ENGLISH FRANCA: Academic Journal of English Language and Education Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022, IAIN Curup P-ISSN 2580-3670, E-ISSN 2580-3689 DOI: 10.29240/ef.v6i2.5458 Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Sitcom Shows Episodes Kafa Bella Nabila Sanata Dharma University nabillakafa@gmail.com Ouda Teda Ena Sanata Dharma University ouda@usd.ac.id Barli Bram Sanata Dharma University barli@usd.ac.id ABSTRACT Humor can be found in people's daily life, movie, and stand-up comedy. People use it to criticize and entertain at the same time. In entertaining and criticizing a situation, humor can be in a form of a TV show or sitcom. This research focuses on verbal humor in a sitcom entitled Mr. Iglesias. This study aims to figure out the types of verbal humor using the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) by Attardo & Raskin (1991). This research examined five episodes of Mr. Iglesias’s shows from seasons 1 to 5 using a descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that this situation comedy has 58 expressions that employed linguistic humor. It could be classified into 8 of the 12 types of verbal humor. The six aspects of GTVH theory used to analyze the linguistic section were script opposition, logical mechanism, situation, target, narrative strategy, and language. Based on the six aspects of GTVH, this situational comedy indicated sarcasm as the most used verbal humor category. Keywords: Verbal humor, GTVH, Sitcom, Mr. Iglesias mailto:nabillakafa@gmail.com mailto:ouda@usd.ac.id mailto:barli@usd.ac.id 394 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 INTRODUCTION Humor is one of the media that use to express a person's idea about a problem. Humor serves as an amusement to relieve the audience's psychological burden and as a tool for social criticism of all social inequalities in the area (Damanik & Mulyadi, 2020). Detrianto (2018) also states that jokes or humor can make the conversation more interesting, friendly, relaxed, and lively. The implementation of humor can be found easily around social activities. Putri & Baskara (2019) find that humor in society can create a good relationships among others. They also add humor can be a short story about a funny situation that can make the audience or reader laugh. There are two types of common humor forms, speaking and writing humor (Sen, 2012). The spoken form can be found in movies, videos, and stand-up comedies. Then, comic strips and memes are examples of humor in written form. Nugroho, Faridi & Hartono (2020) add that aside from actual social contact, the conception of humor is provided in the form of entertainment media such as television shows, movies, and drama. There are several basic theories of humor from Raskin (1984) first, the Semantic Script Theory of Humor (SSTH), second is General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) from Attardo & Raskin (1991), and the newest one is from Rayz (2020) about Ontological Semantic Theory of Humor (OSTH). SSTH deals with the script, incongruity, superiority, and release or relief (Attadaro & Raskin, 2017). The SSTH theory declares that script opposition is the most important factor that affects humor. Chilton, Landay & Weld (2015) mention that humor is the result of feeling superior to another person, humor is a release of tension that has been built up because society suppressed discussion, and humor is the discovery of an informational anomaly that causes laughter. After that, GTVH comes as the elaboration of the SSTH theory. As the result of SSTH elaboration, GTVH uses script opposition and five other parameters. Meanwhile, OSTH accentuates the manner of constancy in humor. Humor that represents people’s daily life that delivers naturally is the description of situation comedy (Wahyuni & Hamzah, 2019). Then, Hu (2012) describes a situation comedy as a form of TV series with specific actresses and similar characters in daily scenes. The actress in this comedy can get real-time feedback from the audience through laughter. Wieczorek (2018) states that the sitcom is captured in a mockumentary style to portray fictional situations as if they were a true reflection of daily life. Tsakona (2017) mentions that a sitcom is one Kafa Bella Nabila, et. al: Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Show Episodes 395 example of humor with smaller embedded punch lines in the beginning and end sections. Since the humor in sitcoms produces naturally with a daily life situation, it makes the humor unique. One of the famous sitcoms on Netflix is Mr. Iglesias. Mr. Iglesias is a comedy series on Netflix that was released in 2019 with three seasons until now. That American comedy series talks about a teacher named Mr. Iglesias who works in his alma mater. He teaches gifted students but underperformed. Thus, he tries to create a different atmosphere of teaching and learning to build his students’ potential. However, he sometimes gets a protest from other teachers and students. He tries to manage and control the situation in a fun way. The use of humor in this sitcom has an essential role in building a friendly situation in school. In that case, the production of humor by the teacher and the students can help the students bravely in showing their potential. Some recent research about the use of humor can be analyzed in both verbal and visual ways (Fallianda, Astiti & Hanim, 2018). In their study, they choose newspaper comic strips to explore humor that was produced verbally, visually, and both verbally and visually by using visual-verbal analysis. Since they analyzed comic strips, the use of images gives the situation of the text and supported humor in it. There are verbal metaphors, contradictions, parallelisms, and so on as the humor in that media. Moreover, the interaction between image and text in this research made a textual hyper determination of humor. On the other topic, Damanik & Mulyadi (2020) use the Script Semantic Theory of Humour (SSTH) and the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH) to investigate humorous Indonesian status in social media. From social media, people mostly laugh at others’ misfortune, and it shows one's superiority over others. This research clearly described that humor arises when there is a discrepancy between the ideas prepared for specific circumstances and the actual happenings that are believed to be related to the ideas. Still, it depends on the script's opposition and situations. Mulyadi, Yusuf & Siregar (2021) investigate verbal humor in stand-up comedy videos using the verbal theory of humor (GTVH). They found various logical mechanisms in the videos with simple narrative strategy and dialogue style used dominantly. Since this research analyzed an audio-video recording of stand-up comedy from one specific person, the writers mentioned that the comedian dominantly targeted his life for the target comedy. Thus, the style concluded as the way people avoid humiliating others. 396 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 According to some previous research in humor, there are two differences between the current research and previous research. First, the difference in using the research media. For example, Fallianda, Astiti & Hanim (2018) have analyzed newspaper comic strips; Damanik & Mulyadi (2020) have conducted script semantic theory and general verbal theory on social media; Mulyadi, Yusuf & Siregar (2021) have researched stand-up comedy video. There is no previous research that analyses verbal humor in situational comedy. Thus, this research comes to fill the gaps between those previous researches. This research attempts to analyze verbal humor and the type of verbal humor in Mr. Iglesias's comedy series by applying the general verbal theory of humor. The purpose of this research is to find and analyze the verbal humor in the situational comedy of Mr. Iglesias, which talk about school life problems. The GTVH theory is used to analyze verbal humor with the six parameters. Furthermore, the analysis results are used to find the types of verbal humor. By using the GTVH theory, the researchers can analyze and interpret verbal humor linguistically. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Verbal Humor An event or situation that triggers someone to laugh is called humor. Bali, Ahuja, and Singh (2018) state that the capacity of certain cognitive events to elicit amusement and laughter is known as humor. Based on Shade (1996), there are four categories of humor: visual, verbal, figural, and aural humor. The current research focuses on the use of verbal humor. Verbal humor is a language-based creation for fun by employing linguistic aspects (Heidari-Shahreza, 2018). According to Tianli, Mansor, Ang, and Sharmini (2022), the linguistic aspects of verbal humor as laughter-makers are words, phrases, and sentences. In detail, Shade (1996) categorizes verbal humor into 12 categories, such as puns, jokes, satire, riddles, parody, limericks, farce, anecdote, irony, wit, sarcasm, and tall tales. By using this theory, the researchers analyze verbal humor in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom with the verbal humor category. General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) Attardo & Raskin first presented the general theory of verbal humor in 1991 with six parameters of humor known as Knowledge Resources (KRs). GTVH brings a broader field than SSTH because it contains all linguistics areas. GTVH is an effective linguistic theory that enables the investigation of verbal humor from a linguistic perspective (Attardo, 2001:22). Through their research, Damanik & Mulyadi (2020) Kafa Bella Nabila, et. al: Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Show Episodes 397 mention that the GTVH intends to become a humor interpretation pattern that includes all humor aspects, from the abstract humor concept defined by the SSTH to the language in which it is expressed. The six parameters are Language, Narrative Strategies, Target, Situation, Logical Mechanism, and Script Opposition. The first parameter is script opposition which indicates the humor's themes (Al-Badawi, Sadeq, Watab, 2021). It deals with the opposite script that is both clearly expressed and implicitly perceived by readers. The following parameter is a logical mechanism that explores the different scripts in the humor. It explains the humorous and non- serious logic used to solve the gaps between the opposing scripts. The situation as the third parameter encompasses everything surrounding humor, i.e. the context eliciting and generating the framework in the humor discourse (Ortega, 2013). It also talks about the background of the event or story, such as place, activities, participants, or objects. The third parameter is the target of the humor which describes humans and their activities. The following parameter is narrative strategies that refer to a text's narrative form (Masaeli & Heidari-Shahreza, 2017). It describes the organization of the text, for example, dialogue, riddle, narrative, pun, and punch line. The last parameter is language. It talks about the actual text item, spoken or written, gestured, conveyed through costume, and so on, with all the options at the appropriate levels of linguistic analysis, e.g. syntax, and phonology (Raskin, 2015). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research analyses the verbal humor in the Mr. Iglesias series. The verbal humor was analyzed using a descriptive qualitative research method. One qualitative research method used in visual material for presenting certain characteristics of the visual material is a content analysis by adopting several basic steps in analyzing content from Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen & Walker (2014). The data is taken from the first five episodes of season one of the Mr. Iglesias series on Netflix. Qualitative research usually depends on a single data source but multiple forms of data (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Thus, the five titles of the episodes are Some Children Left Behind, Summer School, Full Hearts Clear Backpacks, The Wagon, and Everybody. The five titles above will adopt some procedures from Creswell & Creswell (2018) to interpret the data. Watching the series and writing down the verbal humor transcript is the first step to making it more efficient. After that, code the transcript and put it in the table. To avoid over data, review the transcript and eliminate the redundant as the third 398 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 step. The next step, start to interpret the transcript using six Knowledge Resources. The last step is to write the narrative for some data that will be put in the finding part. Table 1. Episode title and duration No Title Duration 1 Some Children are Left behind 30 minutes 2 Summer School 29 minutes 3 Full Hearts, Clear Backpacks 28 minutes 4 The Wagon 31 minutes 5 Everybody Hates Gabe 28 minutes RESULTS & DISCUSSION The use of GTVH analysis aimed to explore the humor representation in the context. Knowledge Resources parameters in this research were used to analyze the humor in the text. Those six knowledge resource parameters are Script Opposition (SO), Logical Mechanism (LM), Situation (Si), Target (TA), Narrative Strategy (NS), and Language (LA). The transcript of five episodes of Mr. Iglesias's sitcom contained 58 verbal senses of humor. It is categorized into 12 forms of verbal humor. However, from those five episodes, four types of verbal humor have zero value: limerick, anecdote, farce, and tall tales. The number of verbal humor found in Mr. Iglesias's sitcom is shown in Figure 2. Figure 1 Verbal Humor in Mr. Iglesias Season 1 Kafa Bella Nabila, et. al: Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Show Episodes 399 1. Pun Milojkovic (2017) defines a pun as a play on words that sound the same (homonyms) or sound quite similar but have significantly different meanings. There were four puns from the five episodes, the researchers took 1 example to be analyzed. In the story, Principal Paula explained the substitute teacher. In that room, Ms. Abby, Mr. Tony, and Mr. Gabe (Mr. Iglesias) as teachers had to prepare a syllabus for that class. While Abby mentioned her syllabus, Mr. Tony said: "silly bus" to mock Gabe. Mr. Tony's statement "And Gabe drives a silly bus.” Had the same sound as “syllabus” but was different in meaning. It is called a homophone. Table 2. The pun in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 11:14 Principal Paula: So, Helen Stone is taking early retirement this year, and one of you will be getting her honor students to section this fall. Abby: I’ll do it. I can have a syllabus ready by the end of lunch. Tony: And Gabe drives a silly bus. KR Script Opposition Syllabus vs. silly-bus Logical Mechanism Twisting homophone Situation Abby will be ready with her syllabus, meanwhile Tony says that Gabe/Mr. Iglesias has a silly 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 P u n R id d le Jo k e S a ti re Li m e ri ck P a ro d y A n e cd o te F a rc e Ir o n y S a rc a sm T a ll t a le s W it F re q u e n cy Types of Verbal Jokes 400 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 bus. Target Principal Paula Narrative Strategy Dialogue Language Set up: Principal Paula: So, Helen Stone is taking early retirement this year, and one of you will be getting her honor students to section this fall. Ms. Abby: I’ll do it. I can have a syllabus ready by the end of lunch. Punch line: Mr. Tony: And Gabe drives a silly bus. Based on the table above syllabus and silly bus, as the script opposition for the pun. These two words have the same pronunciation /ˈsɪləbəs/ that makes the script have a twisting homophone. In this dialogue part, Mr. Tony tries to mock Mr. Iglesias in front of Principal Paula, thus this pun's target is Principal Paula. About this part, the punch line happened in the last sentence by Mr. Tony. 2. Riddle Kaivola-Bregenhoj (2018) on the research mentions that a riddle has two functions, one as a question and one as an answer. From the conversation between Mr. Iglesias and Mr. Tony, It was detected how Mr. Iglesias gives response to Mr. Tony’s problem with his track. He says “Oh, big surprise! Do you know who doesn't have a bad year at the track? The track" Table 3. Riddle in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 07:09 Mr. Tony: I had another bad year at the track. Mr. Iglesias: Oh, big surprise! Do you know who doesn't have a bad year at the track? The track KR Script Opposition Advice vs. fact Logical Mechanism Word repetition Kafa Bella Nabila, et. al: Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Show Episodes 401 Situation Mr. Iglesias is asking about the track Target Mr. Tony Narrative Strategy Question and Answer Language Set up Mr. Tony: I had another bad year at the track. Punch line Mr. Iglesias: Oh, big surprise! Do you know who doesn't have a bad year at the track? The track The riddle from the table above used advice vs. fact script opposition. It used to advise about Mr. Tony's gambling track. The repetition of words on the riddle made this the logical mechanism. With the script opposition and logical mechanism, this riddle had a specific situation and target. Mr. Iglesias gave advice specifically through the riddle to Mr. Tony. Question and answer were the narrative strategies to show how the riddle performed. 3. Joke This statement happened when Mr. Iglesias's class did a protest the use of the clear bag in their school. Principal Paula forced the students to continue the class but, Walt as one of the students said "We're standing up for our beliefs." The joke part was when he added that he wants to do the protest during the lesson hour to skip the Geometry Class. Table 4. Joke in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 09:08 Walt: We’re standing up for our beliefs. And also missing geometry. Win-win! KR Script Opposition Normal vs. abnormal Logical Mechanism Absurd interpretation Situation Walt is joining the protest to skip the class Target None Narrative Monologue 402 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 Strategy Language Set up Walt: We’re standing up for our beliefs. Punch line And also missing geometry. Win-win! The sentence by Walt at minute 9:08 expressed his feeling to stand on their beliefs. However, he said "win-win" could be interpreted as a joke. It included a joke because he wanted to join the protest, because of the protest and the geometry class. It made the script opposition normal vs. abnormal. From the script opposition, absurd interpretation became the logical mechanism. That interpretation made people laugh. Both script opposition and logical mechanism happened in a specific situation where Walt showed his reason. Therefore, there was no certain target in that monologue. Thus, the joke was constructed in this part. 4. Satire The performance genre of satire serves as a tool for social control, a way to rein in individual, societal, or communal excesses (Orji, 2018). In the other words, satire is used to attack and criticize people. Mr. Carlos as the pioneer of the clean bag program does not want to change the rule. So, he says he will stay there with his rule. To respond to that statement, Mr. Iglesias said "there’ll be a lot of clawing, scratching, and crying.” Table 5. Satire in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 13:00 Mr. Carlos: Very clever, Mr. Iglesias. You’ve bought them more time but I have not yet begun to fight. Mr. Iglesias: I imagine when you do, there’ll be a lot of clawing, scratching, and crying. KR Script Opposition Strength vs. weakness Logical Mechanism Insult/ put-down humor Situation Mr. Carlos is trying to defend himself from the protest Target Mr. Carlos Kafa Bella Nabila, et. al: Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Show Episodes 403 Narrative Strategy Conversation Language Set up Mr. Carlos: Very clever, Mr. Iglesias. You’ve bought them more time but I have not yet begun to fight. Punch line Mr. Iglesias: I imagine when you do, there’ll be a lot of clawing, scratching, and crying. The satire data above was using strength vs. weakness as the script opposition. Since it used that SO, insult/ put-down humor is applied in this scene. Based on the scene, Mr. Iglesias was mocking Mr. Carlos about his reaction to the protest. The only target in this conversation was Mr. Carlos. It is in line with the theory of target humor that it happened from the superior side. That was how satire was constructed in this scene. 5. Parody Mikey is one of the students in Me Iglesias's class. On the first day of school after summer, he came late. His reason was that he watched a movie from Mr. Iglesias's recommendation. Almost all of the students gave comments about the movie and the class became boisterous. Mikey imitated one of Abraham Lincoln's actions in that movie by saying "Until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword." Table 6. Parody in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 02:54 Mr. Iglesias: Yeah, the way he killed Dracula with that ax handle. Oh! Very presidential. Mikey: You know, in the—in the Lincoln movie I watched, he said, [Imitating Lincoln] “Until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword.” KR Script Opposition Actual vs. non-actual Logical Mechanism - 404 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 Situation Mikey is imitating Abraham Lincoln's action from the 'Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunters movie. Target - Narrative Strategy Dialogue Language Set up Mr. Iglesias: Yeah, the way he killed Dracula with that ax handle. Oh! Very presidential. Mikey: You know, in the—in the Lincoln movie I watched, he said, Punch line [Imitating Lincoln] “Until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword.” The parody in this scene demonstrated Mikey as Abraham Lincoln in a movie. With the facial expression and body gestures he made, it was the punch line. It used actual vs. non-actual as the script opposition without any logical mechanism. Through the dialogue between Mr. Iglesias and Mikey, the question and answer happened. So, the parody was built in this scene. 6. Irony During lunchtime, Principal Paula spent her time alone and put it as ‘me-time’ with her salad. Ms. Abby, one of the teachers, gave a compliment about her lunch menu. By saying the awesome iceberg lettuce, the ironic situation happens. Table 7. Irony in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 13:05 Ms. Abby: Oh, my God, that iceberg lettuce with no dressing looks awesome! Principal Paula: F this! KR Script Opposition Actual vs. non-actual Logical Mechanism Insult/put-down humor Kafa Bella Nabila, et. al: Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Show Episodes 405 Situation Abby is mocking principal Paula about her lunch Target Principal Paula Narrative Strategy Dialogue Language Punch line Ms. Abby: Oh, my God, that iceberg lettuce with no dressing looks awesome! Principal Paula: F this! The irony scene was shown to see the actual vs. non-actual fact. Ms. Abby's compliment towards the lettuce was opposing the fact. It created insult/put-down humor as the logical mechanism. After knowing the script opposition and logical mechanism, the ironic situation happened. What Ms. Abby said about Principal Paula's lunch was opposite the fact. Through this dialogue, the punch line was stated at the beginning of the dialogue. 7. Sarcasm Mr. Carlos gave a win-win solution to grade some of Mr. Iglesias’s students. He got a compliment about the grading method but, Mr. Iglesias put him as the sarcasm target by saying “you don’t have any friends” as the punch line. Table 8. Sarcasm in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 07:22 Mr. Iglesias: Look, my kids are gonna pass their final, and they’re gonna crush your dreams of expelling them. Mr. Carlos: Okay, we are going to grade them the Lakewood way. Principal Paula: Yey, the Lakewood way. What’s the Lakewood way? Mr. Carlos: a different teacher will be grading Gabriel’s class final, so there’s no malfeasance. Mr. Iglesias: “Malfeasance”? Somebody’s been playing Words With Friends. Wait, yeah, you don’t have any friends. KR Script Opposition Praising vs. insulting Logical Insult/put-down humor 406 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 Mechanism Situation Mr. Carlos is giving one solution for the grading system Target Mr. Carlos Narrative Strategy Conversation Language Set up Mr. Iglesias: Look, my kids are gonna pass their final, and they’re gonna crush your dreams of expelling them. Mr. Carlos: Okay, we are going to grade them the Lakewood way. Principal Paula: Yey, the Lakewood way. What’s the Lakewood way? Mr. Carlos: a different teacher will be grading Gabriel’s class final, so there’s no malfeasance. Mr. Iglesias: “Malfeasance”? Somebody’s been playing Words With Friends. Punch line Wait, yeah, you don’t have any friends. The sarcastic situation above presented praising vs. insulting as the script opposition. It presented the contrast that made it an insult/ or put-down humor as the logical mechanism. According to the situation, Mr. Iglesias was mocking Mr. Carlos by saying "You don't have any friends.". Mr. Carlos is the target of the conversation. Before the punch line, Mr. Iglesias gives a compliment to Mr. Carlos. However, the compliment was the bridge to make him a target of his sarcasm. 8. Wit Their class has a new student with high-expectation grades without getting any assignments. The new student believed that Mr. Iglesias will give him a good score since he was the school representative in a sport championship. In that case, Marisol showed Kafa Bella Nabila, et. al: Investigating Verbal Humor in Selected Mr. Iglesias Show Episodes 407 how students had to earn the score. Lorenzo added a quick response that there were no free grades although they gave money to Mr. Iglesias. Table 9. Wit in Mr. Iglesias's Sitcom Transcript: 06:53 Marisol: In this class, we aren’t given our grades. We earn them. Lorenzo: No matter how much we offer to pay Mr. Iglesias. KR Script Opposition Possible vs. impossible Logical Mechanism Fallacious reasoning Situation Marisol is explaining the grades that they earn in the class. Target None Narrative Strategy Conversation Language Set up Marisol: In this class, we aren’t given our grades. We earn them. Punch line Lorenzo: No matter how much we offer to pay Mr. Iglesias. This section presented a wit action between Marisol and Lorenzo. The script opposition has shown the possible vs. impossible about the grades in class. It used fallacious reasoning between achieving the grades and paying Mr. Iglesias. With the script opposition and logical mechanism, the wit was built in a situation where Lorenzo was saying how he tried to pay Mr. Iglesias for good grades. However, students cannot pay for the grades but, they had to earn the grades. Thus, the wit happened in the middle of the conversation with the punch line at the last. Thus, it was presented in this scene. CONCLUSION After analyzing the linguistics and types of verbal humor, which is applied to the General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH), the researchers concluded some important things. This research found various results from the 5 episodes of a sitcom. According to the discussion, the researchers found 58 verbal humor in Mr. Iglesias's 408 | ENGLISH FRANCA, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2022 series. From those 5 episodes, the researchers found sarcasm as the category on that. The narrative strategy from the series is dialogue. Since the dialogue that occurs in the school between teachers-students, students-students, and teacher-teacher, sarcasm happened between them. It made the narrative strategy from the series dialogue because the entire scene happened between teachers and students as the main actors. However, this research has some limitations. This research focused on verbal humor in a specific sitcom. 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