ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2024 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 659 ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION SHIFT IN BILINGUAL CHILDREN'S STORYBOOKS Nunun Tri Widarwati* English Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara, Indonesia Email: Nunun6323@gmail.com Budi Purnomo English Literary Department , Faculty of Language and Letters, Universitas Surakarta, Indonesia Email: budipurnomo989@yahoo.co.id Purwani Indri Astuti English Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara, Indonesia Email: indripuspo@gmail.com Ratih Wijayava English Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara, Indonesia Email: ratihwijayava@gmail.com APA sCitation: Widarwati, N. T., Purnomo, B., Astuti, P. I., & Wijayava, R. (2024). Analysis of translation shift in bilingual children's storybooks. sEnglish sReview: sJournal sof sEnglish sEducation, s12(2), 659-666. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v12i2.8891 Received: 26-02-2024 Accepted: 23-04-2024 Published: 30-06-2024 INTRODUCTION Translation shifts are a critical aspect of translation studies, especially in children's literature, where linguistic and cultural nuances must be carefully managed to preserve the original intent and accessibility for young readers. These shifts can manifest as changes in grammar, vocabulary, sentence structure, or cultural references to achieve an equivalent effect in the target language. The study of translation shifts has garnered significant attention across various contexts and genres, underscoring the complexity and necessity of achieving linguistic and cultural equivalence. Abdi (2024) conducted a detailed analysis of the Persian translation of Atwood's "The Blind Assassin," utilizing Berman’s model of trancism to explore the nuances and shifts during the translation process. This highlights the translator's role in navigating linguistic and cultural challenges, a theme echoed in Alangari's (2024) bibliometric analysis of translation and interpreting research in Saudi Arabia from 1990 to 2019. These findings emphasize the evolving nature of translation studies in regions with rich cultural histories. Abstract: Bilingual illustrated children's stories are excellent tools for teaching English to beginners, particularly children. Translating such stories requires the use of simple and easily understandable language to aid children's growth and development. Thus, it is crucial that translation shifts in children's stories effectively convey meaning and are suitable for young learners. This study focuses on the translation shifts in the illustrated bilingual children's story "The Mouse and the Frog," which is rich in moral values and character development. The urgency of this research lies in identifying and analyzing the types and forms of translation shifts in noun phrases within the story. The objective is to develop models and provide empirical evidence on these shifts, enhancing understanding of translation practices, particularly in the context of noun phrases. The research employs document analysis and data triangulation methods, with media sourced from a YouTube channel. Results indicate that translation shifts in noun phrases predominantly occur in the form of unit shifts. This study aims to contribute a new model to the field of English translation, improving and expanding knowledge in this area. The findings are expected to enhance readers' understanding of translation, particularly for beginners in English, and provide insights for translators working with children's literature. Keywords: bilingual children's stories; translation shifts; noun phrases; English language learning; Unit shift; illustrated storybooks; moral values; character development. Nunun Tri Widarwati, Budi Purnomo, Purwani Indri Astuti & Ratih Wijayava Analysis of translation shift in bilingual children's storybooks 660 Aripova (2024) explored the linguistic and cultural characteristics of translating stories between English and Uzbek, illustrating the unique challenges and strategies involved in maintaining narrative integrity while adapting it for a different cultural context. This study aligns with Asscher & Glikson’s (2023) examination of human evaluations of machine translation in ethically charged situations, underscoring the importance of human oversight to ensure ethical considerations and cultural sensitivities are adequately addressed in translations. In the realm of stylistics and translation, Boase- Beier (2023) emphasized the significance of preserving stylistic elements during translation shifts. Her work in "The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics" underscores the importance of maintaining the original text's stylistic nuances to ensure the translated work resonates with the target audience. This perspective is echoed by Darma & Nuravianti (2023), who analyzed student translation techniques in poetry, suggesting that shifts in translation are often necessary to preserve poetic elements and overall impact. Further emphasizing the importance of context, Dille, Hernes, & Vaagaasar (2023) investigated temporal translation challenges in interorganizational project collaboration. Their study revealed that discrepant temporal structures pose significant challenges, requiring translators to make strategic shifts to align timelines and ensure coherence. This aligns with El Naqa et al. (2023), who explored translating AI into oncology clinical practice, underscoring the need for accurate and contextually appropriate translations for effective communication in specialized fields. Khasawneh (2023) examined AI's potential in facilitating cross-cultural communication through translation, highlighting advancements that aid in overcoming linguistic barriers while pointing out the necessity of human intervention for handling cultural nuances. Lee (2023) delved into distribution and translation processes, focusing on necessary shifts to adapt content for different audiences while maintaining the original message's integrity. The evolution of machine translation has been a focal point in recent research. Mercan, Akgün, & Odacıoğlu (2024) reviewed advancements and challenges, suggesting that while machine translation has made significant strides, human oversight remains crucial for ensuring accuracy and cultural relevance. Paterson (2023) explored perceptions, policies, and pedagogy surrounding machine translation in higher education, highlighting both opportunities and challenges this technology presents in academic settings. In addition to technological advancements, the impact of translation on literary and cultural systems has been a subject of interest. Plyth & Craham (2023) discussed translation's effect on these systems, emphasizing the need to understand translation features that contribute to cultural exchange. Quinci (2023) further explored translation competence, offering insights into producing effective translations. Finally, Robert, Schrijver, & Ureel (2024) addressed methodological issues in measuring translation revision and post-editing competence in trainees, providing valuable insights into training and evaluation of translators. These studies collectively underscore the multifaceted nature of translation shifts and their critical role in ensuring linguistic and cultural equivalence. They highlight the need for continuous research and development in translation methodologies to address evolving challenges and opportunities. This research complements previous findings, including the necessity of structural shifts (Fitria, 2020), unit shifts and structural shifts (Juliarta et al., 2019), and category shifts (Putra & Ramadanty, 2022), while addressing gaps in noun phrase translation accuracy (Nainggolan et al., 2020). Exploring shifts in translation, particularly in children's literature, remains vital for developing effective and culturally sensitive translation practices. While numerous studies have addressed translation shifts in various genres and contexts, there is a noticeable gap in the comprehensive analysis of translation shifts in bilingual children's storybooks. The specific linguistic and cultural challenges in translating children's literature, especially in maintaining the readability and relatability for young audiences, have not been sufficiently explored. This research aims to fill this gap by focusing on the noun phrase translation shifts in the bilingual children's storybook "The Mouse and the Frog." This study will identify and analyze the types of shifts that occur and their implications for achieving equivalence and maintaining the story’s integrity. The insights gained will contribute to better translation practices for children's literature, ensuring that translated works are both accurate and engaging for young readers. METHOD This qualitative descriptive study aims to explore translation shifts in noun phrases within the story ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2024 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 661 "The Mouse and the Frog" (Mentari, 2022; Afiah, 2019). The research involves narrative quotations to explain, describe, classify, analyze, and interpret the data, providing a deeper understanding than mere numerical analysis. The research process begins with preparation, where the team gathers relevant reference sources and coordinates under the leadership of the research chair. In the first stage, the team reads and studies bilingual storybooks, including "The Mouse and the Frog," and tabulates noun phrases. A Forum Group Discussion (FGD) is then conducted to identify translation shifts, involving all team members and students. In the second stage, the team analyzes and describes the translation shifts identified during the FGD. This is followed by a discussion between the research team leader and students. In the final stage, the research results are evaluated, assessing the findings and finalizing suggestions for future research. This streamlined approach ensures a thorough qualitative analysis of translation shifts. This research data is in the form of translations of noun phrases in English into Indonesian. The data source comes from the story of the mouse and the frog on the YouTube channel "Betterfly" which was uploaded on September 30 2019 (Betterfly, 2019). The data is a Noun Phrase formula as follows (Webster & Duff, 2022) such as Noun + Noun, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition, Ving + Noun, and Verb3 + Noun. The data are the types of translation shifts (Sholihat & Setiawan, 2019) used in this research such as Shift units refers to Word-Phrase, Phrase-Clause, Nomina- Adjectiva, Adjectiva-verba. Structure shift refers to MD to DM. Class Shift refers to Verb – noun, Verb – adverbial, Verb -adjective. Meaning Shift (modulation) refers to Active passive. Topic- comments, Lexical, Grammatical, Mandatory modulation: Active to passive, Free modulation: double negative to positive, Generic-specific shift. Table 1. Example of unit shift Unit shift Bsu Bsa Word-Phrase Interesting or funny topics Hal-hal yang menarik atau lucu Word - Phrase Boy Anak laki- laki Phrase-Clausa A medium sized cozy hole Lubang sederhana yang nyaman Nomina- Adjectiva He is in doubt Dia ragu- ragu Adjectiva-Verba We are Grateful Kami bersyukur Checking the validity of the data is carried out to obtain the trustworthiness of the data or 'trustworthiness'. To obtain a degree of data validity in this research, the collected data was re- examined using data validity techniques, namely triangulation techniques. There are four types of triangulation techniques that are often used to check the validity of data in qualitative research, namely source triangulation, method triangulation, theory triangulation, and researcher triangulation. However, data validation in this research only uses data source triangulation and method triangulation. Data analysis in this research was carried out using document analysis or content analysis with an ethnographic approach. Content analysis is carried out through four stages of analysis, namely: 1) domain analysis, 2) taxonomic analysis, 3) componential analysis, and 4) cultural theme analysis. Domain analysis is used to distinguish which facts are considered data and which facts are not data. After knowing that a fact is data, the data is placed into the correct domain or domain according to its context. If it shows a Noun Phrase, the sentence is categorized into the data. Conversely, if not, the sentence is not included as data. The following are examples of data and non- data. In addition, the domain does not only differentiate between what is data and what is not data. Domain analysis also determines the origin of the data. In this research, the data comes from YouTube stories. This means that the domain is YouTube stories. In the end, in the conclusions made, the researcher must continue to emphasize that the fact that the phenomenon of noun phrase sentences is within the scope of literary works of fiction, not in everyday real life. Table 2. Domain analysis separates data from non- data No. Contextuals Source Language Data/ Nothing 1 A medium sized cozy hole Lubang sederhana yang nyaman Data 2 Interesting or funny topics Hal-hal yang menarik atau lucu Data 3 He was so delighted Dia sangat senang Nothing 4 He was unaware Dia tidak sadar Nothing Taxonomic analysis is used to organize data or classify data based on its natural categories. Taxonomic analysis of this research was carried Nunun Tri Widarwati, Budi Purnomo, Purwani Indri Astuti & Ratih Wijayava Analysis of translation shift in bilingual children's storybooks 662 out by classifying all collected data into categories based on the characteristics of the data. As explained above, research data is classified based on its properties. The sentences that constitute the research data are grouped into two types: 1) Noun Phrase, and 2) Noun Phrase Shift from English (SL) to Indonesian (TL). Componential analysis is used to organize and connect one component to another. The goal is to find patterns of relationships between components and the mutual influence between these components. Noun Phrase relationship which shows the Noun Phrase formula category as well as the Noun Phrase shift category. Cultural theme analysis is an analysis looking for 'theories' that can be grounded in the research carried out The process of analyzing cultural themes can be described as follows: Figure 1. Cultural theme analysis (Widarwati, 2021) The analysis of cultural themes in this research is based on data interpretation that can be seen from componential analysis, regarding the relationship between domains. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The mouse and the frog published in butterfly English channel on 30 September 2019 (Betterfly, 2019). This story using the Voice of narrator is English language and the script are English and Indonesian Language in this link: https://youtu.be/7h2Ai- 6C0gg?si=Zpas5MuyBbHUunUb Table 3. Data of noun phrase “The mouse and the frog” No Formula Noun Phrase Example Bsu No data Bsa 1 Noun + Noun Friends House 2 Rumah sang tikus temennya 2 Noun of Noun Best of Friends 1 Sahabat 3 Determiner + Adjective + Noun a medium sized cosy hole 3 Lubang sederhana yang nyaman (It is not) A big house 3 Rumahnya (tidak) besar Funny Topics 4 Hal-hal lucu a happy mouse 5 Tikus yang riang A muscular hawk 12 Elang His Mouse Friend 11 Teman Tikusnya His Pond 11 Kolamnya Each Passing Month 5 Setiap bulan yang berlalu 4 Determiner + Adverb + Adjective + Noun His Frog Friends Daily 5 Teman Harian kataknya In side of a tree about 20 minutes away. 3 di sisi pohon sekitar 20 menitan. 5 Ving + Noun The pond’s shimmering surface. 12 permukaan kolam yang berkilauan. Interserting 4 Menarik 6 Verb3 + Noun Shocked Mouse 10 Sang tikus kaget Poor Tired Body 11 Tubuh Lelahnya yang malang Table 4. The findings of noun phrase on sentences No Formula Noun Phrase Example Bsu Bsa 1 A Mouse and A Frog who were the best of friends A Mouse and A Frog seekor tikus dan seekor katak yang menjadi sahabat. 2 It not a big house a big house Rumahnya tidak besar 3 his mouse friends house. His mouse friends rumah sang tikus temennya. Source : data (2023) The findings of Bsu dan Bsa as follows: (1) Bsu: Once upon a time lived a mouse and a frog who were the best of friends. (2) Bsa : Pada zaman dulu hiduplah seekor tikus dan seekor katak yang menjadi sahabat. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education p-ISSN 2301-7554, e-ISSN 2541-3643 Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2024 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE 663 (1) Bsu: The frog liked to talk to his mouse friend so much that he would hop out of his pond each morning at AM to visit his mouse friends house. Bsa : Sang katak suka sekali mengobrol dengan teman tikusnya lantas dia akan melompat dari kolamnya setiap pagi jam 8 untuk mengunjungi rumah sang tikus temennya. Noun Phrase translation occurs with Structure Shift (DM ke MD). (2) Bsu : It not a big house it was a medium sized cosy hole in the side of a tree about 20 minutes away. (2) Bsa : Rumahnya tidak besar . hanya lubang sederhana yang nyaman di sisi pohon sekitar 20 menitan. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (3) Bsu : They would talk about interserting or funny topics, have breakfast together and by 11 AM , the frog would say goodbye and hop on home. Bsa: Mereka akan mengobrol tentang hal- hal menarik dan lucu. sarapan Bersama dan jam 11 pagi sang katak akan berpamitan dan Kembali pulang kerumahnya.Noun Phrase translation occurs when the unit shift occurs (word to phrase). (4) Bsu: The mouse was certainly a happy mouse . He was very delighted about his frog friend’s daily visit that he was unaware that his friends was slowly getting more and more upset with him with each passing month. Bsa: Sang tikus tentunya seekor tikus yang riang di akan senang akan kunjungan teman harian kataknya hingga dia tidak sadar bahwa temannya itu perlahan-lahan semakin geram dengannya setiap bulan yang berlalu. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (5) Bsu: The frog was slowly turning into an enemy , more than into a close friend. But the mouse had no idea what was going on. Bsa: Sang katak perlahan menjadi musuh lebih dari sekedar teman dekat. Tapi sang tikus tidak tahu apa yang sedang terjadi. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (6) Bsu: Why was the frog getting more and more unhappy, you may ask ? well, the frog felt hurt because although he visited the mouse every single day , the mouse had never once made an offer to come visit him at his house. No not even once. Bsa: Kenapa sang katak semakin tidak senang , mungkin kamu bertanya , Nah sang Katak merasa terluka karena meskipun dia mengunjungi sang tikus tiap hari , sang tikus tidak pernah pernah sekali pun menawarkan untuk berkunjung kerumahnya. Tidak, tidak , sekalipun. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (7) Bsu: One day the frog felt that he had been humiliated enough. So during that day’s visit, he decided to do something drastic. Bsa: Suatu hari katak merasa bahwa dia telah cukup terhina. Jadi saat hari kunjungan, ia memustuskan untuk melakukan sesuatu yang drastic. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (8) Bsu: Throughout breakfast, the frog secreatly tied one end of string around his own leg and he sneakily tied the other end to the mouse’s tail. Bsa : Sepanjang sarapan sang katak diam- diam mengikat satu ujung tali di kakinya sendiri dan ujung lainnya ke ekor sang tikus. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (9) Bsu: And when the clock struck 11 AM , the frog quickly stood up and hopped away , dragging the helpless and shocked mouse behind him. Bsa: Dan Ketika jam menunjukkan jam 11 pagi , sang katak dengan cepat berdiri dan melompat pergi dan menyeret sang tikus yang tak berdaya dan kaget dibelakangnya. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (10) Bsu: Soon the frog reach his pond and dived deep into it. The mouse tried to free himself but couldn’t and soon he sadly drowned . His poor tired body floated to the top. Bsa: Segera katak mencapai kolamnya dan menyelam kedalammnya . sang tikus mencoba membebaskan dirinya tetapi tidak bisa. Dan dia pun tenggelam tubuh lelahnya yang malang mengambang ke permukaan. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (11) Bsu: Within minutes, a muscular hawk flew by and spotted the mouse’s body that was floating on the pond’s shimmering surface. Bsa: Dalam beberapa menit seekor elang yang gagah terbang melintas dan melihat tubuh sang tikus di permukaan kolam yang berkilauan. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). (12) Bsu: The Hawk swooped down swiftly, grabbing the mouse in his Talons and flew to the branch of a nearby tree . The Frog , of course , was hauled out of the water too! He Desperately tried to free himself but he simply couldn’t do it. Bsa: Sang Elang menukik turun dengan cepat, meraih sang tikus dengan cakarnya dan terbang ke cabang pohon terdekat. Sang Katak tentu saja , terbawa dari air juga! Dia mati-matian berusaha membebaskan dirinya. Tapi dia tidak bisa melakukannya. Noun Phrase translation occurs with a Structure Shift (DM to MD). Nunun Tri Widarwati, Budi Purnomo, Purwani Indri Astuti & Ratih Wijayava Analysis of translation shift in bilingual children's storybooks 664 (13) Bsu: the hawk could not believe how great his day was as he laughed heartily. He soon put an end to the frog’s struggles by having the frog for dinner after eating the mouse for lunch. Bsa: elang tak percaya betapa luar biasanya harinya, dia tertawa terbahak-bahak. dia segera mengakhiri perjuangan sang katak dengan memakannya untuk makan malam, setelah menyantap sang tikus untuk makan siang. Noun Phrase translation occurs when there is a Structure Shift (DM to MD) on his day. The unit shift in the words eating the mouse becomes eating the mouse is a type of word-to- phrase shift ke frasa. (14) Bsu: in Africa , they have a saying that goes: don’t dig too deep a pit for your enemy . you may fall into it yourself. Bsa: di Afrika, mereka punya ungkapan seperti: Jangan Menggali lubang terlalu dalam untuk musuhmu, bisa jadi kamu sendiri yang jatuh kedalamnya. In the translation of the Noun Phrase there is a Structure Shift (DM to MD) in the words too deep a pit to become too deep a hole. Table 5. Phrase to understand No Bsu Bsa Noun Phrase / Not 1 Once upon time Pada zaman dahulu Adverb Phrase (Not data) 2 Hop out of his pond Melompat dari kolamnya Noun Phrase 3 A medium sized cozy hole Lubang sederhana yang nyaman Noun Phrase 4 Interesting or funny topics Hal-hal yang menarik atau lucu Noun Phrase 5 He was so delighted Dia sangat senang Not data 6 He was unaware Dia tidak sadar Not data 7 Slowly turning into an enemy Perlahan menjadi musuh Noun Phrase 8 Made an offer to come Menawarkan untuk berkunjung Noun Phrase (Class shift) 9 He had been humiliated enough Dia telah cukup terhina Not data 10 He desperately tried to free himself Dia matimatian mencoba , membebaskan dirinya sendiri. Not data The number of uses of noun phrases has shifted in the form of unit shifts and structural shifts. In the unit shift form, the translation shift occurs in the form of phrases to nouns, while the structural shift forms in the words DM (explained, explained) and MD (explained, explained). This results inline with noun phrase error (Safitri, 2023), noun phrase and equivalent (Nurjanati, 2019), shift of noun phrase (Finsen & Puspani, 2019), and noun phrase (Juliarta et al., 2019). Translation Shift have been found by several researchers such as (Agung & Suastini, 2022) found that Unit shift is the most prevalent translation shift, followed by class shift, (Latifah et al., 2022) found that readability, accuracy and acceptability for translation shift, (Sitanggang et al., 2022), (Yovinus et al., 2018), (Zandroto et al., 2023) , (Rizkiya et al., 2024), (Kibona, 2019), (Prativi et al., 2022), (Pratiwi, 2021), (Kusumawardhani & Rakhmanita, 2022), (Ratna & Suyudi, 2022), (Ningsih, 2021). 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