Microsoft Word - ETASR_V11_N4_pp7442-7445 Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 11, No. 4, 2021, 7442-7445 7442 www.etasr.com Syarif & Tjaronge: A Comparison of Organic Cement Made from Recycled Waste Material and … A Comparison of Organic Cement Made from Recycled Waste Material and Portland Cement Muhammad Syarif Department of Architecture Muhammadiyah University of Makassar Makassar, Indonesia M. Wihardi Tjaronge Department of Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University Makassar, Indonesia Abstract—Organic cement is an environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement which is acquired by recycled organic waste and Mediterranean soil. Waste management is a global problem. The physical characteristic test results of the organic cement show that the weight test of fresh organic concrete is 2081kg/m³ and the dry weight of concrete is 2032kg/m³ which are smaller than Portland cement concrete's which are 2525kg/m³ and 2405 kg/m³ respectively. The fineness of alternative cement grains that passed the 200 mesh sieve is 56%, which is more than Portland cement's which is 52%. The solid weight of alternative cement is 1200kg/m 3 whereas the solid weight of Portland cement is 1250kg/m 3 . Keywords-bleeding; finenes; Mediterranean soil; organic cement; organic waste I. INTRODUCTION This study aims to develop previous experimental research which can be found in [1]. Organic cement is the latest alternative to Portland cement and is made through organic waste recycling and Mediterranean soil substitution of Portland cement [2]. The necessity of building materials needs to be addressed by researching the utilization of recycling waste to obtain alternative building materials [3]. Gradually, high waste volume has a negative impact on the environment, so handling of waste is necessary. Urban waste management in Indonesia is a real problem as population growth has an impact on the amount of produced waste and the occurrence of degradation problems that have the potential to cause social conflict to the communities [4, 5]. The high growth of waste volume coincides with high population growth rate. Therefore, the waste management problem can be considered as a global problem. In [6], it was shown that handling of organic waste through the combustion process with the furnace at 700°C will provide materials such as: 69.7% CaCo3, 12.1% KCl, 3% SiO2, 8.1% Fe and 3% Al2, while shellfish ash contains 100% CaCo3 [6]. Along with economic growth, per capita garbage production will continue to increase. It is predicted to reach 1.2kg/person/day for urban areas and 0.55kg/person/day for rural areas by 2030. In Indonesia, organic waste is a major component of waste. The proportion of organic waste ranges between 34 and 70% which is 20-30% higher than most countries in Europe [7]. Mediterranean soil is a soil formed from weathering of sedimentary rock and limestone. This type of soil contains a considerable amount of carbonate and compounds of iron, water, aluminum, along with some organic materials [8]. Additional mineral components are called reactive supplemental minerals and contribute to the hydration process. Other additions include natural pozzolans and microsilica/silica fume [9]. The highest tensile strength in 14-day-old concrete with the addition of 5% bagasse ash is 6.221MPa representing an increase of 2.45% [10]. The increase in cement growth is still influenced by the high level of private sector development and the high demand for housing [11]. A cement that contains mineral elements as a substitute for Portland cement is known as composite cement, mixed cement or alternative cement. The additional mineral is reactive and contributes to the hydration process. The use of saturated fly ash is one way to reduce high exposure in the process of hydration to the density of cement in concrete [12, 13]. The use of alternative sources for the manufacture of cement developed in Japan produced eco- cement made from municipal waste ash through incineration as a substitute for some of the main raw materials containing 50% of cement raw materials such as mud waste [14]. To create an Eco-Semen CSA Clinker, the appropriate starting raw material needs to be burned at a maximum temperature of 1200-1300°C. Reuse of waste materials in the form of phosphogypsum will reduce the temperature and duration of the combustion process. Large-scale eco-cement making can be done in conventional rotary kilns used for Portland cement and producing chemical cement mineralization [15]. II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Characteristic testing was performed on the organic cement. The tests included bleeding test, air content test, fineness test, normal consistency test, and unit weight test. The references to the test method come from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) which include: ASTM C 188-95 for granular fineness/density tests [16], ASTM C 232-99 for fresh concrete bleeding test [17], and ASTM C 231-03 for air content of freshly mixed concrete [18]. They are normative references that are considered very relevant in the process of testing the physical properties of cement. Corresponding author: Muhammad Syarif (muhsyarif00@gmail.com) Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 11, No. 4, 2021, 7442-7445 7443 www.etasr.com Syarif & Tjaronge: A Comparison of Organic Cement Made from Recycled Waste Material and … III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Air Content The obtained results of air content test can be seen in Table I. In this stud y, the air content value of fresh concrete was calculated b y using an organic cement test sample and the results were compared with the ones of fresh concrete of P ortland cement. Figure 1 shows the measuring percentage process of the air content value of fresh concrete in both organic cement concrete and Portland cement concrete samples. (a) (b) Fig. 1. Measuring process of air content. TABLE I. AIR CONTENT RESULTS Organic cement concrete Portland cement concrete Test concrete volume (m 3 ) 0.0016 0.0016 Correction factor reading 1% 1% Reading result 3.2% 2.9% Air content of reading result 2.2% 1.9% Air content for 1 m 3 (prediction) 13.75% 11.88% B. Bleeding The amount of water bleeding is shown in Table II. A organic cement concrete cylinder with a weight of 3.33kg has a water-bleeding value of 0.04ml/cm², so the prediction of water-bleeding for 1m 3 of organic cement concrete is 23.88ml/cm 3 . Meanwhile, for concrete that utilizes Portland cement the weight of the same cylinder was 3.36kg with a water-bleeding value of 0.05ml/cm² and the prediction for 1m³ was 31.83ml/cm 3 . Testing of water-bleeding volume of cylinder concrete is calculated b y [17]: Bleeding = V / A ( ml/cm²) (1) where V is the water-bleeding volume of the test specimen (ml) and A is the surface area of the test specimen (cm²). Figure 2(a) shows the process of taking and measuring water bleeding. Figure 2(b) shows a graph of the amount of water bleeding to the cylinder concrete weight between an organic cement cylinder concrete with a Portland cement cylinder concrete. TABLE II. BLEED ING TEST RESULTS Organic cement Portland cement Test specimen weight (kg) 3.33 3.36 Cylinder volume (m 3 ) 0.0016 0.0016 Test specimen area (cm 2 ) 78.53 78.53 Test specimen bleeding V (ml) 3 4 V / A (ml/cm²) 0.04 0.05 Prediction of bleeding in 1m³ concrete (ml/cm 3 ) 23.88 31.83 (a) (b) Fig. 2. (a) Bleeding measurement process, (b) amount of water bleeding graph. C. Fineness and Density The more fine the cement, the wider the surface of the grains, and the compacting with water will be faster and will require larger amount of water. The value of material fineness for organic cement which passes the 200 mesh sieve is 56% with solid weight of 1200kg/m 3 , while for Portland cement, it is 52% with solid weight of 1250kg/m 3 . Fineness and density tests in this research refer to the formulation in [16]. Figure 3 shows the fineness of the organic cement and Portland cement concretes whereas Figure 4 shows the process of the fineness test. The calculation formula of fineness percentage is: � � × 100 % = � � � � × 100 % (2) where D is the weight restrained on each sieve, B is the sample weight. The density test result of organic cement is 3.05gr/ml while for Portland cement is 3.15gr/ml. This density greatly affects the proportion of the cement use in the mixture. Figure 5 shows the density test process of organic and Portland cements. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 11, No. 4, 2021, 7442-7445 7444 www.etasr.com Syarif & Tjaronge: A Comparison of Organic Cement Made from Recycled Waste Material and … (a) (b) Fig. 3. (a) Organic cement with density of 3.05gr/ml, (b) Portland cement with density of 3.15 gr/ml. Fig. 4. Fineness test process. The density calculation formula used in this research is : Density = �� � � �� ��� � �� � �� � × d (3) where V1 is the first reading of bottle scale, V2 the second reading, and d denoted the content weight of distilled water which is 1gr/cm 3 . Fig. 5. Density test of organic cement. D. Unit Weight The unit weight of fresh concrete using organic cement is 2081kg/m³ with its dry weight being 2032kg/m³, while, for Portland cement, the unit weight of fresh concrete is 2525kg/m³ with 2405kg/m³ dry weight. The unit weight test results are shown in Table III. The weight of a concrete cylinder using organic cement and of the cylinder using Portland cement are shown in F igure 6(a) whereas in Figure 6B the concrete cylinders' condition at 28 days can be seen. (a) (b) Fig. 6. Weight and temperature measurement of (a) organic cement concrete, (b) Portland cement concrete. TABLE III. UN IT WEIGHT TEST RESULTS Organic cement Portland cement Cylinder mold weight (kg) 6.20 6.20 Test specimen weight (kg) 9.53-6.20 = 3.33 10.24-6.20 = 4.04 Cylinder volume (m³) 0.0016 0.0016 Fresh concrete weight (kg/m³) 3.33/0.0016 = 2081 4.04/0.0016 = 2525 Dry concrete weight at 28 days (kg/m³) 3.25/0.0016 = 2031 3.85/0.0016 = 2406 IV. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the physical properties of organic cement were tested in the form of granular fineness/density, unit weight of dry and fresh concrete, and bleeding and the results were compared with the ones regarding Portland cement. 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