301 EEJ 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 English Education Journal http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej The Realization of Mood and Modality by English Conversations Video in the YouTube Channel Anisah Puspita , Sri Wuli Fitriati , Widhiyanto Widhiyanto Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Article Info ________________ Article History: Accepted 30 January 2023 Approved 8 March 2023 Published 20 June 2023 ________________ Keywords: Interpersonal Meaning, Mood, Modality, Speech Function ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ This study discussed the language used for communication. It analyzed an English conversation video from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics, especially mood and modality in interpersonal meaning. This study aimed to explain the realization of mood systems and modality in an English conversation video on a YouTube channel. In conducting this study, the researcher had several objectives to achieve. This study tried to explain the realization of mood and modality on a video of English conversations from the Learn English with Jessica channel on YouTube on YouTube by Learn English with Jessica channel. Researchers tried to explain the relationship between mood and modality in an English conversation video on a YouTube channel. The researcher used the Interpersonal meaning theory by Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). A descriptive qualitative research design was used in this study with an English conversation video on a YouTube channel taken as the subject of analysis. The results showed that the dominant mood found in this study was the declarative mood. The researcher also found the speech function in this study. Speakers often use the form of a statement to get their message across to listeners. The researcher also summarizes the modality system in which speakers mainly use probability type of modalization and inclination type of modulation to modify their conversations. This study held the function of communication as an information source, as evidenced by the interpersonal meaning they embody. They will be able to provide and receive information and advice using mood and modality. . . Correspondence Address: Kampus Pascasarjana Unnes, Jl. Kelud III Semarang 50237 E-mail: anisahpcaca@gmail.com p-ISSN 2087-0108 e-ISSN 2502-4566 Anisah Puspita, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 302 INTRODUCTION People communicate every day. It is fundamental to the existence and survival of humans and an organization. It is one of the primary purposes of interacting with other people through language. Language is a human need to build interpersonal relationships. Thus, communicative language teaching should be applied to students who focus on competence in speaking. Giffin and Kim (1976) state that communication is a process of creating meaning and giving meaning. It is an exchange of ideas and interactions between people. It may sound simple, but communication is a very complex subject. However, the way people communicate with others in conversation will differ depending on the cultural context or the context of the situation. For example, Asian people exchange pleasantries before getting to the heart of their conversation. This is different from Americans who speak as it is. This situation is because language itself has many functions in the communication process. Halliday (1994) divides language into three metafunctions, namely ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. When people engage each other in conversation, they automatically use language to create meaning. It can be said that they express interpersonal meaning. This can be attributed to the mood system. Some interactions are conveyed through changes in expressions such as arguments, opinions, or even presuppositions in the mood system. Furthermore, when the characters express opinions, judgments, or suggestions, they use the aspect of modality. When they know some expressions of habit, probability, obligation, and even direct imperative statements, they can use modalization and modulation, which are parts of modality. The study of interpersonal meaning is interesting because it tries to find out how feelings and values are negotiated. It is also important to know the students' goals and intentions in speaking through the mood and modality in interpersonal meaning. In this study, the text was analysed in terms of the interpersonal meaning of English conversation videos on the YouTube channel. 'English Daily Conversation' is over 40 minutes long and contains key phrases for many different scenarios used in everyday life to help viewers improve their English. There is also a script in the video to make it easier for viewers to understand the content of the conversation. This video has also been watched 137,133 times and has received more than three thousand likes. Although there were many English conversation videos before, so the researcher chooses conversation videos with many topics in one video. Analysis of 'English Daily Conversation' in terms of its interpersonal meaning is very important in building and maintaining social relations. In addition, good communication is need ed in today's work world. Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) refer to clauses as exchanges through a system of moods and modality. This can be seen from the element of mood and modality that builds interpersonal meaning. However, the researcher wants to analyse the propositional structure of English Daily Conversation which focuses on the mood and modality in the conversation. So, the conversation is divided into clauses that are analysed interpersonally. With this analysis, we can reveal the meaning behind the line. Based on this explanation, the researcher believes that it is important to analyse the English Daily Conversation in terms of interpersonal meaning to find out the intended purpose of the study. This study is intended to realize the mood and modality in an English conversation video on YouTube channel. Other studies have been conducted to find the use of interpersonal meaning. Kamaliah (2021) conducted about the interpersonal meaning of Mood choices in Taylor Swift's song lyrics in Folklore Album. The finding showed that there are two types of Mood: indicative clauses and imperative clauses. The statement is the dominant type from the speech Anisah Puspita, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 303 function. The first studies are about mood and modality in speech. Utomo et al., (2018) sought to identify the distinctions and parallels between mood types and to characterize how they were interpreted in the speeches of a politician and a businessman. It found that a businessman is more motivational, while a politician is more interactive. Ehineni (2014) examined the ideological applications of modals in the manifestos of Nigerian politicians. It was discovered that politicians frequently employ modals to amplify their own political ideology, communicate their political ideas, and win the support of the general public. Savitri and Warsono (2019) analyzed language used for communication. Trump gave the broad fact at the time of speaking, according to the finite result. Yang (2017) and Liping (2017) showed that will indicate a high possibility when it functions as modalization. Nur (2015) demonstrated how various mood, modal, personal pronoun, and rhythmic word elements can transmit several degrees of interpersonal meaning, including varying status, purpose, meaning, and relationships between the speaker and the audience. Amalia et al. (2018) and Sharififar and Rahimi (2015) demonstrated that the median degree modality contains the overall dominating modality type. It indicates that the speaker is delivering his or her remarks in a nice manner, on average. Bowen (2019) used a modest semantic distinction to illustrate the right to silence. It proved it is possible to avoid have to and create a standard wording that would be a better starting place for police to properly communicate the caution, as evidenced by existing paraphrases and translations of the warning. Ngongo and Ngongo (2022) showed that the affirmative type was the highest use number of other types. This fact indicated that tenors exchanging their experiences always gave information by restating information. Mood selections let the students to play the initiator and supporter roles, according to Pambudi et al. (2022). Krishnan and Sriniwass (2022) showed most of the candidates who attended the interviews were not able to use mood and Modality resources appropriately because there were many resources available. Huang (2014) concerned the interpersonal metafunction, to make a theoretically founded analysis on TV program. It showed the host tends to employ declarative and interrogative mood to give information and demand information. It applied modal operators with median to low degree. Sholehah and Sulistiyaningsih (2021) focused on the kind of clause as exchange. Puspitasari et al. (2021) dealt with the realization of mood and Modality in the analytical exposition. She found that declarative mood and probability was the most dominant. Koutchadé (2016), Soyinka and Amoussou (2015) and Bankole and Ayoola (2014) showed the similar finding in mood types. They found declarative is predominant in the text. Koutchadé found that modalization is distributed among the three characters. As far as modulation is concerned, it must be pointed out that two characters used modulation. Soyinka and Amoussou found high modulation. While, Bankole and Ayoola found evidence of low modality use in all texts. Cheng and Cheng (2014) compared how different types of epistemic modality are used in judicial practice in different jurisdictions. The findings suggest that both subjective epistemic modality and objective epistemic modality are employed in adjudication where the judges decide the degree of probability, and the value distribution of epistemic modality indicates the same standard. He (2021) investigated the diachronic and synchronic distributions of interpersonal metaphors of modality in the COHA. It showed that interpersonal metaphors of modality arise from the transcategorization within the semantic domains, and it is objectification rather than explicitation that is the characteristic feature of the relatively more technical non-fiction texts. Xia (2016) examined the different expressions of interpersonal in English and Chinese. He showed that all the modal operators are translated into nengyuan words in Chinese. Because of the two different systems, nengyuan words in Chinese cannot fully express the subtle differences of the original. This minute difference is difficult to translate into Chinese because there is no corresponding usage in Chinese, so this requires Anisah Puspita, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 304 the translators to choose different words and use lexical ways to transfer the subtle meaning. Based on the previous studies above, it is proven that using interpersonal meaning is useful to find out how the speaker conveys information and persuades the listener. In this study, researchers used English video conversations on the YouTube channel to be analyzed using interpersonal meaning in terms of the mood ana modality. This study is different from other studies because researchers used interpersonal meaning to analyze. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to outline how mood and modality were realized in student communication and how they benefited the students. METHOD The researchers focused on the realization of mood and modality in English conversations video on YouTube channel, and used qualitative research which data was analysed qualitatively. The researchers used a video of English conversations on YouTube channel. The name of this channel is Learn English with Jessica, with the topic of daily English conversation. This video was chosen in this study as learning video because the language used by the speakers is the language that is commonly used in daily life and the language used is more polite than natural videos, so students will easily understand it when watching it. This 40.45-minute video was chosen because it has many topics that are commonly used in daily conversations and contain key sentences for various scenarios used in everyday life to help students improve their English. The data is transcribed into written transcript, and then was identified, selected, and also classified based on the analysis needs, which was relevant to the research problem. After that, the researcher presented the result in qualitative research. At last, researcher makes an interpretation based on the results that the researcher finds related to theories about the interpersonal meaning. In this study, the data can be tested by experts using theoretical triangulation. The strength of this triangulation theory is the reduction of bias in collecting, reporting and analysing data. To determine the right findings from using this type of triangulation, the researcher must carefully understand the theory being applied and how it relates to the problems at hand. In order find out whether or not this research will adequately address the research questions and accomplish the research objectives, the researcher in this instance enlisted the help of an expert who has knowledge based on their background regarding the researcher's issue. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The data analysis revealed that the English conversations video on YouTube channel communicated interpersonally in a certain way. 1. Mood The results are shown in the tables below and were based on theory from Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). Table 1. The Mood Types Mood Types Appearance Percentage Declarative Interrogative Imperative 427 105 40 74.6 18.4 7.0 Total Clause 572 100 There are 35 conversations is used in this study, and the researcher analyzed the mood types of them. The transcription of the video of the English conversation on YouTube channel found that there are 3 types of moods: Declarative, Interrogative, and Imperative. Overall, there are 572 clauses on the transcript. The dominant mood is declarative, and the appearance is 427 clauses, or about 74.6%, then followed by interrogative 105 clauses or about 18.4%, and the last is imperative mood 40 clauses, or around 7.0%. 2. Speech Function There were statements in the declarative mood, questions in the interrogative mood, commands in the imperative mood, offers in the modulated interrogative mood, answers in the Anisah Puspita, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 305 elliptical declarative mood, acknowledgment in the elliptical declarative mood, accept in the minor clause, and compliance in the minor clause. This research conducts English conversation on a YouTube channel. Based on the analysed speech functions, this study found 572 speech functions in English conversations on YouTube channels. The speech functions found were statements, questions, offers, and commands. The table below showed the speech function found: Table 2. The Speech Function Speech Function Appearance Clause Statement Question Offer Command 445 104 3 20 It’s a good idea. Are you sure you can make it? Do you want to go to an outdoor exhibit with me? You should take a break after a period of hard work Based on the table above, it can be concluded that the majority of speech functions found were in the form of statements with a total of 445 cases. Then, it followed by question 104 clauses, and command 20 clauses. While the least found were 3 cases in the form of offers. It means the speaker is often giving information by stating or the act of stating in speech and writing. Statements can be positive and negative. The finding of the form of statement present as follows: Mood/C.388: It’s a good idea. Question form of speech function was also found in the English conversation on the YouTube channel. question is an interrogative question used to seek confirmation or to ask something or a question that invites or asks for an answer. Questions are a way of demanding information in the form of interrogative statements which can be in the form of information questions (WH-questions) or yes/no questions and which ask for answers from listeners. This study found 104 forms used in speech function in the English conversation on the YouTube channel. Several findings of the form of question present as follows: Mood/C.403: What about some sweet and sour beef? Offer in modulated interrogative mood is one of the speech function systems found in this study. offer as an expression of willingness to give or do something, or submit to acceptance, or refusal. Offer can also be defined as a way of providing kindness and service to someone. The study found that there were only 3 forms of offer in interrogative mood found in the English conversation on the YouTube channel. Several findings of the form of offer present as follows: Mood/C.031: Do you want to go to an outdoor exhibit with me? Command is a way of receiving information, goods, or services by forcing listeners to give them. The command is also a way of demanding kindness and service in the form of command statements, both in the form of positive and negative commands. In the English conversation on the YouTube channel, the study found 20 commands in imperative mood. Mood/C.129: You should take a break after a period of hard work. 3. Modalization It is found that there are two types of modalization, which consist of probability and usuality. The degrees of probability and usuality have three degrees. The following is the table of the realization of modalization in the video of the English conversation on the YouTube channel. Table 3. Modalization Analyzed Types Degrees Number and Percentage Modali- zation Proba- bility High 42 (23.9) 158 (89.8) Medium 44 (25.0) Low 72 (40.) Usuality High 14 (7.9) 18 Anisah Puspita, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 306 Types Degrees Number and Percentage Low 4 (2.3) (10.2) TOTAL 176 (100) The table above shows there are 176 cases or 100% of occurrences of modalization found in the video of the English conversation on the YouTube channel. From the table above it can be seen there are 158 or 89.8% occurrences of probability and 18 or 10.2% occurrences of usuality. Based on data analysis the researcher found that the highest number is modalization. It is supported by the occurrences of probability with 158 (89.8%) cases. It shows the prediction and presumption of the speaker that had happened, is happening, or will happen in the future. Probability consists of 42 (23.9%) occurrences in high degree, 44 (25.0%) occurrences in medium degree, and 72 (40.9%) occurrences in low degree. It means that the speaker said many sentences in probability especially low degree. It shows someone’s weak certainty when they say their statement. Probability is used by the speaker to express judgments or predictions of something that happened, is happening, or will happen in the future. Probability in medium degree means when someone is highly certain giving an idea regarding something. Whereas, probability in a high degree shows something in the range of yes or no, it is usually used when people convey their opinion. The high degree of probability found in the video of the English conversation on the YouTube channel is expressed by words: believe, sure, really, certain, must be, and couldn't. Modality/C.41: I believe this is because the government has reduced interest rates. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “believe”. The word “believe” is included in the probability type of modalization. So, the degree of the word “believe” in the probability of modalization is a high degree. In other words, the word "believe” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a modal adjunct. The medium degree of probability found in the video of the English conversation on the YouTube channel is expressed by words: will be, think, and feel. Modality/C.39: He will be determined to help students have a good quality of the study. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “will be”. The word “will be” is included in the probability of modalization. So, the degree of the word “will be” in probability of modalization is as medium degree. In other words, the word "will be” in the clause above is categorized mainly as finite modal operator. The low degree of probability found in the video of the English conversation on the YouTube channel is expressed by words: can, maybe, likely, and possible. Modality/C.14: Blood type O can be transfused to all other blood types. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “can”. The word “can” is included in the probability of modalization. The degree of the word “can” in the probability of modalization is a low degree. In other words, the word "can” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a finite modal operator. In addition, the occurrences in the usuality type are 18 or 10.2% cases, which shows that the speaker expresses willingness and ability or readiness. The usuality type is used by speakers to express how often something happens. It happens when a person expresses something that he often does. It consists of 5 14 or 7.9% occurrences in high degrees and 4 or 2.3% occurrences in low degrees. It means that usuality especially in the low degree is the lowest number, it shows the speaker expresses or feels something that she never or almost never does. While usuality to a high degree expresses something that is done or felt by someone almost all the time. The high degree of usuality found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by the word; always and used to. Modality/C.168: She was always utilizing my items without my permission. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “always”. The word “always” is included Anisah Puspita, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 307 in the usuality of modalization. So the degree of the word “always” in the usuality of modalization is a high degree. In other words, the word "always” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a modal adjunct. The low degree of usuality found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by words: never. Modality/C.58: I never have any schoolwork to complete. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “never”. The word “never” is included in the usuality of modalization. So, the degree of the word “never” in the usuality of modalization is as low degree. In other words, the word "never” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a modal adjunct. 4. Modulation Based on data analysis of the realization of the modulation used in the video of the English conversation on the YouTube channel, it is found that there are two types of modulation, which consist of obligation and inclination. The degrees of obligation and inclination have three degrees. The following is a table of modulation realizations in English conversation videos on the YouTube channel. Table 4. Modulation Analyzed Types Degrees Number and Percentage Modu- lation Obligation High 19 (13.2) 32 (22.2) Medium 10 (6.9) Low 3 (2.1) Inclination High 3 (2.1) 112 (77.8) Medium 101 (70.2) Low 8 (5.5) TOTAL 144 (100) Based on the table above, there are 32 cases or 22.2% occurrences of obligation, which shows that the speaker asks someone to do something, to give advice, or suggestion, and to ask for permission. It consists of 19 or 13.2% occurrences in high degrees, 10 or 6.9% occurrences in medium degrees, and 3 or 2.1% occurrences in low degrees. The obligation is usually used to ask someone to do something, to give advice, or suggestion, and to ask for permission. The analysis shows that the obligation type in high degree is the highest number, which means when the obligation in high degree shows when someone asks others to do something as a necessity. The obligation type in medium degree shows someone asking others to do something in a flexible statement. While obligation is a low degree, it means that obligation expressions are indicated by weak statements. The high degree of obligation found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by words; have to, must, and needed. Modality/C.23: We have to eat to recharge. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “have to”. The word “have to” is included in the obligation of modulation. So the degree of the word “have to” in the obligation of modulation is as high degree. In other words, the word "have to” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a finite modal operator. The medium degree of obligation found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by words: should, shall, and would. Modality/C.68: You should also buy some fruits and vegetables for breakfast. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “should”. The word “should” is included in the obligation of modulation. So, the degree of the word “should” in the obligation of modulation is as medium degree. In other words, the word "should” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a finite modal operator. The low degree of obligation found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by words; could, can, and might. Anisah Puspita, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (2) (2023) 301-309 308 Modality/C.106: I can tell you’re pulling my leg now. In the sentence above in the clause, the speaker uses the word “can”. The word “can” is included in the obligation of modulation. So the degree of the word “can” in obligation of modulation is as low degree. In other words, the word "can” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a finite modal operator. Besides, inclination has 112 cases or 77.8% occurrences. It consists of 3 or 2.1% occurrences in high degrees, 101 or 70.2% occurrences in medium degrees, and 8 or 5.5% occurrences in low degrees. The inclination type is used by the speaker to express willingness and ability or readiness. Inclination shows that the willingness of the speaker in the speech is mostly found to a medium degree. It means the expression is more flexible than the first one. The high degree of inclination type is in the second level, it shows the speaker's will in a strong statement. and finally, the low degree of inclination type shows the will of the speaker in a weak statement. The high degree of inclination found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by words: need to. Modality/C.295: If I need to pause the movie or change to a different scene. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “need to”. The word “need to” is included in the obligation of modulation. So, the degree of the word “need to” in the obligation of modulation is as high degree. In other words, the word "need to” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a finite modal operator. The medium degree of inclination found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by words; want to, would, and will. Modality/C.19: I want to escape from the hustle of the city. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “want to”. The word “want to” is included in the inclination of modulation. So the degree of the word “want to” in inclination of modulation is as the medium degree. In other words, the word "want to” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a passive verb. The low degree of inclination found in English conversation videos on YouTube channels is expressed by words; willing. Modality/C.300: I’m willing to spend a bit more if it means a better quality of life for all of us. In the clause above, the speaker uses the word “willing”. The word “willing” is included in the inclination of modulation. So, the degree of the word “willing” in inclination of modulation is as low degree. In other words, the word "willing” in the clause above is categorized mainly as a passive verb. CONCLUSION Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that mood and modality can be realized in English conversation videos on YouTube channels. There are two types of modality, namely modalization, and modulation. The mood and modality can be seen in the English conversation videos on YouTube channel. 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