Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities November 2022. Vol. 10, No.1, 127-145 Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis of Indonesian president’s speech on Covid-19 handling in 2022 Nihta V. F. Liando * , Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, Yofri Karisi English Education Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts Universitas Negeri Manado, Indonesia Manuscript received June 24, 2022, revised August 25, 2022, accepted August 29, 2022, and published online November 7, 2022. Recommended APA Citation Liando, N. V. F., Tatipang, D. P., Rorimpandey, R., & Karisi, Y. (2022). Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis of Indonesian president’s speech on Covid-19 handling in 2022. Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities, 10(1), 127-145. https://doi.org/10.22373/ej.v10i1.13755 ABSTRACT A president is the icon of a country that allows him to communicate with the public, through making public speeches. Misunderstanding from the public regarding the president's speech which was delivered both oral and written became one of the main factors in conducting a critical discourse analysis of the speech. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to analyze the macro structure, superstructure, and microstructure contained in the text of the president's speech, as well as to reveal the elements and aspect of discourse, also the implied characteristics intent of the president who put forward a statement in relation to action, context, history, power, and ideology. The method used in this present study is qualitative approach with the principle of critical discourse analysis from Van Djik. Furthermore, the speech delivered by President Joko Widodo, which was delivered online on the Metrotvnews YouTube channel on May 19, 2022, was used as the object of this research. By applying the techniques of documentation, observation, systematic recording, literature study and listening to the data and research objects, the results show that there are three dimensions of critical discourse analysis in speech texts, namely macro structure, superstructure, and microstructure. The characteristics of critical discourse analysis * Corresponding Author: Nihta V. F. Liando Universitas Negeri Manado Jl. Kampus Unima, Tonsaru, Kec. Tondano Sel., Kabupaten Minahasa, Sulawesi Utara 95618, Indonesia Email: nihtaliando@unima.ac.id https://doi.org/10.22373/ej.v10i1.13755 Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 128 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 found in news texts are action, context, history, power, and ideology. In addition, five implied intentions were also found in the video that was shown online. Keywords: Health protocols; President of Indonesia; Covid-19; Critical discourse analysis 1. Introduction Discourse as a form of language is often used in various events such as seminars, training, socialization, or introduction to limited meetings. Discourse comes from the Latin, discursus (Peters, 2021). In a limited way, this term refers to the rules and habits that underlie the use of language in both oral and written communication. Discourse is like oral or written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values, and categories, which includes belief here is a world view, an organization or representation of experience (Bhakti & Kumala, 2019). With the unity of meaning, discourse can be seen as a whole thing, because every part of it is interconnected with each other in a coherent manner. Discourse is a complete language unit, so that in the grammatical hierarchy it is the highest or largest grammatical unit (Van-Djik, 2005). This discourse is realized in the form of a complete essay (novels, book series, encyclopedias, paragraphs, sentences, phrases) even words that carry a complete message. Discourse is the most complete unit in the highest or largest grammatical hierarchy. The basic understanding of discourse analysis is that discourse is not understood solely as an object of language study (Rahardi, Indrayani, & Soemantri, 2020). Language is of course used to analyze the text (Santoso & Wardani, 2021) and (Liando & Tatipang, 2022). Language is not viewed in the traditional linguistic sense (Tamrin, 2019). Language in critical discourse analysis is not only in the text but also in the context of language as a tool used for certain purposes and practices, including ideological practices. Discourse analysis in the field of social psychology is defined as a conversation. The discourse referred here is somewhat like the structure and form of the interview and the practice of its users. While in the political field, discourse analysis is the practice of using language, especially language politics (Hidayat, 2022). Because language is a central aspect of describing a subject and through language ideology is absorbed in it, it is this aspect that is studied in discourse analysis. Language is socially and critically a form of action, in a dialectical relationship with social structures (Liando, Tatipang, & Lengkoan, 2022) and (Ismail, 2008). Therefore, the analysis must be separated from the part that language is formed from social relations and certain social contexts. As mentioned by Dezhkameha, Layegh, and Hadidi, (2021) critical discourse analysis is more concrete by looking at how grammatical language carries certain ideological positions and meanings. In other words, the ideological aspect is observed by looking at the choice of language and the grammatical structure used. Language, Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 129 both word choice and grammatical structure, is understood as a choice by someone to be expressed carrying a certain ideological meaning (Lumentut & Lengkoan, 2021) and (Aini & Widodo, 2018). The ideology exists in a general sense, showing how one group tries to placate public support and how another group tries to be marginalized using certain language and grammatical structures. Critical discourse analysis always considers the context of the discourse such as setting, situation, and condition. Teun Van Dijk sees how the social structure, domination, and power groups that exist in society and how cognition/thought and consciousness shape and influence certain texts. Discourse by Teun Van Dijk described as having three dimensions/buildings: text, social cognition, and social context. The essence of Teun Van Dijk's analysis is combines the three dimensions of discourse into a unified analysis (Orungbeja & Ajilore, 2022). In this case, discourse is seen from the form of power relations, especially the form of the subject and various acts of representation. Therefore, the object of research is the text of the Speech of the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Ir. Joko Widodo. This is because the president's position is the highest position that allows him to always communicate with the public, namely making public speeches (Emzir & Lustyantie, 2018). The understanding of the listeners or the public towards the speech delivered by the president allows misunderstandings to arise in interpreting the meaning it contains, both implied and expressed. In understanding a discourse, text and context are needed. Context is needed to find out the relationship of the text to phenomena outside of language such as social and cultural. Several previous studies that have conducted their research in this problem have different focuses, such as Mukhlis, Masjid, Widyanimgrum, Komariah and Sumarlam, (2020) and Syawaludin, (2019) which focused their research on three dimensions of the text (Newspaper and Speeches) that were interrelated with one another, which then deepened each dimension of this text, such as, macro structure refers to the overall meaning that can be observed from the theme or topic raised by a discourse (Ismail, 2008). Superstructure refers to the framework of a discourse, such as the prevalence of conversation or writing that starts from the introduction, continues with the main content, conclusion, and ends with the closing (Syawaludin, 2019). While the micro structure refers to the local meaning of a discourse that can be explored from the semantic, syntactic, stylistic, and rhetorical aspects (Agustina, 2017). In addition, other previous studies on critical discourse analysis with Van Djik's theory were also applied by Suharya, Wardarita and Missriani, (2022) which in their research discusses the three-dimensional text of President Jokowi and the implicit implications of the microstructure in the form of strategies to hide meaning. Also, Hidayati, Syaifuddin, Nasution and Lubis, (2022) who examine the practice of power as one of the aspects contained in the social dimension of the context. This study focuses on the scope of analysis in a novel. However, in previous studies, no one has deeply analyzed the characteristics, elements and aspect of discourse analysis from Van Djik's, where critical discourse analysis is used to analyze a discourse against other sciences in Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 130 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 the realm of race, politics, culture, etc. with characteristics of critical discourse analysis, namely: power, action, history, context, and ideology (Ramadhan & Assidik, 2022). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the three dimensions of the text, elements, and aspect of discourse in the speech of the Indonesian president Ir. Jokowi and the implicit characteristics in critical discourse analysis. 2. Literature review 2.1 Critical discourse analysis In critical discourse analysis (CDA), discourse here is not understood merely as a study of language. Critical discourse analysis sees language as an important factor, namely how language is used to see power inequality in society. The discourse of van Dijk's model is described as having three dimensions/buildings: text, social cognition, and social context. The essence of van Dijk's analysis is to combine the three dimensions of discourse into one unified analysis (Bhakti & Kumala, 2019). The first dimension of Van Dijk's model analysis is the text dimension. At this level, what is being studied is how the structure of the text and the discourse strategies used to emphasize a particular theme are investigated. Van Dijk sees a text as consisting of several structures/levels, each part supporting each other. Van Djik divides it into three levels, namely macro structure, superstructure, and micro structure. 2.1.1. Macro structure Ramadhan and Assidik (2022) explain that macro structure refers to the general description of a text. It can also be referred to as the main idea, summary, or main idea of a text. Suharya et al. (2022) stated that from the topic we can find out the problem and the actions taken by the communicator in overcoming a problem. Actions, decisions, or opinions can be observed in the macro structure of a discourse. Topics will be supported by several sub-topics. Each of these sub-topics supports, strengthens, and even forms the main topic. 2.1.2. Super structure The superstructure explains how the parts of the text are arranged into the news; it is also a discourse structure related to the framework of a text. Texts or discourses generally have a scheme or plot from the introduction to the end (Yanti, Putrayasa, & Artika, 2019). The plot shows how the parts in the text are arranged and ordered to form a unified meaning. The meaning here is closely related to schematic, where Ferlien & Rumaf, (2020) said that schematic gives emphasis which part comes first, and which part can be later as a strategy to hide important information. 2.1.3. Micro structure In this microstructure, there are four things that are often observed/analyzed, namely semantics, syntax, and rhetoric (Mukhlis et al., 2020). Microstructure is the Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 131 meaning of discourse that can be observed from a small part of a text or aspect of discourse, namely places, details, meaning, sentence form, propositions, coherence, pronouns, and pictures/graphic. 2.2. Characteristics of critical discourse analysis The main thing from van Dijk's analysis is to combine the three dimensions (text, social cognition, and social context) of the discourse into one unified analysis. These three dimensions are an integral part and are carried out simultaneously in Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis. Following are the important characteristics of critical discourse analysis: 2.2.1. Action Ramadhan and Assidik (2022) said that discourse can be understood as an action that is associating discourse as a form of interaction. A person speaks, writes, uses language to interact and relate to other people. Discourse in this principle is seen as something that aims to debate, influence, persuade, support, and react and so on. 2.2.2. Context Syawaludin (2019) explained that discourse analysis examines the context of communication: who is communicating with whom and why; the audience, what situation, through what medium, how, the different types and developments of communication and relationships of each party. 2.2.3. History History is about how to place discourse in a particular social context. This means that discourse is produced in context and cannot be understood without including the accompanying context (Suharya et al., 2022). Therefore, at the time of doing the analysis, it is necessary to review to understand why the discourse that has developed or developed is like that, why the language used is like that, and so on. 2.2.4. Power Critical discourse analysis considers the element of power. Mukhlis et al. (2020) said that the concept of power in question is one of the key relationships between discourse and society. That power in relation to discourse, it is important to see what is called control. 2.2.5. Ideology Ideology is intended to regulate the actions and practices of individuals or members of a group. Discourse for ideology is the medium through which the dominant group persuades and communicates to the public the power they have so that it is legitimate and true (Orungbeja & Ajilore, 2022). The ideology of the dominant group is Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 132 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 only effective if it is based on the fact that members of the community, including the dominated, regard it as truth and reasonableness. 3. Method This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method. This is in line with the purpose of qualitative research, namely, to describe facts and seek meaning holistically with perspective. Qualitative research methods emphasize more on meaning than generalization (Arikunto, 2006). In addition, this study uses Van Djik's discourse analysis model. According to Van Dijk, discourse is described as having three dimensions: text, social cognition, and social context (Van-Djik, 2005). The essence of van Dijk's analysis is to combine the three dimensions of discourse into one unified analysis. In the text dimension, what is examined is how the structure of the text and discourse strategies is used to emphasize a certain theme. At the level of social cognition, the process of producing news texts involves the individual cognition of journalists. While the third-dimension studies the building of discourse that develops in society about a problem. The data source in this critical discourse analysis research is in the form of the text of President Jokowi's state speech delivered online in YouTube on Thursday 19 May 2022. The text of the speech was obtained from a video of Jokowi's speech on Metrotvnews YouTube channel with the duration of video is 2:14 minutes, however, the transcript can be found also on cnbcindonesia.com website with 129 totals of words. Through this CDA, researchers analyzed transcripts obtained from videos containing speeches by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Ir. Joko Widodo to analyze textual, discourse practice and sociocultural practice. This speech was chosen as research material/data because this speech is a speech that contains good news about Covid-19 handlers in Indonesia which was delivered in early 2022 after so much bad news about Covid-19. In addition, the inaugural presentation regarding the easing of health protocols such as being free of masks in open spaces, free to travel for those who have had full doses of vaccines is also included in this video which is good news for Indonesian citizens after a long slump due to Covid-19. In addition, the data collection technique used in this study is an observation technique, namely methods or ways of systematically analyzing and recording records, moreover, listening techniques are also carried out in this study aimed at obtaining data from Joko Widodo's video speech on Youtube. The recordings that have been obtained are then transcribed into written form and analyzed. Moreover, in this research, documentation techniques and literature studies are also used by collecting, reading, and studying from various forms of written data such as journals, books, or magazines found in various sources such as libraries, or the internet that can be used to analyze this in studies. Researchers collect data that is related to the discourse to be analyzed. Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 133 4. Findings and discussion This study used a qualitative approach and the method of critical discourse analysis of the Teun A. Van Djik model (Van-Djik, 2005). The findings of the analysis data were obtained from a video transcript of the state speech of the Indonesian president Jokowi which was broadcast online on YouTube on Thursday 19 May 2022, and to make it easier for researchers to analyze the data, a transcription was carried out so that the data was valid and can be accounted for. Van Djik's model of discourse analysis analyzes based on three elements or dimensions, namely the text dimension, the social context dimension, and social cognition. The results of the study are described as follows: 4.1. Van Dijk's discourse structure in the video transcript of President Jokowi's speech "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Spaces." 4.1.1. Macro structure in the text of the speech "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Space” The macro structure of discourse consists of thematic elements or topics. The main core of the entire content of the discourse text is also called the topic or theme (Pratiwi, Nofrahadi, Pendri, Komalasari, & Sumarlam, 2020). Topic is the first thing that is determined when writing. Starting from the initial topic, it is then developed into writing. The main problem in the speech text that has been described is also called the theme. Theme implies the message or purpose to be conveyed (Sahmeni & Afifah, 2019). This theme will determine the direction of writing or the purpose of an article. The actual problem to be described is determined by what theme will be developed. The main points that the President of the Republic of Indonesia wants to convey in the contents of his message are revealed in the topic. The topic also shows the dominant, central, and most important concept of the content of a speech text; therefore it is often also called a theme or topic. The general description of a discourse text can be drawn from thematic elements. The theme or topic is referred to as the main idea, summary, or main point of a text. Based on the results of the analysis, the theme of the news was "relaxing health protocol regulations during Covid-19". The online news contains a subtopic of information about controlling Covid-19 which is getting more under control and improving, making the government relax health protocol regulations such as the use of face masks when in open conditions or in the open. Pemerintah memustuskan untuk melonggarkan kebijakan pemakaian masker, jika masyarakat sedang berkativitas di luar ruangan atau di area terbuka yang tidak padat orang maka diperbolehkan untuk tidak memakai masker. (Jk, 0:43) Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 134 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 However, this relaxation of not wearing masks in the open is not recommended for people who fall into the vulnerable category, in this case the elderly and people who have comorbid diseases. Moreover, this easing of not wearing masks does not apply to people who experience symptoms of colds and coughs. Bagi masyarakat yang masuk dalam kategori rentan dalam hal ini masyarakat lanjut usia dan masyarakat yang memiliki penyakit komorbid maka saya tetap menyarankan untuk tetap memakai masker. (Jk, 1:20) In addition, in the closing paragraph, there is a discourse that illustrates that the Covid-19 situation in Indonesia is increasingly under control, namely the discourse on easing the SWAB, PCR and Antigen tests for domestic and foreign travelers who have been vaccinated with complete doses. Bagi pelaku perjalanan dalam negeri dan luar negeri yang sudah mendapatkan dosis vaksinasi lengkap, maka sudah tidak perlu lagi untuk melakukan tes SWAB, PCR maupun Antigen. (Jk, 1:50) In fact, when the spread of Covid-19 cases soared, all these health protocols were an effort or alternative implemented by the government in breaking the chain of Covid-19 spread, and this application had a very good impact and could control the spread of the Covid-19 virus. 4.1.2. The superstructure in the text of the speech "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Spaces” The superstructure (schematic) is the researcher's strategy to support the general meaning by providing a number of supporting reasons that are arranged (Musyafa’ah, 2017). The superstructure as expressed by (Van-Djik, 2005) is a conventional scheme that presents the overall form of the macro-structured content of discourse. The entire contents of the macro structure include the opening, the core, and the closing. What makes a text is said to be perfect in its systematic arrangement. The structure of the discourse must include a superstructure in which there is a schematic with three important elements included in it, namely the opening in the text, the core of the text and the closing of the text. Based on the analysis of the superstructure on Jokowi's video transcript which was uploaded online via the Metrotvnews YouTube channel, the researchers found that the news text/transcript was in line with Van Dijk who used the appropriate sequence in the preparation of the news text, stated by Ramadhan and Assidik, (2022) superstructure is the structure of discourse relating to the framework of a text, how the parts of the text are arranged into full news which consisted of an opening, a core and a closing. Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 135 Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh, Bapak ibu, saudara sekalian dengan memperhatikan posisi saat ini di mana penanganan pandemi Covid-19 di Indonesia yang semakin terkendali, maka perlu saya menyampaikan beberapa hal. (Opening) Pertama, pemerintah memutuskan untuk melonggarkan kebijakan pemakaian masker. Jika masyarakat sedang beraktivitas di luar ruangan atau di area terbuka yang tidak padat orang maka diperbolehkan untuk tidak menggunakan masker. Namun untuk kegiatan di ruangan tertutup dan transportasi publik, tetap harus menggunakan masker. (Core) Bagi masyarakat yang masuk kategori rentan, lansia atau memiiki komorbid saya tetap sarankan untuk menggunakan masker saat beraktivitas. Kemudian juga bagi masyarakat yang mengalami gejala batuk dan pilek maka tetap harus menggunakan masker ketika melakukan aktivitas. (Core) Kedua, bagi pelaku perjalanan dalam negeri dan luar negeri yang sudah mendapatkan dosis vaksinasi lengkap maka sudah tidak perlu lagi melakukan tes swab PCR maupun antigen. (Core) Demikian yang bisa saya sampaikan dalam kesempatan yang baik ini, Wassalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh. (Closing) (Jk, 0:00-2:14) For more details, it is illustrated in the diagram below: Figure 1. Superstructure in the text of Jokowi’s speech 4.1.3. Microstructure in the text of the speech "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Spaces” The third structure, namely the microstructure, consists of semantics, syntax, stylistics, and rhetoric. Humaira (2018) stated that semantics is a system in a language or language in general. The syntax of a discourse relates to how phrases and or sentences are arranged to be presented. Payuyasa (2017) stated that the stylistic aspect of a discourse relates to the choice of words and styles used by discourse actors. The rhetorical aspect of a discourse refers to the tactics and methods used by discourse actors to emphasize the elements they want to display. Rhetorical elements include Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 136 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 graphic appearances, written forms, metaphors, and expressions used. The findings of the microstructure can be seen in the following table. No Elements of Discourse Aspect of Discourse Data (News Quote) 1 Semantic a. Background (Places) [1] “Pemerintah memustuskan untuk melonggarkan kebijakan pemakaian masker, jika masyarakat sedang berkativitas di luar ruangan atau di area terbuka yang tidak padat orang maka diperbolehkan untuk tidak memakai masker” (Jk, 0:43) (English: "The government has decided to relax the policy on wearing masks, if people are active outside the room or in open areas that are not crowded with people, they are allowed not to wear masks”) [2] “Namun untuk kegiatan di ruangan tertutup dan transportasi public tetap harus menggunakan masker”. (Jk, 1:06) (English: However, for activities in closed rooms and public transportation, you must still wear a mask.” Based on the quote above, there are places that meet and do not meet the government's policy of easing the use of masks, including in open places and open areas that are not crowded with people. Apart from that, there are also other places such as closed places and Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 137 public transportation that are not included in the policy category for easing the use of masks. b. Details [1] “Bagi masyarakat yang masuk dalam kategori rentan dalam hal ini masyarakat lanjut usia dan masyarakat yang memiliki penyakit komorbid maka saya tetap menyarankan untuk tetap memakai masker”. (Jk, 1:18) [2] “Demikian juga bagi masyarakat yang mengalami gejala pilek dan batuk maka tetap harus menggunakan masker ketika melakukan aktivitas”. (Jk, 1:33) Based on the sentence above, there are details that relate to the control of information being distributed, namely easing the use of masks which does not apply to the category of people who are elderly, have comorbid diseases, have symptoms of colds and coughs. c. Meaning [1] “Yang kedua bagi pelaku perjalanan dalam negeri dan luar negeri yang sudah mendapatkan dosis vaksinasi lengkap, maka sudah tidak perlu lagi untuk melakukan tes SWAB, PCR maupun Antigen”. (Jk, 1:46) Based on the excerpt from the transcript of the video data above, it can be concluded that there is an intention or rationality, Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 138 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 meaning the truth that serves to lay the foundations of desires, attitudes, and beliefs that have been carried out (Emzir & Lustyantie, 2018). The purpose is as a form of effort to loosen the rules of health protocols for people who comply with the rules of vaccination with complete doses. In fact, the rules for SWAB, PCR and Antigen tests are a manifestation of the government's efforts to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19, which initially increased due to domestic and foreign travelers. d. Presupposition [1] “Bapak ibu dan Saudara-Saudara sekalian, dengan memperhatikan kondisi saat ini, dimana penanganan pandemic covid-19 di Indonesia yang semain terkendali”. (Jk, 0:16) Based on the excerpt from the video transcript above, it can be concluded that the sentence above is a presupposition. That the current situation of the Indonesian people has begun to improve because the COVID-19 pandemic has been increasingly controlled even though it is still in a pandemic condition. Based on the video transcript, a presupposition in a sentence is an attempt to support an opinion by providing a guarantee that is believed to be true. Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 139 2 Syntax a. Sentence Form [1] “Bapak ibu dan Saudara-Saudara sekalian, dengan memperhatikan kondisi saat ini, dimana penanganan pandemic covid-19 di Indonesia yang semain terkendali, maka perlu saya menyampaikan beberapa hal”. (Jk, 0:16) Based on the sentence above is an active sentence. That is in the word “observe” or “memperhatikan”. Where the word pay attention is included in the category of verbs. b. Coherence [1] “Dengan memperhatikan kondisi saat ini, dimana penanganan pandemic covid-19 di Indonesia yang semakin terkendali, maka perlu saya menyampaikan beberapa hal. Yang pertama, pemerintah memutuskan untuk melonggarkan kebijakan pemakaian masker dan yang kedua bagi pelaku perjalanan dalam negeri dan luar negeri yang sudah mendapatkan dosis vaksinasi lengkap, maka sudah tidak perlu lagi untuk melakukan tes SWAB, PCR maupun Antigen”. (Jk, 0:20-2:03) This sentence explains the coherence of cause and effect. Namely the easing of the policy on the use of masks caused by the increasingly controlled control of the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, policies for Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 140 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 SWAB, PCR and Antigen tests are also relaxed for domestic and foreign travelers who have been vaccinated with complete doses. c. Pronouns [1] “Masyarakat lanjut usia dan masyarakat yang memiliki penyakit komorbid maka saya tetap menyarankan untuk tetap memakai masker”. (Jk, 1:18) [2] “Demikian yang bisa saya sampaikan dalam kesempatan yang baik ini”. (Jk, 2:06) The pronoun "I" or “saya” refers to the president of Indonesia, namely Jokowi as the person who delivers the news. 3 Rhetorical a. Graphic [1] Lanjut usia dan masyarakat yang memiliki penyakit komorbid maka saya tetap menyarankan untuk tetap memakai masker. (Jk, 1:22) [2] Demikian juga bagi masyarakat yang mengalami gejala pilek dan batuk maka tetap harus menggunakan masker. (Jk, 1:33) The rhetorical aspect found in some of the data in the news is the expression aspect. Where (Wiharja, 2019) said that the expression is a part to check what is emphasized or highlighted by someone that can be observed through the text. The expression aspect above is the president's emphasis on the category of people who are Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 141 included in the easing of the mask wearing policy. Figure 2. Microstructure in the text of Jokowi’s speech 4.2. Van Dijk's discourse structure in the transcript of the speech video "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Spaces” 4.2.1. Action There is an element of action in the news text "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Space". The actions that occur are not only talking, but in the form of influencing the community, staying alert, and maintaining health despite the easing of the mask wearing policy by the government which applies only to open spaces and not crowded with people. This can be seen from how the president makes exceptions about places that are allowed and not allowed to open masks. This action is evidenced in the following sentence: Pemerintah memustuskan untuk melonggarkan kebijakan pemakaian masker, jika masyarakat sedang berkativitas di luar ruangan atau di area terbuka yang tidak padat orang maka diperbolehkan untuk tidak memakai masker, diikuti dengan peryataan untuk mempengaruhi masyarakat untuk tetap patuh dengan aturan protocol kesehatan ditempat tertentu “Namun untuk kegiatan di ruangan tertutup dan transportasi public tetap harus menggunakan masker. The quote from the sentence shows that there is an element of action in the news which is a characteristic of Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis. Where (Ferlien & Rumaf, 2020) states that discourse is understood as an action (action) and this is in line with the statement above in the news text "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Space". The quotations above show that in the text, the actions that occur are not only discourse but there is an action that will be applied and carried out in the form of inviting, forbidding, implementing, and obeying. 4.2.2. Context The context that encourages the emergence of discourse in the news text is because the handling of Covid-19 cases in Indonesia is increasingly under control. In addition, many people have carried out their usual activities, visiting tourist attractions, vacation spots, hangouts, visiting from one province to another, and traveling abroad. The element of context is proven in the following sentence: Dengan memperhatikan kondisi saat ini, dimana penanganan pandemic covid-19 di Indonesia yang semain terkendali”. Diikuti dengan “bagi pelaku perjalanan dalam negeri dan luar negeri. Easing the rules of health protocols: A critical discourse analysis….. 142 | Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 English: By considering the current conditions, where the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia is increasingly under control. Followed by “for domestic and international travelers”. The results of the research above are in line with Van Dijk's theory which states that a critical discourse analysis (CDA) considers the context of the discourse, such as setting, situation, events and conditions (Van-Djik, 2005). Discourse in this case is produced, understood, and analyzed in a certain context. 4.2.3. History The historical characteristics start from the early emergence of Covid-19 in Indonesia, which has claimed more than thousands of victims, both residents and immigrants. Covid-19 cases are widely reported in various sources where there are many arguments and opinions in it, both pro and contra opinions (Ramadhan & Assidik, 2022). Therefore, based on the condition and situation of the Covid-19 case in Indonesia, which is quite fast and increasing, PPKM level measures are applied during the pandemic and health regulations that must be obeyed by all citizens, especially the implementation of vaccinations in each region. The results showed that the news was in line with Van Dijk who stated that understanding of the discourse of the text was obtained if it could provide the historical context in which the text was made. 4.2.4. Power The characteristics of power are needed to encourage and invite the public to comply with health protocols during the holiday. The power exercised by Jokowi as president of Indonesia is to invite and oblige every Indonesian citizen to comply with every government recommendation regarding health protocols that are made (Syawaludin, 2019). This recommendation was made with the aim of being in the interest of public health and welfare in carrying out every activity even though it is still in the pandemic period. The results of the research above are in line with Van Dijk's theory which states that a critical discourse analysis must consider the element of power in its analysis. The concept of power referred to here is one of the key relationships between discourse and society; writer, listener, or reader who is part of a certain social group. 4.2.5. Ideology The ideology that wants to be displayed from the news text is how the news text can lead readers' opinions to agree with the contents of the entire news text (Yanti et al., 2019). The ideology that wants to be shown from the video shown via his YouTube channel Metrotvnews entitled "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Spaces" is because the condition of the State of Indonesia is getting better in the face of the Covid-19 virus infection, which is then emphasized by the government's efforts that are producing results with increasing numbers of people-controlled pandemic. The Nihta V. F. Liando, Devilito Prasetyo Tatipang, Rinny Rorimpandey, & Yofri Karisi Englisia: Journal of Language, Education, and Humanities | Vol.10, No.1, November 2022 | 143 results of the research above are in line with Van Dijk's theory which states that text and critical discourse analysis cannot be separated from ideology and has the ability to lead the reader towards an ideology. 5. Conclusion Based on the analysis carried out by the researchers, it can be concluded that the news video entitled "Jokowi Announces Mask-Free Indonesia in Open Space" which is shown on his YouTube channel Metrotvnews edition of 19 May 2022 is in line with the critical discourse analysis of Teun A Van Dijk's approach. In the analyzed news text, the researcher found the results of the three-dimensional analysis of critical discourse analysis according to Van Dijk, namely macro structure, superstructure, and micro structure. The characteristics of critical discourse analysis found in news texts are action, context, history, power, and ideology, also the elements and aspects of discourse. In addition, through the results of this study, it can also be found that there is an implied intention from the speaker in the video, namely the Indonesian president Jokowi, the implied intention in this video is the president's effort to invite the public to continue to comply with the health protocol rules for those who fall into the category of easing either for easing the use of masks and easing for SWAB, PCR and antigen tests, namely (1) Elderly (2) Has comorbid disease (3) Has cold symptoms (4) Has cough symptoms and (5) Has not been vaccinated with a complete dose. Based on the findings, it has been found that there are micro structure, superstructure and macro structure, elements and aspects of discourse, as well as the characteristics of discourse in this study. 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