheric temperature and humidity). The system 
comprises of a wristband, a hardware kit and an alert system 
which can pre-notify a wearer regarding his body parameter 
readings. Moreover, the system can also work as a problem 
solver, in heat stroke condition, by showering water on the 
victim. In both cases, an alert will also be generated to the 
wearer’s caretakers with his GPS location. 

Keywords-Internet-of-Things; gsm module; heat stroke; 
wearable 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Global warming consists of a constant and continuous rise 
in the temperature of earth’s atmosphere [1]. Among its many 
catastrophic impacts, this rise in temperature has been an 
evident cause of heat waves [2]. Continuous temperatures 
above 32oC for three days is an obvious condition of heat wave 
[3]. It is a prevalent natural climatic hazard with perceptible 
impacts on the humans and biophysical systems and is 
considered to be a global and constantly growing problem. 
Heat wave cycle repeats on a yearly basis normally in summer 
season with symptoms such as heat stress, heat exhaustion and 
heat stroke. People who work in the sun continuously suffer 
from sun stroke because of the excessive heat accumulated in 
their body due to the continuous exposure. Also, elders, 
specifically those with circulatory diseases are most vulnerable 
to heat stroke [4]. Children are also considered to be a high risk 
group to face heat exhaustion and heat stroke related problems. 
Pakistan has been a victim of heat waves [5]. The heat waves 
are common in pre-monsoon months (April-June) in the plains 
of the country. In June 2015, the southern part of Pakistan was 
affected by a severe heat wave in which temperature raised 
above 45°C. Reported mortalities were due to suffocation, 

dehydration and heat strokes [6]. The death toll for this year 
rose noticeably to about 1200 individuals, resulting in a state-
of-emergency being declared at all public hospitals and 
morgues. From 2015 onwards, people face extreme weather 
conditions each year and a noticeable number of individuals get 
affected. Densely populated cities are more vulnerable to 
negative impacts of heat waves in Pakistan [7, 8]. Karachi is 
one of the most heat stroke affected cities of Pakistan. The sea 
breeze moderates the city’s climate as it is located on the coast 
of the Arabian Sea. Due to the sea breeze a low-pressure 
system generates in the ocean which may lead to a spike in 
temperature. It causes the body temperature to increase and 
affects the nervous system rapidly [9] resulting in death or 
permanent organ damage or disability if not properly treated on 
time. Furthermore, global climate change makes summers even 
hotter. This weather fluctuation impact gets worse due to the 
insufficient functioning of the weather forecast system [10].  

To deal with the heat stroke problem, an IoT based 
prototype is discussed in this paper which is using sensors to 
measure certain parameters like body temperature, oxygen 
level, and heat index (atmospheric temperature and humidity). 
Wearing the proposed wristband, heat stroke can be detected in 
advance, on the basis of these parameters, in children, elderly, 
and adults. A hardware kit, specifically for bedridden or on a 
wheel chair patients, is also integrated with the wristband for 
sprinkling water vapors on the heat stroke victim.  

II. RELATED WORK 

New technological advancements in the field of 
communications, specifically in mobile network and sensor 
technology, are further improving the channels and removing 
the existing obstacles [11]. A new technological era of Internet 
of Things (IoT) is emerging rapidly and many vendors are 
constructing sensor enabled devices which follow the open 
standards allowing these devices to be integrated with any type 
of system, i.e. inventory management systems, customer 

Corresponding author: Sadia Javed



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www.etasr.com Javed et al.: Perspectives of Heat Stroke Shield: An IoT based Solution for the Detection and … 
 

support systems, business intelligence, and health care 
applications [12]. Data acquisition, analysis and processing 
have become more convenient and transparent with the support 
of IoT. Health services are also actively taking part by 
providing information on time [13]. In IoT based healthcare 
systems, a patient/victim can not only be monitored remotely 
but an automated cure can be provided as first aid in case of an 
emergency. A model which is efficiently dealing with real time 
data for the health care system by taking advantage of IoT is 
proposed in [14]. Similarly, a number of wearable 
physiological monitoring systems has been developed focusing 
mainly on the heat illness of astronauts, athletes, firefighters, 
and soldiers. These systems comprise of an array of sensors 
that can be assimilated with clothes/wearables to continuously 
sense the physical parameters of the wearer and keep track of 
his/her health status effectively [15]. Similar systems have been 
proposed for treating heat exhaustion or heat stroke. In [16], 
heat stress monitoring is done by a flexible Bluetooth based 
self-adhesive patch which is attached on the chest of the 
patient. It analyzes heat illness by monitoring certain body 
parameters. A heat illness monitoring system for firefighters is 
proposed in [17], which uses a wearable shirt integrated with 
sensors to analyze temperature, humidity, and heart rate. The 
low energy wireless protocol Zigbee is used for sending the 
information to the remote device. Another Zigbee based 
wearable device is proposed in [18] which is worn on the wrist 

and the finger of a person (athlete or infant). It is used to check 
heart rate and temperature of the wearer and an alert message is 
sent to the caretakers if the parameters reach a certain 
threshold. Temperature and heart rate sensors fabricated on 
gloves are used to detect heat stroke conditions. A smart watch 
uses body temperature for the prediction of heat stroke in [19] 
with water intake also monitored by the system. A GPRS and 
WiFi based system is discussed in [20] which is mainly 
focusing on the detection of the presence of humans, especially 
children, inside locked cars. Heat stroke is monitored by 
temperature sensor and an alert is generated to the owner of the 
car in case of emergency. Likewise, a Bluetooth/GPRS based 
system is proposed to address heat stroke in [21], in which an 
accelerometer sensor is used to detect user movement. The 
movement detection beyond a certain defined threshold will 
result in alarm generation. Nontechnical solutions to control 
body temperature in case of heat exertion are discussed in [22]. 
Body temperature can be dropped by 0.35oC /min if the patient 
is immersed in cold water at 2oC while the temperature 
decreasing rate in an air-conditioned rooms is only around 
0.05oC. Alternatively, applying ice packs or crushed ice can 
also be used to lower body temperature up to a certain limit 
[23, 24]. These methods can work efficiently with excertional 
heat strokes. In the case of non-exertional heat strokes, air blow 
with water spray can bring gradual change in the body 
temperature up to 0.31oC/min [25]. 

TABLE I. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT HEAT STRESS MONITORING SYSTEMS 

Heat stress monitoring system 
Communication 

technology 
Hardware Body parameters analyzed Target audience 

System 
alert 

Flexible self-adhesive patch type system for 
professional heat stress monitoring [16] 

Bluetooth Self-adhesive patch 
ECG, body temperature, 

humidity, 2-axis acceleration 
Heat stress victim 
of any age group 

No 

Wearable system for heat stress monitoring in 
firefighting applications [17] 

Zigbee Wearable shirt 
Temperature, humidity, 

heart rate, 
Firefighters No 

A Zigbee-based wearable physiological 
parameters monitoring system [18] 

Zigbee Wristband, finger clip Heart rate, temperature Athlete or infant Yes 

Heat stroke detection system based in IoT [15] TCP/IP Hang Glove Heart rate, temperature 
Children, elderly 
people, adults of 
productive age 

Yes 

HeatWatch [19] Bluetooth Smart watch, smartphone 
Body temperature, water 

intake 
All age groups No 

Affordable system for alerting, monitoring and 
controlling heat stroke inside vehicles [20] 

GPRS/WiFi Smart vehicle 
Temperature sensor, 

presence detection, location 
Children Yes 

Minimizing heatstroke incidents for young 
children left inside vehicles [21] 

Bluetooth/ GPRS Estimate Beacon device Movement detection Children Yes 

 
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM DESIGN 

A. Controling Element 

The Arduino Nano comprises of an ATmega328P 
microcontroller bearing the same features as Arduino Uno with 
compact size and 8 analog ports (A0-A7) and 11 general 
purpose digital ports (D2-D12). The small size and advanced 
features of Arduino prove it to be an appropriate choice for 
wearable devices [26-31]. Arduino IDE platform is used to 
program the controller as per the desired features of the 
proposed system. It processes the information received from 
the sensors and sends the information through the wireless 
medium to the android application used by the caretaker and 
the designed kit simultaneously, in case of emergency for 
treatment from the adverse effects of heat waves. The proposed 
system works on an IoT concept to provide connectivity 

between the wearable device and the mobile application 
without human intervention. 

B. Sensors for Parameters’ Intuiting 

A heat stroke can be harmful if the patient is not treated 
urgently due to the rise in body temperature (greater than 
40.0°C). Therefore, in this proposed system, real time data of 
the following parameters will be sensed by respective sensors: 

 Body temperature 

 Blood oxygen level 

 Heat index (comprised of environmental temperature and 
humidity) 

A body temperature sensor is connected with the analog 
input pin, a heat index sensor with a digital input pin and a 



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blood oxygen sensor with another analog input pin of the 
Arduino to analyze and compare received data with the saved 
information. All the sensors are embedded in the wearable 
device. 

1) Human Body Temperature Sensor 

Humans are effected by heat stroke majorly due to the 
change in body temperature with respect to change in 
environmental temperature and humidity level. Environmental 
temperature and humidity level are collectively called heat 
index [32]. Therefore, the proposed system is focused on 
human body temperature in comparison with external weather 
conditions. MLX90614 sensor is a non-contact infrared 
thermometer connected at a digital input of the Arduino embed 
in the wrist band and measures the infrared radiation emitted 
from the human body. The purpose of the controller is to 
absorb infrared radiation from the body and convert it to heat. 
The heat is converted into electrical energy, which is 
communicated to a detector to determine the temperature of the 
body. The normal range of human body temperature is between 
37-38°C, when heat index reading is between 27-32°C. 
Therefore, the effected person or the caretaker must be cautious 
and have to take some measures to drop body temperature. 
However, if the temperature of the human body raises from 39-
40°C at heat indexbetween 32-41°C, then the person needs 
extreme attention because these symptoms of heatstroke can be 
lethal and the patient’s body temperature must drop quickly. In 
the proposed solution, MLX90614 sensor is used for the 
continuous monitoring of the human body temperature along 
with the other parameters such as heat index and oxygen level. 

TABLE II. HEAT STOKE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETER 
EFFECTS 

Heat index 
(°C) 

Body 
temperature (°C) 

Oxygen level 
(mm Hg) 

Observation 

27-32 37-38 75-73 Caution 

32-41 39-40 72-70 Extreme caution 

41-54 41-42 69-65 Danger 

Over 54 Above 42 Less than 65 Extreme danger 

 

2) Heat Index 

Heat index is used to measure apparent temperature or feel-
like temperature. Therefore, the proposed system focuses on 
environmental temperature and humidity along with other 
parameters. An SHT75 sensor is used to sense environment 
temperature and humidity levels. It consists of a capacitive 
element which measures relative humidity and a band gap 
sensor which measures temperature. The sensor is connected 
with an analog pin of the controller and gives the results in 
digital form. Ther output of SHT75 will be compared with the 
output of the MLX90614 sensor and SpO2 sensor to get the 
actual impact of heat wave on human body. 

3) Light-based SpO2 sensor 

In the proposed idea, SpO2 is used to sense the oxygen 
level of the human body, it is a clamp-like device which is 
connected to the input of the Arduino in a wrist band. 
Minorrays of light pass through the blood in the wrist, 

measuring the amount of oxygen through the changes of light 
absorption in oxygenated or deoxygenated blood. 

C. Communication Technology 

Long range wireless connectivity is required for the 
uninterupted flow of sensed data in the case of an emergency. 
Therefore, a GSM/GPRS module is used for sending alert 
messages to the registered number of the caretaker. The GSM 
module is heplful to mentain long range wireless 
communication between the caretake and the wearer. It is the 
most suitable device for IoT applications because of its size and 
features of text messaging, phone calling, and accessing the 
internet through GPRS. However, GPRS services will not be 
used to avoid the additional penetration of harmful rays in 
human body.  

IV. IMPLEMENTATION 

The methodology of the proposed system is shown in 
Figure 1 in which environmental parameters (heat index) along 
with human body temperature and oxygen level are the main 
areas of concern in case of extreme weather conditions. 
Therefore, the decision of sending alert or activation of the 
showering kit will be depending upon the parameters discussed 
in Table I. The proposed system will be composed of two 
modules. The first module is based on a wearable wristband 
which is used while the user is in mobility as shown in Figure 
2. Figure 3 shows the second module comprised of a wristband 
along with a showering kit for immobilized persons.  

 

 
Fig. 1.  Data flow of the proposed system 

The wristband in both modules is designed with embedded 
sensors. MLX90614, SpO2 and SHT75 sensors are used to 
monitor heat index, body temperature, and oxygen level 
respectively. The working of the wristband will start with the 
sensing of the value of heat index (HI). If the HI value is 
greater than 32°C, it is considered an indication of extreme 
caution for heat stroke. To examine accurately, the processing 
unit will immediately check body temperature and oxygen 
level. If the body temperature increases to 39°C or above and 
the oxygen level decrease below 70mm Hg, then it is 



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considered a certain condition of heat stroke and the GSM 
module placed on the wristband will send an alert message to 
the caretaker. If the wearer also wants to keep track of his 
fluctuating condition, he can also get alert on his mobile device 
and can take precautionary measures himself. This is 
considered to be an obvious advantage of this setup. 

 

 
Fig. 2.  Proposed system module 1: wearable wrist band 

 
Fig. 3.  Proposed system module 2: wristband along with showering kit 

The same setup followed by a water showering kit will be 
used as a second module. This device will be designed 
especially for patients. In addition to generate an alert from 
wristband to the caretaker, a Bluetooth enabled showering kit 
will also start working on the same values of monitored 
parameters. Kit will shower water vapors on the heat stroke 
victim progressively until the caretaker handles the condition of 
the patient. This will act like first aids for the patient when no 
one is nearby to take care of him in a case of an emergency. 
The second module is covering both features of the system, i.e. 
monitoring and treating. 

V. TEST CASE 

A solution is proposed for addressing heat stroke by 
measuring body temperature and oxygen level of an elder adult. 
Figure 4 shows the prototype of the system. A site in Karachi 
has been selected for experiment in the extreme weather of 
June, 2019. The observed heat index and body temperature 
were 43.2°C and 39.2°C respectively. The system successfully 

generated an alert message to caretaker’s contact number fed 
already in the application.  

VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 

The proposed system is an attempt to address cataclysmic 
situations of heat stroke. The wristband contains sensors for 
continous measurement of crucial parameters like body 
temperature, oxygen level, and heat index, and it can also send 
alert messages to the caretakers in a case of an emergency. This 
is beneficial for all age groups and for persons engaged in 
different outdoor activities. The integrating hardware kit with 
wristband, especifically working for debridden patients and 
elderly people, is used to provide first aid as well. Architecture 
and simple design corroborate to make it an afforable and 
easily implementable system. In the future, more parameters 
like pulse rate and sweating can be monitored considering other 
illnesses or diseases.  

 

 
Fig. 4.  The prototype of the proposed system 

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