ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 10, Issue 3, October 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 793 ‘WE ALL ARE PERFECTLY IMPERFECT’: AN INTERPERSONAL METAFUNCTION OF MUNIBA MAZARI’S SPEECH IN A CASE ON SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS Narambean Simanjuntak Department of English Education, Universitas HKBP Nommensen, Medan, Indonesia Email: marambean.simanjuntak@student.uhn.ac.id Rodia Mestina Simaremare Department of English Education, Universitas HKBP Nommensen, Medan, Indonesia Email: rodia.simaremare@student.uhn.ac.id Nanda Saputra Department of Indonesian Education, STIT Al-Hilal Sigli, Aceh, Indonesia Email: nandasaputra680@gmail.com Magdalena Ngongo Department of English Education, Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana, Kupang Email: magdalenangongo12@gmail.com Herman (Corresponding author) Department of English Education, Universitas HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar, Pematang Siantar, Indonesia Email: herman@uhn.ac.id APA Citation: Simanjuntak, N., Simaremare, R. M., Saputra, N., Ngongo, M., & Herman. (2022). ‘ We all are perfectly imperfect’: An interpersonal metafunction of Muniba Mazari’s speech in case on systemic functional linguistics. English Review: Journal of English Education, 10(3), 793-800. http://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i3.6326 Received: 29-06-2022 Accepted: 22-08-2022 Published: 30-10-2022 INTRODUCTION Language is used by humans to converse with each other. Humans require language as a means of communication and understanding the knowledge of others who speak various languages. Everyone uses language especially in daily activities, in order to communicate well with others, such as reading, writing, and listening, as well as talking to ourselves and thinking. According to Herman et al. (2020), language is very important in human life because it allows people to communicate with others, through language, people can exchange knowledge, express their emotions, trusts, aspirations, giving suggestions and share information with one another (Simanjuntak et al., 2021). It is difficult to envision humans carrying out these activities without Abstract: This study aims to find out the elements of the interpersonal function used in Muniba Mazari's speech and to find out the most dominant elements of interpersonal function. The source of data takes from a video of Muniba Mazari's speech that was examined by the researcher. The data of this research are clauses that have an element of interpersonal function spoken by Muniba Mazari’s speech. The instrument of data collection used is documentation in the form of video recording, and for technique of data collection is documentation method. To analyze the data involves four steps namely: data collection, data condensation, data display, and the last conclusion drawing. Based on the result findings of this research, the frequency of the subject 231 (25,41%), finite 173 (19,03%), while residue elements predicator 204 (22,44%), complement 189 (20,79%), circumtantial adjunct 40 (4,40%), conjunctive adjunct 32 (3,53%), comment adjunct 25 (2,75%), and the last mood adjunct 15 (1,65%). The result showed the most dominant element interpersonal function structure used in Muniba Mazari’s speech is subject with the total percentage is 25,41%. Based on the results it can be concluded that this research can be used as insight and useful as a model to discuss interpersonal functions in a speech. And the researcher hopes that readers can increase their knowledge when conducted analyzing interpersonal functions in a speech because it is very important to know the meaning of each clause conveyed. Keywords: interpersonal metafunction; speech; systemic functional linguistics. Narambean Simanjuntak, Rodia Mestina Simaremare, Nanda Saputra, Magdalena Ngongo, & Herman ‘We all are perfectly imperfect’: An interpersonal metafunction of Muniba Mazari’s speech in case on systemic functional linguistics 794 language. Language is meaningful, if meaning can be conveyed through language, because basically people interact with other people using language with the aim of influencing behavior and word expression (Ngongo et al., 2022). This means that the person must convey a message to others. Language is something that a specific society has spoken. According to Sibarani (2017), humans are social creatures who require interaction and communication with other people in order to meet their needs. therefore, language can be used to interact with others and perform interpersonal function. Language allows us to express our emotions and thoughts, because everyone has their own ideas and feelings that require another person opinion, using language allows them to easily transfer their own ideas and build good communication with others (Nasution et al., 2022). So, without language it is difficult to imagine how humans can work together and get along with each other and language cannot be separated from human life, because it is a communication tool. language is very functional in communication (Purba and Herman, 2020). Communication is one of the main roles that are very important in carrying out daily human activities. Communication can also be interpreted by sharing or exchanging information, thoughts, with other people. According to Wentker and Schneider (2022), communication is a process of conveying shared understanding or information from one person to another. Fatmawati et al. (2022) stated that humans carry out communication activities for various purposes, such as obtaining needed information from people who interact with them, processing information between communicators and recipients who use messages and generate feedback (Simanjuntak et. al., 2022). As well as in the world of education, communication is also important because in education it is very necessary to interact with each other to establish cooperation between friends in addition to being able to express opinions using communication tools. In short, a communication will be successful if there is no misinterpretation. Communication also is part of speech. In other words, people can express themselves through their speech, people can transfer their own idea, message, opinion by speech. Speech is delivered in the form of words or speech that allows two-way communication. According to Carnegie (2018), public speaking activities include presentations, deliberation, speeches, and campaigns. So there is an oral transmitter in the form of a speaker and a receiver in the form of a listener or audiences. The term speech has several meanings that can be interpreted in various ways. The speaker will speak in front of the audience to convey a problem and achieve certain goals in a speech, so that when delivering a speech, he must have good communication skills so that the listener can understand what the speaker means (Nosa et al., 2021). Motivational speech is a speech that tells someone's story with the aim of inspiring or motivating the audience. This speech can also be interpreted as a speech with a public message. For example, you could live happily with all of your flaws. A speech that recounts the life of a character who can serve as a role model for the audience. Speaker typically share stories in a variety of formats, such as experiences, places, stories, and specific people who compel listeners to act. Speaker can recognize speech as correct information that will be associated with their knowledge (Sinurat et al., 2021). Therefore, the first assumption that will be formed by the listener is based on how the speaker conveys information to the listener. In addition, the sentences used by the speaker must be structured so that listeners can more easily understand the content of the message to be conveyed. In a communication process, speaker can insert an implied meaning or message. When talking about language in communication, there is a language theory that states that the function of language has a structured language function. This theory was developed by M.A.K. Halliday and proposed a theory named Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL). Within the scope of SFL, there is a basic understanding called metafunction, Halliday (1994) in Ngongo and Ngongo (2022) state that metafunctions have three functional components which he distinguished early on in its development, namely ideational function, interpersonal function, and textual function (Forisman, 2019). In this research, the researchers chose to discuss about the interpersonal function. According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), the interpersonal function is related to how people use language to communicate with others. because when people initiate human interactions, they predict a series of speech roles that are remembered as giving and demanding, which embody the choice between the exchange of information, exchanging goods and services (Herman et al., 2019). According to Herman et al. (2021), sentence are considered as part of the interaction between speaker and listener. Language is regarded as a means of reflection in a context. The traces of interpersonal context that appear in the text are ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 10, Issue 3, October 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 795 referred to as interpersonal function. Clauses are classified as mood elements and residue in interpersonal functions, with mood element has two components, namely: subject and finite. Nominal groups are commonly used to represent subject. Finite as an explanation of time or to state tense (Sihombing et al., 2022). According to Jing (2021), in the interpersonal function, the subject and finite clauses are very important in word order because they determine whether the clause is declarative, interrogative, or imperative allowing the listener to understand the meaning of the sentence, while the residue element has three components, namely: predicator, complement, and adjunct (Saputra et al., 2022). Predicator in interpersonal function are used to tell what is being done or happening in the subject, complement is to explain a verb (predicator) done by the subject, while adjunct is a word used to add a description to a sentence (Herman et al., 2022). Language is used in the interpersonal function to express the speaker's attitude and judgment about how to interact with others. The expression of meaning in words is called mood. The grammatical structure of a clause can reveal its mood. Declarative mood is used for statements, interrogative mood for questions, and imperative mood for commands (Ngongo et al., 2022). According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), the roles of speaker and listener are created and maintained in speech by evaluating the certainty of what is said in the clause while operating in interpersonal function. Even though the interpersonal function theory uses Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), not everyone knows these elements and this theory is not perfect in every language. Based on the researchers’ experience when watched video Muniba Mazari Speech, there are some reasons why the researchers conducted this research. The first reason is Muniba Mazari always conveys motivational messages to the public, so it is related to the interpersonal, because the interpersonal function is the interaction between the speaker and the listener who conveys a message, so the meaning of the message conveyed is very important for listeners to understand. The second because as one of the new linguistic studies called Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL), the researcher is very interested to analyze the form of Muniba Mazari’s speech by using interpersonal function studies. and the last reason is the speech delivered by Muniba Mazari speech did not match the wording structure, so the utterances conveyed are ambiguous for listeners. For the example: “I completely different person right now”. According to Chefor (2019), the element interpersonal function are very important in wording, because the mood and residue of the clause determined whether a declarative clause, interrogative clause or imperative, so that the meaning of the sentence is understood by the listener. Here an example of element interpersonal function in Muniba Mazari’s speech Table 1. Example of mood and residue in Muniba Mazari speech I Bad news for you Subject Complement From the example above, that said by Muniba Mazari, in accordance with the theory of Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) state that interpersonal function has two elements, namely mood and residue. In short, it can be concluded that The mood element is made up of subject (i) because a nominal namely person whereas the residue is made up of complement (bad news for you), because the function of complement is to explain what the subject has done or explain the predicator. To approve the originality of this study, the researchers presented previous studies that have been done by a researcher Wintara (2020) entitled “Interpersonal Function Analysis in Bangtan Boys (BTS) Speech at Unga 2020”. This research presents a brief discussion of interpersonal function that focus on the type of mood used in BTS speech. This study used the qualitative method. The difference between this journal and the title of this research is that has a different object of research and problem formulation, because object of this research is Muniba Mazari speech, and the problem formulation of the research focused on the interpersonal function element such as mood and residue, while this journal only focused on mood. In this research, there are similarities between the researcher topic and this journal namely talking about interpersonal function the second same using Halliday theory, so the researcher can use this journal as a reference to understand how to analyze the topics owned by researcher. METHOD This research employs descriptive qualitative research to analyze and elaborate data as text in the form of clauses. This qualitative research seeks to comprehend and capture the essence of a phenomenon in a social context through close communication and interaction between researchers and the phenomenon under investigation. As a result, the researcher can Narambean Simanjuntak, Rodia Mestina Simaremare, Nanda Saputra, Magdalena Ngongo, & Herman ‘We all are perfectly imperfect’: An interpersonal metafunction of Muniba Mazari’s speech in case on systemic functional linguistics 796 present the framework of any text available from the research process. According Denzin and Lincoln (2017), qualitative research is a process that investigates and comprehends the meaning that various individuals or groups of people ascribe to social or humanitarian issues (Herman et al., 2020). Qualitative research seeks to understand how a theory operates in various phenomena, with data collected in the form of words rather than numbers. Furthermore, according to Creswell and Creswell (2018), defined research whose results are obtained without using statistical procedures or other forms of calculation is called qualitative research. The researcher describes the types of mood and residue in this study, and the second to find out the most dominant element of interpersonal function structure in Muniba Mazari's speech based on Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL). Object of the descriptive qualitative research consists of data and source of data. The data of this research are clauses that have an element of interpersonal function spoken by Muniba Mazari speech. In this research the source of data was taken from video of Muniba Mazari's speech that will be examined by the researcher. The statement contained in Muniba Mazari's speech entitled "We are all perfectly Imperfect" that was uploaded on July 7, 2018 on YouTube. which lasted 39 minutes and 31 seconds. An instrument is a tool to gather information, According to Creswell (2010:84), in qualitative research, the data contained in the instrument was used to fulfill the objectives of this research. The instrument use is documentation in the form of video recording to watch Muniba Mazari's speech, phone and determine the element of interpersonal function and the most dominant element of interpersonal function structure in Muniba Mazari's speech. Furthermore, the video aided the research by providing a visual representation of what actually occurred. According to Phakiti et al. (2018), there are five kinds of method in collecting data, they are questionnaire, interview, observation, test, and documentation. Based on this statement, the researcher was use the documentation method. Documentation is a data collection method that involves gathering information in the form of written documents. In order to get an understanding of the phenomenon under study, qualitative researcher use written documents or other objects. To obtain data for this research, the researcher collects the data through some steps as follows: (1) Searching on YouTube ‘We are all perfectly Imperfect’ by Muniba Mazari speech. (2) Downloading the video of Muniba Mazari’s speech from YouTube. (3) Watching and listening the video by focusing on interpersonal function in Muniba Mazari speech. (4) And the last, Transcribing the utterances from video in to written text. This study discussed about analysis interpersonal function in Muniba Mazari's speech. According to Purba et. al. (2021), to analyze the data involves four steps namely: data collection, data condensation, data display, and the last conclusion drawing. In data collection the researcher was use the documentation method. Documentation is a data collection method that involves gathering information in the form of written documents. This data condensation leads a process of selecting, focusing, classifying, and transforming the data. The data through these processes: (1) Selecting, the researcher selected the data by searching on YouTube “We are all perfectly imperfect” by Muniba Mazari’s speech, after that downloading the video, and then the researcher watching and listening the video of Muniba Mazari’s speech. (2) Focusing, in this stage the researcher focusing on element interpersonal funtion in Muniba Mazari speech after that transcribing the utterances from video in to written text. (3) Classifying, in this stage the researcher classifying the uttarance based on element of interpersonal function such as mood and residue element. (4) Transforming, the data was transformed into table form so it can be displayed. A display is a set of information that has been organized and compressed that allowing conclusion drawing and the action (Purba et. al., 2022). The researcher describes the analysis of interpersonal function by showing a number of clauses in Muniba Mazari's speech as representatives for elaborating the explanation of interpersonal function elements such as mood and residue. The researcher also presented the data in analysis, which showed in the form table so that the readers can understand it easily. The conclusion will be made based on the finding data analysis and then verified through existing theory. In order to answer the problems of this research, the researcher explained the analysis result by drawing a conclusion. ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 10, Issue 3, October 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 797 Figure 1. Interactive data analysis model by Miles and Huberman (2014, p.33) Counting the realization of interpersonal function that mostly used by Muniba Mazari’s speech. Using the formula: Where: X = the percentage of interpersonal function F = the frequency of each element N = the total of number of element interpersonal RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data of this research are clauses that have an element of interpersonal function spoken by Muniba Mazari speech. Based on the data analysis that has been done, the researcher found the following findings: When the element interpersonal function namely mood elements has two components such as subject, finite and residue has three components namely: predicator, complement and the last adjunct have identified, the researcher found out the results presented in the table below: Table 2. The results of mood elements No. Mood elements Frequency Percentage (%) 1. Subject 231 25.41% 2. Finite 173 19.03% Total 404 44.44% Based on the table 2 above, there are 404 mood elements was analyzed in this research the mood elements were subject and finite in the speech. Table 3. The results of residue elements No. Residue elements Freque ncy Percentage (%) 1. Predicator 204 22.44% 2. Complement 189 20.79% 3. Circumtantial Adjunct 40 4.40% 4. Conjunctive Adjunct 32 3.52% 5. Comment Adjunct 25 2.75% 6. Mood Adjunct 15 1.65% Total 505 55.55% There are 505 residue elements was analyzed in this research the residue elements predicator, complements, circumtantial adjunct, conjunctive adjunct, comment adjunct and the last is mood adjunct in the speech. Based on data analysis that has been done, the researchers found that there were 235 clauses that have an elements of interpersonal function in Muniba Mazari’s speech, subject there are 231 (25.41%), finite 173 (19.03%), predicator 204 (22.44%), complement 189 (20.79%), circumtantial adjunct 40 (4.40%), conjunctive adjunct 32 (3.52%), comment adjunct 25 (2.75%), mood adjunct 15 (1.65%) found in this research. the most dominant element of interpersonal function namely the subject 231 (25.41%) because almost all clause has a subject and there are several clauses conveyed by Muniba Mazari's speech using more than one subject in one clause. The subject is one of the components of the most dominant mood element in Muniba Mazari's speech, because she wants to explain who is the main actor of the speech statement delivered, so that with the subject the listener or audiens will more easily understand who is meant in the speech. In addition, in the speech she told about his life story that can be used as an inspiration for the community, and we can also find out that the elements of interpersonal function in a clause or sentence are mood and residue. From the explanation, the findings of the element interpersonal function can be shown in the chart: Narambean Simanjuntak, Rodia Mestina Simaremare, Nanda Saputra, Magdalena Ngongo, & Herman ‘We all are perfectly imperfect’: An interpersonal metafunction of Muniba Mazari’s speech in case on systemic functional linguistics 798 Figure 2. Chart the element interpersonal function Based on the chart above, the researcher showed the percentage of the element interpersonal function in Muniba Mazari’s speech with details, the result of the subject (25.41%), finite (19.03%), predicator (22.44%), complement (20.79%), circumtantial adjunct 40 (4.40%), conjunctive adjunct 32 (3,52%), comment adjunct 25 (2.75%), mood adjunct 15 (1.65%). In accordance with the results of the analysis that has been obtained, the researcher would like to discuss more deeply about the interpersonal function. Researchers found elements of interpersonal function in accordance with Halliday's theory, namely: mood and residue element, where the mood element has two components. First, subject is used to explain object or person who performs the action in the clause, second, finite which is used to describe the auxiliary or tense. While residue has three components. First, predicator is used to explain what the subject does, second, complement is used to complete the meaning of the subject or predicator, and the last adjunct. In this research there are 4 types of adjuncts, first is circumstantial adjunct which is used to describe place, time, manner, cause etc, second conjunctive adjunct is used to connect a clause with another clause, third comment adjunct is used to explain the meaning of the clause, and the last is the mood adjunct which is describes a habit, an obligation. This finding shows that the frequency subject 231 with the percentage 25.41%, finite 173 with the percentage 19.03%, predicator 204 with the percentage 22.44%, complement 189 with the percentage 20.79%, and the last circumtantial adjunct 40 (4.40%), conjunctive adjunct 32 (3.52%), comment adjunct 25 (2.75%), mood adjunct 15 (1.65%). Based on the result, subject part of the mood element is very prominent so Muniba Mazari here is a speaker who tells the story of his own life to the listener, a woman who delivers her lecture which emphasizes more on who is meant or the main character in the content of her speech. From the results obtained in this research, there are 235 clauses that have elements of interpersonal function by use theory Systemic Functonal Linguistic (SFL). And this analysis aims to find out how to determine the interpersonal function elements in a sentence or clause in a written text, researcher can also find that in written text or speech not all sentences have components such as finite and complements. and an element that is rarely used in Muniba Mazari's speech is adjunct because Muniba Mazari focuses on who is meant in his speech. And this finding is useful for linguists who have an interest in discourse analysis. There is previous research that discusses interpersonal function. The research is from Wintara 2022, entitled: Analysis of Interpersonal Function in Sry Mulyani's speech. The objectives of this previous research is to analyze the interpersonal function through the mood element used in Sry Mulyani's speech and to find out the speech function in Sry Mulyani’s speech. This previous research used descriptive qualitative as a research design that is used to obtain or collect data through the documentation method. The results of data analysis showed that in the mood element there were subjects 141, finite 158. While in the residue element there were predicators 117, complements 122, mood adjunct 27, circumtantial ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 10, Issue 3, October 2022 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 799 adjuncts 75, conjunctive adjuncts 67. And the results for analysis of speech function there are 13 commands, 11 questions, and 135 statements. There are some contrasts the previous research with this research. First, the objectives of this research, to find out the interpersonal function elements used by Muniba Mazari such as mood, residue, and the most dominant elements used, while the previous research was to analyze interpersonal functions and find speech functions used in Sry Mulyani speech, second the previous research analysis the interpersonal function in Sry Mulyani speech, while this research analysis interpersonal function in Muniba Mazari’s speech. The similarities this research and previous research are both of research use descriptive qualitative research, both of research use documentation method to collect the data, and the last same use Halliday's theory. Based on the result discussion, the researcher hopes that readers can increase their knowledge when conducted analyzing interpersonal functions in a speech, because it is very important to know the meaning of each clause conveyed. CONCLUSION Based on the research finding and after analyzing the data about interpersonal function in Muniba Mazari’s speech, there are several conclusions that can be drawn as follows: The element of interpersonal function namely mood and residue structure use un Muniba Mazari’s speech, there are subject, finite, while for residue elements there are predicator, complement and the last adjunct. the frequency mood elements subject 231, finite 173, while residue elements predicator 204, complement 189, and then circumtantial adjunct 40 (4.40%), conjunctive adjunct 32 (3.52%), comment adjunct 25 (2.75%), mood adjunct 15 (1.65%). The result showed the most dominant element interpersonal function structure used in Muniba Mazari’s Speech is Subject in mood element. The total precentage of subject element is 25.41% and then followed by the predicator (22.44%), complement (20.79%), finite (19.03%) and the last adjunct (12.31%). Based on the results it can be concluded that this research can be used as insight and useful as a model to discuss interpersonal functions in a speech. And the researcher hopes that readers can increase their knowledge when conducted analyzing interpersonal functions in a speech because it is very important to know the meaning of each clause conveyed. REFERENCES Carnegie, D. (2018). The art of public speaking: The original tool for improving public oration. Clydesdale Press Chefor, V. M. (2019). Interpersonal function in Paul Biya’s 2018 French inaugural speech and its English translation. International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 2(2), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.22225/ ijsfl.2.2.1371.47-54 Creswell, J. W., and Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research. SAGE Publications, Inc. Fatmawati, E., Saputra, N., Ngongo, M., Purba, R., & Herman, H. (2022). An application of multimodal text-based literacy activities in enhancing early children’s literacy. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(5), 5127-5134. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i5.2782 Forisman, H. (2019). Interpersonal function in Martin Luther King Jr’s speech. International Journal of Systemic Functional Linguistics, 2(1), 43–46. Halliday., and Matthiessen, C. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed). Hodder Arnold. Halliday., and Matthiessen, C. (2014). Introduction to functional grammar (4th ed). Routledge. Halliday, M. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed). Hodder Education. Herman., Murni, S. M., Sibarani, B., and Saragih, A. (2019). Structures of representational metafunctions of the “Cheng Beng” ceremony in Pematangsiantar: A multimodal analysis. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 8(4), 34-46. Herman., Purba, R., Thao, N. V., & Purba, A. (2020). Using genre-based approach to overcome students’ difficulties in writing. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 7(4), 464- 470. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.509.2020.74.46 4.470 Herman., H., Hutabarat, E., Silalahi, D. E., & Sihombing, P. S. R. (2020). An analysis of ideational metafunction on News Jakarta Post about some good covid-19 related news. VELES Voices of English Language Education Society, 4(2), 142–151. Herman., van Thao, N., & Purba, N. A. (2021). Investigating sentence fragments in comic books: A syntactic perspective. World Journal of English Language, 11(2). 139-151. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v11n2p139 Herman, H., Purba, R., Sijabat, P. A., Saputra, N., Muhammadiah, M., & Thao, N. V. (2022). Investigating the realization of speech function in a speech through systemic functional linguistics perspective. Script Journal: Journal https://b-ok.asia/author/J.%20David%20Creswell https://b-ok.asia/author/Yvonna%20S.%20Lincoln Narambean Simanjuntak, Rodia Mestina Simaremare, Nanda Saputra, Magdalena Ngongo, & Herman ‘We all are perfectly imperfect’: An interpersonal metafunction of Muniba Mazari’s speech in case on systemic functional linguistics 800 of Linguistics and English Teaching, 7(01), 31- 41. https://doi.org/10.24903/sj.v7i01.917 Jing, Y. (2021). Interpersonal functions of interjections. Functions of Language, 28(1), 81– 108. https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.19008.jin Nasution, T., Afrianti, D., Tukiyo, Sulistyani., & Herman. (2022). Critical discourse analysis in the classroom: A critical language awareness on early children’s critical thinking. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(5), 4992- 5002. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i5.2951 Ngongo, M., & Ngongo, Y. (2022). Mood clauses in spoken text of proposing a girl using Waijewa language: A systemic functional linguistics approach. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 18(1), 669–691. Ngongo, M., Maromon, E., Loba, D., & Herman. (2022). A systemic functional linguistics analysis of text transitivity of Mathew Gospel, new testament of Kupang Malay. World Journal of English Language, 12(5), 188-201. https://10.5430/wjel.v12n5p188 Ngongo, M., Purba, R., Thao, N. V., & Herman. (2022). An application of compositional metafunctions in improving children’s ability to learn English through images. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 12(3), 1177-1188. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v12.i3.202214 Nosa, Y. A., Malau, P. A. P., Herman., Sinurat, B., & Purba, L. (2021). An investigation of discourse markers in Donald Trump speeches: A case on discourse analysis. American Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research, 2(8), 30-38. Phakiti, A., Costa, P. D., Plonsky, L., & Starfield, S. (2018). The palgrave handbook of applied linguistics research methodology. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Purba, R., & Herman. (2020). Multimodal analysis on Ertiga car advertisement. Wiralodra English Journal (WEJ), 4(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.31943/wej.v4i1.77 Purba, R., Herman, H., Manullang, V. R. M., & Ngongo, M. (2021). Investigation of decoding fillers used in an English learning talk show “English with Alice”. English Review: Journal of English Education, 10(1), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i1.5352 Purba, R., Sibarani, B., Murni, S. M., Saragih, A., & Herman. (2022). Conserving the Simalungun language maintenance through demographic community: The analysis of taboo words across times. World Journal of English Language, 12(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p40 Saputra, N., Fatmawati, E., Ngongo, M., Herman, H., & Thao, N. V. (2022). Transitivity analysis on Sri Mulyani’s speech at Singapore summit: A systemic functional linguistics perspective. Humanus: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Humaniora, 21(2), 188-198. https://doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v21i2.116665 Sibarani, E. M. (2017). A study of parsing process on natural language processing in bahasa Indonesia. Proceedings - 16th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, CSE 2013, 309–316. Sihombing, P. S. R., Herman., & Saputra, N. (2022). How to teach English conversation? An implementation of a multimodal discourse analysis through images. English Review: Journal of English Education, 10(2), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v10i2.6244 Simanjuntak, V. D. S., Napitupulu, E. R., Herman., Purba, C. N., & Thao, N. V. (2021). Deixis in the song lyrics of Hailee Steinfeld’s “Half Written Story” album. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and History (CAJSSH), 2(3), 97-107. Simanjuntak, M.M., Saputra, N., Afrianti, D., Mulyadi, J., & Herman. (2022). Implementing multimodal literacy to improve students’ ability in literacy for classroom practice. Sarcouncil Journal of Education and Sociology, 1(4), 1-5. Sinurat, V. L., Herman., Marpaung, T. I., & Sihombing, P. S. R. (2021). An analysis on women’s language feature used by Jacinda Arden in speech about covid-19. Edu_Ling: Journal of English Education and Linguistics, 4(2), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.32663/edu- ling.v4i2.1727 Wentker, M., & Schneider, C. (2022). And she be like ‘Tenemos Frijoles en la Casa’: Code-switching and identity construction on YouTube. Languages, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7030219 Wintara, K. (2020). Interpersonal function analysis In Bangtan Boys (BTS) speech at Unga 2020. University of Sumatera Utara.