EEJ 8 (2) (2018) 254 - 264 English Education Journal http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej Translation Techniques and Grammatical Equivalence in Indonesian English Translation of “Central Java Visitor Guide” Iif Nur Afifah1, Rudi Hartono2, Issy Yuliasri3 1. SMU N 1 Weleri, Indonesia 2. Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Article Info ______________ Article History: Accepted 2 January 2018 Approved 01 April 2018 Published 20 June2018 _____________ Keywords: Techniques, Grammatical Equivalence, Central Java Visitor Guide Abstract ____________________________________________________ “Central Java Visitor Guide” is a media to promote tourism for International tourists. This study was intended to reveal the translation techniques used by the translator in translating the sentences and to see the resulted grammatical equivalence between the source text (ST) and target text (TT). This study was done qualitatively. The findings of the research reveal that nine of 18 translation techniques proposed by Molina & Albir (2002) are chosen by the translator. They are : literal, borrowing, modulation, reduction, amplification, transposition, particularization, generalization, and description. Literal translation (50.98 %) and borrowing (17.24 %) are the most dominant technique used. On the other hand, generalization and description are the lowest ones (0.73 %). It is also found out that the translator‟s choice of translation techniques has resulted in 223 used of voice equivalent (45.60 %), 203 used of tense equivalent (41.51 %), and 63 used of number equivalent (12.88 %). There is no certain techniques influence the equivalence on tense and number category. However, non-equivalent on the category of voice is caused by the use of modulation and transposition techniques. Besides that, this study also analyses the common problems of non-equivalence. They are : culture specific term (75.67 %), TL lacks specific term (12.16 %), TL lacks superordinate (8.10 %), and the use of loan words in the ST (4.05 %). Therefore, it can be concluded that the high rate of grammatical equivalence shows the translator‟s success in translating the text. © 2018Universitas Negeri Semarang  Correspondence Address: Penyangkringan Kec. Weleri Kab.Kendal, Indonesia E-mail: iifafifah72@gmail.com p-ISSN 2087-0108 e-ISSN 2502-4566 Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 255 INTRODUCTION “Central Java Visitor Guide” is a booklet of tourist resort in Central Java which is published by Central Java Provincial Culture and Tourism Office Semarang. It is written both in Bahasa Indonesia and English. Due to the contents which also tells about the uniqueness of the cultural ceremony, food, and handicraft, this booklet has an aim to promote tourism in International sight. English as international language has been used in describing the tourist resorts with its uniqueness. But the problem is that the source language Bahasa Indonesia and the target language English has different charateristics and grammatical rule. Therefore, translation is adjusted to its characteristics and grammatical rule. In translation, there are some theories developed time by time such as Nida and Taber (1969), Brislin (1976), Newmark (1988), Bell (1991), and Pym (1992). According to them, translation is an activity of transferring the messages or ideas from source text into the target text. Besides transferring messages, translation also plays role in changing form. It is supported by Larson (1984) and Munday (2000). Changing form is the process of adjusting grammatical pattern from source language into target language. Here is the example : ST Kesenian ini memadukan antara tari dengan alat musik dari bilah-bilah kayu dan gamelan jawa yang biasa disebut „Gambang‟. TT It is a combination between dance and musical instrument made of wood and Javanese gamelan commonly called “Gambang”. The translator changes a noun “combination” into “combines” as a verb in order to keep the naturalness in the translation. Hence, translation is also influenced by culture. Hartono (2009) explained that to produce a high quality of novel translation, translator should keep a basket of masteries of both source and target languages and cultures. He added that translating the text contains a cultural content and message is more difficult than translating an ordinary text that only has literal meanings. He gave an example that the term house does not always refers to rumah as in white house it is not translated into rumah putih but gedung putih. He added that a translator has to work hard to find cultural equivalents in accordance with the message stated in the source language. If not, there will be a diversion even misdirection. Vermeer (Baker 2001) and Nida and Taber (1982) also concluded that different culture may have different way in conveying the messages and producing the cultural terms. Therefore, sometime translator find the way to keep the original word from the source text in order to preserve the meaning of the text, without changing it, even reduced or added. Here is the example : ST Senerek,Sup kacang merah dengan campuran wortel dan daging. TT Senerek, is red bean soup with a mixture of carrots and meat. The translator takes the original word of “senerek” the traditional beverage which has no equivalent word in TT. It shows us that certain technique is used based on its necessity. As stated by Yuliasri (2016) that in accomplishing the translation task, a translator can explore different translation techniques in his effort to tackle the arising problems and produce good quality translation. According to Molina and Albir (2002: 509), there are eighteen translation techniques namely Adaptation Amplification, Borrowing, Calque, Compensation, Description, Discursive creation, Established equivalent, Generalization, Linguistic amplification, Linguistic compression, Literal, Modulation, Particularization, Reduction, Substitution, Transposition, Variation. In achieving equivalent, Mona Baker in the book of In Other Words (1992) defines six types of equivalence: (1) equivalence at word level, (2) equivalence above the word level, (3) grammatical equivalence, (4) textual equivalence; thematic and Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 256 word order, (5) textual equivalence; cohesion, and (6) pragmatic equivalence. Here, the writer focus to grammatical equivalent. Gaining grammatical equivalent between the two languages is also important. Hartmann and Stork (Bell 1991: 6) suggested that translation is “the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.” Here is the problem concerning to grammatical equivalent : ST Ada juga penari dan penyanyi. TT Dancers and vocalists are also available. In ST Bahasa Indonesia, plurality is marked by the use of sufffix para- in front of noun, as for example para penari. Seeing the example, the ST belongs to singular. Unfortunately, the ST above is translated into plural by adding –s after its noun. Therefore, this text is considered to be grammatically not equivalent. Grammatical equivalence refers to the diversity of grammatical categories across languages. Baker (1992) notes that grammatical rules may vary across languages and this may pose some problems in the terms of finding a direct correspondence in the target language which later may induce the translator either to add or to omit information in the target language because of the lack of particular grammatical devices in the target language itself (p. 82). It includes: Number, Gender, Person, and Tense/Aspect. There have been some previous studies focusing to translation techniques, translation quality, and equivalence. Analysing translation techniques is followed by translation quality. It has been done by several researchers. Therefore, here the writer try to explore the relationship between translation techniques and grammatical equivalence since the ST and TT has different grammatical rules. This study tries to reveal what translation techniques are used in translating sentences in “Central Java Visitor Guide” and how such use of techniques affect the grammatical equivalent. METHODS This study is descripitive qualitative research. It aims at explaining translation techniques, non-equivalent problems, and grammatical equivalence in Indonesian English translation of “Central Java Visitor Guide”. The object of this study is a word, phrase, clause or sentence in “Central Java Visitor Guide”. The writer only takes three towns as the sample which totally consists of 464 sentences. The writer do some steps in collecting the data. First, the writer reads the original booklet of “Central Java Visitor Guide” and its translated version. Then, the data are analyzed based on translation techniques, non- equivalence problems, and grammatical equivalence. After that, I find out the relation between translation techniques and grammatical equivalence. After collecting the data, the writer analyse the data by identifying the translation techniques, non-equivalence problems, and grammatical equivalence. Next, it is followed by tabulating the percentage of the data result, interpreting the data analysis, and drawing conclusions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results In this section, the writer presents : translation techniques, non-equivalence problems, grammatical equivalence, and relation between translation techniques and grammatical equivalence. Translation Techniques In this analysis, the writer found that there are only 9 techniques used by the translator. Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 257 Table 1. List of Translation Techniques in “Central Java Visitor Guide” No Techniques Use of Tehcnique Total Number Percentage Single Doplets Triplets Fre q % Fre q % Fre q % 1 Literal 147 76.56 52 32.5 8 14.81 207 50.98 2 Borrowing 1 0.52 53 33.12 16 29.62 70 17.24 3 Modulation 32 16.66 23 14.37 9 16.66 64 15.76 4 Reduction 4 2.08 10 6.25 5 9.25 19 4.67 5 Amplification 3 1.56 9 5.62 5 9.25 17 4.18 6 Transposition 5 2.60 1 0.62 1 1.85 7 1.72 7 Particularization - - 4 2.5 1 1.85 5 1.23 8 Generalization - - - - 3 5.55 3 0.73 9 Description - - - - 3 5.55 3 0.73 Total of techniques 192 47.29 152 39.40 51 13.30 395 100 From the table above, the most dominant technique is Literal translation, 207 times of usage (50.98 %). The next technique is Borrowing, 70 times of usage (17.24 %). The lower percentage of the technique are Generalization and Description which is occured 3 times (0.73 %) translated based on this technique. Literal Literal translation is translating the text literally word per word. It was used 207 times (50.98 %). Here is the example : ST Pada masa Kasultanan Demak, Semarang berkembang pesat sebagai pelabuhan dagang TT During Demak Sultanate, Semarang was growing rapidly as a trading port. The ST “Kasultanan Demak” (Demak Sultanate) and “Pelabuhan dagang” (trading port) is translated literally. There is no major addition or reduction which can change the message from the SL. The sentence arrangement in the ST is similar to the TT. Borrowing Borrowing technique is taking a word or expression straight from another language. In this study, borrowing technique is used 70 times (17.24 %). Here is the example : ST Makanan khas Kota Salatiga terkenal dan digemari banyak pengunjung seperti Entig-enting gepuk, keripik paru, keripik usus, abon, dendeng sapi, ampyang,atau gula kacang, karak gendar dan karak dele. TT The typical food of Salatiga is welknown and like by visitors such as Enting-Enting gepuk, lung chips, colon chips, shredded beef (abon), ampyang, sugar beans, karak gendar, karak dele. The translator keeps taking the original terms from another language because of cultural reason as in the words : ampyang, karak gendar dan karak dele. Modulation This translation technique is to change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the ST; it can be lexical or structural. This technique occured 64 times (15.76 %) Here is the example : ST Pengunjung tidak dipungut biaya dan dibuka setiap hari Senin – Jumat dari jam 08.00 sampai 16.00 WIB. TT It is free of charge and opened every day, Monday to Friday starts at 08.00 a.m. to 16.00 p.m. The ST “Pengunjung tidak dipungut biaya” means “it is free of charge” in TT. The translator tries to keep the common terms in TT. It is common in English language to use active voice instead of passive voice as in Bahasa Indonesia. Reduction In this technique the translator reduces the SL text in the TL but the message is implied Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 258 in another part of the TL. This technique occured 19 times (4.67 %). Here is the example : ST adalah Kebun Binatang Wonosari Mangkang yang terletak di Perbatasan Jalan Raya Semarang Kendal KM 17 TT Wonosari Mangkang Zoo is located at Jl. Raya Semarang-Kendal KM17. The term “di perbatasan” (in the border of the city) is omitted. It is only stated that the location is in Jl. Raya Semarang Kendal. Although it has changed the whole meaning of the text, but it is expected to have slightly similar meaning about the location. Amplification Amplification is applied to add more information in the text for those are not formulated in the source text. This technique occured 17 times (4.18 %) Here is the example : ST Setelah wafat, Kesultanan Demak mengangkat Pandan Arang II pada tanggal 2 Mei 1547 TT After the death of Ki Ageng Pandanaran, Sultanate of Demak appointed Pandan Arang II in May 2, 1547. The name of Ki Ageng Pandanaran is added as additional information of the ST “setelah wafat” (after the death). It is being the subject of the sentence in order to make the text is easily be understood. Transposition Transposition is the technique in which the translator change the grammatical category such as some changes in form of verb, noun, even the position of subject, predicate, object, or complement. In this translation, this technique occured 7 times (1.72 %). Here is the example : ST ditempat ini juga dilengkapi Hotel dengan fasilitas AC, TV dengan harga terjangkau. TT It also provides affordable price guesthouses equipped with Air Conditioning and TV. The ST “dilengkapi” (is provided) as passive clause is translated into active clause “provides”. This does not change the meaning. This changes of verb is done to keep the naturalness in translation. Particularization Particularization is a technique using a more precise or concrete term. This technique occured 5 times (1.23 %) Here is the example : ST Dibangun juga galeri pertokoan, ruang kantor yang disewakan, hotel dan toko cinderamata. TT Besides, it also has gallery store, office rooms for rent, guest house, and souvenir shops. The translator choose the word “guest house” in translating “hotel” because this term is more concrete in the TT. Generalization Generalization technique is a technique in which the translator uses a more general or neutral term. This techniqe occured 3 times (0.73 %). Here is the example : ST Dari sini kita bisa menikmati pemandangan kota bawah. Terletak di Jalan Setiabudi, dibuka untuk umum dan setiap saat. TT From this site, we can enjoy the landscape view of the uptown. It is located in Setiabudi street. Open to the public at any time. The word “kota bawah” (downtown) is translated into “the city” as in Bahasa Indonesia there is no uptown and downtown. In this translation, the translator use neutral word in the TT in translating the downtown. Description Description is a technique to replace e term or expression with a description of its form or function. This technique is used 3 times (0.73 %). Here is the example : ST Sebagai Pusat informasi, promosi, dan sebagai media untuk melestarikan warisan budaya tradisional, tentang jamu yang berkhasiat dimana semua bahannya didapat dari air tanah kita sendiri TT As a center of information, Promotion, and as a medium for preserving traditional cultural heritage, about which the nutritious herbal ingredients derived from local products. Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 259 There is no equivalent word for “jamu”, so the translator describes “Jamu” as “the nutritious herbal ingredients”. It is done to give clear description about what is meant by the cultural word given. Non-Equivalence Problems In this study, the writer only found five common problems. Table 2. Non Equivalent Problems in ”Central Java Visitor Guide” No Non-Equivalence Problems Number Percentage 1 Culture Specific Term 56 75.67 2 TL lacks specific term 9 12.16 3 TL lacks superordinate 6 8.10 4 The use of Loan words 3 4.05 Total 74 Based on the data above, some common problems found in the booklet are : Culture Specific Term occured 56 times (75.67 %), TL lacks specific term which is occured 9 times (12.16 %), TL lacks superordinate occured 6 times (8.10 %), and the use of Loan words which occured only 3 times (4.05 %). Culture-Specific Concepts The source-language word may have a term which is totally unknown in the target culture. Those are influenced by many factors such as : religious belief, social custom, or even type of food. In this research, there are 56 sentences belong to culture specific concepts (75.67 %). Here is the example : ST Senerek, Sup kacang merah dengan campuran wortel dan daging. TT Senerek, is red bean soup with a mixture of carrots and meat. The ST Senerek is the name of traditional cuisine which has no equivalent word in TT. TL Lacks Specific Term Languages tend to have general words (superordinates) but lack specific ones (hyponyms). In this analysis, TL lacks specific term occured 9 times (12.16 %). Here is the example : ST Sebuah Goa yang menjadi petilasan Sunan Kalijaga saat mencari kayu jati untuk membangun Masjid Agung Demak. Konon saat Sunan Kalijaga mencari kayu bertemu dengan sekawanan kera yang kemudian disuruh untuk menjaga kayu jati tersebut. TT A cave which become a site of Sunan Kalijga when he was looking for a teak wood to build the Great Mosque of Demak. According to the legend, when Sunan Kalijaga was looking for the woods, he met a flock of monkeys who were asked to keep that timber. The word “konon” in the ST has no equivalent word in the TT because the TL lacks of specific term. In ST, what people say can be defined as “konon”. TL Lacks Superordinate The target language may have specific words (hyponyms) but no general words (superordinate) to head the semantic field. In this analysis, this problem occured 6 times (8.10 %). Here is the example : ST Ketika kungkum mereka membawa telur dan botol kosong. TT While having a bath, they bring eggs and empty bottles. The word “kungkum” (the activity to soak the human body in the water) has no equivalent words in TT. The translator choose the term “having a bath” because it has slightly similar meaning with it. TL use of Loan words in ST The loan words are some words derives from another language and thus become familiar and accepted in the ST. In this translation, this problem occured 3 times (4.05 %). Here is the example : Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 260 ST Fungsi menara ini adalah tempat bilal/muadzin. TT The function of the tower is for bilal/muadzin place. The word “bilal” or “muadzin” is the loan word which derives from Arabic language means someone who call for adzan. These words have been familiar for Indonesian people since there are no equivalent words for them. Grammatical Equivalence In this analysis, the writer only found three types of grammatical equivalence ; number, tenses, and voice. Table 3. Grammatical Equivalence in “Central Java Visitor Guide” No Technique Grammatical Equivalence Tense Voice Number Yes % No % Yes % No % Yes % No % 1 Single 148 72.90 15 65.21 168 75.33 40 61.53 46 73.001 28 53.19 2 Doplets 39 19.21 6 26.08 47 21.07 17 26.15 14 22.22 14 29.78 3 Triplets 16 7.88 2 8.69 8 3.58 8 12.30 3 4.76 5 10.63 Total 203 41.51 23 17.03 223 45.60 65 48.15 63 12.88 47 34.81 According to table 4.3, it can be seen that there are found three grammatical equivalence. They are : voice which has 223 sentences (45.60 %), tense which has 203 sentences (41.51 %), and number in 63 sentences (12.88 %). Voice Voice is a grammatical category which defines the relationship between a verb and its subject. In active clauses, the subject is the agent responsible for performing the action. In passive clauses, the subject is the affected entity, and the agent may or may not be specified, depending on the structures available in each language. In this research, voice equivalence occured 223 times (45.60 %). Here is the example : ST Salatiga letaknya sangat strategis, diantara Kota Semarang dan Kota Solo, dengan ketinggian 4520-800 meter diatas permukaan laut. TT The location of Salatiga is very strategic between Semarang and Solo, in an altitude of 4520-800 meters above sea level. The ST is active clause Salatiga is located in strategic way. However it is translated into passive by changing the form of located (verb) into location (noun) as in TT Salatiga has strategic location. Tenses The form of the verb in languages usually indicates two main types of information: time relation and aspectual differences. In this research, tense equivalence occured 203 times (41.51 %). Here is the example : ST Pada abad ke-16 Portugis datang di Semarang dan membangun pemukiman di sekitar Sungai Berok, dekat kawasan Kota Lama. TT In the 16th century, Portugese came to Semarang and built the settlement around Berok river, near The Old City area. Time adverbial of 16th century caused the verb “datang” (come) to be translated into verb past came in TT. Number The idea of countability is probably universal in the sense that it is readily accessible to all human beings and is expressed in the lexical structure of all languages. In this research, there are 63 number equivalence (12.88 %). Here is the example : ST Simpang Lima merupakan Pusat perbelanjaan karena banyak mall, pertokoan, dan tempat akomodasi TT Simpang Lima is famous to the area of shopping center in Semarang due to the fact that it has plenty of shopping centers, departement stores, accomodation places. The ST use quantifier “banyak” (many) as the plurality of nouns. It is marked before nouns. Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 261 Similarly, the TT also use quantifier “plenty of” which is marked before nouns. Relation between translation techniques and grammatical equivalence Tense Equivalence The source language Bahasa Indonesia does not have tense, so the verb does not change in any situation. Unlike the target language English which has tense rule so that the verb will change based on some situations. Therefore in this language, the adverbial of time is needed as the marker of present tense, past tense, or future tense. Here is the examples : ST Dalam batu tersebut tertulis:”Srir Astu Swasti Prajabhyah”artinya “Semoga Bahagia, Selamatlah Rakyat Sekalian”. TT Here is what is written in the stone:”Srir Astu Swasti Prajabhyah”, means “Have a happy life, Save the people”. The ST has no time adverbial, it means that the sentence is simple present tense. However, the translator translates it into simple past tense by looking at the previous sentence which tells about incription. The word tertulis (is written) is translated into was written. Therefore, grammatically it is not equivalent. Based on those examples above, it can be concluded that tense equivalence is affected by the use of time adverbial. The sentence which has time adverbial, it is equivalent on its tense. On the contrary, the sentence which has no time adverbial can not achieve the tense equivalence. Voice Equivalence Languages which have a category of voices do not always use the passive with the same frequency and occasionally have different meaning and function. To solve the problem posed by grammatical category of voice, the translators usually render a passive structure by an active structure, or conversely an active structure by a passive structure in order to avoid negative connotation. Every language has different rules. Take an example, English language does not often use passive voice as in other language. Bahasa Indonesia often use passive voice. Here are the examples : Modulation ST Di dalam rumah-rumah tersebut digelar hasil kerajinan dan industri yang diproduksi oleh masing-masing daerah TT In the pavilion of each house, visitors can see various crafts and industries produced by each districts. Literally, the sentence in ST is translated into LT “in each miniature was displayed” means that the products were displayed on the table so that the visitors could see it. Unfortunately, the target language has another way to express it. In this sentence, the translator use the phrase “visitor can see” in form of active voice instead of “...was displayed handicrafts” in passive voice. This technique has changed the readers point of view. ST Jenis alat musik yang dipakai adalah Gendang, boning, kempul, gong, suling, kecrek, gambang serta alat musik gesek. LT The musical instruments used including gendang, boning, kempul, gong, suling, kecrek, gambang and stringed instrument. TT Gendang, boning, kempul, gong, flute, kecrek, gambang as well as stringed instrument are kinds of musical instruments used in this performance. The subject in ST is “jenis alat musik” (musical instruments). However, the subject in ST is the object in TT whereas the subject in TT is the object in ST. This is done to keep the naturalness of translation. Therefore, it is not equivalent grammatically. Transposition ST Kesenian ini memadukan antara tari dengan alat musik dari bilah-bilah kayu dan gamelan jawa yang biasa disebut „Gambang‟. TT It is a combination between dance and musical instrument made of wood and Javanese gamelan commonly called “Gambang”. The ST “memadukan (combines)” is verb. However, to get the naturalness in the transaltion, the translator changes the word “combines (verb)” become “combination” (noun). This word changing cause the sentence to be not equivalent. Literally, those sentence does not change the meaning. However, grammatically it is not equivalent. Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 262 The sentences from literal technique is equivalent because in this technique, it only translate words per words, so there is no changing position of subject or terms. On the contrary, in modulation and transposition technique, there are many sentences which are not equivalent. Those are caused by some of the following things: a. The changing of the words (in transposition) b. The use of certain terms (in modulation technique) c. The changing of subject position (in modulation technique) Non-equivalence of voice is caused by two techniques, they are : transposition and modulation. From those techniques, there are some changes in words, terms, or position of subject. This is done to keep the naturalness of the translation products. Nevertheless, it is not equivalent grammatically. Number Equivalence In any languages, it has different way to explain numbers in which singularity or plurality. In ST Bahasa Indonesia, singularity is showed by putting an article “sebuah” (a/an) in from of the noun. Nevertheless, Bahasa Indonesia is not always put article before its noun. It is so different in TT English which always use an article. Here are the examples : ST Dugderan adalah tradisi yang menandai bahwa bulan puasa telah tiba. T T Dugderan is a tradition conducted to welcome the fasting month. Based on some examples abbove, it can be concluded that in ST there is no article “sebuah” (a/an) or “beberapa” (some) before its noun, so there is no distinction whether the sentence is singular or plural. However, the translator translates it by adding article “a” in front of the noun. It means singularity. Therefore, grammatically this sentence is not equivalent. Non-equivalence is also happened in plurality. In ST Bahasa Indonesia is not common to put article before noun. Another example is : ST Pengunjung juga dapat menaiki perahu untuk rekreasi ke tengah laut TT Visitors can also rent boats for taking around to the sea. Based on the sample above, the ST “pengunjung” (visitor) has no article. So, it is singular. But in TT, the translator translates it by adding -s as the marker of plurality. Therefore this sentence is not grammatically equivalent. From the examples above, it can be concluded that non-equivalence problems on number is caused by the use of article in ST. Article is important since it tells the number of singularity or plurality. The use of appropriate article will cause a good product in translation. Discussion This present research relate to the previous research conducted by Yuliasri (2016) which analyse translation techniques and pragmatic equivalence. It has resulted that translating humorous utterances in Walt Disney‟s Donald Duck Comics from English into Indonesian being pragmatically equivalent. However, only minor portion of the translated text is not pragmatically equivalent which is resulted by the use of discursive creation, reduction, adaptation, and modulation techniques. Similar with it, this research reveals that certain techniques are able to influence the equivalence. It is resulted that non-equivalent on the category of voice is caused by the use of modulation and transposition techniques. However, there is no certain techniques influence the equivalence on tense and number category. In short, it can be concluded that certain techniques are able to influence the equivalence. CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION This study focuses on analyzing translation techniques and grammatical Iif Nur Afifah, Rudi Hartono, Issy Yuliasri / EEJ 8 (2) 2018 254 - 264 263 equivalence in Indonesian-English translation of “Central Java Visitor Guide”. Based on the findings above, the analysis on translation technique shows that the translator did not only use one technique. Two or three techniques in translating a sentence is done to find the equivalent meaning. There are nine translation techniques used in this translation. They are : literal (50.98%), borrowing (17.24%), modulation (15.76%), reduction (4.67%), amplification (4,18%), transposition (1.72%), particularization (1.23%), generalization (0.73%), and description (0.73%). Literal translation is the most frequently technique used. On the other hand, the generalization and description are the lowest percentage of the technique. Next, the analysis on grammatical equivalence reveals that there are three categories of equivalence. They are : voice (45.60%), tense (41.51%), and number (12.88%). Thirdly, the analysis on non-equivalence problems shows that there are four non- equivalence problems found in this booklet. They are : Culture Specific Term (75.67%), TL lacks specific term (12.16%), TL lacks superordinate (8.10%), and the use of Loan words (4.05%). Last but not least, the writer relate translation technique and grammatical equivalence. There is no certain techniques influence the equivalence on tense and number category. However, non-equivalent on the category of voice is caused by the use of modulation and transposition techniques. Suggestion Based on the findings in conducting the research, the researcher can give suggestions to readers, translators, and others. The readers are suggested to read more literary works such as tourism booklet, so that the readers will familiar with the cultural words. In addition, they are suggested to learn about translation in order to have better understanding upon translation in general. Furthermore, the translator should pay more attention in translation. Translation as the transfer of message could be done well by conveying what is meant on the source text, so there is no ambiguity or even misunderstanding. There should not be any deletion or addition causing the loosing of meaning from the source text and distortions of meaning in the translation. Other researchers are suggested to explore the same area but in different point of view. They feel free to evaluate the study about translation. There are still many problems in translating the tourism booklet. They also can share more about the results of the study to the students or other researchers. REFERENCES Baker, M. 1992. In other words. A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge. Bell, Roger, Translation And Translating: Theory And Practice Harlow: Longman, 1991. Binh, Tanh Pham Brislin,R.W. 1976. Translation: Application and Research, New York: Gardner Press Inc. Hartono, Rudi. 2009. Translating A Novel : Problems and Solutions (A Holistically Critique on Novel Translation). Language Circle, III/2 : 33 – 41. Hartono, Rudi. 2013. 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