ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2023 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 501 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN LAMPUNG LANGUAGE: DIALECT A PEMINGGIR AND DIALECT O ABUNG Masitoh Indonesian Language and Literature Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi, North Lampung, Indonesia Email: masitohstkipm64@gmail.com Meutia Rachmatia English Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi, North Lampung, Indonesia Email: meutia.rachmatia@umko.ac.id Elis Susanti English Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi, North Lampung, Indonesia Email: weasly.ndha@yahoo.com Dewi Sri Kuning English Education Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi, North Lampung, Indonesia Email: dewisrikuning@gmail.com Nabila Zatadini Law Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah Kotabumi, North Lampung, Indonesia Email: nabila@umko.ac.id APA Citation: Masitoh., Rachmatia, M., Susanti, E., Kuning, D. S., & Zatadini, N. (2023). A comparative analysis of phonological elements in Lampung language: Dialect A peminggir and dialect O Abung. English Review: Journal of English Education, 11(2), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v11i2.8319 Received: 19-02-2023 Accepted: 22-04-2023 Published: 30-06-2023 INTRODUCTION Indonesia was a country rich in culture (Ridwan et al., 2022). Geographical location affects the mapping of Indonesian language usage by the society (Andina, 2023; Juvita et al., 2022). The Lampung language is one of Indonesia's regional languages that continues to be used and preserved by the people of Lampung. As stated by Agustina Abstract: This study aims to investigate the differences in phonological elements between two dialects of the Lampung language: Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung. The research focuses on Lempasing Village, Padang Cermin District, Pesawaran Regency for Dialect A Peminggir, and Bumi Agung Marga Village, East Abung District, North Lampung Regency for Dialect O Abung. The objectives of this study are to describe: (1) the differences in vowel phonemes between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, (2) the differences in consonant phonemes between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, (3) the characteristics of diphthongs and vowel lines in Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, (4) the differences in clusters and consonants between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, and (5) the variations in syllables between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung. The study adopts a descriptive analytical method, and data collection involves the use of recording devices, tapes, and other stationery. The research utilizes various techniques, including listening or tapping techniques as basic methods, and advanced techniques such as free listening techniques, fishing techniques, recording techniques, questionnaires, and recording techniques. The results of the study demonstrate both differences and similarities in the phonological elements of Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung in the Lampung language. Keywords: dialects A and O; Lampung language; phonological elements. Masitoh, Meutia Rachmatia, Elis Susanti, Dewi Sri Kuning, & Nabila Zatadini A comparative analysis of phonological elements in Lampung language: Dialect A peminggir and dialect O Abung 502 et al. (2022), Indonesia has over 718 regional languages and 7 regional scripts, with the Lampung language being one of them. It belongs to the Austronesian language family, specifically the Hesperonesia subfamily (Masitoh, 2021). According to Abidin et al. (2021), the Lampung language consists of two varieties: Dialect A, also known as Api, and Dialect O, also known as Nyou. That differences happen because of geographical dialect (Putri & Fitrawati, 2020). Dialect A is spoken in areas such as Belalau, Peminggir Teluk Semangka, Teluk Lampung, Komering, Krui, Melinting, and Pubiyan. On the other hand, Dialect O is used by the inhabitants of Abung and Tulang Bawang (Menggala). Similarly, Sanusi (1998) suggests that the Lampung language can be broadly classified into two dialects: Dialect O, which includes Abung (spread across the districts of North Lampung, Way Kanan, Central Lampung, Metro City, and East Lampung (Syaputri et al., 2022) and Menggala languages, and Dialect A, which comprises Way Kanan, Peminggir, Melinting, Pubiyan, Sungkai, and Calleran Jellemadaya. The classification of Lampung language dialects is primarily based on the pronunciation realization of the *A sound from Proto- Lampungik in the final position. Some varieties retain this sound as [A], while others realize it as [O] (Hanawalt, 2007). The difference in pronunciation between these two dialect groups has led to the terms "dialect A" and "dialect O" (Matanggui, 1984). Walker (1975) also refers to dialect A as "Coastal" or "Marginalist" and dialect O as "Abung." The Lampung language consists of various dialects, with Dialect A and Dialect O being the most prominent. The distinction between these dialects is primarily based on the pronunciation of the *A sound in the final position, giving rise to the terms "dialect A" and "dialect O." It can be said that language needs to be fostered and preserved. It was following what is contained in the explanation of the 1945 Constitution Chapter XV Article 36, which reads: "In areas that have their languages that are well maintained by the people (e.g., Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, etc.) these languages will be respected and maintained also by the state. These languages are also part of Indonesia's vibrant culture". It makes a kind of variety of language style in each place (Musdalifah, 2022). Therefore, it is necessary to research various aspects of regional language and literature. Based on the fact above, the author was conducting this research. Previous research on the Lampung dialects A and O has provided general insights into the phonological aspects of the Lampung language. However, there is a need for more specific and focused research on Lampung Language Phonology, as the existing studies did not explicitly explore the differences between the phonological elements of dialects A and O. For example, previous studies have discussed the diphthongs in the Lampung language, including /ay, aw, ew, әy, ow, and uy/. Additionally, the Lampung language features two consonant sounds, [kh] and [gh], represented by the symbol /Я/. Students often find it challenging to grasp the phonology of the Lampung language, as they need to understand both dialects simultaneously, and both dialects have a significant number of speakers. This complexity makes it particularly difficult for students to comprehend the phonological aspects of the Lampung language (Masitoh, 2021). Phonology, as stated by Banik (2016), serves as a bridge between the content and form of language. It is an essential part of communication (Suryaleksana et al., 2022). Utami & Morganna (2022) and Sabrina et al. (2023) define phonology as the sound of language. In the field of phonology, there is a process of phonological transformation that occurs when a speaker pronounces a word in a particular language, involving changes, additions, insertions, or deletions of sounds at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. Phonetic variations can lead to phonological modifications in word pronunciation (Diani & Azwandi, 2021), in such a way produced in the configuration of the speech apparatus (Wardana et al., 2022). Phonological changes are phenomena frequently encountered by language learners studying second languages in Indonesia, such as Indonesian and English. The study of sound units that distinguish meaning is known as phonemics, while those that do not are referred to as phonetics (Alwi et al., 2017; Chaer, 2019). Phonology, therefore, is a branch of linguistics that investigates, analyzes, and discusses the sound patterns of a language. Several scholars have examined phonological mechanisms and alterations in various languages. Daana (2018) investigated the phonological development and processes in the speech of an English-Arabic bilingual child in Jordan, observing phonological phenomena such as ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2023 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 503 regressive and progressive assimilation, substitution, and metathesis in the child's production of English and Arabic sounds. Moreover, several scholars have conducted studies focusing on phonological processes in the Indonesian context. For instance, research has been conducted on language interference (Diani, 2019), the phonological process in the prefix "me," phonological variations in the Serawai and Minangkabau languages in Manna City, South Bengkulu (Gustina et al., 2018). These studies have revealed instances where sounds have been added or deleted in the words of these languages. Furthermore, researchers have explored phonological processes in various languages. Zee (2015) examined the phonological mechanism of assimilation in the Yorkshire language. The study found that poor sound neutralization leads to a gradient process during assimilation in the Yorkshire language. Additionally, Behnam and Rassekh-Alqol (2012) conducted an analysis of metathesis in Azeri. They examined 120 Azeri speakers in Tabriz, Iran, considering factors such as age, gender, and social status. The study revealed that metathesis as a phonological process was more commonly observed among younger males and individuals from lower social classes. Phonology can be divided into two main aspects: phonetics and phonemics (Arjulayana & Martinez, 2022). Phonetic research focuses on the study of speech sounds, including vowel sounds, diphthongs, vowel series, consonants, consonant clusters, consonant series, and syllables (Priya & Kumar, 2020). On the other hand, phonemic research focuses on the study of phonemes, which are the smallest units of sound that distinguish meanings in a language (Ibrahim, 2013). Phonemes are produced by the human speech organs, and their formation can be influenced by the presence or absence of air resistance during the articulation process. Systematically, the articulation of sounds in a language is associated with phonetics (Asrul & Huda, 2022). According to Kortmann (2020), the components of pronunciation include individual speech sounds such as monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthongs, semi-vowels, and consonant sounds. For example, in the formation of the phoneme /a/, air flows from the lungs through the oral cavity without obstruction. In the Indonesian language, there are six vowel phonemes: /a/, /ә /, /e/, /i /, /o/, /u/ (Siahaan & Lubis, 2023). Based on their high-low parameters, the vowel phonemes in Lampung include two high vowels (/i, u/), three mid vowels (/e, ә, o/), and one low vowel (/a/). Additionally, based on the front-back parameters of tongue placement, the two front vowels are /i/ and /e/, the two mid vowels are /ә/ and /a/, and the two back vowels are /u/ and /o/ (Sanusi, 1998). These six vowels in Lampung can appear in initial, medial, and final positions within words or syllables, as illustrated in the table below. Table 1. Vowels in Lampung language Position Phonemes Beginning Middle Ending /i/ [iko?] ‘tie’ [ijo] 'this' [lima] 'five' [limo] 'five' [Api] 'what' [muli] 'girl' /e/ - [bebeЯ] lips [lambanne] His house /ә/ /a/ /u/ /o/ [əЯəm]' eram' [akuɁ]' take' [uЯiɁ]' live' [ondom] 'shell' [beli]' buying' [balak]’big’ [sapu] 'broom' [kodok] ‘stir’ - [iya] ’yes’ [buЯaɁ] ‘bad’ [limo] ‘five’ Following its articulation, consonants in the Lampung language can be categorized based on three factors, (1) the state of the vocal cords, (2) the articulation area, and (3) the way of articulation. Based on the state of the vocal cords, consonants can be voiced or voiceless. Diphthongs in Indonesian consist of ai, au, and oi. Diphthongs are different from vocal sequences. Each vowel in the vowel row gets the same or nearly the same breath; The two vowels belong to two different syllables. For example, the sound of au and ai in words leaf and primary is not diphthong because the words form their syllables, each of which can be separated into da- un and ma-in (Alwi et al., 2017; Chaer, 2019). Lampung language generally has six diphthongs, namely /ay/, /aw/, /ey/, /ew/, /uy/, and /ow/. Syllables in Indonesian consist of (1) one vowel, (2) one vowel and one consonant, (3) one consonant and one vowel, (4) one consonant, one vowel, and one consonant, (5) one consonant, one vowel, and two consonants, (6) one consonant, one vowel, and three consonants, (7) two consonants and one vowel, (8) two consonants, one vowel, and one consonant, (9) three consonants and one vowel, (10) three consonants, one vowel, and one consonant, and (11) two consonants, one vowel, and two consonants (Alwi et al., 2017; Chaer, 2019). Here is an example of the eleven different syllables above. Table 2. Eleven different syllables 1 V a-mal, su-a-tu, tu-a 2 VK ar-ti, ber-il-mu, ka-il 3 KV pa-sar, sar-ja-na, war-ga 4 KVK pak-sa, ke-per-lu-an, pe-san Masitoh, Meutia Rachmatia, Elis Susanti, Dewi Sri Kuning, & Nabila Zatadini A comparative analysis of phonological elements in Lampung language: Dialect A peminggir and dialect O Abung 504 5 KVKK teks-til, mo-dern, pers 6 KVKKK korps 7 KKV slo-gan, dra-ma, ko-pra 8 KKVK trak-tor, kon-trak 9 KKKV stra-te-gi, stra-ta 10 KKKVK struk-tur, strom, ab-strak 11 KKVKK kom-pleks The syllabic pattern in the Lampung language consists of four syllables (Anderbeck & Ronald, 2017), namely: V [akuɁ] a-kuɁ ‘ambil’ VK [anjaɁ] an-jak ‘dari’ KV [tiləw] ti-leu ‘tuli’ KVK [sambat] sam-bat ‘tegur’ From the explanation above, the research problem can be formulated as follows: how are the Phonological Elements of the Lampung Peminggir Language Different from Lampung Abung? It included the differences between vowel phonemes, consonants, diphthongs, vowel rows, consonant clusters, and syllables. The findings of theoretical study, particularly those related to phonology, are anticipated to advance language research. Practically, the results of this research can also be used as one of the materials (need to be reprocessed) in teaching the Lampung regional language, especially in phonology. The research results on regional languages are expected to reveal a number of information about the differences in phonological elements of Lampung dialect A with dialect O. METHOD The method used in this study is the analytical descriptive method. The data source was taken from native speakers of Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung, namely from Lempasing Village, Padang Cermin District, Pesawaran Regency and Bumi Agung Marga Village, East Abung District, North Lampung Regency. From the two villages, six people were taken as informants; in each village, three informants were taken, one as the core informant and the other as a supporting informant. The data collection used complementary instruments in the form of recording devices and other stationery. The techniques used were listening / tapping techniques as basic techniques, while advanced techniques include listening techniques, free listening techniques, fishing techniques, recording techniques, questionnaires, and recording techniques. The data collection that the author did took five months for the six informants. For the first stage, the author uses listening techniques and listening techniques to obtain phonological data on Lampung dialect A and dialect O in general, such as essential words and sounds they have. In the listening technique, the author fills out a questionnaire from Swadesh's word list, equipped with data about the observation area and information about the informant. In contrast, the author carries out the free listening technique when the informant tells a story, both in fiction and nonfiction form (done by recording their conversations). Furthermore, fishing rod techniques are also used in addition to the two techniques above, asking supporting informants (second and third informants) to obtain other data. A note-taking technique accompanies this because the writer feels more particular about the recorded data than just listening to the recording. For the validity of the data, then what has been obtained is confirmed again by the core informant (first informant). Sometimes, researchers ask to be trained by informants to get more factual data. For example, for the mention of the sound [Я] in Lampung dialect A and dialect O Abung, the researcher tried to pronounce the word containing the sound until the informant felt that what the researcher said was correct. It was also done for some specific words. In some instances, researchers sometimes ask to be trained by informants themselves to get more factual data. For example, for the mention of the sound [Я] in Lampung dialect A and dialect O Abung, the researcher tried to pronounce the word containing the sound until the informant felt that what the researcher said was correct. It was also done for some specific words. After the data was collected, both in the form of recorded and written data, data transcription was carried out with phonemic and phonetic transcription. Furthermore, these data identified and classified vowel phonemes, consonant phonemes, diphthongs, vowel series, consonant clusters, consonant series, and syllables. Next, describe the differences in phonological elements of Lampung dialect A with dialect O, which include: vowels, consonants, diphthongs, clusters, vowel series, consonant series, and syllables. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phonological elements of lampung language dialect A peminggir and dialect O abung ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2023 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 505 Vowel phonemes of lampung language dialect A peminggir and dialect O abung Sanusi (1998) revealed that the Lampung language has six vowel phonemes, namely /i/, /e, /ә/, /a/, /o/, and /u/. In the Lampung dialect, A peminggir also found six vowel phonemes, namely /a, e, ә, i, o, and u/. However, the Lampung dialect of O Abung has five vowel phonemes, namely /a/, /ә/, /i/, /o/, and /u/. The Lampung dialect of O Abung does not have the vowel phoneme /e/. More details could be seen in Table 1 of the vowel phonemes based on the high- low and front-back of the tongue at the time of formation. Table 3. Vowel phonemes of the Lampung language Dialect A Peminggir Dialect O Abung Front Middle Back High I u i u Medium E ә o ә o Low a a In table 3, it appears that Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung have two high vowels, namely /i/ and /u/; there were three medium vowels for dialect A, namely /e, ә, and o/, and in dialect O Abung there are two medium vowels, namely /ә/ and /o/; and there is one low vowel, which was /a/. Based on the front-back parameters of the tongue, the vowels /i/ are the front vowels, the vowels /e/, /ә/, and /a/ were the middle vowels, and the vowels /u/ and /o/ were the back vowels. The vowel /i/ was pronounced with the tongue's high-front position, with both lips slightly stretched to the sides. The vowel /i/ can be seen in the following example words. Dialect A Peminggir: [ikoɁ] ikok' tie' [iŋoɁ] ingok ‘remember’ Dialect O Abung Kotabumi: [ikəɁ] ikek ‘tie’ [iŋəɁ] ingek ‘remember’ The vowel /e/ is pronounced with the tongue leaf raised and the lip shape slightly stretched to the side. The vowel /e/ was found only in dialect A Peminggir, for example, in the following word. [seseЯ] sesegh ’ comb’ [paseЯ] pasegh ’ sand’ The vowel /ә/ is pronounced with the middle of the tongue slightly raised and the lips shape neutral. The vowel /ә/ is found in the following word. Dialect A Peminggir: [əЯom] eghom' incubate' [bəla] bela' finish' Dialect O Abung: [əЯəm] eghem ‘incubate’ [gəliɁ] gelik' finish' The vowel /a/ is pronounced with the middle of the tongue somewhat evenly distributed and the mouth wide open. The vowel /a/ is found in the following word. Dialect A Peminggir: [baca] baca ‘read’ [guway] guwai ‘made’ Dialect O Abung: [baco] baco ‘read’ [guway] guwai ‘made’ The vowel /u/ is pronounced with both lips slightly forward and rounded. The vowel /u/ is found in the following word. Dialect A Peminggir: [cappuЯ] cappugh ‘mix’ [kusuɁ] kusuk ‘tangled’ Dialect O Abung: [cappur] cappur ‘mix’ [kusuɁ] kusuk ‘tangled’ The vowel /o/ is pronounced with a medium- back tongue position and a slightly bun-dar lip shape. The vowel /o/ is found in the example word below. Dialect A Peminggir: [iŋoɁ] ingok ‘remember’ [buwoɁ] buwok ‘hair’ Dialect O Abung: [baco] baco 'read' [jago] jago ‘watch over’ Consonant phonemes of Lampung language A Peminggir dialect and O Abung dialect Lampung dialect A Peminggir has nineteen consonant phonemes, namely /b/, /c/, /d/, /g/, /h/, Masitoh, Meutia Rachmatia, Elis Susanti, Dewi Sri Kuning, & Nabila Zatadini A comparative analysis of phonological elements in Lampung language: Dialect A peminggir and dialect O Abung 506 /j/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ñ/, /ŋ/, /p/, /, /я/, /s/, /t/, /w/, /y/, and /Ɂ/, while O Abung dialect has twenty consonant phonemes, namely /b/, /c/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ñ/, /ŋ/, /p/, /r/, /Я/, /s/, /t/, /w/, /y/, and /Ɂ/. The consonant categories are presented in Table 2. Table 4. The position of consonant phonemes in Lampung A Peminggir Dialect O Abung Dialect Ways of Articulatio n and Regions of Articulatio n Bila- bial Dent al/Al ve- olar Palatal Velar Uvular Glota l Bila- bial Dental/ Alveol ar Palatal Velar Uvular Glotal Hambat/St op Silent Voiced p b t d k g Ɂ p b t d k g Ɂ Afrikat Silent Voiced c j c j Frikatif/ Slide Silent Voiced s h Я s h Я Nasal Voiced m n ñ ŋ m n ñ ŋ Vibration Voiced r Lateral Voiced l l Semi-vocal Voiced w y w y The phoneme details above are as follows: (1) In Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung there were seventh phonemes of hambat/stop consonants consisting of four voiceless phonemes, namely /p/, /t/, /k/, and /Ɂ/, as well as three voiced phonemes, namely /b/, /d/, and /g/. (2) In the Lampung language, dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung were found two Africanite phonemes consisting of one voiceless phoneme /c/ and one voiced phoneme /j/. (3) In Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung there were three fricative / sliding consonant phonemes consisting of two voiceless phonemes, namely /s/ and /h/, and one voiced phoneme, namely /Я/. (4) In Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung there were four nasal or nasal consonant phonemes, namely /m/, /n/, /ñ/, and /ŋ/. (5) In Lampung dialect A Peminggir there was no vibrating phoneme /r/, while in dialect O Abung there was one vibrating consonant phoneme, namely /r/. (6) In Lampung language, dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung there was one lateral consonant phoneme, namely /l/. (7) In Lampung language, dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung there were two semi vowel consonant phonemes, namely /w/ and /y/. Based on the articulation area, the consonant phonemes of Lampung dialect A Peminggir dialect and dialect O Abung can be detailed as follows. (1) There were four phonemes of labial consonants, namely /p/, /b/, /m/, and /w/. (2) In Lampung dialect A Peminggir there were five phonemes t/, /d/, /s/, /n/, and /l/, while in dialect O Abung there were six phonemes of dental/alveolar consonants, namely phonemes /t/, /d/, /s/, /n/, /r/, and /l/. (3) There were four palatal consonant phonemes, namely /c/, /j/, /ñ/, and /y/. (4) There were three phonemes of velar consonants, namely /k/, /g/, and /ŋ/. (5) There was one phoneme of uvular consonants, namely /Я/. ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2023 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 507 (6) There were two glotal consonant phonemes, namely /Ɂ/ and /h/. In its distribution, not all consonant segments of Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung can fulfill all positions in the root word. We can see this in Table 3 below. Table 5. The distribution of consonant phonemes in Lampung A Peminggir Dialect O Abung Dialect Fonem Starting Position Center Position Final Position Starting Position Center Position Final Position /b/ /c/ /d/ /g/ /h/ /j/ /Ɂ/ [baŋiɁ] bangik ‘delicious’ [caЯiɁ] caghik ‘tear’ [dəŋi] dengi 'hear' [guttiŋ] gutting 'scissors' [haccuR] haccugh 'destroyed' [jahal] jahal 'ugly' - [babuy] babui ‘pig’ [baca] baca ‘read’ [badiɁ] badik ‘outrigger ’ [bagi] bagi ‘devided’ [tuha] tuha ‘old’ [janji] janji [daɁwa] dakwa' dakwa - [sujud] sujud ‘Prostrati on’ - [uyah] uyah 'salt' - [ñaɁ] nyak ‘I’ [baŋiɁ] bangik ‘delicious’ [caЯiɁ] caghik ‘tear’ [dəŋəy] dengei ‘hear’ [gəliɁ] gelik 'finish' [haccur] haccur 'destroyed' [jahhəl] jahhel' ugly' - [babuy] babui 'babi' [baco] baco ‘baca’ [badiɁ] badik' outrigger' [pəguŋ] pegung ‘touch’ [tuho] tuho ‘tua’ [janjəy] janjei ‘janji’ [daɁwo] dakwo ‘dakwa’ [səbab] sebab ‘sebab’ - [sujud] sujud ‘prostration’ - [matah] matah ‘raw’ - [ñaɁ] nyak 'I' /k/ /l/ /m/ [kilu] kilu ‘ask’ [ləbon] lebon 'disappear' [matah] matah ‘raw’ [akuɁ] akuk ‘take’ [balak] balak ‘big’ [numur] numur ‘number’ [tinuɁ] tinuk [balak] balak ‘big’ [juwal] jual ’ sell’ [tanəm] tanem ‘plant’ [umban] [kiluy] kilui 'ask' [lipaw] lipau ‘throw’ [matah] matah ‘raw’ [nasihat] [akuɁ] akuk ‘take’ [alaw] alau ‘chase’ [numur] numur ‘number’ [tinuɁ] tinuk [balak] balak ‘big’ [juwal] jual ‘sell’ [tanəm] tanem ‘plant’ Masitoh, Meutia Rachmatia, Elis Susanti, Dewi Sri Kuning, & Nabila Zatadini A comparative analysis of phonological elements in Lampung language: Dialect A peminggir and dialect O Abung 508 /n/ /ñ/ /ŋ/ /p/ /r/ /Я/ /s/ /t/ /w/ /y/ [nasihat] nasihat ‘advice’ [ñata] nyata ‘real’ [ŋuЯa] ngugha ‘young’ [pədom] pedom ‘tidur’ - [ЯamiɁ] ghamik 'ceowded' [səЯuɁ] seghuk ‘sew’ [tanom] tanom ’plant’ [way] wai ‘water’, ’ river’ [yakin] yakin ‘believe’ ‘see’ [kañas] kanyas ' pineapple' [baŋiɁ] bangik ‘delisious ’ [apay] apai 'tikar' - [hiЯan] highan 'amazed' [asah] asah ‘sharpen’ [matah] Matah' raw' [waway] wawai ‘good’ [sayan] sayan ‘alone’ umban ‘throw away’ - [mulaŋ] mulang ‘go home’ [təkkop] tekkop ’tangkap - [ajaЯ] 'ajagh' 'teach' [təŋis] tengis ‘hear’ [təkanjat] Tekanjat ’ surprised’ nasihat ‘advice’ [ñato] nyato ‘real’ [ŋuЯo] ngugho ‘young’ [pədəm] pedem ‘tidur’ [ramiɁ] ramik 'crowded' [Яabay] ghabai 'scared' [səЯuɁ] seghuk ‘sew’ [tuЯuy] tughui ‘sleep’ [way] wai 'water', ' river' [yakin] yakin ‘believe’ ‘see’ [kiñaw] kinyau ‘wash’ [baŋiɁ] bangik ‘delisious ’ [lipaw] lipau ‘lempar’ [hiran] hiran ‘amazed’ [paЯəɁ] paghek ‘near’ [asah] asah ‘sharpen’ [kuto] kuto ‘fence’ [waway] wawai ‘good’ [sayan] sayan ‘alone’ [umban] umban ‘throw away’ - [mulaŋ] mulang ‘pulang’ [takkəp] takkep ‘tangkap’ [ajar] ajar 'teach' [mətəЯ] metegh ‘sweet’ [ubas] ubas ‘complete’ [aЯat] aghat 'disappear' - - Table 5 shows the following: There were 12 consonant phonemes that can occupy all positions in the root word, namely the phonemes /b/, /d/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /p/, /Я/, /s/, and /t/. The phoneme /r/ can also occupy all positions in the root word but only exists in the dialect O Abung. There were six consonant phonemes that can only occupy the initial and middle positions of the root word, namely /c/, /g/, /j/, /ñ/, /w/, and /y/. Consonant phonemes that can only occupy the middle position and the root word's final position are one piece, namely the phoneme /Ɂ/. Diphthongs and vowels in the Lampung language dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung Lampung language generally has six diphthongs, namely /ay/, /aw/, /ey/, /ew/, /uy/, and /ow/. Especially for the Lampung language, dialect A Peminggir only has three diphthongs, namely /ay/, /aw/, and /uy/, each of which could be written: ai, ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2023 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 509 au, and ui, while the dialect O Abung has five diphthongs, namely /ay/, /aw/, /ey/, /ew/, and /uy/, each of which could be written: ai, au, ei, eu, and ui. Each diphthong can only occupy the final position on the root word. For more details, in Table 4 the work of each diphthong in the base word can be seen. Table 6. The distribution of diphthongs in Lampung Dialect A Peminggir Dialect O Abung Diftong Starting Position Center Position Final Position Starting Position Center Position Final Position /ay/ ai /aw/ au /ey/ ei /ew/ eu /uy/ ui - - - - - - - - - - [sabay] sabai ‘besan’ [alaw] alau ‘chase’ - - [kəkuy] kekui 'scratch' - - - - - - - - - - [Яabay] ghabai 'scared' [ambaw] ambau 'smell' [dəŋəy] dengei 'listen' [sapəw] sapeu 'broom' [kəkuy] kekui 'scratch' The rows of lampung vowels, dialect A Peminggir, and dialect O Abung Bety (2021) states that a vowel series is a sequence of two or more vowels without being punctuated by consonants but in different syllables. The vowel series found in Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung are: /aa/, /ai/, au/, /ia/, /ii/, /iu/, /iә/, /io/, /ua/, /ui/, /uu/, /uo/, /әa/, /әi/, /әu/, /әә/. Table 5. Vocal series Dialect A Peminggir Dialect O Abung Vowel Series Example Example /aa/ /ai/ /au/ /ia/ /ii/ /iu/ /iə/ /io/ /ua/ /ui/ /uu/ /ua/, /uo/ /əa/ /əi/ [taɁat] taat ‘obey’ [kayit] kait ‘hook’ [bəgawul] begaul ‘hang out’ [giyat] ‘giat’ ‘diligent’ [diɁisop] diisop 'smoked' [biyus] bius' pushers [diɁəЯom] dieghom ‘dieram’ [sətudiyo] setudio ‘studio’ [buwal] bual ‘lie’ [duwit] duit' money' [taɁat] taat ‘obey’ [kayit] kait ‘hook’ [bəgawul] begaul ‘hang out’ [giyat] giat ‘diligent’ [diɁisiɁ] diisik ‘Maintained’ [biyus] bius' bius' [diɁəЯəm] dieghem ‘dieram’ [sətudiyo] setudio ‘studio’ [buwal] bual‘lie’ [duwit] duit' money' [kuɁunjal] kuunjal ‘I lift up’ [duɁo] duo' prayer' [təɁakuɁ] teakuk 'fetched' [təɁiŋəɁ] teingek 'remembered' [bəɁutaŋ] beutang /əu/ /əə/ [kuɁusuŋ] kuusung ‘I lift up’ [duɁa] dua' prayer' [təɁakuɁ] teakuk 'fetched' [təɁiŋoɁ] teingok 'remembered' [bəɁutaŋ] beutang ‘owe’ [təɁəЯom] teeghom ‘tereram’ ‘owe’ [təəЯəm] teeghem ‘tereram’ In table 5 it appears that in the vowel series of the Lampung dialect O Abung there was one segment that cannot occupy the first and middle positions of the word, namely /o/. Clusters and consonants of Lampung language A Peminggir dialect and O Abung dialect In the Lampung language, there was no cluster, either in the dialect A Peminggir or the dialect O Abung. A cluster or cluster is a row of two or more consonants close together in a syllable without any vowels interrupting them. In the Lampung language, there is no cluster, either in the A Peminggir dialect or the O Abung dialect. A consonant series is a sequence of two or more consonants in a word in a different syllable without a vowel insert (Setyadi, 2019). The row of consonants found in Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung consists of: /bb/, Masitoh, Meutia Rachmatia, Elis Susanti, Dewi Sri Kuning, & Nabila Zatadini A comparative analysis of phonological elements in Lampung language: Dialect A peminggir and dialect O Abung 510 /bd/, /bl/, /bs/,/bt/, /cc/, /dd/, /gg/, /hb/, /hd/, /hh/, /hl/, /hm/, /hn/, {/hЯ/ /hr}/, /ht/, /hw/, /hy/, /jj/, /kb/, /kc/, /kd/, /kk/, /kl/, /kn/, /ks/, /kt/, /kw/, /lb/, /ld/, /ll/,/lm/, /lp/, /ls, /lt/, /lj, /mb, /ml/, /mm/, /mn/, /mp/, /ms/, /nc/, /nd/, /nj/, /ns/, /nn/, /nt/, /ŋg/, /ŋk/, /ŋŋ/, /ŋl/, /ŋs/, /pp/, /ps/, /pt/, /rb/, { /Яc/, /rc/},{/Яd/, /rd/}, {/Яg/, /rg/}, {/Яj/, /rj/}, {Яk/, /rk/}, {/Яl/,/rl/}, {/Яm/, /rm}, {/Яn/, /rn/}, {/Яp/, /rp/}, { /Яs/, /rs/}, {/Яt/, /rt/}, {/Яw/, /rw/}, /sb/, /sk/, /sl/, /sm/, /sn/, /sp/, {/sЯ/, /sr}/, /ss/, /st/, /sw/, /tt/, /ww/, /Ɂn/,/Ɂw/, /Ɂy/. Special consonant series /nc and nd/ do not exist in the dialect O Abung. In addition to the two rows of consonants (/nc and nd/), they are all the same. Syllables of Lampung language dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung A syllable is the smallest rhythmic unit (rhythm) in speech flow. In other words, a syllable is part of a word spoken in one breath (Arifin, Sumpeno & Hariadi, 2018). For example, the word 'limp' is pronounced with two breaths: ka- and -luk. Therefore, the word kaluk consists of two syllables. Syllables are usually marked with vowels or diphthongs as peaks of loudness. Syllables ending in a vowel (V) are called open syllables, and syllables ending in a consonant (K) are called closed syllables. The syllabic pattern in the Lampung language consists of the following: V [akuɁ] a-kuɁ ‘take’ VK [anjaɁ] an-jak ‘from’ KV [tiləw] ti-leu ‘deaf’ KVK [sambat] sam-bat 'rebuke' Furthermore, in the Lampung dialect A Peminggir found a basic word consisting of one, two, three, and four syllables. V= [a-bay] a-bai 'try', [a-kuɁ] a-kuk 'take' VK= [an-jaɁ] an-jak 'from', [an-tar] in-tar 'escort', KV= [ku-ta] ku-ta ‘fence’, [ku-ЯuɁ] ku-ghuk ‘enter’, KVK= [sam-bat] sam-bat 'rebuke', [sim-poɁ] simpok 'wrap' Likewise, in the Lampung dialect o abung, there are basic words consisting of one, two, and three syllables V= [a-bay] a-bai 'try', [a-kuɁ] a-kuk 'take' VK= [an-jaɁ] an-jak ‘fromi’, [as-ləy] as-lei ‘real’, KV= [ku-to] ku-to 'fence', [kuЯuɁ] ku-ghuk 'enter', KVK= [sambat] sam-bat 'rebuke', [sippəɁ] sip- pek 'wrap.' CONCLUSION The results of research and discussion showed in the position of the vowel phonemes of the Lampung language, dialects A Peminggir and O Abung the similarities and differences are as follows: (1) the vowel phoneme /i/ in dialect A Peminggir can occupy the beginning, middle, and end positions of words, while in dialect O Abung can only occupy the initial and middle positions; (2) the phoneme /e/ in dialect A Ruler can only occupy the middle and final positions of words, while in dialect O Abung this phoneme /e/ does not exist; (3) the vowel phoneme /ә/ can only occupy the initial and middle positions of words, in both dialect A Marginal and dialect O Abung; (4) the vowel phoneme /a/ can occupy all positions, i.e. beginning, middle, and end in dialects A Marginal and O Abung; (5) the vowel phoneme /o/ in dialect A Peminggir can occupy the initial and middle positions of words, while dialect O Abung can only occupy the final position of words; (6) the vowel phoneme /u/ in dialect A Peminggir can occupy all positions of beginning, middle, and end words, while in dialect O Abung can only occupy the initial and middle positions of words. For consonant phonemes, the Lampung language dialect A Peminggir has nineteen consonant phonemes, namely: /b/, /c/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ñ/, /ŋ/, /p/, /, /Я/, /s/, /t/, /w/, /y/, dan /Ɂ/, while the dialect O Abung has twenty consonant phonemes, namely /b/, /c/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ñ/, /ŋ/, /p/, /r/, /Я/, /s/, /t/, /w/, /y/, dan /Ɂ/. In dialect A Peminggir, there were no phonemes /r/; sounds [r] were represented by phonemes /Я/ only, while in dialect O Abung, sounds [r and gh] are represented phonemes /r and Я/. Some things that need to be emphasized concerning the position of the consonant phonemes of the Lampung dialect A Peminggir and O Abung in words were: (1) consonant phonemes that can occupy all positions in the root word there were twelve pieces, namely the phonemes /b/, /d/, /h/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /p/, /Я/, /s/, and /t/. The phoneme /r/ can also occupy all positions in the root word but only exists in the dialect O Abung; (2) six consonant phonemes can only occupy the initial and middle positions of the root word, namely /c/, /g/, /j/, /ñ/, /w/, and /y/; (3) consonant phonemes that can only occupy the middle position and the final position of the root word there was one piece, namely the phoneme /Ɂ/. ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2023 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 511 Furthermore, the Lampung language generally has six diphthongs, namely /ay/, /aw/, /ey/, /ew/, /uy/, and /ow/. Especially for the Lampung language, dialect A Peminggir only has three diphthongs, namely /ay/, /aw/, and /uy/, each of which can be written: ai, au, and ui, while the O Abung dialect has five diphthongs, namely /ay/, /aw/, /ey/, /ew/, and /uy/, each of which can be written: ai, au, ei, eu, and ui. Each diphthong can only occupy the final position on the root word. In the Lampung language, there is no cluster, either in the A Peminggir dialect or the O Abung dialect. The vowel sequences found in Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung are/aa/, /ai/, au/, /ia/, /ii/, /iu/, /iə/, /io/, /ua/, /ui/, /uu/, /uo/, /əa/, /əi/, /əu/, /əə/. The vowel series of the Lampung dialect O Abung has one phoneme that cannot occupy the first and middle positions of the word, namely the phoneme /o/. The old consonants of Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung consist of: /bb/, /bd/, /bl/, /bs/,/bt/, /cc/, /dd/, /gg/, /hb/, /hd/, /hh/, /hl/, /hm/, /hn/, {/hЯ/ /hr}/, /ht/, /hw/, /hy/, /jj/, /kb/, /kc/, /kd/, /kk/, /kl/, /kn/, /ks/, /kt/, /kw/, /lb/, /ld/, /ll/,/lm/, /lp/, /ls, /lt/, /lj, /mb, /ml/, /mm/, /mn/, /mp/, /ms/, /nc/, /nd/, /nj/, /ns/, /nn/, /nt/, /ŋg/, /ŋk/, /ŋŋ/, /ŋl/, /ŋs/, /pp/, /ps/, /pt/, /rb/, { /Яc/, /rc/},{/Яd/, /rd/}, {/Яg/, /rg/}, {/Яj/, /rj/}, {Яk/, /rk/}, {/Яl/,/rl/}, {/Яm/, /rm}, {/Яn/, /rn/}, {/Яp/, /rp/}, { /Яs/, /rs/}, {/Яt/, /rt/}, {/Яw/, /rw/}, /sb/, /sk/, /sl/, /sm/, /sn/, /sp/, {/sЯ/, /sr}/, /ss/, /st/, /sw/, /tt/, /ww/, /Ɂn/,/Ɂw/, /Ɂy/. Especially for the consonant rows /nc/ and /nt/ do not exist in the dialect O Abung. A row of consonants, one of which consists of the phoneme /Я/, is in dialect A Peminggir, while one of them, the phoneme /r/, is in dialect O Abung. Furthermore, in Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung, syllables consist of one, two, three, and four syllables in each basic word. Many things can still be revealed from the Lampung language because the results of this study are still limited to the study of phonological elements of the Lampung language, dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung. These phonological elements can also be used for further research to study the linguistic aspects of the Lampung language in general and for Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung in more detail. Finally, it is recommended that further research can be carried out on other problems with similar studies so that phonological studies, such as naming, how to pronounce language phonemes, and sound changes, especially for Lampung dialect A Peminggir and dialect O Abung are complete and can add linguistic data to existing Lampung languages. 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