Microsoft Word - ETASR_V13_N4_pp11191-11196


Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 13, No. 4, 2023, 11191-11196 11191  
 

www.etasr.com Ramakrishna et al.: Exploration of the HBSM MMC Five-Level Inverter for D-STATCOM Application 

 

Exploration of the HBSM MMC Five-Level 

Inverter for D-STATCOM Application 
 

Elluru Ramakrishna 

EEE Department, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, India 

ellururamakrishna@gmail.com (corresponding author)  

 

Gadhamappagari Jayakrishna 

EEE Department, Holy Mary Institute of Technology and Science, India 

g.jayakrishna25@gmail.com 

 

Sujatha Peddakotla 
EEE Department, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, India 

psujatha1993@gmail.com 

Received: 16 April 2023 | Revised: 5 May 2023 | Accepted: 19 May 2023 

Licensed under a CC-BY 4.0 license | Copyright (c) by the authors | DOI: https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5965 

ABSTRACT 

This paper presents the concert exploration of a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) and its application 

for D-STATCOM. The Half Bridge (HB) sub-module is adopted in the MMC due to its simplicity and low 

conduction losses. An advanced modulation technique of the Phase Disposition (PD) scheme is applied for 

the control of the HB MMC switches. The converters are facing DC voltage balance problems under non-

linear load conditions. The Proportional and Integral (PI) controller is adopted for the balance of DC 

voltage. Performance parameters such as apparent power, active power, reactive power, power factor, DC 

voltage balance, and Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) are presented and compared with the ones of the 

traditional two-level converter. The proposed scheme is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. 

Keywords-Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC); Half Bridge (HB) sub module; Phase Disposition (PD); PI 

controller; DC voltage balance   

I. INTRODUCTION  

A Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (D-
STATCOM), is a compensating device that is typically utilized 
in distribution networks in order to maintain balance in the 
flow of reactive power [1-2]. The circuit layout has a 
significant impact on the D-STATCOM compensation effect, 
particularly accuracy. The control technique of D-STATCOM 
has a significant impact not only on the compensation effect 
but also on the speed with which it is achieved. The 
conventional reactive power compensation devices all have 
straightforward constructions, which make them incredibly 
user-friendly in terms of installation, operation, and upkeep. On 
the other hand, they can only compensate for preset reactive 
power and their adjustments cannot be made continuously. In 
addition, the system suffers from the issue of increasing 
harmonics. Because of this, it may be unable to satisfy the 
requirements for the reactive power compensation. The 
majority of contemporary reactive power compensation 
systems can be divided into two categories. The first one is 
referred to as a Static Var Compensator (SVC). It is able to 
monitor the changes in reactive power and compensate for that 
power in stages, all while suffering minimal losses and being 
easy to regulate. It can monitor reactive power variations and 
compensate reactive power in phases with minimal losses and 

straightforward regulation. Constant reactive power 
compensation remains challenging, and when reactive power 
fluctuates rapidly, the system's reaction time suffers. The 
second one is known as the static synchronous compensator [3] 
(STATCOM). In certain groups, it is also referred to as the 
Static Var Generator (SVG) [1]. The term D-STATCOM refers 
to a STATCOM that is utilized on the load or distribution side. 
It consists of a controllable complete bridge circuit that can be 
connected to the system either directly in parallel or indirectly 
through reactors. D-STATCOM is able to accomplish the goal 
of dynamic reactive power compensation due to the way it 
controls the current on the AC side. D-STATCOM's abilities to 
continuously monitor reactive power changes; quickly 
responding to changing conditions, and compensating for 
harmonics are just some of its many benefits. The D-
STATCOM also has a fast response time. For power quality 
applications, there is a growing interest in the use of multilevel 
inverters in moderate voltage (less than 36 kV) power 
converters. If a converter has at least three different voltage 
levels from its phase to its neutral terminal, then it can be 
categorized as a multilevel inverter. The lack of need for a 
coupling transformer in applications involving medium voltage 
and the relatively low harmonic current content are two of the 
most significant benefits that multilevel inverters offer. 



Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 13, No. 4, 2023, 11191-11196 11192  
 

www.etasr.com Ramakrishna et al.: Exploration of the HBSM MMC Five-Level Inverter for D-STATCOM Application 

 

Realization of re-locatable and cost-effective D-STATCOM 
devices is made possible in this manner. Hence, the MMC is 
adopted for D-STATCOM application in this paper. 

II. MMC D-STATCOM 

The DSTATCOM connection is shunt [5] with regard to the 
PCC connection. In order to provide reactive power 
compensation, power factor correction, and harmonic filtering, 
it provides filter current (if) at the Point of Common Coupling 
(PCC) [6]. The block diagram of a compensated system using 
D-STATCOM is depicted in Figure1. The filter current (if) 
flowing through interfacing inductor (Lf) is regulated by using 
three-phase HB MMC. The operation of HB MMC is 
supported by a DC storage capacitor (Cdc) which maintains a 
steady voltage across the DC-link [17]. The feeder resistance 
and inductance are denoted as (RS) and (LS) respectively.  

 

 

Fig. 1.  DSTATCOM configuration. 

Figure 2 depicts a structure that is constructed on a three-

phase half-bridge sub-module [8]. This construction may be 

found in the MMC. The corresponding switching states are 

listed in Table I. Research has been carried out recently to 

investigate whether or not MMCs and D-STATCOMs based 

on MMCs are effective in resolving power quality issues such 

as harmonics, imbalanced DC voltages, and reactive power 

correction. 

 

 
Fig. 2.  Half bridge sub-module configuration. 

 

TABLE I.  SWITCHING STATES FOR HB SM 

Mode SA1 SA2 Output Voltage 

1 1 0 V0 

2 0 1 0 

III. CONTROL METHODOLOGY 

The actual voltage is kept relatively consistent with the 
nominal number by the voltage controller. It generates current 
reference commands and performs Proportional (P) or 
Proportional Integral (PI) control action in response to errors in 
voltage signals. The current controller is provided with these 
reference instructions in order to carry out further controller 
exploit [9]. The voltage regulator is established with the help of 
standard control methods in accordance with the system's 
requirements. By drawing active power from the system, the 
purpose of the D-STATCOM stratagem is to achieve the goal 
of delivering the necessary reactive power to the connected 
loads [10]. The DC link capacitor will show signs of having 
energy stored in it as a result of the active power being 
depleted. The coupling association between the DC link and the 
AC side power determines how the DC link voltage is 
controlled. Equation (1) provides a mathematical representation 
of the energy balance: 

��� = −���      (1) 

The capacitor will retain the energy taken from the 
terminals as direct current (DC) energy. It has something to do 
with the side power of AC in the d-q region. 

��� =
�

�
	
�





�

�
�      (2) 

 
�

�
	
�





�

�
� = −��
�
 + �����    (3) 

	
�
�




�

� = −��
�
 + �����   (4) 





�

� =

������������

������
     (5) 

It is possible to interpret the erroneous input to the PI 
controller as.  

∆
� = �
���� − 
��    (6) 

The method of trial and error is used in the process of 
tuning the PI controller for the DC error. The control structure 
is illustrated in Figure 4 [11]. The control structure consists of 
the DC voltage link controller and the PD PWM controller for 
controlling of the IGBTs of MMC-DSTATCOM. The Phase 
Disposition (PD) PWM is illustrated in Figure 3. 

 

 

Fig. 3.  PD PWM. 

Non-linear load

D-STATCOM

PCC

Vs Rs,Ls

Rf,Lf

RL

g

A

B

+

-

A

B

+

-

C

V0

2

2

1

1

g
m

C
E

SA2

gm

CE

SA1

C

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

Time (s)

M
a
g
n
it
u
d
e



Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 13, No. 4, 2023, 11191-11196 11193  
 

www.etasr.com Ramakrishna et al.: Exploration of the HBSM MMC Five-Level Inverter for D-STATCOM Application 

 

IV. RESULT ANALYSIS 

The proposed MMC-DSTATCOM configuration as 
illustrated in Figure 4 [12] was simulated in 
MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed system was first simulated 
in uncompensated mode. In this situation, no D-STATCOM is 
connected. The result is illustrated in Figure 5. The resulting 
non-linear currents are shown in Figure 5(b). Apparent power 
[13], active power, reactive power, power factor, and THD are 
recorded as 6388V A, 5532 W, 3194 VAR, 0.866, and 24.43%, 
respectively and the outputs are illustrated in Figure 5 [14].  

 

 

Fig. 4.  Control structure of D-STATCOM. 

In the second scenario, a D-STATCOM that is based on a 
two-level voltage source is connected. The outcome of this 
scenario is depicted in Figure 6 [15]. The resulting non-linear 
current is shown in Figure 6. Apparent power, active power, 
reactive power, power factor, and THD are recorded as 6376 
VA, 6232 W, 1345 VAR, 0.9775, and 11.76% and their outputs 
are illustrated in Figure 6 [16]. The active power is improved 
and the reactive power is reduced. The THD is reduced from 
24.43% to 11.76% but this does not satisfy the standards of 
IEEE. Hence, the five-level HB MMC based D-STATCOM is 
proposed and simulated to overcome this disadvantage using 
Hysteresis Current Controller (HCC), as it is simple and easy to 
implement.  

In the third case, the five-level HB MMC based D-
STATCOM is connected and its results are illustrated in Figure 
7. The resulting non-linear currents are represented in Figure 7. 
Apparent power, active power, reactive power, power factor, 
and THD are recorded as 6333 VA, 6233 W, 1117 VAR, 
0.9843, and 8.94% and their outputs are illustrated in Figure 7. 
The active power is improved and the reactive power is 
reduced. The THD is reduced from 24.43% to 8.94%, but does 

not satisfy the standards of IEEE. Hence, the five-level HB 
MMC based D-STATCOM is proposed and simulated to 
overcome the above disadvantage using the advanced PD 
PWM modulation scheme.  

 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

(c) 

 

(d) 

 

(e) 

 

(f) 

 

(g) 

 

Fig. 5.  Response waveforms without D-STATCOM connected. (a) Source 

Voltage, (b) source current, (c) apparent power, (d) active power, (e) reactive 

power, (f) power factor, (g) harmonic spectrum of the source current. 

 

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-415

0

415

Time (s)

V
o
lt

a
g
e
 (

V
)

 

 

Vsa Vsb Vsc

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-8.5

0

8.5

Time (s)

C
u
rr

e
n
t 

(A
)

 

 

isa isb isc

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

3000

6388

8000

Time (s)

P
o
w

e
r 

(V
A

)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

3000

5532

Time (s)

A
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(W
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

1500

3194

Time (s)

R
e
a
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(V
A

R
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

0.5

0.866

1.2

Time (s)

M
a
g

n
it

u
d

e

0 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 25
0

5

10

15

20

25

Harmonic order

Fundamental (50Hz) = 8.496 , THD= 24.43%

M
a
g

 

(%
 o

f 
F

u
n

d
a
m

e
n

ta
l)



Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 13, No. 4, 2023, 11191-11196 11194  
 

www.etasr.com Ramakrishna et al.: Exploration of the HBSM MMC Five-Level Inverter for D-STATCOM Application 

 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

(c) 

 

(d) 

 

(e) 

 

(f) 

 

(g) 

 

(h) 

 

Fig. 6.  Response waveforms of two-level VSI-D-STATCOM. (a) Source 

Voltage, (b) source current, (c) apparent power, (d) active power, (e) reactive 

power, (f) power factor, (g) DC Voltage, (h) Harmonic spectrum of the source 

current. 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

(c) 

 

(d) 

 

(e) 

 

(f) 

 

(g) 

 

(h) 

 

Fig. 7.  Response waveforms of five-level HBMMC-D-STATCOM using 

HCC. (a) Source Voltage, (b) source current, (c) apparent power, (d) active 

power, (e) reactive power, (f) power factor, (g) DC Voltage, (h) Harmonic 

spectrum of the source current. 

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-415

0

415

Time (s)

V
o

lt
a
g
e
 (

V
)

 

 

Vsa Vsb Vsc

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-8.91

0

8.91

Time (s)

C
u
rr

e
n
t 

(A
)

 

 

isa isb isc

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

2000

4000

6376

8000

Time (s)

P
o

w
e
r 

(V
A

)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

2000

4000

6232

8000

Time (s)

A
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(W
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2000

0

1345

2000

Time (s)

R
e
a
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(V
A

R
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

0.5

0.9775

1.2

Time (s)

M
a
g
n

it
u

d
e

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

200

400

600

700

Time (s)

V
o
lt

a
g
e
 (

V
)

0 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 25
0

5

10

Harmonic order

Fundamental (50Hz) = 8.916 , THD= 11.76%

M
a
g
 

(%
 o

f 
F

u
n
d
a
m

e
n
ta

l)

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-415

0

415

Time (s)

V
o
lt

a
g

e
 (

V
)

 

 

Vsa Vsb Vsc

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-8.9

0

8.9

Time (s)

C
u
rr

e
n

t 
(A

)

 

 

isa isb isc

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

2000

4000

6333

Time (s)

P
o
w

e
r 

(V
A

)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

2000

4000

6233

8000

Time (s)

A
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(W
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

500

1117

1500

2000

Time (s)

R
e
a
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(V
A

R
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

0.5

0.9843

1.2

Time (s)

M
a
g
n
it

u
d
e

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

350

700

Time (s)

V
o
lt

a
g
e
 (

V
)

0 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
0

5

10

15

20

Harmonic order

Fundamental (50Hz) = 8.956 , THD= 8.94%

M
a
g
 

(%
 o

f 
F
u
n
d
a
m

e
n
ta

l)



Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 13, No. 4, 2023, 11191-11196 11195  
 

www.etasr.com Ramakrishna et al.: Exploration of the HBSM MMC Five-Level Inverter for D-STATCOM Application 

 

(a) 

 

(b) 

 

(c) 

 

(d) 

 

(e) 

 

(f) 

 

(g) 

 

(h) 

 

Fig. 8.  Response waveforms of five-level HBMMC-DSTATCOM using 

PD PWM. (a) Source Voltage, (b) source current, (c) apparent power, (d) 

active power, (e) reactive power, (f) power factor, (g) DC Voltage, (h) 

Harmonic spectrum of the source current. 

 

In the fourth case, the five-level HB MMC based D-
STATCOM using PD PWM is simulated and the results are 
illustrated in Figure 8 [17]. Apparent power, active power, 
reactive power, power factor, and THD are recorded as 6340 
VA, 6233 W, 1160 VAR, 0.9831, and 4.91% and their outputs 
are illustrated in Figure 8 along with the source current [18]. 
The active power is improved and the reactive power is 
reduced. The THD is reduced from 24.43% to 4.91%, 
satisfying the standards of IEEE. The complete comparison of 
all cases is exhibited in Table II. 

TABLE II.  PERFORMANCE COMPARISON  

Parameter 
Before 

compensation 

2-level 

VSI 

HB MMC 

5-level inverter 

HCC 

HB MMC 

5-level inverter 

CBPWM 

S (VA) 6388 6376 6333 6340 
P (W) 5532 6232 6233 6233 

Q (VAR) 3194 1345 1117 1160 
PF 0.866 0.9775 0.9843 0.9831 

isa (A) 8.496 8.91 8.956 8.903 

Source 

current 

harmonics 

(% values) 

Ih5 19.45 9.50 2.33 1.09 

Ih7 11.81 0.85 2.43 2.10 

Ih11 6.49 5.09 2.83 1.63 

Ih13 4.71 0.13 2.01 1.52 

Ih17 2.59 2.52 0.61 1.10 

 THD 24.43 11.76 8.94 4.91 

 

V. DISCUSSION 

MMCs are commonly used nowadays in power quality, 
HVDC, STATCOM, shunt active power filters, and renewable 
energy sources. It is observed from the literature that there is a 
research gap in the implementation of MMC for D-
STATCOM. Hence, in this work the MMC based D-
STATCOM using PD PWM is considered. The contribution of 
this work includes the adoption of the MMC as D-STATCOM 
for the improvement of power quality (active power, reactive 
power, power factor, and TDH). The proposed work is 
compared with the standard two-level inverter and with HCC 
PWM. From the results, it is observed that the proposed five-
level MMC based D-STATCOM using PDPWM over 
performed the standard inverters.  

VI. CONCLUSION 

The PD PWM control method for reactive power, 
harmonics, and DC voltage balancing in MMC-based D-
STATCOM performance has been analyzed in this paper. It has 
been determined that the effectiveness of MMC-D-STATCOM 
when utilizing PD PWM-based control is satisfactory. 
Harmonics, reactive power, and DC voltage balance, among 
other power quality issues, have been corrected with the help of 
MMC-DSTATCOM. The THD in the supply current was 
decreased to 4.91% from 24.43%. Following the application of 
the compensation, the total harmonic distortio of the supply 
current was brought down to an acceptable level according to 
the criteria outlined in the IEEE-519 standard [19-25]. This 
improvement in power quality was made possible by the 
MMC-DS-TATCOM. The self-supported DC-link voltage of 
MMC-DSTATCOM is also referenced. 

 

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-415

0

415

Time (s)

V
o
lt

a
g
e
 (

V
)

 

 

Vsa Vsb Vsc

0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

-8.9

0

8.9

Time (s)

C
u
rr

e
n

t 
(A

)

 

 

isa isb isc

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

2000

4000

6340

8000

Time (s)

P
o
w

e
r 

(V
A

)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

2000

4000

6233

8000

Time (s)

A
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(W
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

500

1160

1500

2000

Time (s)

R
e
a
c
ti

v
e
 P

o
w

e
r 

(V
A

R
)

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

0.5

0.9831

1.2

Time (s)

M
a
g
n
it

u
d
e

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0

200

400

700
800

Time (s)

V
o

lt
a
g
e
 (

V
)

0 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
0

5

10

15

20

Harmonic order

Fundamental (50Hz) = 8.903 , THD= 4.91%

M
a
g
 

(%
 o

f 
F

u
n

d
a
m

e
n
ta

l)



Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 13, No. 4, 2023, 11191-11196 11196  
 

www.etasr.com Ramakrishna et al.: Exploration of the HBSM MMC Five-Level Inverter for D-STATCOM Application 

 

REFERENCES 

[1] V. Narasimhulu, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and C. Babu, "Simulation 
Analysis of Switch Controlled Power Filters for Harmonic Reduction," 
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 11, pp. 
7597–7602, Jun. 2016, https://doi.org/10.37622/IJAER/11.12.2016. 
7597-7602. 

[2] R. Jadeja, S. Patel, and S. Chauhan, "STATCOM – A Preface to Power 
Quality in Power Systems Performance," Engineering, Technology & 
Applied Science Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 895–905, Feb. 2016, 
https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.603. 

[3] H. Akagi, "Large static converters for industry and utility applications," 
Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 6, pp. 976–983, Jun. 2001, 
https://doi.org/10.1109/5.931498. 

[4] D. B. Kanase, A. R. Thorat, and H. T. Jadhav, "Distribution static 
compensator for power quality improvement using PV array," in 2015 
IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and 
Communication Technologies (ICECCT), Coimbatore, India, Mar. 2015, 
pp. 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCT.2015.7225995. 

[5] M. Badoni, A. Singh, and B. Singh, "Implementation of Immune 
Feedback Control Algorithm for Distribution Static Compensator," IEEE 
Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 918–927, Jan. 
2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2018.2867328. 

[6] V. Narasimhulu, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and Ch. Sai Babu, 
"Computational intelligence based control of cascaded H-bridge 
multilevel inverter for shunt active power filter application," Journal of 
Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, Jan. 2020, 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01660-0. 

[7] V. Narasimhulu, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and Ch. Sai Babu, "Fuzzy Logic 
Control of SLMMC-Based SAPF Under Nonlinear Loads," International 
Journal of Fuzzy Systems, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 428–437, Mar. 2020, 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-019-00622-0. 

[8] M. M. Ertay, M. Multan Biswas, and H. L. Ginn, "The Performance of 
MMC-DSTATCOM under Unbalanced and Faulty Grid Conditions in 
Low Voltage Microgrids," in 2020 21st International Symposium on 
Electrical Apparatus & Technologies (SIELA), Bourgas, Bulgaria, Jun. 
2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/SIELA49118.2020.9167091. 

[9] V. Narasimhulu, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and Ch. Sai Babu, "Recital 
analysis of multilevel cascade H-bridge based active power filter under 
load variation," SN Applied Sciences, vol. 1, no. 12, Nov. 2019, Art. no. 
1621, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1669-8. 

[10] Υ. Nagaraja, T. Devaraju, A. M. Sankar, and V. Narasimhulu, "PV and 
Wind Energy Conversion Exploration based on Grid Integrated Hybrid 
Generation Using the Cuttlefish Algorithm," Engineering, Technology & 
Applied Science Research, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 9670–9675, Dec. 2022, 
https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5364. 

[11] V. Narasimhulu and K. Jithendra Gowd, "Performance Analysis of 
Single-Stage PV Connected Three-Phase Grid System Under Steady 
State and Dynamic Conditions," in Cybernetics, Cognition and Machine 
Learning Applications, Singapore, 2021, pp. 39–46, https://doi.org/ 
10.1007/978-981-33-6691-6_5. 

[12] N. Mariun, S. Aizam, H. Hizam, and N. I. A. Wahab, "Design of pole 
placement controller in D-STATCOM for unbalanced faults mitigation," 
in 2005 International Power Engineering Conference, Singapore, Aug. 
2005, https://doi.org/10.1109/IPEC.2005.206960. 

[13] T. Demirdelen, R. I. Kayaalp, and M. Tumay, "A Modular Cascaded 
Multilevel Inverter Based Shunt Hybrid Active Power Filter for 
Selective Harmonic and Reactive Power Compensation Under 
Distorted/Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions," Engineering, 
Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1133–1138, 
Oct. 2016, https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.777. 

[14] S. Mikkili and A. K. Panda, "SHAF for Mitigation of Current Harmonics 
Using p-q Method with PI and Fuzzy Controllers," Engineering, 
Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 98–104, Aug. 
2011, https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.44. 

[15] R. Kumar, B. Singh, D. T. Shahani, and C. Jain, "Dual-Tree Complex 
Wavelet Transform-Based Control Algorithm for Power Quality 
Improvement in a Distribution System," IEEE Transactions on 

Industrial Electronics, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 764–772, Jan. 2017, 
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2016.2562601. 

[16] V. Narasimhulu, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and C. Sai Babu, "State of Art 
Review of Various Control Methods for Cascade H-Bridge 5-Level 
Inverter to Mitigate Harmonics," International Journal of Control 
Theory and Applications, vol. 10, no. 28, pp. 1–7, May 2017. 

[17] S. B. Karanki, N. Geddada, M. K. Mishra, and B. K. Kumar, "A 
DSTATCOM Topology With Reduced DC-Link Voltage Rating for 
Load Compensation With Nonstiff Source," IEEE Transactions on 
Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 1201–1211, Mar. 2012, 
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2163946. 

[18] V. Narasimhulu, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and C. Sai Babu, "Comparative 
Simulation Analysis of Harmonics in Line-Line Output Voltage of 
Multilevel Inverters for Different Modulation Indices," International 
Journal of Control Theory and Applications, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 289–296, 
Jan. 2017. 

[19] P. H. Henning, H. D. Fuchs, A. D. le Roux, and H. du T. Mouton, "A 
1.5-MW Seven-Cell Series-Stacked Converter as an Active Power Filter 
and Regeneration Converter for a DC Traction Substation," IEEE 
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2230–2236, Sep. 
2008, https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2008.2001882. 

[20] V. Narasimhulu, D. V. Ashok Kumar, and C. Sai Babu, "Recital 
Analysis of Modular Multilevel Converter Based Shunt Active Power 
Filter," Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences, 
no. Special Issue No 5, pp. 181–192, Jan. 2020, 
https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.5/2020.01.00016. 

[21] W. K. Chang, W. M. Grady, and M. J. Samotyj, "Meeting IEEE-519 
harmonic voltage and voltage distortion constraints with an active power 
line conditioner," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 9, no. 3, 
pp. 1531–1537, Jul. 1994, https://doi.org/10.1109/61.311214. 

[22] V. Naga Bhaskar Reddy, V. Narasimhulu, and C. Sai Babu, "Control Of 
Cascaded Multilevel Inverter By Using Carrier Based PWM Technique 
And Implemented To Induction Motor Drive"," International Congress 
for Global Science and Technology-ASCE Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 
11–18, Dec. 2010. 

[23] V. H. Nguyen, H. Nguyen, M. T. Cao, and K. H. Le, "Performance 
Comparison between PSO and GA in Improving Dynamic Voltage 
Stability in ANFIS Controllers for STATCOM," Engineering, 
Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 4863–4869, 
Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3032. 

[24] R. Jadeja, S. Patel, and S. Chauhan, "STATCOM – A Preface to Power 
Quality in Power Systems Performance," Engineering, Technology & 
Applied Science Research, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 895–905, Feb. 2016, 
https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.603. 

[25] P. Vaidya and V. K. Chandrakar, "Exploring the Enhanced Performance 
of a Static Synchronous Compensator with a Super-Capacitor in Power 
Networks," Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, vol. 
12, no. 6, pp. 9703–9708, Dec. 2022, https://doi.org/10.48084/ 
etasr.5317.