Microsoft Word - ETASR_V11_N3_pp7257-7261
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 11, No. 3, 2021, 7257-7261 7257
www.etasr.com Raza et al.: Harnessing Electrical Power from Hybrid Biomass-Solid Waste Energy Resources for …
Harnessing Electrical Power from Hybrid Biomass-
Solid Waste Energy Resources for Microgrids in
Underdeveloped and Developing Countries
Abstract-This paper presents an energy plan for harnessing
electrical power from hybrid energy resources, including biomass
and solid waste, through hybrid technologies for microgrid
development to overcome the current energy crisis and provide
future sustainable electricity pathways for a developing country.
Biomass and solid waste were collected from different dumping
sites in Pakistan and were tested for their calorific value, which
was found to be 6519Kcal/Kg. The total power was calculated
based on this calorific value and it was found that there is a
potential of total 11,989.5GW of power generation. Thus, hybrid
energy resources are suitable for harnessing electrical energy
through hybrid technologies. Different hybrid systems were
examined for these resources and the gasification technique is
finally proposed as the most suitable method for producing
energy from biomass and solid waste resources in Pakistan. This
technique is also found to be economically feasible for processing
all kinds of waste.
Keywords-biomass; solid waste; electrical power; sustainable
development; developing countries; underdeveloped countries
I. INTRODUCTION
A developing country may face an exponential growth of
population and industrialization, which is resulting in huge
requirements of energy. This further leads to the exploitation of
fossil fuels, such as domestic coal, natural gas, and oil which
are not renewable. The use of fossil fuels poses a threat to the
environment and public health in terms of harmful Greenhouse
Gases (GHG) and huge production of waste [1]. The generated
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) will globally reach 2200
million tons annually by 2025 which would increase to 2600
million tons by 2030 [2, 3]. Sewage sludge produced from
industrial and household wastewater treatment produces
thousands of tons of solid waste daily [4]. Proper treatment of
biomass and solid waste is an alternative option for power
generation which reduces ecological and social issues [5].
Facilitating biomass and solid waste renewable resources for
power generation instead of fossil fuels provides better techno-
economic opportunities for Pakistan [5]. If biomass and solid
waste resources are exploited, the ratio of renewable power
generation would be increased from 2% to 27% and would
cater for the 56% of local energy needs [6]. The major
advantage of biomass and solid waste is that they can be
available at any location in contradiction with fossil fuels[6].
There are many biomass and solid waste resources
including human waste, MSW, food waste, firewood,
shrubbery waste, fabrics, paper products, latex, and plastics [7].
The quantity and composition of biomass and solid waste vary
greatly depending upon the region and human living standards
[7]. There are four major sectors involved in the production of
biomass and solid waste in Pakistan: agriculture, domestic,
industrial, and commercial. Easy accessibility to biomass and
solid waste resources provides a sustainable option for
harnessing electrical power while resolving the issue of
inappropriate dumping of biomass and solid waste. Biomass
and solid waste are considered as the most feasible option for
biofuel production and biochemical energy generation [8].
Biomass and solid waste are converted into biofuel through
thermochemical conversion processes including combustion,
gasification, incineration, and pyrolysis [9]. Gasification is a
suitable option for managing large quantities of biomass and
solid waste in Pakistan because it produces multiple outputs
including heat for commercial purposes, energy for residential
purposes, and bio-oils for the chemical industries while it
utilizes all types of biomass and solid waste products [10]. The
Muhammad Amir Raza
Department of Electrical Engineering
NED University of Engineering and Technology
Karachi, Pakistan
amir.eed.neduet@gmail.com
Krishan Lal Khatri
Department of Electrical Engineering
NED University of Engineering and Technology
Karachi, Pakistan
engrkrishan@yahoo.com
Khalid Rafique
Azad Jammu and Kashmir Information
Technology Board
Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
khalidrafiquepk@gmail.com
Abdul Sattar Saand
Electrical Engineering Department
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and
Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan
as-saand@quest.edu.pk
Corresponding author: Muhammad Amir Raza
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 11, No. 3, 2021, 7257-7261 7258
www.etasr.com Raza et al.: Harnessing Electrical Power from Hybrid Biomass-Solid Waste Energy Resources for …
incineration techniques, amongst all considered techniques, are
responsible for large environmental pollution [10].
Economic activities in the developing countries lead to
augmented generation of biomass and solid waste. These
sources could be used for the generation of electrical energy,
bio-oil, and biofuel [11]. The usage of biomass and solid waste
is valuable because these sources are available in huge
quantities [11]. The type of material and the quantity of
generated waste are different in each region as shown in Table
I. Pakistan generates over 64,000tons/day of biomass and solid
waste. This material is useful for power generation because it
has good calorific value (6.9J/kg) [12]. In the main
municipalities, the total production capacity of solid waste is
around 712 million tons/year [12]. However, in India, the
intermediate and massive populated cities generate a large
quantity of waste which is increasing at a rate of 6% every year
[13]. The production of biomass at a global level is also high
[13].
TABLE I. PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF BIOMASS AND SOLID WASTE
IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES
Ref Country Material type Production capacity
[12] Pakistan
Biomass 46886 million tons/year
Solid waste 8536 million tons/year
[13] India
Biomass 180 million tons/year
Solid waste 600 million tons/year
[14] Europe Biomass 205 million tons/year
[15] China Biomass 850 million tons/year
[16] Brazil Biomass 597 million tons/year
The utilization of biomass and solid waste for power
generation in Pakistan is the focus of this study. However, to
overcome the environmental pollution and available energy
issue in the country, the research is on the way for converting
unused sources into useful sources by using hybrid
technologies for the generation of energy and heat. The main
aim of the current research is to develop an energy plan for the
energy sector of Pakistan in order to overcome the energy crisis
and identify a future path of electricity supply for sustainable
development. This research identifies the quantity and quality
of solid waste and biomass resources and it justifies the
suitability of harnessing electrical power from them. An
experiment was performed in the lab for the final testing of
waste pallets and the waste calorific value was identified in
order to calculate its total power capacity. Furthermore, hybrid
technologies were examined and the most suitable technology
for hybrid resources was selected.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Study Area
Pakistan is located in the north western part of South Asia
and covers an area of 881,913Km
2
with an overall population
of 207 million with a growth rate of 2.4% [17]. Its neighboring
countries are China from the northeastern side, India from the
eastern side, Iran, and Afghanistan from the western side and
the Arabian Sea from the southern side. The growth rate of the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Pakistan is 5.8% [18]
whereas the per capita income is $1641 [18]. If the growth rate
of the population continues to increase at a pace of 2.4% then
by 2050 the country will become the 4
th
largest in the world
[18]. The power consumption per capita is around 500kWh
which is quite low compared with the global per-capita of
power consumption which is around 2603kWh [19].
B. Compostion of Biomass and Solid Waste
Table II shows the chemical composition criteria of
biomass resources through ultimate and proximate analysis on
the physicochemical characteristics [20]. These characteristics
would help to identify the selectivity and suitability of biomass
resources for power generation. The chemical composition of
solid waste is quite different from the biomass in the sense that
the quality and capacity of solid waste is affected by various
factors including the living standards, weather conditions,
surrounding region, and financial status. Solid waste normally
comprises of organic waste, inorganic waste, hazardous waste,
paper waste, plastic waste, and textile waste. The waste
composition type and percentage is shown in Figure 1 [21].
The physicochemical characteristics of solid waste are obtained
from ultimate and proximate analysis tests. The ultimate
analysis test is used to find the proportion of oxygen, nitrogen,
sulphur, carbon, and hydrogen in the total solid waste whereas
the proximate analysis test is used to find the fixed carbon, ash,
moistness, and volatile matter. The physiochemical
characteristics of solid waste are shown in Figure 2 [21].
Fig. 1. Composition type of solid waste in Pakistan.
C. Experimental Study of Biomass and Solid Waste Samples
An experimental setup is designed based on the quartering
method as shown in Figure 3. Initially, 25kg of biomass and
25kg of solid waste were collected from different regions of
Pakistan. Then, manual mixing and cutting were performed and
all the waste was gathered at a single place. Further, this total
waste was divided into 8 sections namely I, II, III, IV, V, VI,
VII, and VIII. These sections were separated into even (II, IV,
VI, and VIII) and odd sections (I, III, V, and VII). Even
sections were mixed and again separated into two sections
namely M and N. Similarly, odd section were mixed and
separated into two sections namely O and P. Then these four
sections (M, N, O and P) were mixed diagonally like M & P
and N & O and separated into two sections like M & P into Y
and N & O into Z. Finally, Y and Z were mixed for the final
sample of analysis. The manual mixing and cutting were
performed many times until the weight became 15kg.
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TABLE II. BIOMASS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION [22, 23]
Sulphur Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Fixed carbon Ash Volatile matter Moisture
Rice husk 0.02 35.6 59.7 4.5 14.6 26.2 59.2 8.8
Straw 0.21 39 35.46 5.73 17.5 10.1 64.43 8.32
Bamboo 0.09 50.52 42.80 6.04 16.05 1.95 83.95 6.14
Wheat straw - 47.9 45.2 6.1 16.5 6.9 76.5 0.1
Sugarcane bagasse 0.09 46.6 43.3 5.92 8.30 3.90 82.5 5.25
Pine sawdust 0.36 49.79 44.12 6.36 13.91 1.29 82.03 2.77
Oat - 42.3 40.9 6.3 - 1.5 - 7.1
Kenaf 0.05 46.71 54.32 6.71 17.18 5.45 73.64 3.73
Fig. 2. Composition content of solid waste in Pakistan.
Fig. 3. Quartering diagram method for waste sampling.
D. Determination of Heating or Calorific Value
The calorific value is highly dependent on the amount of
heat produced during the combustion process. The calorific
value of the final sample of waste pellets was determined in the
laboratory using the Gallen Kamp Ballistic Bomb (GKBB)
Calorimeter. The net calorific value is determined as
6519kcal/kg. However, from other research data, the calorific
value ranges from 9MJ/kg to 44MJ/kg respectively [24].
Equations (1) and (2) were used for finding the higher and
lower values of calorific of mixed biomass and solid waste
pallets [25].
Higher calorific value �
∑�� ��.���
��
(1)
Lower calorific value �
∑�� ��.���
��
(2)
where (C.V)L is the lower calorific value in kcal/kg, (C.V)H is
the higher calorific value in kcal/kg, Qp is the quantity of the
specific material in the total waste pallets in kg, and Tp is the
total waste pallets in kg.
E. Theoretical Power Potential of Biomass and Solid Waste
The power potential of mixed biomass and solid waste
pallets can be calculated by:
Ep � �C.V�L ! Aw ! 1.16 (3)
where Ep is the energy potential in kWh and Aw is the
aggregate waste in kg.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Net Power Calculations
Net power of biomass and solid waste pallets were
calculated as follows:
The Heat Of Combustion (HOC) was calculated using the
total Quantity of Waste Pallets (QWP) and Calorific Value
(CV):
HOC � QWP ! CV (4)
HOC � 55,422,000,000 ton ! 6,519,000 kcal/ton
HOC � 3.61296018 x 1067 kcal
The Heat Output (HO), considering efficiency of 25% [25],
was:
HO � overall efficiency ! HOC (5)
HO � 0.25 ! 3.61296018 x 1067
HO � 9.03240045 x 1069 kcal
With 1kWh equal to 860kcal the Units Generated/Annum
(UGA) are:
UGA � HO/860 (6)
UGA � 9.03240045 x 1069/860kcal
UGA � 105,027,912,209,302.3kWh
UGA � 105,027,912,209.3023MWh
The Average Load on the System (ALS) is:
ALS � UGA/total hours in a year (7)
ALS � 105,027,912,209.3023MWh /8760h
ALS � 11,989,487.69512584MW
This mathematical framework calculated the total power
production capacity from the hybrid energy resources based on
authentic and realistic data. The available capacity and quality
of waste pallets can generate a power of 11,989.5GW. This
power capacity can drive the economy of the country at a great
extent but there is a need to develop a proper energy harnessing
system with sufficient financing and resources.
Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 11, No. 3, 2021, 7257-7261 7260
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TABLE III. TECHNOLOGY SELECTION PARAMETERS FOR POWER GENERATION
Parameters Pyrolysis Plasma Gasification Incineration
Feedstock Solid waste Solid waste Biomass and solid waste Biomass and solid waste
Variable composition
Did not accept
variable waste
Did not accept variable
waste
Accept heterogeneous
waste of all types
Little difficult to proceed
variable waste
Product
Oil, Syngas and
energy
Syngas and energy Syngas and energy Heat and energy
Operating cost 150$ per tone 120$ per tone 60$ per tone 60$ per tone
Annual capital cost 1500$ per tone 1300$ per tone 850$ per tone 775$ per tone
Disposal
Ash 0.3 tone per
feedstock tone
Bottom ash around 10% Less than 1% bottom ash Around 5% bottom ash
Energy production capability 800 kWh per tone 600kWh per tone 800kWh per tone 850 Kwh per tone
Efficiency Less than 18% Less than 10% 18% to 30% 18% to 25%
Fig. 4. Hybrid energy storage systems for renewable source integration in the microgrid energy management system.
B. Power Generation Technology for Hybrid Resources
The gasification technique for power generation is more
suitable than the other techniques mentioned in Table III [26-
29]. The gasification technique accepts all types of waste
(biomass and solid waste) for power generation with greater
power production efficiency and has the capability of
producing less ash. Gasification with its hybrid system opens
the door for new development in the country because hybrid
technologies based on other resources, including wind, solar,
and nuclear, coupled with biomass and solid waste resources
can provide more energy benefits to the community.
C. Integration of Hybrid Biomass-Solid Waste Energy
Resources in a Microgrid
Most renewable sources are used in microgrids with lower
power levels (around 200kW) and are connected with the main
bus through power converters [28-31]. These systems are
installed near the commercial and industrial sites for meeting
the power demand. These systems produce low noise and
emissions which ultimately provide reliable power on low cost.
The selection of a suitable renewable source is a complex
process. This research paper has described a step-wise
feasibility study of hybrid biomass and solid waste resource for
microgrid development. Figure 4 shows the hybrid energy
storage systems for hybrid renewable source (biomass/solid
waste) integration in the energy management system of a
microgrid. The integration of a hybrid energy storage system,
distributed energy resources, and distributed loads with a
renewable energy ecosystem is called microgrid. A microgrid
helps to setup the smart and active electrical grid with the
potential to increase the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the
system.
IV. CONCLUSION
This study aims to alleviate the current energy crisis and
suggests future electricity pathways to drive the economy of a
developing country such as Pakistan. An experiment was
performed in the lab in order to identify the suitability for
power generation of waste pallets collected from different sites
of Pakistan. The results of this study were examined
quantitatively to justify the feasibility of the energy plan. The
projected power generation is 11,989.5GW which is sufficient
to alleviate the ongoing energy crisis and facilitate the future
industrial development in the country. Pakistan therefore needs
to develop a new policy that is economically feasible and
environmentally friendly for longer tenure. Hybrid energy
resources provide a suitable option through hybrid technologies
for microgrid development.
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