274 EEJ 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 English Education Journal http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej Conversational Implicature to Hide Meaning in the Dialogue Script of Alice Through the Looking Glass Candra Puspitasari , Abdurachman Faridi, Sri Wahyuni Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Article Info ________________ Article History: Accepted 18 February 2022 Approved 30 May 2022 Published 20 June 2022 ________________ Keywords: Pragmatics, conversational implicature, movie, dialogue script, Conversation Analysis ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ The importance of language in human life cannot be overstated. People may readily interact with others through language, and many of us have used implicature in a conversation, not just in everyday speech but also in a movie. A movie is a collection of audio-visual images depicting character conversation; the language used in that communication has implications and meaning. The goal of this research is to investigate a conversational implicature. Conversation analysis was used in the study. A dialogue screenplay from Alice through the Looking Glass was used as the data. The information was acquired via downloading the film 'Alice through the Looking Glass,' watching and listening to it, transcribing the spoken utterances into written utterances, and then analysing the transcription. All variants of conversational implicature, including generalized conversational implicature (GCI), scalar implicature, and particularised conversational implicature, were revealed in a dialogue script by George Yule (1996). GCI was realized in 8%, scalar was realized in 52%, and particularised conversational implicature was realized in 8%. The data presented above demonstrate that particularised, generalized, and scalar implicatures are connected and complementary in implicatures, despite the fact that particular conversational implicatures are a type of conversational implicature distinct from general conversational implicatures. However, the fact that the researchers felt using conversation analysis in a movie dialogue script was a smart idea in this research. Further research was expected to continue by employing another movie's script at a different level to provide a different perspective. Correspondence Address : Kampus Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Semarang, Jl Kelud Utara 3, Semarang, 50233 E-mail: puspitarcandra@gmail.com p-ISSN 2087-0108 e-ISSN 2502-4566 Candra Puspitasari, et al./ English Education Journal 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 275 INTRODUCTION Language is crucial to humans. For example, they used language in a conversation. The conversation is seen as a vital need in human life, with people utilizing numerous means, primarily language. People use language to express their emotions and opinions to attain their goals of either interpersonal or transactional communication with people. According to Yule (1996, p. 21), "Communication is largely done via exchanging messages inside the language through utterances made by speakers." Exchanging messages in a conversation is not only found in everyday conversation, but we can find conversations in various media. For example, conversations in movie media. A movie is a form of visual communication that can educate and improve people's understanding of a particular topic. It is a form of media that has a significant influence in providing information and as a medium for communicating messages to an audience. Because the movie shows the viewer through vision, the massages in a movie can be good or bad. There are several examples of research related to current research; for example, Namtapi's (2018) study had two goals: to discover the character's motivation for each PCI and to determine whether social distance influences the use of PCIs. The result showed eleven PCIs with various functions were discovered. Another previous research is conducted by Magri (2011); he concentrates on his scalar implicature thesis. It was used to support his case for computing scalar implicatures at the matrix level and embedded location; Namtapi's and Magri's research only focused on scalar, which differs from the current study, which focused on three types of implicatures from Yule. Research from Buchanan (2020) is similar to the present research conducting implicature in his subject. Still, in his study, he drew a different picture of what we mean and what we imply, one that considers that in many successful communication situations because the speaker isn't trying to say anything in particular. There is also previous research that is similar to the present study that used a movie as a subject of the research from Khairunas, Juniato, Rizky, and Tesalonika (2020); by using the descriptive qualitative approach, they analyzed the Beauty and the Beast movie's conversational implicature and maxim violations. Generalized conversational implicature is the most common form in the movie, and four maxims were broken: quality, quantity, relation, and manner. Generalized conversational implicature is the most common form in Beauty and the Beast. Similar previous research about the movie is conducted by Lathifah and Januarius (2021), This study analyses Catford's formal changes in Kung Fu Panda's Bahasa Indonesia speech act translation by using category change in obtaining pragmatic equivalence and the visual-verbal relationship during the process, and the results showed that it was important to use level shift and category shift, which made it possible to reach pragmatic equivalence (95, 3 percent). Qadery (2015) investigates the Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature and its application to the Arabic language. The findings revealed that the Gricean Theory of Conversational Implicature could be applied to Arabic, particularly the Yemeni dialect. Saniatang, Surya, and Ririn (2020) focus on understanding character utterances in a movie called 'Jumanji.' Similar to the present research. However, they employed Levinson's implicature theory, while the current study used Yule's. Unlike Kusumaningrum (2015), to teach senior high Candra Puspitasari, et al./ English Education Journal 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 276 school learners EFL using English movies, the implicit meanings were informing, complaining, denying, reminding, criticizing, assuring, affirming, apologizing, and entreating. Kabooha (2016), in this study, wants to find out how Saudi students and teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) feel about using English movies in class to assist students in improving their language skills by using a questionnaire; the students and teachers were enthusiastic about using movies to develop language abilities. After research conducted by Nuansari and Sriyanto (2021), according to studies, students gained confidence in speaking by narrating animated flicks in their own words. Therefore, people may understand movies better, so based on the reason the present study used a movie as its subject. Then research by Nurhidayah, Yassi, and Sukmawaty (2021), the study analyses movie characters' speeches. This research used a mixed technique to explore Grice's theory about conversational implicature, and most of all, the movie's characters used particularised conversational implicature. Unlike Andriani (2019), this study aimed to improve seventh-graders vocabulary via an interactive movie, and all students were happy to participate. Students enjoy active learning. Most previous studies used movies, but none employed Yule's theory. Unlike Chen and Yie (2020), this final project aims to show how many types and how the subtitle of Epic movie is translated. The translator used various transpositions to create a literary version. Their research also decodes movie language to reveal personalities. This is why translation and character recognition are so crucial in implicature. A collaboration rule and Leech's politeness theory were used to analyze the film's dialogue. An analysis of the films' implied meanings and conversational implicature. Those previous studies are different from Simaremare, Wita, and Herman (2021) used Grice's theory to evaluate the sorts of discourse and non- observation presented in the film Mulan and has 29 utterances. Liu (2017) researched the processing model of scalar implicature in Chinese, and this study it's different from Simaremare's work; she employed a participant-perception test. Hartshorne, Snedeker, Liem, and Kim's (2014) study focus on Language comprehension involves constructing a sentence's specific meaning and inferring what was meant but not expressed. It motivates the assumption that scalar implicature is contextualised but grammatical. Unlike Bott, Bailey, and Grodner (2011), they used a weaker statement. Nevertheless, they acknowledged the existence of scalar implicatures, and their findings provide evidence against numerous processing theories, including verification and non-verification. Different from Degen and Michael (2011), they argued whether or not scalar implicatures are computed by default has been extensively investigated in recent years because Scalar implicature has provided a test case for exploring inference processes in language comprehension. Another research is by Goodman and Andreas (2012), who argued whether or not language can make an understanding of a specific case of social cognition by using Bayesian inference; this model expects an interaction between the speaker's knowledge state and the listener's interpretation. Aglina's (2008) study is similar to Simaremare, Rita's and Herman's. This study examines Twilight's conversational implicature, and the movie character uses particularised implicature since it has more meaning than what is uttered. After that, Martini's (2018) studied how Indonesian students in the English Education Candra Puspitasari, et al./ English Education Journal 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 277 Department at the University of Kuningan utilise English in everyday speech. The utterances describe two types of conversational implicature and how they work in a discussion. This type leads to varied assumptions based on Tsuda's theory, such as a breach of Grice's cooperative principle, power, solidarity, and indirect communication meant to be amusing. The research above is different from Samaie and Arianmanesh (2018); the study focused on conversational implicature because learners' pragmatic competence is less explored. The purpose was to create and validate a conversational implicature exam employing Grice's (1975) conversational maxims and Goffman's (1967) face management insights; the results showed that the model fitted properly to the indexes based on CFA (Confirmatory factor analysis) analysis. Also, students with different levels of English skills understood the implications in very different ways. How students see implications depends on what level of English they are in. Next is from Rahayu and Rustono (2017). This study examines how pragmatic implicatures act in Ancas' Thengil rubric; the results address pragmatic implicature function. In this study, implicatures were uttered, debated, evaluated, promised, decided, and disallowed. Implicated jokes are hilarious. And the last is research from Irnanda and Hamzah (2017). Their research examines the implicit conversational meaning in the conversation between buyers and sellers in Lubuk Alung's traditional market. Conversational implicature is examined. Still, none of the previous researchers studied conversational implicature in a movie, disguising meaning in speech, or the distribution of conversational implicature in a movie script based on numerous categories. The current researcher may use movie dialogue scripts to find conversational research. The researcher believed these implications would help readers understand the topic. The researcher thinks future researchers might enhance implicature research by learning new techniques. In this research, the researcher wanted to prove a study on implicature conversation to answer six research questions, including: 1. How is the realization of the generalized conversational implicature in a dialogue script of a movie Alice through the Looking Glass? 2. How is the realization of the scalar implicature in a dialogue script of the movie Alice through the Looking Glass? 3. How is the realization of the particularized conversational implicature in a dialogue script of the movie Alice through the Looking Glass? 4. How is the relation among the types of conversational implicature? 5. How does conversational implicature in the movie hide meaning? 6. How is the distribution of the three types of conversational implicature? METHODS The design of this study was conversation analysis. Wooffitt (2001) studied and recorded how individuals speak. The analysis of utterances produced in daily communication is known as CA. CA is concerned with the language generated by persons in conversation and the comprehension and interpretation of the speakers' utterances during the conversation. In this study, percentage calculations were used to compare the categories of conversational implicature identified in Alice through the looking glass dialogue scripts by analyzing dialogues between the characters to categorize them in each type of implicature in the movie hides meaning in a dialogue by using Yule's theory. Candra Puspitasari, et al./ English Education Journal 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 278 There are various steps to data collection for this research. The steps are as follows: Downloading the movie, watching and listening to the movie, transcribing, and analyzing the data. After selecting dialogues, the researchers identify and categorize the data based on each form of conversational implicature. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The findings were present, along with examples of evidence found in the analysis. The present study focuses on exploring conversational implicatures. The implicature occurs when the speaker's statements convey implicit meaning based on context. Realization of the generalized conversational implicature in a dialogue script of a movie Alice through the Looking Glass Based on the data, eight utterances found as generalized conversational implicatures are related to the movie. Most of them are not related to the topic of conversation, but the meaning is left implicit. GCI can be found in a conversation when a speaker fails to be specific in a conversation. Many of them have used implicatures in previous research studies, for example, research from Lathifah and Januarius (2021); this study analyses Catford's formal changes in Kung Fu Panda's Bahasa Indonesia. And Saniatang, Surya, and Ririn (2020) focus on understanding character utterances in a movie called 'Jumanji.' Similar to the present research. However, they employed Levinson's implicature theory. From those previous research, many ideas related to the implicature, none of which use Yule's theory, and the current research focus on three subjects from Yule's theory. Realization of the scalar implicature in a dialogue script of the movie Alice through the Looking Glass Not only the current research that focuses on scalar, another research by Politzer and laura (2015) also looked into the neurological correlates of scalar inference realization or the interpretation of some as meaning some but not all. But it’s different from the current research. After analyzing the data transcription, almost all the dialogues have Scalar implicature (All, many, most, always, some, sometimes). The current researcher found 51 conversations that indicate scalar implicature in the scripted dialogue. Also, there was no Scalar implicature about (Few and often). This is proof of Scalar implicature shown in scripted dialogue. Some previous research is also related to the scalar; for example, Magri (2011) concentrates on his scalar implicature for computing scalar implicatures at the matrix level. Research from Liu (2017) on the processing model of scalar implicature in the previous study is different from the current analysis because the present research purpose is to know if there are some implicatures found in the movie because the scalar focus on a scale of values. Realization of the particularized conversational implicature in a dialogue script of the movie Alice through the Looking Glass In this study, the researchers found some implicatures related to the particularized conversational implicature; this research comes from the characters in Alice through the Looking Glass's utterances of particularized conversational implicature (PCI). This survey's data comes from a 1 hour 52 minutes movie adaptation of Alice through the Looking Glass. The data of PCI utterances found in those movies and eight dialogues. This current research is similar to Namtapi's research in 2018 that conducted an investigation related to PCI. Still, his study had two goals: to discover the character's motivation for each PCI and to determine whether social distance influences the use of PCIs. However, from the discussion above, Namtapi's research of PCI in a movie and the character's motivation is different from the current study because, in this research, the present researcher only focuses on the character's utterances in the movie and the relationship between the three types of conversational implicature from Yule. Candra Puspitasari, et al./ English Education Journal 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 279 Relation among the types of conversational implicature found in the the movie script The term "implicature" describes the intended meanings of utterances and identifies what a speaker can imply, indicate, or mean from what the speaker is saying. Understanding the meanings of an utterance is key to avoiding misunderstandings and understanding the communication's intended meaning. Yule’s have three types of implicatures, and they have relation to each other, generalized conversational implicature is a type of conversational implicature that is based on its context. Conversational implicature, in general, is unconcerned with a specific context. When dialogue happens, broad knowledge means no specific information is required to identify the implicature. The general conversational implicature has the same qualities as a conversational implicature. When talking about generalized conversational implicature, it's important to talk about scale implicature. Scalar implicature refers to various generic conversational implicature discussed on a scale of values. The special type of generalized implicature is scalar Implicature because All, most, some, few, always, often, and occasionally are examples of scalar Implicature (Yule, 1996). The speaker chooses the most informative word from the scale when making an utterance. Scalar implicature is related to a value or a scale of values. This implicature can be indicated by the use of (all, most, many, some, few, always, often, and sometimes); the previous study by Politzer and laura (2015) also looked into the neurological correlates of scalar inference realization or the interpretation of some as meaning some but not all. Alice: "I once believed I could do as many as six impossible things before breakfast." From the dialogue above, the word 'many' here refers to more than one impossible thing she could do before breakfast. So there are some implicit meanings in this dialogue. First, it means that she wants to talk about six impossible things she could do before breakfast, for example: a) There's a potion that can make you shrink, b) There's a cake that can make you grow, c) Animals can talk, d) Cats can disappear, e) There is a place called Wonderland, and f) She can slay the Jabberwocky (A dragon). Sometimes in a conversation, the speaker and the listener have discussed the topic of a conversation. Still, in the following conversation, they discuss the same topic, so that's why when we talk about things that keep repeating, the speaker is more likely to have an implicit conversation because the speaker has a mindset that the listener can understand the meaning of the topic being discussed even if it is implied because they have talked about the same thing over and over again. In other words, implicature is determined by the topic rather than specific means of expressing it. Calculability is the third component of the implicature. Calculability can be defined as the ability to arrive at an implicature only through a process of reasoning or computation. It indicates that the truth of implicature material can be calculated based on how the words were pronounced rather than what was said. The particularized conversational implicature was estimated without any prior knowledge of the context. However, most of our talks occur in a reasonably narrow context in which inferences are made based on local knowledge. Particularized conversational implicature develops due to a unique feature of the utterance's context and is not generally carried by the sentence uttered. For example: White Queen: "Take care, dear Alice. All our hopes fly with you." The utterance cannot be understood well by the readers if the readers do not know the context. Why the White Queen must rely on Alice is the context that the readers must know. The context is White Queen, and all of the citizens of wonderland hope Alice can help Hatter and time. 'All' here is the scalar because all, most, some, few, always, often, and occasionally are examples of scalar implicature (Yule, 1996). The speaker chooses the most informative word from the scale when making an utterance. And the white Queen and all the citizen prays for Alice because she is the only hope for them to save the wonderland. For this Candra Puspitasari, et al./ English Education Journal 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 280 reason, the utterance is categorized as a particularized conversational implicature. In the previous studies, which are solely focused on analyzing conversational implicature in media entertainment and society, this research will fill the gap between the researcher's focus on conversational implicature in different aspects of the movie. The two types of conversational implicature are generalized and particularized conversational implicature. Interlocutors do not need detailed information to grasp the content of a conversation in generalized conversational implicature since the context employed in this type is a generic discussion that allows an interlocutor to understand the meaning immediately. For example: Time: "I must give some of myself..." The above discussions are about a conversation in which Alice, the speaker, meets The Guardian of Time and tells her that He is the key to living by providing them a chance to live. Scalar implicature is a term that refers to a range of generic conversational implicature that is discussed on a scale of values. Scalar Implicature is a special sort of generalized Implicature because Scalar Implicature includes all, most, some, few, always, frequently, and infrequently (Yule, 1996). The speaker selects the most informative word from the scale while delivering an utterance. Particularized conversational implicature is a sort of implicature in which the interlocutors need additional help to understand the content of a conversation since the context is not broad. Particularized conversational implicature refers to some presumed knowledge that is necessary for a very specific situation during a conversation, for example: Butler: "You don't need a Butler, do you, miss?" The utterance "You don't need a Butler, do you, miss?" is particularized conversational implicature because Wilkins's question towards Alice does not relate to what time has said. There are two types of conversational implicature: When the hearer does not require any unique expertise to estimate the additional imparted meaning, this is known as a generalized conversational implicature. Candra, for example, inquires about Nia's decision to invite her friends Keanu and Fadil to the movie theater. "I invited Fadil," Nia says. It suggests Candra is aware that Nia exclusively invites Fadil and excludes Keanu from her party. In contrast to generalized conversational implicature, particularized conversational implicature is a conversational implicature. It is called implicature when the speaker says something and the listener responds implicitly. As a result, the speaker must be able to deduce the meaning of the hearer's statement from the context. For example, Hatter asks Alice to stay in Wonderland, but Alice declines with soft words and smiles for him, stating, "But I will remember you always." Scalar implicature occurs when the speaker utters the most informative and true word from the scale in any scenario. "You have just delivered to me the most powerful device in the entire universe," for example. The word 'most' here is about a chromosphere, a powerful device to travel time. The evidence above proves that particularized, generalized, and scalar are related and complemented in implicature because Particularized conversational implicature contrast to generalized conversational implicature, is a type of conversational implicature. Based on the data analysis, the researchers have answered the six research questions. Scalar Implicature, generalized conversational implicature, and particularized Conversational Implicature are discovered in this movie. The researcher discovered a lot of implicatures in the character's dialogue during the investigation. In addition, many of the characters in the movie provide ambiguous information in their dialogue. It occurs because the characters desire to demonstrate what they meant and what they said to the interlocutor. Also, we know that particularized conversational implicature rises when the hearer doesn't need any special expertise to figure out the extra meaning, that generalized conversational implicature rises when the hearer doesn't need any special expertise to figure out the extra meaning. That scalar conversational implicature rises when different types of generic conversational Candra Puspitasari, et al./ English Education Journal 12 (2) (2022) 274-283 281 implicature are talked about on a scale of values. As long as everyone knows what they know and what their interlocutor's culture is like, communication doesn't change, and the dialogue seems interesting. It could also be why the people who made the movie chose to make one with so many plot twists. How conversational implicature in the movie hides meaning as realized in the movie script According to Levinson (1983, p. 284), a conversation is "the familiar form of communication in which two or more people freely alternate in speaking outside of specialized institutional settings." When people communicated and interacted with one another, a discussion took place. However, when it comes to communication, people sometimes make mistakes. Certainly, when interacting with one another, speakers do not always express the meaning of their words openly, which means that others must further understand the speaker's words. The authentic and natural language of everyday communication can also be found in theatre or play. Because drama or movie, whether a work of fiction or a literary work, is a portrayal of actual life, the dialogue, or the impersonation of speech, likewise mirrors the genuine manner of communication. It means that theater can be analyzed as a literary text using a language technique, a pragmatic approach. From the result above, this current research explained the relation of implicatures. In several previous studies, many of them used the movie as the subject, but none of them explained enough about the connection among three types of conversational implicature from Yule. Distribution of the three types of conversational implicature in the movie script This study examines how language and environment interact. Linguists successfully defined implicature. Grice defines implicature as "what the speaker can infer, indicate, or mean" (Levinson, 1983). The listener must analyse the speaker's intended meaning to understand what they are saying. The speaker can be direct or indirect. Implicature goes beyond what the words mean and shows more communication than expression. The researcher is interested in a dialogue script of a movie because it shows a clear concept of context and utterance in a conversation. So, people can get a clear representation of the context and utterance in the movie. It is because the imagination of the movie’s context is specific. For all the explanation above, this is a good chance for the researcher to show research related to Yule’s theory about finding types of implicature in a dialogue script of a movie. CONCLUSION The researchers have answered the six problem questions given in chapter one. Scalar Implicature, generalized conversational implicature, and particularized Conversational Implicature are discovered in this movie. The researchers discovered a lot of implicatures in the characters’ dialogue during the investigation. In addition, many of the characters in the movie provide ambiguous information in their dialogue. It occurs because the characters desire to demonstrate that they meant exactly what they said to the interlocutor. Furthermore, we know that particularized conversational implicature rises when the hearer does not require any special expertise to estimate the additional imparted meaning, generalized conversational implicature when the hearer does not require any special expertise to estimate the additional imparted meaning, and scalar when various generic conversational implicature is discussed on a scale of values. As long as the participants are aware of their knowledge limits and the interlocutor's culture, the communication process is unaffected, and the dialogue appears intriguing. It could also be why the filmmakers decided to make a film with so many entanglements. The director wants to emphasize the individuals' individuality not just through their actions in the film but also through their words. To comprehend the implicature in a film, we must concentrate on the film. 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