351 EEJ 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 English Education Journal http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/eej The Realization of Affect, Judgement, and Appreciation of Discoursal Attitude in Library Ghost Webtoon Eka Kurniawati1, Sri Wuli Fitriati2, Suwandi Suwandi3 1,2. Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia 3. Universitas PGRI Semarang, Indonesia Article Info ________________ Article History: Accepted 30 March 2023 Approved 8 June 2023 Published 15 September 2023 ________________ Keywords: Appraisal, Attitude, Webtoon. ____________________ Abstract ___________________________________________________________________ This research is aimed to evaluate and interpret the meaning of feelings into the webtoon makers to readers through a written. This research was qualitative since the findings took the form primarily of words. The source is a Webtoon. The researchers chose a Webtoon because interested in examining Appraisals using Webtoon because it can be media in learning and teaching for educators and will also help them improve their reading skills; the author is curious about the realization of Attitudinal in the Webtoon, especially on Library Ghost Webtoon. The reason for choosing this study is because Attitudes are believed to affect the meaning of language directly. Attitude plays an essential role in the expression of interpersonal meanings of language. The instruments applied were Library Ghost, adapted by Webtoon to assess the attitude system and the appraisal resources checklist to determine the distribution of appraising items of attitude in Webtoon and the relationship of the attitude system on Webtoon. This study proves that a text such as a webtoon, especially Library Ghost, has three items of attitude system in each episode. The author of this webtoon is more dominant in using affect than appreciation and judgment in the webtoon. This study shows that writing in a text can express the emotions or feelings contained in the text. Because Webtoon is a conversation-based online comic. Therefore, affect is more dominant than appreciation and judgment. In the ghost webtoon library, the author expresses more emotions and feelings to the characters. Correspondence Address : Kampus Pascasarjana Unnes, Jl. Kelud Utara III Semarang 50237, Indonesia E-mail : Ekak251198@gmail.com p-ISSN 2087-0108 e-ISSN 2502-4566 Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 352 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, people can entertain themselves with many things. The entertainment field is not only television featuring comedy, variety shows, dramas, etc. Due to the development of the times, the entertainment field is getting more comprehensive, and we can entertain ourselves by reading books, novels, manga, comics, etc. Now, one of the popular readings is comics. Besides, those comic readers are not only read by children but almost all groups, such as teenagers and adults. Comics in this era can be read online and presented as color images and illustrations. They are presented with sound/music in online comics. One of the popular applications for reading comics online is Webtoon. Liu (2004, p.229) said, “Comic strips could be used effectively to build reading skills. It will help the students are easier to understand the text”. By reading the webtoon, the reader can improve their reading ability. Besides that, the reader can also improve their visual and verbal interpretive ability to get meaning from the emotion in the webtoon. After all, some readers find it difficult to interpret and understand the comic itself because sometimes they are confused about which part of reading first to get a clear meaning. In this study, the researchers focuses on the appraisal theory of Martin and White (2005) by analyzing one of the appraisal subsystems, namely attitudes to evaluate and interpret social interactions with feelings, including emotional reactions (affect), behavioral assessment (judgment), and evaluation of things (appreciation) works well in conveying meaning. This research benefits readers; appraisal theory can help readers express interpersonal meaning in webtoons. It can also develop language awareness so that readers should be less critical in responding to reading and help readers be wiser on the readings presented by the author. As we know, writing has many meanings. Likewise, with Webtoon, the author sometimes writes some sarcasm in the story that the reader is unaware of. This study uses webtoons as data because the author found some problems that can explore more profoundly using appraisal theory. by using the appraisal theory, the researchers can examine the interaction or message of meaning by involving feelings as deep meanings. Meaning is not only created by spreading objects that are used as "sign-in" relationships with other signs, but actions seen in an interaction or communication that occurs with each other can also have meaning. The meaning of interaction can be seen from the expression or feeling, such as the emotion it carries, because each expression or feeling can have a different meaning. And the other problem is the media data that the researcher uses. This research uses webtoons as data, which we know have a lot of hidden meanings in a comic such as sarcasm and comedy, which sometimes make readers misinterpret the meaning of the language itself. Based on preliminary research conducted on the appraisal analysis, the researchers focuses on the appraisal theory of Martin and White (2005). Retno Tri Windiarti did previous studies on the use of appraisal. (2019) focuses on knowing how readers use the appraisal resource in advertisements. However, these studies focus on analyzing the sources of judgment in the signs in advertisements. Therefore, this study examines the source of attitudes in webtoons to evaluate the meaning of the writing in the webtoon for readers. Warsono and Fitriati (2018) compared the use of attitude between high and low-ability students in argumentative speech. Therefore, the researcher used written discourse text on the webtoon in this study. Some studies about Appraisal systems have been conducted, whether involving all systems or only focusing on one system in the Appraisal System. This research is based on some previous studies about the Attitude system. Based on previous research, many problems have been explored more deeply. Jatikusomo (2012) investigated appraisal devices in song lyrics through the theory of appraisal suggested by Martin and Rose (2003). Founding revealed that affect is the most dominant than judgment and appreciation. Affect got 35 items, judgment had Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 353 11 then, followed by appreciation 10. It means that the attitudinal domain is often expressed in the song lyrics, particularly expressing feelings, emotional reactions, and judgment of behavior to build interpersonal meaning among singers and listeners. So it can be concluded that the appraisal framework is a way to analyze text to be systemic and organized based on the functional linguistic system. However, Crystalia and Sunardi (2018) investigated the appraisal system of The Texts Chainsaw Massacre movie review by Roger Ebert. This study analyzes the evaluation provided by the reviewer of the movie. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods and analytical frameworks developed by Martin and White (2005) and Martin and Rose (2003) on appraisal systems in systemic functional linguistics. Based on the appraisal analysis, in terms of attitude, mostly appreciation (59%), followed by affect (26%) and judgment (15%). It means the reviewer tends to evaluate things more than people, and his evaluations are mostly negative toward the movie. Solihah et al. (2018) compared the use of attitude between high and low-ability students in argumentative speech. Therefore, the researcher used written discourse text on the webtoon in this study. All previous research on the source of attitudes broadly shows that the application of Evaluation Theory is very broad and can be applied to analysis, translation, and teaching. The relationship with this research is to use attitude resources to improve the interpretation of the evaluation of events or phenomena rather than expressing feelings or emotions experienced and understanding the meaning expressed based on events or phenomena. Based on the previous studies above, it is proven that using appraisal resources is useful to determine how the speaker/researchers conveys the meaning to the reader. In this study, researchers analyzed the Library Ghost Webtoon using appraisal resources in attitude systems. This research is different from other studies because researchers use webtoons as data, where webtoons are only one of the primary data sources to examine appraisal. However, some researchers with the same focus use other data such as newspapers, articles, speeches, and others to evaluate and interpret data where the data uses a formal language compared to webtoons that use non- formal language. An explanation of Attitudinal in the webtoon Library Ghost using appraisal theory will significantly enrich the discourse analysis study, especially about an appraisal. Also, this research presents social interactions in the webtoon Library Ghost, which can help readers understand the meaning of Attitudes such as emotional reaction, a judgment of behavior, and evaluation of language. Then, this study will show social interactions, such as any expression in the webtoon. and The study is expected to provide new insights into the role of teachers in the teaching and learning process because teachers can understand student actions using this study, especially in communication during the teaching and learning process. This research is expected to provide a better understanding of the role of teachers in the classroom in developing learning media in the teaching and learning process, in addition to motivating teachers to be more creative in creating learning media. Also, this research expected that teachers could develop students' reading and speaking comprehension by using this study. METHOD This research is aimed to evaluate and interpret the meaning of feelings into the webtoon makers to readers through a written by using Appraisal theory. This research used qualitative because the data are words rather than numbers. The researcher took the data from a webtoon. The researcher used The Library Ghost Webtoon as data to support the study process. The data were taken from the text that shows the attitudinal in the webtoon. There are 50 episodes in The Library Ghost Webtoon data for analysis. The researcher used an English Webtoon so that The form of all the data is the words. In collecting data, the researchers used note-taking as an instrument of research. After finding and reading The Library Ghost Webtoon, the researchers classified the kinds, relations, and Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 354 realization of attitudes in the webtoon. Some notes have classified the important units related to the problems and the research objectives. Furthermore, for analyzing the data, the researchers applied Martin and White's theory to analyze the attitudinal, relation, and realization of Attitude in The Library Ghost Webtoon. The approach that seems most purposeful about the research questions of this study is attitudinal discoursal in The Library Ghost Webtoon. Then, the data were evaluated and described. Lastly, the conclusion was drawn. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Based on the written discourse text adapted from the library ghost webtoon, the result was that there are three attitude systems in which episodes on the written text. The overall distribution of the attitude system in the library ghost webtoon is presented in Table. Table 1. The Distribution of Attitude Resources Library Ghost Webtoon. Attitude Resources Episode Affect Judgment Appreciation E2 1 1 1 E3 2 0 1 E4 0 1 1 E5 2 0 2 E6 2 0 0 E8 0 0 1 E9 1 0 0 E10 1 2 1 E11 3 1 0 E13 1 1 1 Total 13 6 8 Based on Table 1, the students with high ability produced 13 appraising items of affect, six appraising items of judgment, and eight appraising items of appreciation. As a result, the distribution of affect is more than judgment and appreciation in the library ghost webtoon.The specific explanation of attitude resources will be explained in the following section. The Realization of the affect of The Library Ghost Webtoon is Viewed from the attitude of an appraisal. The first objective of this study is to analyze the attitude systems of affect in the library ghost webtoon. According to Martin and White (2005), attitude concerns our feelings, including emotional reactions, judgment of behavior, and evaluation of things. Affect is involved with registering positive and negative emotions: Do we feel happy or sad, confident or anxious, interested or bored (White, 2005, p. 42) The distribution of affect in the library ghost can be analyzed into four terms: dis/desire, un/happiness, in/security, and dis/satisfaction as subsystems of affect resources. It can be seen in the following table shows the proportion of subsystems of affect in the webtoon. Table 2. The Distribution of Affect in the Library Ghost Webtoon Affect Resources Polarity Context Dis/Desire (+) 3 (-) 3 Un/Happiness (+) 21 (-) 18 In/Security (+) 5 (-) 4 Dis/Satisfaction (+) 2 (-) 5 The table above shows that the library ghost webtoon produces more un/happiness and in/security than dis/desire and dis/satisfaction. Thus, the library ghost webtoon conveys feelings of happiness and security in the discourse text rather than desire and satisfaction. It indicates the researchers's ability to express emotion and feeling through the library ghost webtoon, which is by the webtoon genre, namely slice of life. Based on what they have given toward the topic given in the episodes. The excerpts of appraising items in affect resources are described below. Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 355 Figure 1. Episode 11 What’s great1 about being a ghost is that I can stab2 myself all I want3! The context above shows how proud the library ghost is to be a ghost. “great” can also be interpreted as ability, quality, or excellence far above normal. It shows his feelings of (+) un/happiness. Figure 2. Episode 45 Bleh!1 Yuck!2 The example above shows that the speaker applies the word “Bleh! Yuck!” to show his feelings of (-) Un/happiness towards something. This word belongs to negative happiness as it directs the speaker to state a bad feeling. The second subsystem of affect is in/secure. The examples on in/security in the library ghost webtoon can be seen as follows: Figure 3. Episode 38 (1) Cool1, huh? The speaker uses the context to express his feelings of security. The word "cool" can be interpreted as an imposing feeling and saying that the library’s ghost is capable of this. Furthermore, using “cool,” the speaker reveals a positive feeling of (+) In/security. Figure 4. Episode 40 (1) Oooh, Boy… when did waking get so hard1? The context above shows the (-) In/security. The word “hard” expressed how hard it was for the library ghost to walk after eating so much. So, the context indicates a negative affect. The third subsystem of affect is dis/desire. It can be seen that there are both positive and negative desires. The instance of desire is displayed as follows: Figure 5. Episode 10 (1) This is the police. Please stop1 texting us. We will arrest2 you. Based on the context above shows that the speaker applies the word “will” to express a wish for her feeling to seize someone by legal authority and take them into custody. This word belongs to (+) Dis/Desire as it directs the speaker to implicate them as a trigger in a positive way (Martin & White, 2005, p.48). Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 356 Figure 6. Episode 10 (1) Go away1. Library ghost! The context shows the (-) Dis/Desire. The speaker tells the library ghost not to annoy him. Their conversation also shows annoyance due to the presence of the library ghost. The last subsystem of affect is dis/satisfaction. The examples of (+/-) dis/satisfaction in the library ghost webtoon can be seen as follows: Figure 7. Episode 9 (1) Interesting…1 The word “interesting” shows the positive affect is categorized as (+) dis/satisfaction. The term expresses the ghost library's interest and curiosity to draw human figures. This kind of affect deals with the speaker’s feeling of achievement and frustration about the activity we are engaged in (Martin & White, 2005, p.50). Applying the word “interesting” means that the speaker expresses his positive satisfaction towards the curiosity. Figure 8. Episode 40 (1) Yuck!1 No!2. This is just corn syrup! In the context of the example above, he expressed (-) dis/satisfaction. The context reveals how angry the library ghost is when his friend gives advice. In the written article by Tiani (2017) explained that Appraisal Theory could analyze advertisements by interpreting the attitudinal meaning. Many studies on the Appraisal of Advertisements investigate the appraisal system used in verbal message advertisements. They use printed media and visuals as data. They found that print media is dominated by appraisal tool that dominates moral judgment that affect and appreciation. While In the comic online or webtoon, the researchers found that the context is dominated by appraisal tool that dominates affect, appreciation, and judgment. Marufah (2022) wrote her research entitled “People’s Attitude Toward The Taliban in “I am Malala” Book Viewed from Appraisal Device.” It showed that people tend to characters’ emotions from the analysis of affect. In affect disposition, people give more negative affect than positive affect. It means that people feel that the Taliban has many bad natures. It can be concluded that people mostly affect the characters using emotional states. Thus, this part shows the realization of the attitude system in the affect. The use of affect in the text gives the reader evidence about the researchers’s discourse. The use of affect means that the researchers put feelings on what they wrote. In this study, the researchers found that people have more negative than positive affect. They give some evidence that feeling can be interpreted in any way. Also, they provide evidence that sometimes every meaning has one or two meaning depending on Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 357 the reader’s understanding. It is based on the researcher's purpose that realizing the affect of the library ghost webtoon will make the students writing and reading good. The Realization of Judgment on The Library Ghost webtoon is Viewed from the attitude of an appraisal. The second objective of this study is to analyze the attitude of judgment in the library ghost webtoon. Judgment refers to the act of judging people’s character in discourse. Judgement is concerned with judging people's behavior or character to convey information in the interaction (Martin & Rose 2003; Martin & White 2005). The appraising items of judgment used are revealed in the judgment of esteem and judgment of sanction. Judgments of esteem have to do with "normality‟ (how unusual someone is), "capacity‟ (how capable they are), and "tenacity‟ (how resolute they are); judgments of sanction have to do with "veracity‟ (how truthful someone is) and "propriety‟ (how ethical someone is) (Martin & White, 2005). The distribution of judgment in the library ghost webtoon is presented in the following table. Table 3. The Distribution of Judgement in the Library Ghost Webtoon. According to Table 3, In the library, ghost webtoons employ more social esteem (16) than social sanction (5). The specific distribution shows that the Library Ghost Webtoon more frequently uses normality and capacity to judge human behavior than tenacity and propriety produced by the Library Ghost Webtoon. These findings indicate that the library ghost webtoon frequently judges how capable and special humans behave in the context, rather than judging how capable and ethical humans behave. They are explained below. The first subsystem of judgment is capacity, which deals with their capabilities. The example of positive capacity can be shown as follows. Figure 9. Episode 13 (1) I just want to hug this stranger. But I can’t1! The context above is an example of a (-) Capacity. The word “Can't” means the library ghost can't hug strangers because he doesn't have hands. Judgement Resources Polarity Episodes Normality (+) 4 (-) 3 Capacity (+) 7 (-) 2 Tenacity (+) 0 (-) 0 Propriety (+) 0 (-) 5 Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 358 Figure 10. Episode 11 (1) What’s great1 about being a ghost is I can2 stab3 myself all I want4! The phrase is an example of (+) Capacity. Martin and White (2005, p.42) stated that judgment deals with attitudes toward the behavior. The phrase expresses how proud the library ghost is to be a ghost, and so the phrase says that the library ghost can stab himself unharmed because he is a ghost. The second subsystem of judgment is normality, which deals with how unusual someone is. The example of normality. Figure 11. Episode 40 (1) Oh My Gosh, Library Ghost! You’re Huge! Based on the data above, “you’re huge” shows that a negative judgment is categorized as (-) normality. From this data, It can express meaning, say how special he is with such a big body, or interpret it as a compliment to the library ghost. Figure 12. Episode 26 (1) I’m also an environmentalist. I’m a patriot, a son, a lover, a poet. Based on the data above positive judgment is categorized as (+) normality and capacity. The sentence explains how special and capable the library ghost is. The last subsystem of judgment is propriety, which relates to how ethical someone is. An example of propriety can be seen as follows: Figure 13. Episode 48 The context shows (-) propriety. The word expressed ridicule. The library ghost joked that the lizard was paralyzed because the lizard didn't say anything or answer its questions. In the written of Marufah (2022) wrote her research entitled “People’s Attitude Toward The Taliban in “I am Malala” Book Viewed from Appraisal Device” stated that “the results of this study people used Capacity and Tenacity to give their responses to I Am Malala book. It is proven by the percentage of Capacity 38.72% and Tenacity 31.38%. It is just a little different. More people give negative Capacity responses because many sentences explain how the brutal Taliban is in there. Contrary to people giving positive, Tenacity responses because many people in Pakistan never give up in difficult conditions, especially Malala and her Father, who always survive and speak up to the world about the condition in their country Pakistan. While in this study, the research only found priority in social sanction on the library ghost webtoon. Propriety relates to how ethical someone is in the analysis. There are five items in the Library Ghost Webtoon. Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 359 Thus this part shows the realization of the judgment of attitude in the library ghost webtoon. The use of judgment in the text is to give evidence to the reader about the topic or discourse the researchers wrote. Because this evaluation concerns norms and conventions in society. Judgment means evaluating the way the characters are on the webtoon. They inform about how the character behaves to the reader. They give some evidence and also provide the common issue that happened in society. The Realization of Appreciation on The Library Ghost Webtoon Viewed from the attitude of an appraisal. Appreciation deals with the meanings construing our evaluations of things, especially “things we make and things we give,” but it also includes natural phenomena. The appraising items of appreciation are revealed in the positive and negative appreciation. Appreciation is divided into three: our “reaction” to things, their “composition,” and their “value.” Below is the description of the appreciation distribution in the Library Ghost Webtoon. Table 4.The Distribution of Appreciation in the Library Ghost Webtoon. From table 4, the Library Ghost Webtoon produces more reaction and valuation than the text’s composition. It indicates that the reader expresses their evaluation of the topic given, especially about the impact, quality, and worthiness of things/phenomena. The first subsystem of appreciation is a reaction. Furthermore, the example of a positive reaction. Figure 14. Episode 2 (1) Good1 choice. Good choice The context above indicated a (+) reaction of appreciation. It showed positive appreciation when the library ghost appreciated the book she was reading about. Figure 15. Episode 4 (1) Oh Shoot!1 In the negative appraising items of this subsystem, the researchers uses the word “Oh shoot!” to show (-) reaction of appreciation. “oh shoot” itself means oh shit which word is often used to express a sense of shock and from the conversation above reveals the shocked expression of the library ghost who accidentally dropped his aquarium. The second subsystem is valuation. Valuation is related to cognition (our considered opinions), Martin & White (2005), and the example of positive valuation. Figure 16. Episode 15 Appreciation Resources Polarity Episodes Reaction (+) 6 (-) 3 Composition (+) 1 (-) 0 Valuation (+) 8 (-) 4 Eka Kurniawati, et al./ English Education Journal 13 (3) (2023) 351-362 360 (1) I need to take a good selfie! The example above indicates a (+) valuation of appreciation. The context expresses that the library ghost needs a good selfie (good value) from him, which means it is wanted or approved by the library ghost. Figure 17. Episode 15 (1) Outlaw selfies The phrase ‘outlaw selfies” is a negative example of valuation. There are two interpretations of that phrase. First, the meaning of our law of selfies reveals sarcasm, meaning fugitive photos, and second, the library ghost informs us that the images are our law of selfies. The last subsystem of appreciation is a composition that relates to quality. Martin White (2005) stated that composition is related to perception (our view of order). An example of composition can be seen on the webtoon below. Figure 18. Episode 26 The phrase belongs to the (+) composition of appreciation. The phrase explains that the library ghost feeling is fine. Even though he was ignored, He appreciated it. Chaeronny (2018) showed that He found more positive appreciation than negative appreciation. In his research, He analyzed the appraisal using song lyrics as data. He said that “the feeling of the singer itself, it was shown that the singer tells the listener to quite a bit understand the life of the singer, how the singer passes and through his new life as a new big singer.” In the written of Marufah, S (2022) wrote her research entitled “People’s Attitude Toward The Taliban in “I am Malala” Book Viewed from Appraisal Device” stated that the Appreciation viewpoint could be concluded that people give more negative responses to I Am Malala book. More people respond negatively to the I Am Malala book than positively. Thus this part shows the realization of appreciation of attitude in the Llibrary Ghost Webtoon. The use of appreciation in the text is to give evidence to the reader about construing the value of things, including natural phenomena and semiosis. Appreciation means evaluating natural objects, manufactured objects, texts, and more abstract constructs such as plans and policies. They give some evidence that in this webtoon, we cannot only evaluate how people feel about people (character) and how they behave. But we can appreciate things. CONCLUSION Based on the results of data analysis in the previous chapter and to find answers to the four question formulations to discover the manifestations of attitudes such as Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation. The Attitude system most often used by The Library Ghost Webtoon is Affect. The percentage of using Affect is (62%), Apprectaion (21%), and Judgment (20%). Affect more dominant than Judgment and Appreciation. From the Affect, it can be concluded that the researchers feels the character has bad emotions rather than good ones. The characters use immediate emotional states to express The Library Ghost's feelings. Affect is an emotional connection with a person or a researchers. 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