EEJ 8 (3) (2018) 370 – 377 English Education Journal http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej The Violation of Cooperative Principles in The Dialogue Among The Characters of David Baldacci’s The Escape (2014) Mona Labobar Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Article Info ________________ Article History: Accepted 2 February 2018 Approved 16 August 2018 Published 15 September 2018 ________________ Keywords: Cooperative Principle, Violation, David Baldacci, Dialogue ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ This study aimed at investigating the violation of Qualitative maxim, Quantitative maxim, Manner maxim and Relevance maxim. In obtaining the data, the researcher uses the descriptive qualitative to find out the violation of CP in the dialogue among the characters of DBE (2014). The researcher also uses the Documentation method as an Instrument. The Object of this study is the dialogues among the characters of DBE (2014) which violate Grice‟s maxims. The result shows that every maxim is violated in the dialogue among the characters of DBE (2014). The writer found the violation of Qualitative maxim with 12 data, the violation of Quantitative maxim with 49 data, the violation of Manner maxim with 18 data and the violation of Relevance/Relation maxim with 26 data. Based on the result of the study, it can be concluded that every maxim of CP is violated by the characters of DBE (2014). The reason of violating the maxims are various and each maxim is violated for some reasons. For example the reason that the speaker violates Qualitative maxim is to cover up the mistake, while the reason that the speaker violates Quantitative maxim is to build up a good social relationship and the speaker violated is manner maxim because provided unclear information. The last is Relevance/Relation maxim. This maxim is violated because the speaker wants to change the topic. © 2018 Universitas Negeri Semarang Correspondence Address: Pascasarjana Kampus Kelud Utara III, Semarang, 50237 E-mail: labobarmona@yahoo.com p-ISSN 2087-0108 e-ISSN 2502-4566 http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej Mona Labobar/ EEJ 8 (3) 2018 370 - 377 371 INTRODUCTION Communication is an important thing in human life. Farista, et al. (2018, p. 2) said that communication is an essential need for human beings. Communication enable people to interact, connect and even understand one another. Ekowati & Sofwan (2014, p. 2) communication is an activity of negotiating and transferring meaning and simply about understanding between two parties or more. Communication also allows people to build respect and trust in social life. According to Wood (2004), communication can be defined as a process of systemic that done by individuals. In communication they also interact through and with symbols to create and interpret meanings”. So, actually language and communication are related one another. They are the things that cannot be separated one another. Wardaugh (1986) says that “When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ a code”. The word Code in his statement is refers to something that can be called language. In communication there are some ways can be done by every people. One of them is dialogue form. Davis (2007 : 179) says that the Oxford English Dictionary defines dialogue as “a conversation that done between two or more persons”. While, Gadamer also argues that dialogue is fundamental to understanding and to our way of being-in-the-world (Heidegger 1962). It can be concluded that dialogue is a communication that is involve two people or more then exchange the ideas. In doing the dialogue there are some communication rules that must be obeyed by the speaker. One of them is the cooperative principle. The cooperative principle is needed in communication to make the conversation can run smoothly. The cooperative principle is a principle of conversation that proposed by H. P. Grice (1975). Grice identifies this sort four basic maxim conversation or general principles as guidelines in communication. So these fourth maxims must be obeyed when people communicate one another. The forth maxims are: the maxim of Qualitative, the maxim of Quantitative, the maxim of Relevance and the maxim of Manner. Maxim is an important part in determining communication run effectively (Agung 2016, p. 41). But sometimes when people communicate, they still violate the maxims itself. That‟s why the communication cannot run as like as what expected is. As mentioned that Grice‟s maxims are divided into four parts. The first part is maxim Qualitative which this maxim is restricted with the Qualitative of an utterance. It means that an utterance or information that is given by the speaker must be true information. The second part is maxim Quantitative. This maxim is talks about the Quantitative of the information that is given by the speaker which should enough and in accordance with what being asked is. The third part is maxim Relevance. This maxim asks that the information that is given should be relevant and the last part is maxim Manner. This maxim asks the speakers to give the information not ambiguous. Those are the requirement from each maxim that must be obeyed by the speaker. In fact, the cooperative principle not always can be obeyed by the speaker but sometimes it can be violated by the speaker. Rohmahwati & Yuliasri (2017, p. 71) said that having communication, it could be better if the speaker try to be relevant between what his said with the situation. It can be meant that if people obey the regulation of each maxim when they communicate, the communication goes well. The cooperative principle is a part of pragmatics because it is about the communication that do by two people or more which make the communication as effective as possible. Retnowaty (2013, p. 70) said that the Cooperative Principle enables one participant in a conversation to communicate on the assumption that the other participant is being cooperative. While pragmatics itself is the study of how language is used to communicate. Communication can be meant that it depends on not only recognizing the meaning of words in an utterance, but recognizing what speakers mean by their utterances. According to Yule (2006: Mona Labobar/ EEJ 8 (3) 2018 370 - 377 372 112) pragmatics is the study of what speakers mean or speaker meaning. In many ways, pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn‟t actually said or written and the communication keep relevant. On the other hand there is a definition of Pragmatics that was presented by Machali. In Machali‟s study, it was presented the definition of Pragmatics that related with the topic (maxim). The definition that was presented is from Baker (1992; 2008). Baker defines Pragmatics as the study of language in use. Pragmatics is the study of meaning. Pragmatics as conveyed and manipulated by participants in a communicative situation and it is not as generated by the linguistic system‟ (Baker, 1992: 215) So, the cooperative principle clearly included in the pragmatics because more than anything else, the cooperative principle wants the communication being relevant. Some studies have been investigated by several researchers that focus on violating of cooperative principles. Gultom and Gintings, (2013) conducted a research to describe the maxim types that violated in humorous verbal cartoon in Kompas, to find out the maxims types that is dominantly violated and to find out the causes of that maxims are violated in it. Toda and Ghozali (2017). conducted a research to describe patterns of maxims violation made by the characters, and to find out reasons why the characters violate the maxims in „‟Maleficent” movie. The findings of Toda‟s and Ghozali‟s show that there are two patterns of maxims violations namely violation one maxim and more than one maxim. Hidayati & Indarti (2013) is to find out the violation of the maxims produced in Malam Minggu Miko comedy situation. The results show that the violation of the maxim of relation, found 13 times, is the most frequent occurrence than the other maxims. Those studies and also this current study equally focus on the violation of CP. However this current study is different from those other previous studies. The current study identifies the violation of cooperative principles in the Dialogue among the characters of The Escape and the purposes of the current study are to : (1) explain the violation of Qualitative maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE (2014) (2) explain the violation of Quantitative maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE(2014) (3) explain the violation of Manner maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE(2014) (4) explain the violation of Relevance maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE(2014) (5) reveal the contributions of the analysis results in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL). METHOD The researcher uses descriptive Qualitative as research design. This research investigate dialogues that used by the characters in the novel The Escape. The steps in collecting the data started from read the novel, the dialogue must be understood by the researcher, the data then analyzed by using Grice‟s theory and then the researcher check the data on each table that was provided. The researcher gave checklist at each column. After the data had been collected, the researcher analyzed the data trough some steps. The first step is collecting the data that violate each maxim. The second step is classified the data The data that is investigated by using Grice‟s theory then the third step, the data that had been classified is analyzed to answer the problem that had been formed in this present study. The data that had been analyzed then concluded. So, the research got the result in accordance with the formulation of the problem. Triangulation is a way to valid the data of this research. Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identify four types of triangulation, they are Methods triangulation, Triangulation of sources, Analyst Triangulation, Theory/perspective triangulation. In this theory/perspective triangulation is used. The result of this research will be a formulation of information or thesis statement. The information will be compared to the relevant theoretical perspective to avoid Mona Labobar/ EEJ 8 (3) 2018 370 - 377 373 individual researcher bias upon the resulting findings or conclusions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The violation of Qualitative maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE (2014). Adriani, et al. (2013, p. 74) cited from Grice (2008), that the speaker of the conversation breaks maxim of Qualitative if he/she says something which is untrue and not based on the sufficient evidence. The example of the violation of Qualitative maxim can be revealed as follows: Puller : "You hit him in the face with a lamp?" Susan : "I did." Puller : "That must have hurt." Susan : "I hope it hurt like hell," she said. "He deserved to be hurt a lot." Knox : "Bruised and bloody probably." Susan : "Yes. He was. And surprised, I'm sure." Puller : And what did he want?" asked Puller. Susan : "He threatened me. He wanted me to confess that I had done something wrong." The conversation above was done by John Puller and Susan Reynolds. When the conversation was in progress Susan Reynolds violated Qualitative maxim. Susan Reynolds kept cover the identity of the person who works with her. She even said things were not truth and accused Robert. She said that he had stolen classified information from STRATCOM. She said that the DVD was found in his pocket. But actually it was not done by Robert at all. The first data that investigated is violation of Qualitative maxim. Based on the data that was gotten, Susan Reynolds violated Qualitative maxim. Which the Qualitative maxim has the principles “do not say you believe to be false and do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence”. In the data that was gotten by the writer Susan Reynolds intentionally say something which proved to be untrue. She said to Puller and Knox that she hit Robert Puller with the lamp. This is said by her to show up that she is innocent so able to defend and protect herself from attack by Robert. The violation of Quantitative maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE (2014). The violation of Quantitative maxim can be done by the speaker with revealed the information or speech that does not really ask by the hearer and it is contains excessive information. The example of the violation of Quantitative maxim in the novel can be seen as follows : Puller: He sat back. "Know anyone who might and who might be willing to talk to me?" Chelsea: "There's one of the guards. He's actually been talking to me about applying to CID. Maybe it could be a scratch each other's back sort of thing." Puller: "Maybe it could. What's his name?" Chelsea: "Aubrey Davis, PFC. Nice guy. Young, single. He likes his beer but I hear he's also serious about getting ahead in his career." Puller: Puller slid his card out and handed it to her. "Tell him to give me a call on my cell, okay?" Chelsea: She took the card and nodded. "I will. But I can't guarantee he'll help you." The conversation above was done between John Puller and Chelsea. There are many things that were asked and were talked by them. one of them is, Chelsea informed Puller to meet one of the guards at DB. According to her, the guard can help Puller to get more information that asked. Puller agree and asked the name of the guard to Chelsea. But she did not only tell the name, she also mentioned how the guard is, how old the guard is, how the guard‟s status, etc. Sure this form of conversation showing the violation of Quantitative maxim that was done by Chelsea. The principle of Quantitative maxim are make your contribution as informative as is required and also do not make your contribution, more informative than is required Levinson (1983 : 101) . It means that people can be said violate the maxim if the rules or principle does not always be obeyed. Based on the data that found Chelsea gave the information excessively. She did not provide the answer or information based on what Puller asked. She did not provide Mona Labobar/ EEJ 8 (3) 2018 370 - 377 374 enough information. Puller only asked about the guard‟s name. But Chelsea said unimportant information to Puller. It gave the implied meaning that Chealsea want to build a good social relationship with Puller. The violation of Manner maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE (2014). The violation of manner maxim is done by the speaker when giving out an information that is not clear, and contains high levels of coercion. The way offense can be seen in the following conversation : Puller: "Has he been injured?" Puller didn't know how that could be. There were no riots at the DB. But then again, one of the guards had slugged Bobby once, for a reason he had never shared with his brother. White : "No. It's a little more serious than that." Puller: Puller drew a quick breath. More serious than that? "Is he ... is he dead?” Don White is John Puller‟s CO. in the middle of the conversation as presented above, Don White obviously did the violation in manner maxim. Which can be seen that Don White give an information to John Puller about Robert‟s escape from the prison DB is not directly. It makes John Puller guessing about what really happened to Robert. This is because the information provided by the speaker Don White is unclear. Manner Maxim asks each participant of the conversation speaks in a straightforward, clear, orderly, not exaggerating, and also coherent manner. But based on the data that presented at the finding White gave the information to Puller with obscurity statement. She did not give the clear answer when Puller asked what was happening with his brother. It is give implied meaning that she afraid and confuse to inform Puller about the escape of his brother from the prison. The violation of Relevance maxim in the dialogue among the characters of DBE (2014). The violation can occur if the speaker offers irrelevant information. The example of the violation of the maxim in the novel can be seen as follow: Knox: "Are you okay? (He cleared his throat, gathered his composure, and nodded as he abruptly stood, causing her to jump back as he almost stepped on her bare foot). Puller: "Sorry, just have a bunch of stuff on my mind." Knox : "Gee, I wonder what that could be?" She smiled and he forced one to his lips. He picked up her phone and handed it back to her. Puller: "I think this is yours.” Knox : “You sure you don't want to keep it?" The conversation above was done between Puller and Knox. Puller violated the maxim. Puller did not give the answer as needed by Knox. As shown up at the conversation above Knox want to know about what he thinking is, about what he felt is. Puller did not want Knox know and keep concealing what he felt is. Puller then diverted the conversation to cover up his feeling as presented as an example above. The speaker can be said violate the maxim if she/he did not give the relevant statement. While, the maxim asks to be Relevant when do the communication. The speaker on the data that was found violates the maxim when his interlocutor said asked about what is on his mind. He suddenly changed the topic and tried to not responded the question from his interlocutor. See the response of the speaker, it is give the implied meaning that the speaker avoided to talk about what his interlocutor‟s question. The application of Analysis Result in TEFL Nurmasitah, et al. (2017, p. 1) said that In language teaching and also in ESP, speaking is the important part in the teaching and learning process. It meant that Speaking is one of English language skill that has an important role to communicate. As known, in communication the adherence to the CP is needed, to achieve the goal of communication. So, in teaching speaking the result analysis can be used for speaking material. This research result is useful for Mona Labobar/ EEJ 8 (3) 2018 370 - 377 375 showing to the student the example of how people did not cooperate when do the communication one another. The utterances that were found in the novel can be used by the teacher to show that in daily life people not always cooperated one another when involved in the communication. Teacher can explain to the student that the utterances that were found are the utterances that violate Grice‟s maxim or CP. Teacher can show them by using the conversation in the novel based on the data that was found. So, teacher also show that those utterances affect in daily life and social life that the communication can not work properly. In practice student‟s speaking, when the teaching and learning process take place, teacher also can ask the student to practice the utterances by reading and by repeating the utterances with correct pronunciation. This matter is automatically will help the student to improve their speaking skill to be good. From the data that was found and discussed, it can be compared with some studies that focus to analyses the violation of the maxim. E.g. Alfina (2016). Alfina research entitled The maxim violation on mata najwa talk show “selebritipenggandasimpati”. The result of the study shows that there are fifteen utterances violating Quantitative, Qualitative, Relation, and Manner maxims. The motivation behind the speakers violating the maxim is mostly because they want to show politeness and keep other‟s self-esteem. The relation of Alfina‟s study with this present study is lied on the focus of the study. Focus of both studies are to analyse the violation of four maxim. The result shown that every maxim is violated by the interlocutors. This presents study also found that every maxim has violated by the character in the novel. Not only about how the CP and every sub-maxim that is violated but on the other hand how the result analysis can be applied in the TEFL. The result analysis of the research is still a dialogue form. It means that dialogue can be used to teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL). Hornby (1995:319-320) state that dialogue is spoken or written conversation or talk or a discussion between people in which opinions are exchanged. Azizah‟s (2013) study used quantitative research which is directed to investigate the effectiveness of using dialogue to improving students speaking skill at the second grade of SMP Negeri 2 Salam in the Academic Year of 2012/2013. Azizah concluded that the method was successful and the use of dialogue is effective to improve students‟ speaking skill on second grade of SMP Negeri 2 Salam Magelang in the academic year of 2012/2013. The other researcher is Laily (2016). Laily‟s study aims to describe the implementation of teaching speaking using conversation in the novel, the effectiveness of teaching speaking using conversation in the novel and the strength and weaknesses of teaching speaking using conversation in the novel for the eight grade students of SMP Muhammadyah 10 Surakarta. The result shown that the strenght of this research is students happy and enjoy, while the weakness is there is a lack of time in teaching speaking and less of novel collection. CONCLUSION Based on the result of the study, it can be concluded that every maxim of CP is violated by the characters of DBE (2014). The reason of violating the maxim is various, and each maxim is violated for some reasons. For the first maxim is Qualitative maxim. Based on the data that is presented in the previous chapter the interlocutor violate the Qualitative maxim is to cover up her mistake. In the second data is Quantitative maxim. Based on the data the speaker violate this maxim because want to build a good social relationship. The third maxim that violated is manner maxim. This maxim is violated by the speaker, because the speaker provided unclear information. The last is Relevance/Relation maxim. This maxim is violated because the speaker want to change the subject. The speaker ignored to discuss something that he did not want to discuss. On Mona Labobar/ EEJ 8 (3) 2018 370 - 377 376 the other hand, this result analysis study can be applied in TEFL. In particular is to teach speaking. The dialogue can be used by teacher to train student‟s pronunciation. SUGGESTION At the end of this research, the researcher suggests the speaker to obey all the maxims of CP in doing the conversation. Speaker should give true information in doing the conversation, speaker do not give the information excessively or less (enough information), the information that is given should be relevant, and also the information that given is not ambiguous. Those are considered to make the conversation can run smoothly. As stated by Grice (1975:45) “Make your contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. On the other hand, it is also suggested to the reader or even to the next researcher, to use this result study as a reference to conduct the research. REFERENCES Adriani, K.G.D., Hamzah., & Ardi, H. (2013). Comparison of the maxim violation found in action and drama movies. E- Journal English Language and Literature, 1(2). Retrieved from http://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php Agung, W.K.S. (2016). The violation of cooperative principles on students‟ responses toward teacher questions in TEFL class. 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